809:, which involves obvious changes in behavior and appearance, including a reduced appetite, retraction of skin around the eyes giving them a more pronounced appearance, increased activity in uncoordinated patterns, and white lesions all over the body. While the duration of this stage is variable, it typically lasts about one to two months. Despite active senescence primarily occurring over this period immediately following reproduction, research has shown that changes related to senescence may begin as early as the onset of reproductive behavior. In early stages of senescence, which begins as the octopus enters the stage of reproduction, hyper-sensitivity is noted where individuals overreact to both noxious and non-noxious touch. As they enter late senescence, insensitivity is observed along with the dramatic physical changes described above. Changes in sensitivity to touch are attributed to decreasing cellular density in nerve and epithelial cells as the nervous system degrades. Death is typically attributed to starvation, as the females have stopped hunting in order to protect their eggs; males often spend more time in the open, making them more likely to be preyed upon.
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very few survive to adulthood. Their growth rate is quite rapid: starting from 0.03 g (0.0011 oz) and growing to 20–40 kg (44–88 lb) at adulthood, which is an increase of around 0.9% per day. The giant
Pacific octopus' growth over the course of a year has two sections: a faster section, from July to December, and a slower section, from January to June. Because they are cool-blooded, they are able to use most of their consumed energy for body mass, respiration, physical activity, and reproduction. During reproduction, the male octopus deposits a
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559:) up to 1.2 m (4 ft) in length while in captivity. Additionally, consumed carcasses of this same shark species have been found in giant Pacific octopus middens in the wild, providing strong evidence of these octopuses preying on small sharks in their natural habitat. In May 2012, amateur photographer Ginger Morneau was widely reported to have photographed a wild giant Pacific octopus attacking and drowning a seagull, demonstrating that this species is not above eating any available source of food within its size range, even birds.
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1027:. Lower trophic levels include all prey items, and may fluctuate inversely with octopus abundance. Higher trophic levels include all predators of octopuses, and may fluctuate with octopus abundance, although many may prey upon a variety of organisms. Protection of other threatened species may affect octopus populations (the sea otter, for example), as they may rely on octopuses for food. Some research suggests that fishing other species has aided octopus populations, by taking out predators and competitors.
95:
932:. Normal levels are measured at 7–9 ppm. Fish and octopuses move from the deep towards the shallow water for more oxygen. Females do not leave, and die with their eggs at nesting sites. Warming seawater temperatures promote phytoplankton growth, and annual dead zones have been found to be increasing in size. To avoid these dead zones, octopuses must move to shallower waters, which may be warmer in temperature and less oxygen-rich, trapping them between two low-oxygen zones.
39:
70:
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956:, where they are often preyed upon by birds, fish, and other plankton feeders. Quicker hatching time may also affect critical timing for food availability. One study found that higher water temperatures accelerated all aspects of reproduction and even shortened lifespan by up to 20%. Other studies concur that warming climate scenarios should result in higher embryo and paralarvae mortalities.
883:, in order to accurately identify these species and help to prevent seafood fraud. Combined with lack of assessment and mislabeling, tracking the species's abundance is nearly impossible. Scientists have relied on catch numbers to estimate stock abundance, but the animals are solitary and difficult to find. Sites like The Monterey Bay Aquarium
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water, changing body texture, and other behaviors that are consistently demonstrated to specific individuals. They have the ability to solve simple puzzles, open childproof bottles, and use tools. The octopus brain has folded lobes (a distinct characteristic of complexity) and visual and tactile memory centers. They have about 300 million
992:). Calcifying organisms use calcium carbonate to produce shells, skeletons, and tests. The prey base that octopuses prefer (crab, clams, scallops, mussels, etc.) are negatively impacted by ocean acidification, and may decrease in abundance. Shifts in available prey may force a change in octopus diets to other, nonshelled organisms.
777:(specialized arm) in the female's mantle. The hectocotylus is found on the third arm of male octopuses and occupies the last four inches of the arm. This part of the male arm anatomy contains no suckers. Large spermatophores are characteristic of octopuses in this genus. The female stores the spermatophore in her
909:) and not an efficient oxygen carrier, octopuses favor and move toward cooler, oxygen-rich water. This dependency limits octopus habitat, typically to temperate waters 8–12 °C (46–54 °F). If seawater temperatures continue to rise, these organisms may be forced to move to deeper, cooler water.
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are den dwellers, which serve as a central point from when they forage while also providing protection, shelter, and privacy. After hunting, they bring food back to the den to feed in a safer environment and avoid predators. Shells, bones, and other feeding debris pile up outside of the den, creating
817:
Octopuses are ranked as the most intelligent invertebrates. Giant
Pacific octopuses are commonly kept on display at aquariums due to their size and interesting physiology, and have demonstrated the ability to recognize humans with whom they frequently come in contact. These responses include jetting
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in giant
Pacific octopuses, where males and females mate with multiple partners. This multiple paternity potentially allows females to increase the odds of at least one of the males she mates with producing fit offspring. After mating, both the males and females stop eating and ultimately die. After
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the female stays close to her spawn, never leaving to feed, leading to her death soon after the young have hatched. The female's death is the result of starvation, as she subsists on her own body fats during this period of approximately 6 months. Hatchlings are about the size of a grain of rice, and
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are also confirmed predators of this species. In addition, the octopus (along with cuttlefish and squid) is a significant source of protein for human consumption. About 3.3 million tonnes (3.6 million short tons) are commercially fished, worth $ 6 billion annually. Over thousands of years,
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Dens range across depth and substratum type including caves, holes dug beneath rock, and even trash on the ocean floor such as bottles, tires, pipes, and barrels. Den selection is greatly influenced by foraging behavior and preferred prey. Dens made of soft substrata may be preferred in areas where
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cover and rocky terrain suggesting a sophisticated level of habitat selection, likely optimizing foraging efficiency and minimizing exposure to predators. Furthermore, their movement patterns include direct relocations to new areas and central-tendency movements to return to familiar habitats. This
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Octopuses have been found to migrate for a variety of reasons. Using tag and recapture methods, scientists found they move from den to den in response to decreased food availability, change in water quality, increase in predation, or increased population density (or decreased available habitat/den
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is an issue in the seafood industry, with species names being switched by accident or on purpose, as in the case of using the name of a more expensive species for a cheaper one. Cephalopods, in particular, lose distinguishing characteristics during food processing, making them much harder to
850:
In Puget Sound, the
Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission adopted rules for protecting the harvest of giant Pacific octopuses at seven sites, after a legal harvest caused a public outcry. Populations in Puget Sound are not considered threatened.
843:. DNA techniques have assisted in genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the species' evolutionary past. Following its DNA analysis, the giant Pacific octopus may actually prove to be three subspecies (one in Japan, another in Alaska, and a third in
1015:. These crabs bury themselves in contaminated sediments and eat prey that live nearby. What effects these toxins have on octopuses are unknown, but other exposed animals have been known to show liver damage, changes in immune systems, and death.
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may affect these organisms in different ways. Climate change is complex, with predicted biotic and abiotic changes to multiple processes including oxygen limitation, reproduction, ocean acidification, toxins, effects on other trophic levels, and
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remain stationary or in hiding 94% of the time, usually concealed within dens, kelp, or camouflaged in their environment. Otherwise, they exhibit activity throughout the day, increasingly so from midnight to the early morning. While stationary,
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Unlike most other octopus species, whose lifespans normally span only one year, the giant
Pacific octopus has a lifespan of three to five years. They reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Gonadal maturation has been linked to the
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prefer to occupy same shelter for at least one month, often longer if possible. It is common for these octopus to leave their den for short periods of time and eventually return to re-use the same den. However, over longer periods of time,
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can help people to responsibly consume seafood, including the giant
Pacific octopus. Seafood Watch lists giant Pacific octopus in either the "Buy" or "Buy, but be aware of concerns" categories depending on the geographical location of the
522:
found that the largest suckers on a giant
Pacific octopus are about 6.4 cm (2.5 in) and can support 16 kg (35 lb) each. The only other possible contender for the largest species of octopus is the
1194:
822:. They have been known to open tank valves, disassemble expensive equipment, and generally wreak havoc in labs and aquaria. Some researchers even claim that they are capable of motor play and having personalities.
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are capable of moving vast distances to occupy new areas or habitats, with large octopuses moving further than smaller ones. Their movements are not random; they demonstrate a preference for habitats with dense
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are abundant while dens near rocky areas might be chosen in areas with higher crab populations. The size of the den is small, usually being just large enough for the octopus to fit inside and turn around.
667:
migrate to shallower waters in the early summer and winter and offshore in the late summer and winter. There is no evidence of these migration patterns in the
Alaskan and northeast Pacific populations of
753:. When removed, females no longer brood their eggs, resume feeding, increase in weight, and experience longer lifespans compared to sexually mature, brooding females who still retain their optic glands.
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Because octopuses have hemocyanin as copper-based blood, a small change in pH can reduce oxygen-carrying capacity. A pH change from 8.0 to 7.7 or 7.5 will have life-or-death effects on cephalopods.
1597:
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migration patterns vary depending on the population. In the eastern
Pacific waters off the coast of Japan, migration coincides with seasonal temperature changes in the winter and summer. Here,
2657:"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of big blue octopus (Octopus cyanea), giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), and common octopus (Octopus vulgaris)"
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preys on shrimp, crabs, scallops, abalones, cockles, snails, clams, lobsters, fish, squid, and other octopuses. Food is procured with its suckers and then bitten using its tough beak of
3058:
Scheel, D.; Anderson, R. (2012). "Variability in the diet specialization of
Enteroctopus dofleini (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the eastern Pacific examined from midden contents".
567:
Scavengers and other organisms often attempt to eat octopus eggs, even when the female is present to protect them. Giant Pacific octopus paralarvae are preyed upon by many other
2354:"Multiple Paternity and Preliminary Population Genetics of Giant Pacific Octopuses, Enteroctopus dofleini, in Oregon, Washington and the Southeast Coast of Vancouver Island, BC"
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identify. One study developed a multiplex PCR assay to distinguish between three prevalent octopus species in the Eastern Pacific, namely, the giant Pacific octopus, the
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span up to 4.3 m (14 ft). Some larger individuals have weighed-in at 50 kg (110 lb), with a radial span of 6 m (20 ft). American zoologist
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is intensively cared for exclusively by the female, who continuously blows water over it and grooms it to remove algae and other growths. While she fulfills her duty of
2396:
Holst, Meghan M.; Hauver, Camille M.; Stein, Rachel S.; Milano, Bianca L.; Levine, Lindsey H.; Zink, Andrew G.; Watters, Jason V.; Crook, Robyn J. (September 2022).
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until she is ready to fertilize her eggs. One female at the Seattle Aquarium was observed to retain a spermatophore for seven months before laying fertilized eggs.
628:, creating a powerful thrust and propelling the octopus through the water at a high speed. When moving on the seafloor, however, the octopus crawls using its arms.
2398:"Behavioral changes in senescent giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) are associated with peripheral neural degeneration and loss of epithelial tissue"
1614:
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928:. As these micro-organisms decompose, oxygen is used up in the process and has been measured to be as low as 2 parts per million (ppm). This is a state of
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To help compensate for its relatively short lifespan, the octopus is extremely prolific. It can lay between 120,000 and 400,000 eggs which are coated in
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Increased seawater temperatures also increase metabolic processes. The warmer the water, the faster octopus eggs develop and hatch. After hatching, the
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is distinguished from other species by its large size. It is the largest octopus species. Adults usually weigh around 15 kg (33 lb), with an
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move through the open water using jet propulsion, which is achieved by drawing water into its body cavity and then forcefully expelling it through a
2039:"Design of experimental food patches to measure foraging intensity for octopus: a case study with the giant Pacific octopus Enteroctopus dofleini"
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1218:"Characterization of Current Husbandry and Veterinary Care Practices of the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Using an Online Survey"
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beak size determines the size of the space it can fit inside, with its body being able to compress through tiny spaces as small as two inches.
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464:. He describes the species' morphology in detail, and mentions that there seems to be much variation within the species. The specific name
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play an important role in maintaining the health and biodiversity of deep sea ecosystems, cognitive research, and the fishing industry.
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Repolho, Tiago (2014). "Developmental and physiological challenges of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) early life stages under ocean warming".
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Andre, J; Haddon, M.; Pecl, G.T. (2010). "Modeling climate-change induced nonlinear thresholds in cephalopod population dynamics".
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down to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and is best-adapted to colder, oxygen- and nutrient-rich waters. It is the largest
1281:. Vol. Bd.3:1 (1910). München: Verlag der K.B. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission des G. Franzschen Verlags.
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Sigler, M. F.; L. B. Hulbert; C. R. Lunsford; N. H. Thompson; K. Burek; G. O'Corry-Crowe; A. C. Hirons (24 July 2006).
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cause increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The ocean absorbs an estimated 30% of emitted anthropogenic CO
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identified in octopuses, and their secretions have been found to contribute to behaviors linked with reproduction and
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1334:
531:), based on a 61-kilogram (134-pound), incomplete carcass estimated to have a live mass of 75 kg (165 lb).
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Mather, J. A.; Kuba, M. J. (2013). "The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning and cognition".
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394:
796:, meaning they only go through one breeding cycle in their life. Analysis of egg clutches has shown evidence of
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humans have caught them using lures, spears, pot traps, nets, and bare hands. The octopus is parasitized by the
604:
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Guinotte, J. M.; Fabry, V. J. (2008). "Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems".
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Mather, J. A.; Resler, S.; Cosgrove, J. A. (1985). "Activity and Movement patterns of Octopus dofleini".
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1900:
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1901:"Some Aspects of Diet and Foraging Behavior of Octopus dofleini Wülker , 1910 in its Northernmost Range"
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1634:"Diet of Pacific sleeper shark, a potential Steller sea lion predator, in the north-east Pacific Ocean"
1278:Über japanische cephalopoden : Beiträge zur kenntnis der systematik und anatomie der dibranchiaten
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species on earth and can often be found in aquariums and research facilities in addition to the ocean.
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Anderson, R. C.; Wood, J. B.; Byrne, R. A. (2002). "Octopus Senescence: The Beginning of the End".
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Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel
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2837:"Effect of temperature on laboratory growth, reproduction, and life span of Octopus bimaculoides"
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457:
The giant Pacific octopus was first described in 1910 by Gerhard Wülker of Leipzig University in
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Gazeau, F.; Quiblier, C.; Jansen, J. M.; Gattuso, J. P.; Middelburg, J. J.; Heip, C. H. (2007).
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1329:. Vol. 8. Santa Barbara, CA: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. pp. 203–208.
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in tissues and digestive glands, which may have come from these octopus' preferred prey, the
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Kirby, Ashley J.; Balko, Julie A.; Goertz, Caroline E. C.; Lewbart, Gregory A. (July 2023).
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relocate to new dens situated relatively nearby, within an average distance of 13.2 meters.
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showing one of the eyes, the longitudinal folds on the body and the paddle-like papillae
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Wülker, 1910 new combination". In Valentich Scott, Paul; Blake, James A. (eds.).
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Walla Walla University Marine Invertebrates Key: Giant Pacific Octopus
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navigation behavior is influenced by the use of familiar cliff edges,
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Alves, Christelle; Boal, Jean G.; Dickel, Ludovic (1 November 2008).
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Potential changes in octopus populations will affect upper and lower
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1615:"PHOTOS: Pacific Octopus Eats Seagull, First Time Ever Photographed"
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of octopuses which has been compared functionally to the vertebrate
683:"den litter" that is commonly used by scientists and divers to find
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Larson, Shawn; Ramsay, Catherine; Cosgrove, James A. (June 2015).
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1361:. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. p. 5.
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Giant Pacific octopuses are not currently under the protection of
773:(or sperm packet) more than 1 m (3.3 ft) long using his
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family. Its spatial distribution encompasses much of the coastal
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2517:"Octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) Recognize Individual Humans"
1395:"Giant Pacific Octopus Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society"
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Researchers have found high concentrations of heavy metals and
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lowers available carbonate ions, which is a building block for
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1953:"Den utilization and the movements of tagged Octopus dofleini"
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Regardless of these data gaps in abundance estimates, future
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Lee, Yu-Min; Lee, Ga-Young; Kim, Hae-Yeong (1 April 2022).
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depend upon the giant Pacific octopus as a source of food.
1899:
Vincent, T. L. S.; Scheel, D.; Hough, K. R. (March 1998).
468:
was chosen by Gerhard Wülker in honor of German scientist
397:(California, Oregon, Washington and Alaska, including the
2791:
1950:
1215:
2395:
2609:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2"
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Anderson, R. C. (2005). "How smart are octopuses?".
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760:, and attached to a hard surface by the female. The
2991:"Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification"
2267:Robinson, S. M. C.; Hartwick, E. B. (August 1986).
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1898:
1861:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
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1441:(Mollusca : Octopoda) in New Zealand waters"
905:space) Because their blue blood is copper-based (
792:Both male and female giant Pacific octopuses are
4316:
2266:
1195:"Giant Pacific octopus rescued at Haystack Rock"
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1165:
1989:
1297:Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names
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2311:"Giant Pacific Octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini"
2168:"Giant Pacific Octopus | California Sea Grant"
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968:, deforestation, industrialization, and other
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2766:Octopus: The Ocean's Intelligent Invertebrate
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2160:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1734:
1162:
1106:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T162958A958049.en
405:, Canada; across the northern Pacific to the
2304:
2302:
1854:
1735:Furuya, Hidetaka; Tsuneki, Kazuhiko (2003).
1274:
720:
639:hide, groom, eat, sleep, and maintain dens.
2196:. Alaska Pacific University. Archived from
1883:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1317:Hochberg, Frederick (Eric) George (1998). "
980:, it becomes more acidic and lowers in pH.
3135:
3121:
2930:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2635:"Giant Pacific Octopus Rulemaking Process"
2242:"Giant Pacific Octopus (Octopus dofleini)"
2157:
1839:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1479:
1434:
1374:"Name Change of the Giant Pacific Octopus"
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1081:Allcock, L.; Taite, M.; Allen, G. (2018).
222:
68:
37:
3022:
2949:
2739:Journal of Marine Behavior and Physiology
2688:
2654:
2521:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
2456:
2445:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
2369:
2299:
1752:
1660:
1512:"ADW: Enteroctopus dofleini: INFORMATION"
1456:
1387:
1275:Wülker, Gerhard; Wülker, Gerhard (1910).
1251:
1233:
1104:
2828:
2787:
2785:
2768:. Portland. London.: J.B. Timber Press.
2495:
2324:
2220:"Giant Pacific Octopus by Shawn Laidlaw"
2108:
1777:
1371:
1316:
1209:
1146:Super Suckers, The Giant Pacific octopus
1143:
939:
890:
783:
724:
711:
497:
485:
53:, at a depth of 65 m (213 ft)
2884:
1709:
1684:
1544:
1399:Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society
1291:
1173:"Giant Pacific Octopus Species Profile"
1120:
866:
4317:
3051:
2763:
2574:
2104:
2102:
2100:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1588:
1509:
1192:
959:
433:'s Pacific east coast, and around the
4069:
4068:
3116:
2835:Forsythe, J.W.; Hanlon, R.T. (1988).
2782:
2713:"Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch"
2391:
2389:
2308:
1855:Scheel, D.; Bisson, L. (April 2012).
1612:
1526:
1292:Hansson, Hans G. (14 November 1997).
1188:
1186:
716:Takoyaki stall in Nishi-Magome, Tokyo
551:. It has also been observed to catch
4360:Western North American coastal fauna
2555:
2109:Wodinsky, Jerome (2 December 1977).
1794:
1417:Smithsonian National Zoological Park
1405:
1372:Anderson, Roland C. (January 2001).
899:
616:
4325:IUCN Red List least concern species
3142:
2887:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
2097:
1939:
1795:High, William L. (September 1976).
1510:Hartis, Colleen (2 February 2011).
1486: – a giant gelatinous octopus"
1092:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
2386:
2334:. Hackenheim, ConchBooks, p. 214.
2318:National Sea Grant College Program
2285:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03611.x
2191:
1925:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1998.tb00450.x
1710:Courage, Katherine Harmon (2013).
1183:
1177:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
952:swim to the surface to join other
745:. These optic glands are the only
14:
4376:
3097:"CephBase: Giant Pacific octopus"
3089:
1310:
1285:
393:, north along the United States'
2814:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02223.x
2561:
1671:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01096.x
916:, a habitat for many octopuses,
93:
3060:American Malacological Bulletin
2982:
2921:
2878:
2757:
2730:
2705:
2648:
2627:
2601:
2564:"Through the Eye of an Octopus"
2508:
2489:
2436:
2345:
2260:
2234:
2069:
2030:
1983:
1957:Marine Behaviour and Physiology
1814:
1737:"Biology of Dicyemid Mesozoans"
1625:
1606:
1562:
1503:
1473:
1428:
1365:
1343:
1019:Effects on other trophic levels
935:
830:
826:Conservation and climate change
812:
2661:Food Science and Biotechnology
1613:Young, Gayne C. (8 May 2012).
1572:. Google Video. Archived from
1538:Giant Pacific Octopus - Oceana
1445:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
1268:
1074:
1053:
788:Hectocotylus arm of an octopod
657:as well as visual navigation.
481:
1:
4335:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
1552:"Giant Pacific octopus facts"
1458:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518353
1193:Graves, Mark (23 June 2023).
1047:
4345:Cephalopods of North America
2995:Geophysical Research Letters
2533:10.1080/10888705.2010.483892
2467:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0504_02
2135:10.1126/science.198.4320.948
2043:Journal of Molluscan Studies
562:
452:
389:, from the Mexican state of
7:
2583:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2194:"Giant Octopus: Fact Sheet"
1869:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.02.004
1797:"The Giant Pacific Octopus"
1383:. Vol. 32. p. 46.
1030:
598:Dicyemodeca anthinocephalum
437:. It can be found from the
366:North Pacific giant octopus
10:
4381:
4365:Molluscs described in 1910
2673:10.1007/s10068-022-01051-w
2414:10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111263
2332:Cephalopods: A World Guide
1714:. USA: The Penguin Group.
1148:. BC: Harbour Publishing.
912:Each fall in Washington's
674:
575:. Marine mammals, such as
534:
478:by Eric Hochberg in 1998.
4077:
4053:
4022:
3988:
3951:
3901:
3878:
3869:
3838:
3804:
3769:
3760:
3710:
3680:
3637:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
3627:
3599:
3530:
3521:
3465:
3386:
3332:
3289:
3157:
3148:
2899:10.1007/s00360-013-0783-y
2751:10.1080/10236248509387055
2008:10.1007/s10339-007-0192-9
1969:10.1080/10236248409387038
998:
976:. As the ocean absorbs CO
805:reproduction, they enter
721:Lifespan and reproduction
294:Octopus dofleini apollyon
278:Octopus dofleini dofleini
250:
243:
230:
221:
195:
188:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
45:
36:
23:
3508:Placopecten magellanicus
3352:New Zealand green-lipped
1352:"Giant Pacific Octopus (
1144:Cosgrove, James (2009).
856:climate change scenarios
472:. It was moved to genus
342:Octopus dofleini martini
233:
4340:Marine molluscs of Asia
4013:Acanthopleura granulata
3582:(group of four species)
2960:10.1196/annals.1439.013
1822:"Giant Pacific Octopus"
1804:Marine Fisheries Review
1641:Journal of Fish Biology
1600:14 January 2009 at the
1534:"Giant Pacific Octopus"
1413:"Giant Pacific Octopus"
539:
506:
51:Point Piños, California
4006:Acanthopleura echinata
3916:Atlantic white-spotted
3367:Asian/Philippine green
2764:Mather, J. A. (2010).
2309:Flory, Eileen (2007).
2244:. NPCA. Archived from
2055:10.1093/mollus/eyaa039
1235:10.3390/vetsci10070448
945:
896:
789:
733:
717:
589:Pacific sleeper sharks
503:
495:
4123:Enteroctopus_dofleini
4109:Enteroctopus dofleini
4079:Enteroctopus dofleini
3942:Amphioctopus fangsiao
3586:South African abalone
3458:("true oyster" genus)
3224:California butterclam
2794:Global Change Biology
2595:10.1139/cjz-2013-0009
1826:Monterey Bay Aquarium
1810:(9) – via NOAA.
1514:. Animaldiversity.org
1354:Enteroctopus dofleini
1323:Enteroctopus dofleini
1085:Enteroctopus dofleini
943:
895:Giant Pacific octopus
894:
787:
730:Enteroctopus dofleini
728:
715:
609:, which lives in its
501:
489:
470:Franz Theodor Doflein
364:), also known as the
361:Enteroctopus dofleini
356:giant Pacific octopus
235: range of
199:Enteroctopus dofleini
24:Giant Pacific octopus
16:Species of cephalopod
3667:Ribbed Mediterranean
3182:Grooved carpet shell
3072:10.4003/006.030.0206
3015:10.1029/2006gl028554
2717:www.seafoodwatch.org
1996:Cognitive Processing
1570:"Octopus Eats Shark"
1484:Haliphron atlanticus
1439:Haliphron atlanticus
1423:on 23 February 2014.
1099:: e.T162958A958049.
867:The seafood industry
839:or evaluated in the
529:Haliphron atlanticus
368:, is a large marine
310:Octopus gilbertianus
302:Polypus gilbertianus
4355:Fauna of California
3662:Rayed Mediterranean
3256:Japanese littleneck
3108:The Cephalopod Page
3039:on 12 November 2012
3007:2007GeoRL..34.7603G
2942:2008NYASA1134..320G
2856:1988MarBi..98..369F
2806:2010GCBio..16.2866A
2248:on 21 November 2008
2200:on 15 November 2012
2172:caseagrant.ucsd.edu
2127:1977Sci...198..948W
2084:www.adfg.alaska.gov
1917:1998MarEc..19...13V
1653:2006JFBio..69..392S
1558:. 21 February 2018.
1493:Biodiversity Update
1480:O'Shea, S. (2002).
1437:"The giant octopus
1435:O'Shea, S. (2004).
1222:Veterinary Sciences
982:Ocean acidification
960:Ocean acidification
502:Close-up of suckers
60:Conservation status
4035:Land snail farming
3449:Gillardeau oysters
3167:Atlantic jackknife
3103:on 17 August 2005.
2864:10.1007/bf00391113
2570:on 26 August 2020.
2273:Journal of Zoology
1863:. 416–417: 21–31.
1754:10.2108/zsj.20.519
1741:Zoological Science
1576:on 7 February 2006
946:
897:
790:
734:
718:
504:
496:
4350:Molluscs of Japan
4312:
4311:
4271:Open Tree of Life
4071:Taxon identifiers
4062:
4061:
4040:Gastropod anatomy
3999:Chiton magnificus
3984:
3983:
3961:New Zealand arrow
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3736:Kelletia lischkei
3701:Littorina sitkana
3647:Yellow-foot opihi
3517:
3516:
3411:Colchester native
2800:(10): 2866–2875.
2775:978-1-60469-067-5
2330:Norman, M. 2000.
2222:. 3 November 2020
2121:(4320): 948–951.
1721:978-1-59184-527-0
1155:978-1-55017-466-3
1037:Octopus wrestling
986:calcium carbonate
924:die and create a
900:Oxygen limitation
617:Movement patterns
557:Squalus acanthias
525:seven-arm octopus
372:belonging to the
352:
351:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
254:Octopus punctatus
83:
4372:
4305:
4304:
4292:
4291:
4279:
4278:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4240:
4239:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4066:
4065:
3876:
3875:
3790:Chorus giganteus
3767:
3766:
3528:
3527:
3491:Pecten jacobaeus
3198:Mactra stultorum
3155:
3154:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3099:. Archived from
3084:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3035:. Archived from
3026:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2953:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2841:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2611:. Archived from
2605:
2599:
2598:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2566:. Archived from
2562:Tzar, Jennifer.
2559:
2553:
2552:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2460:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2371:10.3390/d7020195
2349:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1852:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1756:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1673:. Archived from
1664:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1604:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1419:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:Drum And Croaker
1378:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1237:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1205:on 24 June 2023.
1201:. Archived from
1190:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1141:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1011:Cancer productus
970:land-use changes
877:big blue octopus
747:endocrine glands
611:renal appendages
608:
435:Korean Peninsula
417:), south to the
407:Russian Far East
403:British Columbia
399:Aleutian Islands
383:Enteroctopodidae
344:
337:Akimushkin, 1963
336:
334:Paroctopus asper
328:
320:
318:Octopus apollyon
312:
304:
296:
288:
286:Polypus apollyon
280:
272:
270:Polypus dofleini
264:
262:Octopus dofleini
256:
239:
234:
226:
215:
201:
181:E. dofleini
157:Enteroctopodidae
98:
97:
77:
72:
71:
41:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4287:
4282:
4274:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4204:
4196:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4049:
4045:Bivalve anatomy
4018:
3980:
3966:Japanese flying
3947:
3897:
3857:
3834:
3800:
3756:
3706:
3676:
3657:Common European
3623:
3595:
3513:
3497:Peruvian calico
3461:
3382:
3379:(mussel family)
3328:
3285:
3230:Senilia senilis
3144:
3143:Edible mollusks
3141:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
2987:
2983:
2951:10.1.1.316.7909
2926:
2922:
2883:
2879:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2762:
2758:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2615:on 27 June 2014
2607:
2606:
2602:
2579:
2575:
2560:
2556:
2513:
2509:
2494:
2490:
2458:10.1.1.567.3108
2441:
2437:
2394:
2387:
2350:
2346:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2192:Scheel, David.
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2107:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2035:
2031:
1988:
1984:
1949:
1940:
1897:
1884:
1853:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1708:
1685:
1680:on 29 May 2010.
1677:
1662:10.1.1.330.8593
1636:
1630:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1602:Wayback Machine
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1488:
1478:
1474:
1433:
1429:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1214:
1210:
1191:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1142:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:Cephalopod size
1033:
1021:
1009:red rock crab (
1001:
991:
979:
975:
964:The burning of
962:
938:
902:
869:
833:
828:
815:
743:pituitary gland
723:
677:
619:
602:
565:
542:
537:
509:
484:
459:Über Japanische
455:
439:intertidal zone
391:Baja California
326:Octopus madokai
232:
231:
217:
209:
203:
197:
184:
92:
84:
73:
69:
62:
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4293:
4280:
4267:
4254:
4241:
4228:
4215:
4202:
4189:
4176:
4163:
4150:
4137:
4127:
4114:
4099:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Oyster farming
4026:
4024:
4023:Related topics
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3815:Cornu aspersum
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3324:Giant Atlantic
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Triangle shell
3243:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3091:
3090:External links
3088:
3086:
3085:
3066:(2): 267–279.
3050:
2981:
2936:(1): 320–342.
2920:
2877:
2850:(3): 369–379.
2844:Marine Biology
2827:
2781:
2774:
2756:
2729:
2704:
2667:(4): 497–504.
2647:
2626:
2600:
2589:(6): 431–449.
2573:
2554:
2527:(3): 261–272.
2507:
2498:Coral Magazine
2488:
2451:(4): 275–283.
2435:
2385:
2364:(2): 195–205.
2344:
2323:
2298:
2279:(4): 559–572.
2259:
2233:
2211:
2184:
2156:
2096:
2068:
2029:
2002:(4): 239–247.
1982:
1938:
1905:Marine Ecology
1882:
1838:
1813:
1776:
1747:(5): 519–532.
1727:
1720:
1683:
1647:(2): 392–405.
1624:
1605:
1587:
1561:
1543:
1525:
1502:
1472:
1427:
1404:
1386:
1364:
1356:) Care Manual"
1342:
1335:
1309:
1284:
1267:
1208:
1182:
1161:
1154:
1119:
1073:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1025:trophic levels
1020:
1017:
1000:
997:
989:
977:
973:
961:
958:
937:
934:
901:
898:
881:common octopus
868:
865:
832:
829:
827:
824:
814:
811:
722:
719:
676:
673:
618:
615:
573:filter feeders
564:
561:
541:
538:
536:
533:
508:
505:
483:
480:
454:
451:
419:East China Sea
415:Sea of Okhotsk
350:
349:
348:
347:
345:Pickford, 1964
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
281:(Wülker, 1910)
275:
267:
259:
248:
247:
241:
240:
228:
227:
219:
218:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
43:
42:
34:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Pacific giant
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3829:Helix pomatia
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:Helix lucorum
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3442:Ostra chilena
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Mediterranean
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:(razor genus)
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Pacific razor
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Atlantic surf
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:(7): L07603.
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2745:(4): 301–14.
2744:
2740:
2733:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2340:3-925919-32-5
2337:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2221:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:(2): 95–110.
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1336:0-936494-13-1
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1199:The Oregonian
1196:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1006:
996:
993:
987:
983:
971:
967:
957:
955:
951:
942:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:phytoplankton
915:
910:
908:
893:
889:
886:
885:Seafood Watch
882:
878:
873:
864:
862:
857:
852:
848:
846:
842:
841:IUCN Red List
838:
823:
821:
810:
808:
803:
799:
795:
786:
782:
780:
776:
772:
771:spermatophore
767:
766:parental care
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
731:
727:
714:
710:
708:
703:
699:
694:
688:
686:
681:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
656:
652:
647:
642:
638:
633:
629:
627:
623:
614:
612:
606:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
558:
554:
553:spiny dogfish
550:
546:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
500:
493:
488:
479:
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
460:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:North Pacific
384:
380:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
343:
340:
335:
332:
327:
324:
321:(Berry, 1913)
319:
316:
311:
308:
303:
300:
297:(Berry, 1912)
295:
292:
287:
284:
279:
276:
271:
268:
263:
260:
255:
252:
251:
249:
246:
242:
238:
229:
225:
220:
213:
208:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
76:
75:Least Concern
65:
61:
56:
52:
49:observed off
48:
44:
40:
35:
30:
22:
19:
4078:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3940:
3931:Southern red
3827:
3820:
3813:
3788:
3762:Other snails
3734:
3699:
3506:
3489:
3475:Atlantic bay
3453:
3441:
3406:Southern mud
3278:
3270:
3228:
3209:Ocean quahog
3196:
3101:the original
3063:
3059:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3037:the original
2998:
2994:
2984:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2893:(1): 55–64.
2890:
2886:
2880:
2847:
2843:
2830:
2797:
2793:
2765:
2759:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2603:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2568:the original
2557:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2405:
2401:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2331:
2326:
2317:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:the original
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:
2118:
2114:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
2071:
2046:
2042:
2032:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1960:
1956:
1911:(1): 13–29.
1908:
1904:
1860:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1711:
1675:the original
1644:
1640:
1627:
1619:Outdoor Life
1618:
1608:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1421:the original
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1367:
1353:
1345:
1326:
1322:
1319:Enteroctopus
1318:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1277:
1270:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1203:the original
1198:
1176:
1145:
1110:. Retrieved
1096:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1055:
1022:
1010:
1002:
994:
966:fossil fuels
963:
947:
936:Reproduction
911:
903:
870:
853:
849:
834:
831:Conservation
816:
813:Intelligence
791:
775:hectocotylus
755:
735:
729:
706:
701:
697:
689:
684:
679:
678:
670:E. dofleini.
669:
664:
660:
659:
640:
636:
631:
630:
621:
620:
596:
585:sperm whales
577:harbor seals
566:
556:
544:
543:
528:
520:G. H. Parker
511:
510:
491:
490:Close-up of
475:Enteroctopus
473:
465:
462:Cephalopoden
461:
458:
456:
446:
427:Sea of Japan
378:Enteroctopus
376:
365:
360:
359:
355:
353:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
273:Wülker, 1910
269:
265:Wülker, 1910
261:
253:
236:
198:
196:
180:
179:
168:Enteroctopus
167:
46:
18:
4330:Octopodidae
4284:SeaLifeBase
4232:NatureServe
4180:iNaturalist
4103:Wikispecies
3976:Neon flying
3682:Periwinkles
3642:Turtle/talc
3575:Green ormer
3485:New Zealand
3455:Crassostrea
3436:Sydney rock
3314:New Zealand
3236:Smooth clam
3204:Blunt gaper
2252:13 November
2204:13 November
1580:13 November
1556:Animal Spot
1451:(1): 7–13.
861:RNA editing
845:Puget Sound
794:semelparous
779:spermatheca
739:optic gland
707:E. dofleini
702:E. dofleini
698:E. dofleini
685:E. dofleini
680:E. dofleini
665:E. dofleini
661:E. dofleini
641:E. dofleini
637:E. dofleini
632:E. dofleini
622:E. dofleini
603: [
569:zooplankton
545:E. dofleini
512:E. dofleini
492:E. dofleini
482:Description
447:E. dofleini
329:Berry, 1921
313:Berry, 1912
305:Berry, 1912
289:Berry, 1912
237:E. dofleini
210: [
137:Cephalopoda
47:E. dofleini
29:Pleistocene
4319:Categories
3893:Bottletail
3880:Cuttlefish
3840:Freshwater
3784:Korean mud
3747:Pear whelk
3523:Gastropods
3480:Great/king
3426:Windowpane
3421:Portuguese
3357:California
3261:Razor clam
3241:Soft-shell
2408:: 111263.
1302:9 December
1228:(7): 448.
1112:30 October
1048:References
950:paralarvae
944:Hatchlings
922:macroalgae
914:Hood Canal
907:hemocyanin
879:, and the
807:senescence
751:senescence
655:topography
651:substrates
581:sea otters
423:Yellow Sea
395:West Coast
370:cephalopod
257:Gabb, 1862
4237:2.1130693
3888:Spineless
3752:Lightning
3720:Channeled
3377:Mytilidae
3266:Pod razor
3187:Hard clam
3033:130190489
2946:CiteSeerX
2681:2092-6456
2453:CiteSeerX
2422:1531-4332
2380:1424-2818
2358:Diversity
2293:0952-8369
2143:0036-8075
2063:0260-1230
2016:1612-4790
1977:0091-181X
1933:0173-9565
1877:0022-0981
1657:CiteSeerX
1244:2306-7381
926:dead zone
802:polyandry
563:Predators
453:Etymology
411:Kamchatka
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
31:to recent
4198:11295688
4130:BioLib:
4088:Wikidata
4056:Category
3971:Humboldt
3921:Big blue
3779:Mud-flat
3730:Kellet's
3570:Greenlip
3565:Blacklip
3467:Scallops
3150:Bivalves
3080:86739608
2976:15009920
2968:18566099
2907:24100467
2872:83708339
2822:83960161
2699:35464245
2549:21910661
2541:20563906
2504:: 44–48.
2483:28355735
2475:16221078
2430:35753604
2226:28 March
2177:21 March
2151:17787564
2089:19 March
2024:17932698
1831:19 March
1771:29839345
1763:12777824
1712:Octopus!
1598:Archived
1467:84954869
1262:37505853
1253:10385140
1031:See also
954:plankton
798:polygyny
732:spawning
693:bivalves
594:mesozoan
466:dofleini
245:Synonyms
153:Family:
147:Octopoda
127:Mollusca
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
4172:2289485
4094:Q912404
3990:Chitons
3903:Octopus
3871:Inkfish
3853:Nerites
3742:Knobbed
3629:Limpets
3614:Elegant
3601:Conches
3591:Chilean
3532:Abalone
3416:Pacific
3401:Olympia
3396:Eastern
3388:Oysters
3334:Mussels
3291:Cockles
3280:Paphies
3177:Geoduck
3003:Bibcode
2938:Bibcode
2915:8647158
2852:Bibcode
2802:Bibcode
2722:3 April
2690:8994793
2123:Bibcode
2115:Science
1913:Bibcode
1649:Bibcode
1518:4 April
1066:4 April
930:hypoxia
820:neurons
758:chorion
675:Shelter
600:
535:Ecology
443:octopus
401:), and
216:, 1910)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
4302:342305
4276:123064
4263:342305
4250:267067
4224:162958
4211:557227
4159:486386
4146:160577
4133:135075
3911:Common
3796:Bailer
3725:Common
3712:Whelks
3695:Banded
3690:Common
3672:Rustic
3444:/Bluff
3319:Sydney
3309:Goolwa
3299:Common
3251:Tuatua
3078:
3043:12 May
3031:
2974:
2966:
2948:
2913:
2905:
2870:
2820:
2772:
2697:
2687:
2679:
2640:12 May
2619:12 May
2547:
2539:
2481:
2473:
2455:
2428:
2420:
2378:
2338:
2291:
2149:
2141:
2061:
2022:
2014:
1975:
1931:
1875:
1769:
1761:
1718:
1659:
1465:
1333:
1260:
1250:
1242:
1152:
999:Toxins
888:catch.
653:, and
626:siphon
583:, and
549:chitin
425:, the
421:, the
207:Wülker
4297:WoRMS
4289:58006
4193:IRMNG
4185:48863
3953:Squid
3936:Mimic
3848:Apple
3652:China
3609:Queen
3555:Green
3550:Black
3540:White
3502:Yesso
3362:Brown
3304:Blood
3272:Ensis
3219:Venus
3192:Horse
3159:Clams
3076:S2CID
3029:S2CID
2972:S2CID
2911:S2CID
2868:S2CID
2840:(PDF)
2818:S2CID
2545:S2CID
2479:S2CID
2314:(PDF)
2049:(1).
1800:(PDF)
1767:S2CID
1678:(PDF)
1637:(PDF)
1489:(PDF)
1463:S2CID
1377:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
988:(CaCO
872:Fraud
762:spawn
607:]
431:Japan
374:genus
214:]
4258:OBIS
4245:NCBI
4219:IUCN
4206:ITIS
4167:GBIF
4141:BOLD
3806:Land
3580:Pāua
3560:Pink
3431:Rock
3372:Date
3342:Blue
3045:2014
2964:PMID
2934:1134
2903:PMID
2770:ISBN
2724:2024
2695:PMID
2677:ISSN
2642:2014
2621:2014
2537:PMID
2471:PMID
2426:PMID
2418:ISSN
2376:ISSN
2336:ISBN
2289:ISSN
2254:2012
2228:2021
2206:2012
2179:2024
2147:PMID
2139:ISSN
2091:2024
2059:ISSN
2020:PMID
2012:ISSN
1973:ISSN
1929:ISSN
1873:ISSN
1833:2024
1759:PMID
1716:ISBN
1582:2012
1520:2022
1499:: 1.
1331:ISBN
1304:2022
1258:PMID
1240:ISSN
1150:ISBN
1114:2022
1097:2018
1068:2022
1005:PCBs
920:and
800:and
646:kelp
571:and
540:Diet
507:Size
381:and
354:The
4154:EoL
4118:ADW
3771:Sea
3619:Dog
3545:Red
3068:doi
3019:hdl
3011:doi
2956:doi
2895:doi
2891:184
2860:doi
2810:doi
2747:doi
2685:PMC
2669:doi
2591:doi
2529:doi
2463:doi
2410:doi
2406:271
2366:doi
2281:doi
2277:209
2131:doi
2119:198
2051:doi
2004:doi
1965:doi
1921:doi
1865:doi
1749:doi
1667:doi
1453:doi
1248:PMC
1230:doi
1101:doi
847:).
516:arm
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4299::
4286::
4273::
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4247::
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