490:, Rumkowski adopted an autocratic style of leadership in order to transform the ghetto into an industrial base manufacturing war supplies. Convinced that Jewish productivity would ensure survival, he forced the population to work 12-hour days despite abysmal conditions and the lack of calories and protein; producing uniforms, garments, wood and metalwork, and electrical equipment for the German military. By 1943, some 95 percent of the adult population was employed in 117 workshops, which – Rumkowski once boasted to the mayor of Łódź – were a "gold mine." It was possibly because of this productivity that the Łódź Ghetto managed to survive long after all the other ghettos in occupied Poland were liquidated. Rumkowski systematically singled out for expulsion his political opponents, or anyone who might have had the capacity to lead a resistance to the Nazis. Conditions were harsh and the population was entirely dependent on the Germans. Typical intake, made available, averaged between 700 and 900 calories per day, about half the calories required for survival. People affiliated with Rumkowski received disproportionately larger deliveries of food, medicine, and other rationed necessities. Everywhere else starvation was rampant and diseases like
915:
444:. From October 1940, the facility was raised to the rank of an independent department of the city council – Gettoverwaltung, reporting to Mayor Werner Ventzki. Initially, the main tasks of the ghetto board were supplying, supplying medicines and settling the ghetto with the city. Soon, however, the inhabitants began to be plundered and exploited to the maximum, transforming the ghetto into a forced labor camp in hunger for food rations and extreme living conditions. From 1942, Hans Biebow and his deputies Józef Haemmerle and Wilhelm Ribbe demonstrated in the selection and displacement of ghetto inhabitants, and Biebow and his commercial capabilities were quickly appreciated by the dignitaries of the central authorities of the Warta Country. Biebow became the real ruler of the ghetto, and Gettoverwaltung officials arrived at a rapid pace – from 24 people in May 1940 to 216 in mid-1942.
46:
683:
275:
818:
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though they had never deduced that the annihilation of Jews was all-encompassing, as was intended. They witnessed the German raid on a children's hospital where all patients were rounded up and put into trucks never to return (some thrown from windows). A new German order demanded that 24,000 Jews be handed over for deportation. A debate raged in the ghetto over who should be given up. Rumkowski sounded more convinced than ever that the only chance for Jewish survival lay in the ability to work productively for the Reich without interference. As
Rumkowski believed productivity was necessary for survival, he thought they should give their 13,000 children and their 11,000 elderly. He addressed the parents of Łódź as follows.
528:
849:
which continued to operate despite harsh conditions. Later, when the school buildings were converted to new living quarters for some 20,000 inmates brought in from outside occupied Poland, alternatives were established, particularly for younger children whose mothers were forced to work. Schools tried to provide children with adequate nourishment despite meager rations. After the schools were shut down in 1941, many of the factories continued to maintain illegal daycare centres for children whose mothers were working.
58:
628:
745:); however, the camp was referred to as the Camp on Przemyslowa Street. The camp housed children aged 8–16 who were orphans or accused of criminal activity such as theft. More than 1,000 children lived there, separated from their parents, working eight hours a day. They were fed starvation rations and had no access to water, heating or bathrooms. They were subjected to torture and beaten by the guards. The camp operated until the Lodz ghetto was liquidated.
754:
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social class and wealth of ghetto inhabitants often determined the fate of food accessibility. While the wealthy could purchase additional food, many of the lower class Jewish inhabitants relied heavily on the ration card system. Food embezzlement by police forces within the ghetto encouraged hierarchy even amongst Jewish neighbors. Food became a means of control for the German forces and by the Jewish policing administration.
350:
869:
503:
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300:(cleansed of its Jewish presence). The German occupiers pressed for the ghetto size to be shrunk beyond all sense in order to have their factories registered outside of it. Łódź was a multicultural mosaic before the war began, with about 8.8% ethnic German residents on top of Austrian, Czech, French, Russian and Swiss business families adding to its vibrant economy.
2500:"W czasach okupacji dom Leszczyńskich był baz dla ściganych, przede wszystkim dla Żydów. Tu otrzymywali żywność, ubranie, dokumenty, które potajemnie wyrabiał mąż Stanisławy" (During the occupation, the house of Leszczyńscy was a base for the fugitives, particularly Jews. There, they received food, clothes, and documents, secretly forged by Stanisława's husband.
845:, or similar rebellions in other Polish cities. Rumkowski's overbearing autocracy including his periodic crackdowns, and the resulting failure of Jewish attempts to smuggle food – and consequently, arms – into the ghetto, as well as misleading confidence that productivity would ensure survival, precluded attempts at an armed revolt.
959:. She and her family provided food, clothing and fake documents to many Jewish fugitives. Eventually, however, she and her family were arrested by the Germans. She and her daughter were deported to Auschwitz. Later on she became known for her effort to save many Jewish children; her sons were sent to stone quarries of
326:
assault on 5–7 March 1940, known as "Bloody
Thursday", in which 350 Jews were fatally shot in their homes, and outside. Over the next two months, wooden and wire fences were erected around the area to cut it off from the rest of the city. Jews were formally sealed within the ghetto walls on 1 May 1940.
856:
police were called upon to suppress it. At the same time, the rich cultural life included active theatres, concerts, and banned religious gatherings, all of which countered official attempts at dehumanization. Much information about the Jewish day-to-day life in that period can be found in the ghetto
623:
In
September 1942, Rumkowski and the Jews of Łódź had realized the fate of the evacuees, because all baggage, clothing, and identification papers of their fellow inmates, were being returned to the ghetto for "processing". The slave workers began to strongly suspect that deportation meant death; even
848:
The distinct forms of defiance included instead the symbolic, polemic and defensive resistance. Throughout the early period, the symbolic resistance was evident in the rich cultural and religious life that the people maintained in the ghetto. Initially, they created 47 schools and daycare facilities
724:
arrived and made an assessment, which was damning. The ghetto was too large in his opinion, badly managed, not profitable, and it had the wrong products. From his perspective the presence of children was unacceptable. The relocation idea was abandoned, but the immediate consequence of his report was
648:
Despite their horror, parents had little choice but to turn over their children for deportation. Some families committed collective suicide to avoid the inevitable. The deportations slowed down, for a time, only after the purge of the ghetto was completed. Some 89,446 able-bodied prisoners remained.
514:
had to contend. Medical supplies were critically limited, and the ghetto was severely overcrowded. The entire population of 164,000 people was forced into an area of 4 square kilometres (1.5 square miles), of which 2.4 square kilometres (0.93 square miles) were developed and habitable. Fuel supplies
884:
of the local slang that emerged in their daily lives. The Jewish population maintained several illegal radios with which they kept abreast of events in the outside world. At first, the radio could only receive German broadcast, which is why it was codenamed the "Liar" in the diaries. Among the news
640:
A grievous blow has struck the ghetto. They are asking us to give up the best we possess – the children and the elderly. I was unworthy of having a child of my own, so I gave the best years of my life to children. I've lived and breathed with children, I never imagined I would be forced to deliver
412:
Food deprivation often caused strain on family relations but parents, siblings, and spouses would also hold out on their portion of food for the benefit of loved ones. People would trade furniture and clothing to receive food for their family members or themselves. Jewish women invented new ways of
202:
On 30 April 1940, when the gates closed on the ghetto, it housed 163,777 residents. Because of its remarkable productivity, the ghetto managed to survive until August 1944. In the first two years, it absorbed almost 20,000 Jews from liquidated ghettos in nearby Polish towns and villages, as well as
408:
Jews within the Łódź Ghetto had an average daily intake of 1,000 to 1,200 calories which led directly to starvation and even to death. The process of purchasing food relied heavily on the quantity and quality of the goods that the ghetto citizens brought from their houses into the ghetto. Previous
391:
of food and manufactured goods developed between the ghettos and the outside world. In Łódź, however, this was practically impossible due to heavy security. The Jews were entirely dependent on the German authorities for food, medicine and other vital supplies. To exacerbate the situation, the only
325:
in the hope of the Polish counter-attack which never came. On 8 February 1940, the
Germans ordered the Jewish residence to be limited to specific streets in the Old City and the adjacent Bałuty quarter, the areas that would become the ghetto. To expedite the relocation, the Orpo Police launched an
620:. By 2 April 1942, an additional 34,000 victims were sent there from the ghetto, with 11,000 more by 15 May 1942, and over 15,000 more by mid September, for an estimated total of 55,000 people. The Germans planned that children, the elderly, and anyone deemed "not fit for work" would follow them.
369:
force was created to ensure that no prisoners tried to escape. On 10 May 1940 orders went into effect prohibiting any commercial exchange between Jews and non-Jews in Łódź. By the new German decree, those caught outside the ghetto could be shot on sight. The contact with people who lived on the
785:
erupted, and the fate of the remaining inhabitants of the Łódź Ghetto was sealed. During the last phase of its existence, some 25,000 inmates were murdered at Chełmno, their bodies burned immediately after death. As the front approached, German officials decided to deport the remaining Jews to
797:
On 17 August 1944, The
Gestapo announced the exclusion of the following streets from the ghetto: Wolborska, Nad Łódką, Zgierska, Dolna, Łagiewnicka, Brzezińska, Smugowa and the Old Market Square, Kościelny Square and Bałucki Rynek. The presence of Jews in these areas was punishable by death.
582:. An Evacuation Committee was set up to help select the initial group of deportees from among those who were labelled 'criminals': people who refused to or who could not work, and people who took advantage of the refugees arriving in the ghetto in order to satisfy their own basic needs.
565:
visited the ghetto for the first time on 7 June 1941. On 29 July 1941, following an inspection, most patients of the ghetto's psychiatric hospital were taken away never to return. "They understood, for example, why they had been injected with tranquilizers in the night. Injections of
219:, where most were murdered upon arrival. It was the last ghetto in occupied Poland to be liquidated. A total of 210,000 Jews passed through it; but only 877 remained hidden when the Soviets arrived. About 10,000 Jewish residents of Łódź, who used to live there before the
665:. Meanwhile, a rare camp for the Christian children between 8 and 14 years of age was set up adjacent to the ghetto in December 1942, separated only by a high fence made of planks. Some 12,000–13,000 adolescent Poles with parents already dead went through the
498:
in the factories. In most instances, Rumkowski relied on the Jewish police to quell the discontented workers, although at least in one instance, the German Order Police was asked to intervene. Strikes usually erupted over the reduction of food rations.
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Dom przy ul. Wspólnej 3, gdzie obecnie zamieszkali
Leszczyńscy, stał się miejscem skąd bez przerwy płynęła pomoc dla Żydów" (The House at Wspólna 3 street, where currently Leszczyńscy lived, became a place from which aid constantly reached out to the
706:). The ghetto was transformed into a giant labor camp where survival depended solely on the ability to work. Two small hospitals were set up in 1943, nonetheless hundreds of tormented prisoners died each month. In April 1,000 Jews were transferred to
380:), making it impossible to bring food illegally. To keep outsiders out, rumours were also spread by Hitler's propaganda saying that the Jews were the carriers of infectious diseases. For the week of 16–22 June 1941 (the week Nazi Germany launched
294:, who called for the cooperation of major policing bodies in the confinement and mass transfer of the local Jews. By 1 October 1940, the relocation of the ghetto inmates was to have been completed, and the city's downtown core declared
880:, managed to bury the negatives and dig them up after liberation, at 12 Jagielonska Street. Because of this archive, the reality of the ghetto was recorded and preserved. The archivists also began creating a ghetto encyclopedia and a
2199:
578:, gassing operations began on 8 December 1941. Two weeks later, on 20 December 1941, Rumkowski was ordered by the Germans to announce that 20,000 Jews from the ghetto would be deported to undisclosed camps, based on selection by the
761:
In early 1944, the ultimate fate of the Łódź Ghetto was debated among the highest-ranking Nazis. The initial wave of deportations to Chełmno ended in the autumn of 1942; over 72,000 people defined as "dispensable" were murdered.
2391:. Plymouth: AltaMira Press, 2011. The Łódź Ghetto had "some forty-three elementary schools, two high schools, and one vocational training facility, serving some 63 percent of the ghettos school aged youngsters."
2027:
2075:"Translation of Document No-724: Prosecution Exhibit 472: Letter by Frank to SS Garrison Administration and Concentration Camp Auschwitz, 26 September 1942, Concerning Utilization of Property of Jews"
2874:
3000:
Bethke, Svenja (2020). "Attempts to Take Action In a
Coerced Community? Petitions to the Jewish Council in the Lodz Ghetto during World War II". In Kaplan, Thomas Pegelow; Gruner, Wolf (eds.).
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separated from the provisioning and economy department the branch for the ghetto at
Cegielniana street (today Jaracza 11), whose manager was first Johann Moldenhauer, and then a merchant from
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this sacrifice to the altar with my own hands. In my old age, I must stretch out my hands and beg: Brothers and sisters! Hand them over to me! Fathers and mothers: Give me your children!
480:. Known mockingly as "King Chaim", Rumkowski was granted unprecedented powers by the Nazi officials, which authorized him to take all necessary measures to maintain order in the ghetto.
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805:. When the Soviet army entered Łódź on 19 January 1945, only 877 Jews were still alive, 12 of whom were children. Of the 223,000 Jews in Łódź before the invasion, only 10,000 survived
3700:
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in 2016–2017 and among the ten oldest verified men ever. Was deported from the Lodz Ghetto to
Auschwitz in August 1944 but barely managed to survive—with him being severely
922:
303:
The securing of the ghetto system was preceded by a series of anti-Jewish measures as well as anti-Polish measures meant to inflict terror. The Jews were forced to wear the
329:
As nearly 25 percent of the Jews had fled the city by the time the ghetto was set up, its prisoner population as of 1 May 1940 was 164,000. Over the coming year, Jews from
417:. The physical attributes of malnutrition in the Łódź Ghetto led to sunken eyes, swollen abdomens and aged appearances while also stunting the growth of ghetto children.
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Since production was essential to the German war effort, the slowing down of work was also a form of resistance. In the later years, leftist workers adopted the slogan
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to Chełmno. Although the killing centre was partly razed in April 1943, it had resumed gassing operations specifically for this purpose. Meanwhile, Armaments
Minister
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The photographers of the statistical department of the Judenrat, besides their official work, illegally took photos of everyday scenes and atrocities. One of them,
211:
beginning in early 1942, and in spite of a stark reversal of fortune, the Germans persisted in eradicating the ghetto: they transported the remaining population to
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an order to reduce the size of the ghetto. By January 1944, there were around 80,000 Jewish workers still subsisting in Łódź. In February, Himmler brought back
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On 28 November 1942, a camp for Polish children was opened. The official name of the camp was "Security Police Litzmannstadt Isolation Camp for Polish Youth" (
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Swiss sociologist, Werner Rings, identifies four distinct forms of ghetto resistance: symbolic, polemic, and defensive; with offensive resistance (including
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Political organizations also continued to exist, and engaged in strikes when rations were cut. In one such instance, a strike got so violent that the German
515:
were severely short, and people burned whatever they could to survive the Polish winter. Some 18,000 people in the ghetto are believed to have died during a
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troops in January 1945. He subsequently recovered and died over 70 years later in August 2017, just a month before what would have been his 114th birthday.
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The peculiar situation of the Łódź Ghetto prevented armed resistance, which occurred within other ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland, such as the
433:
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679:, the 1,600 children performed work closely connected with the industrial output of the ghetto, with help and advice from Jewish instructors.
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Die "Gettoverwaltung Litzmannstadt", 1940–1944. Eine Dienststelle im Spannungsfeld von Kommunalbürokratie und staatlicher Verfolgungspolitik
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adorned with monuments was built in Łódź, measuring 3,660 square metres (39,400 sq ft). It was inaugurated in August 2009 by the
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called for the final liquidation of the ghetto. Between 23 June and 14 July 1944, the first 10 transports of about 7,000 Jews were sent by
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on 8 September 1939, the city had a population of 672,000 people. Over 230,000 of them were Jewish, or 31.1% according to statistics.
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1991:
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The first known record of an order for the establishment of the ghetto, dated 10 December 1939, came from the new Nazi governor
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To organize the local population and maintain order, the German authorities established a Jewish Council commonly called the
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For orientation, note the Jewish Cemetery bottom right on second photo, which formed the easternmost portion of the ghetto.
83:
17:
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181:. Situated in the city of Łódź, and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the
62:
Map of the Łódź Ghetto within the city. The walled-off area is shown in blue in the inset. The Jewish cemetery is at 16;
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1438:
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990), Baranowski, Dobroszycki, Wiesenthal, Yad Vashem Timeline of the Holocaust, others.
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199:. The number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from Nazi-controlled territories.
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were used, at the request of the Nazi authorities." Situated 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Łódź in the town of
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Overcrowding in the ghetto was exacerbated by the influx of some 40,000 Polish Jews forced out from the surrounding
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1137:
374:" side was also impaired by the fact that Łódż had a 70,000-strong ethnic German minority loyal to the Nazis (the
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in the presence of prominent dignitaries. A year later, the Park was awarded a medal for top urban design by the
476:(age 62 in 1939). Even today, he is still considered one of the most controversial figures in the history of the
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1918:
253:, who had led German forces in the area in 1914. The Nazi German authorities intended to "purify" the city. All
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cooking in order to make food and supplies last longer. Tuberculosis and other diseases were widespread due to
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283:
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2081:, vol. V, pp. 965–967, archived from the original on 22 November 2004 – via The Mazal Library
2013:
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The Gypsy quarter in the ghetto after its inhabitants had been transported to the Chełmno extermination camp
632:
590:
315:, many Jews, particularly the intellectual and political elite, had fled the advancing German army into the
208:
122:
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1973:
650:
362:
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Since late 1942 the production of war supplies was coordinated by the autonomous German Management Board (
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in 1942, and all together, about 43,800 people died in the ghetto from starvation and infectious disease.
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3424:
3379:
3369:
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956:
794:, including Rumkowski. On 28 August 1944, Rumkowski's family were gassed along with thousands of others.
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A handful of people were left alive in the ghetto to clean it up. Others remained in hiding with
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widespread, fueling dissatisfaction with Rumkowski's administration, which led to a series of
400:, thereby abetting the process by which they were dispossessed of their remaining belongings.
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population was also resettled there. By 1 May 1941, the population of the ghetto was 148,547.
5255:
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2730:
2720:
567:
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of foreign Jews resettled to Łódź from Vienna, Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg and other cities in
191:, the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing war supplies for
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To ensure no contact between the Jewish and non-Jewish populations of the city, two German
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8:
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1505:
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left the ghetto to conduct anti-Jewish operations in Polish towns with direct lines to
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170:
126:
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396:. Faced with starvation, Jews traded their remaining possessions and savings for this
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In October, the number of German troops was reduced, as no longer needed. The German
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Biuletyn Informacyjny Obchodów 60. Rocznicy Likwidacji Litzmannstadt Getto. Nr 1-2.
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Administratively, the Łódź ghetto was subject to the City Council. Initially, mayor
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Aerial photos of the ghetto from May 1942 (rotated so that north is to the right):
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Photographs such as this served to record the horrors of ghetto life for posterity.
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424:, which had no value outside the ghetto. The use of other currency was prohibited.
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1210:, 1882–1941), medical doctor and chess master, died in the ghetto 18 November 1941
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3080:. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008. Terrace Books.
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The Documents of the Łódź Ghetto: An Inventory of the Nachman Zonabend Collection
1203:
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1115:
1080:
853:
782:
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384:), the Jews reported 206 deaths and two shootings of women near the barbed wire.
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Pomnik Polaków odznaczonych Medalem Sprawiedliwych Wśród Narodów Świata w Łodzi.
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2977:Łódź Ghetto : A Community History Told in Diaries, Journals, and Documents
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605:
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By the end of January 1942 some 10,000 Jews were deported to Chełmno (known as
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1546:. 20th Century History, About.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2006
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3035:
Juden im Getto Litzmannstadt: Lebensbedingungen, Selbstwahrnehmung, Verhalten
2989:
2940:, Yad Vashem website. Overview. Selected photographs. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
2079:
United States of America v. Oswald Pohl, et al. (Case No. 4, the "Pohl Trial)
1193:
1133:
1119:
1091:
806:
726:
687:
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597:
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were deported to the ghetto on their way to the extermination camps. A small
264:
250:
224:
178:
166:
102:
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proposed the ghetto be continued as a source of cheap labour for the front.
387:
In other ghettos throughout Poland, thriving underground economies based on
57:
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3042:
Terra Incognita: the Struggling Art of Arie Ben Menachem and Mendel Grosman
2842:
Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi (Polish State Archive in Lodz) Ghetto collection
2788:
2070:
1213:
838:
775:
720:
695:
609:
546:
491:
414:
304:
240:
192:
3919:
3045:
2841:
2652:
The Holocaust: a history of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War
1455:
781:
On 15 July 1944 the transports paused for two weeks. On 1 August 1944 the
608:". In Chełmno, the inmates were murdered with the exhaust fumes of moving
236:
154:
79:
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877:
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Jews clean and repair coats salvaged at Chełmno for redistribution among
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487:
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region and renamed the city Litzmannstadt in honour of a German general,
162:
158:
2962:
The Łódź Ghetto Photographs of Henryk Ross at the Art Gallery of Ontario
2919:"I Completely Forgot that I Was Hungry," Youth Groups in the Łódź Ghetto
4383:
4348:
3904:
3753:
3063:
2933:
2872:
American university students discuss the implications of the Holocaust.
1249:, German concentration camp for Polish children inside the Łódź Ghetto.
1086:
1001: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
934:
753:
617:
550:
334:
3040:
Xenia Modrzejewska-Mrozowska, Andrzej Różycki, Marek Szukalak (eds.),
2965:. LodzGhetto.ago.net collection of Holocaust photographs, interactive.
4640:
4077:
3650:
3102:
2046:"The camp for Polish children at Przemystowa Street (Gewerbestrasse)"
1245:
1229:(1861–1941), painter, died of hunger in the ghetto on 29 January 1941
1197:
1123:
921:
plant Trees of Memory during the ceremony at the Park of the Rescued
902:
654:
537:
477:
388:
296:
245:
212:
196:
183:
67:
4665:
4627:
3002:
Resisting Persecution: Jews and Their Petitions during the Holocaust
2656:(1st American ed.). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 1986. p.
976:
955:
One of the Poles who helped the Jews in Łódź was a Catholic midwife
5080:
2944:
1275:
1127:
460:
361:
were assigned to patrol the perimeter of the ghetto, including the
27:
Second-largest ghetto in German-occupied Europe during World War II
2867:
with index and commentary by David Graham. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
2599:"How an NYU Scholar Became the Keeper of Poland's Jewish Heritage"
1773:
Sinnreich, Helene J. (27 November 2017), "Hunger in the ghettos",
868:
349:
881:
308:
2948:, a memoir of Holocaust survivor Simon Lewenberg 2012, homepage.
1177:("Elder of the Jews"), head of the Judenrat, killed at Auschwitz
900:, or "work slowly") to hinder their own output on behalf of the
743:
Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt
502:
5152:
3268:
1842:
1840:
1167:(1910–1991), photographer who documented conditions in the camp
516:
437:
2990:
Bostock, William, "Language policy and use in the Łódź ghetto"
2691:(English ed.). Yale University Press. 1984. p. 176.
1932:
2625:"Heda Kovaly, Czech Who Wrote of Totalitarianism, Dies at 91"
2371:
2369:
1136:(1929–1945?), diarist, deported to Auschwitz in 1944 then to
397:
371:
3709:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
2961:
1837:
447:
353:
German and Jewish police guard at the entrance to the ghetto
2952:
Colour slides from the German ghetto administration in Łódź
2472:"Midwife at Auschwitz: The Story of Stanislawa Leszczynska"
2270:. In Vitelli, Karen D.; Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip (eds.).
1559:
by Adelson, Alan and Robert Lapides (ed.), New York, 1989;
1161:(1884–1944), writer, ghetto chronicler, killed at Auschwitz
862:
2366:
1908:
510:
Disease was a major feature of ghetto life with which the
2200:"Raport 2017: Children // THE CAMP AT PRZEMYSŁOWA STREET"
714:
to get ready for a mass relocation of labour to the Nazi
5266:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
2531:"Did You Know: The Polish Catholic midwife of Auschwitz"
2049:(Traces of the Litzmannstadt Getto. A Guide to the Past)
1977:(Traces of the Litzmannstadt Getto. A Guide to the Past)
1083:(1913–1945), photographer, died during the Death Marches
937:
in Jerusalem. On their and their families initiative, a
5127:
3137:
2865:
Full text of Rumkowski's "Give Me Your Children" speech
2303:"1944: W Warszawie powstanie, w Łodzi likwidacja getta"
1992:"Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War"
1812:
1810:
1690:
1633:
1624:
of the establishment of Łódź Ghetto by Nazi occupants.
1416:
885:
that quickly spread around the ghetto was the Allied
392:
legal currency in the ghetto was a specially created
2881:
From Diary of Łódź Ghetto inmate Dawid Sierakowiak.
1597:
Struktura narodowościowa i wyznaniowa ludności Łodzi
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1376:, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, pp. 75–82.
1334:; Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 27, 54–55, 62.
403:
1807:
1752:
Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War
929:A number of Poles from Łódź were awarded titles of
468:("Council of Elders") in Łódź. The chairman of the
3060:The Last Ghetto: Life in the Łódź Ghetto 1940–1944
2825:Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Łódź Ghetto
2649:
1537:
420:Since 1940, the ghetto used its own currency, the
2565:
2422:
2244:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2110:"Working against time," book review. Haaretz.com.
1825:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
1816:
1397:
1254:The Story of Chaim Rumkowski and the Jews of Lodz
5352:
4628:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
2469:
1994:. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008
1742:
1740:
1126:and near-death at the time of his liberation by
3078:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City
2759:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the making of a Nazi city
2463:
2430:"Uroczystości w Łodzi, 28 sierpnia 2009. Polin"
2037:
1974:"Litzmannstadt Ghetto – The Calendar 1942–1945"
1967:
1965:
1963:
1504:The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944 by
1497:
1449:The statistical data, compiled on the basis of
1327:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the making of a Nazi city
1196:(1872–1942), medicinal chemist, co-inventor of
263:eventually, while the non-Jewish population of
2222:
2104:
2102:
1804:Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Łódźi, p. 18
1699:. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012
1394:, Torah Code website. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
600:, served as a pilot project for the secretive
267:reduced significantly, and transformed into a
5113:
4613:
3694:
3254:
3123:
2274:(2nd ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 189.
2043:
1971:
1755:, Northwestern University Press, 1992, p.86.
1737:
1684:
1360:
1358:
1140:in 1945, presumed to have died September 1945
173:. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of
5299:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
2787:
2412:
2375:
2356:
2322:
2320:
1989:
1960:
1914:
1874:
1858:
1846:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1366:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
1364:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
919:The Polish rescuers and the Jewish survivors
909:
307:. Their businesses were expropriated by the
50:Jewish children inside the Łódź Ghetto, 1940
3269:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
2994:Web Journal of Modern Language Linguistics,
2722:The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944
2715:
2689:The chronicle of the Łódź ghetto, 1941-1944
2572:. Diecezjalne Wydawn. Łodzkie. p. 30.
2559:
2400:
2174:"The establishment of Litzmannstadt Ghetto"
2135:
2123:
2099:
1928:
1926:
1902:
1890:
1731:
1678:
1557:Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege
1392:"The establishment of Litzmannstadt Ghetto"
732:
286:in the far background (no longer existing).
5120:
5106:
4620:
4606:
3701:
3687:
3261:
3247:
3130:
3116:
2337:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
1725:
1627:
1452:"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland"
1355:
616:had yet to be built at Operation Reinhard
454:delivering a speech in the ghetto, 1941–42
161:established by the German authorities for
2838:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2317:
2261:
2259:
2119:
2117:
1933:Simone Schweber; Debbie Findling (2007).
1884:
1772:
1642:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1591:
1589:
1565:The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry
1533:
1531:
1529:
1500:"The Agony of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944"
1443:
1419:"Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics"
1379:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1061:Learn how and when to remove this message
472:appointed by the Nazi administration was
2498:. Wydawn. Interpress. 1984. p. 60.
2326:
1923:
1467:Museum of the History of the Polish Jews
1240:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
1107:(1919–2010), author of an autobiography
913:
867:
816:
752:
681:
626:
526:
501:
446:
348:
278:Resettlement of Jews to the ghetto area
273:
5224:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2830:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2755:
2596:
2448:
2381:
2063:
1983:
1939:. Torah Aura Productions. p. 107.
1697:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1634:Holocaust Encyclopedia (20 June 2014).
1510:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1323:
675:. Subjected to a selection process for
631:Children rounded up for deportation to
506:Young girl working in the paper factory
14:
5353:
5207:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
4567:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
2999:
2622:
2265:
2256:
2114:
2028:Erecting the Łódź Ghetto February 1940
1586:
1526:
1493:
1491:
1308:
1257:, a 1982 documentary; runtime: 55 min.
1089:(1879–1941), actor from films such as
812:
93:Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation
5101:
4601:
3682:
3242:
3111:
1563:by Web, Marek (ed.), New York, 1988;
3022:, Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2009,
2394:
1077:(1919–1995), scientist and historian
999:adding citations to reliable sources
970:
925:inaugurated in Łódź in August 2009.
729:to reinstate operations at Chełmno.
710:. In September 1943 Himmler ordered
643:— Chaim Rumkowski, September 4, 1942
207:. After the wave of deportations to
5128:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3139:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2729:; Joachim Neugroschel; et al.
2623:Grimes, William (9 December 2010).
2470:Matthew M. Anger (4 January 2005).
2197:
2020:
1488:
555:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
531:Identity card Lodz Ghetto 19-4-1942
365:from Hamburg. Within the ghetto, a
24:
5289:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
2969:
2854:"Haunting Voices From Łódź Ghetto"
2818:– via Google Books, preview.
2783:– via Google Books, preview.
2597:Hoffman, Allison (10 April 2013).
2235:
966:
690:in accordance with the top secret
344:
25:
5377:
4971:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
3092:
2975:Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides,
2836:Library Bibliography: Łódź Ghetto
2791:; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2008) .
2569:Stanisława Leszczyńska: 1896–1974
2069:
559:Theresienstadt concentration camp
483:Directly responsible to the Nazi
404:Food consumption and malnutrition
243:annexed Łódź directly to the new
5148:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4197:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2930:online exhibition by Yad Vashem.
975:
821:Jewish prisoners of the Gestapo
230:
153:(after the Nazi German name for
56:
44:
5251:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5163:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
2733:. Abridged edition, Hardcover.
2681:
2642:
2616:
2590:
2541:
2523:
2505:
2486:
2295:
2191:
2166:
2141:
2129:
2030:International Tracing Service.
1896:
1798:
1777:, Routledge, pp. 110–126,
1766:
1691:Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014).
1672:
1663:
1654:
1609:
1567:by Yahil, Leni, New York, 1991.
1479:"Ghetto List" by Michael Peters
1268:
986:needs additional citations for
950:Towarzystwo Urbanistów Polskich
522:
427:
4579:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
4555:36th Estonian Police Battalion
2863:David Graham (17 March 2002),
2149:"The camp for Polish children"
1417:Shirley Rotbein Flaum (2007).
1292:
1278:) constituting its final form.
748:
604:, the deadliest phase of the "
317:Soviet-occupied eastern Poland
269:slave labour force for Germany
13:
1:
5246:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
5076:Human medical experimentation
3048:: Oficyna Bibliofilow, 2009.
2389:Children During the Holocaust
1514:. The Simon Wiesenthal Center
1285:
1200:(Eukodal), died on 5 May 1942
673:International Tracing Service
279:
203:20,000 more from the rest of
70:for Polish children is at 15.
5366:Reserve Police Battalion 101
3037:, Wallstein: Göttingen, 2006
2762:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1775:The Ghetto in Global History
651:Reserve Police Battalion 101
363:Reserve Police Battalion 101
235:When German forces occupied
7:
5281:Righteous Among the Nations
5168:Ministry of Public Security
4547:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3157:Related articles by country
2756:Horwitz, Gordon J. (2009).
1819:"Chaim Mordechai Rumkowski"
1538:Jennifer Rosenberg (2006).
1471:"Getta Żydowskie" by Gedeon
1324:Horwitz, Gordon J. (2009).
1233:
1189:, set partly in the ghetto)
1146:(1913–1952), victim of the
931:Righteous among the Nations
843:Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising
257:were to be expelled to the
10:
5382:
5193:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4575:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2860:online Holocaust memorial.
2766:. pp. 27, 54–55, 62.
2709:
2566:Kazimierz Gabryel (1989).
2553:www3.archidiecezja.lodz.pl
1817:Carmelo Lisciotto (2007).
1606:PDF file, direct download.
319:and to the area of future
209:Chełmno extermination camp
123:Chełmno extermination camp
5279:
5236:
5206:
5185:
5176:
5133:
5097:
5048:
5028:
4989:
4966:Sobibor perpetrator album
4923:
4914:
4849:
4818:
4811:
4725:
4684:
4633:
4597:
4551:Estonian Auxiliary Police
4533:
4477:
4452:
4316:
4309:
4210:
4154:
4096:
4038:
3867:
3721:
3714:
3678:
3661:Human medical experiments
3643:
3505:
3463:
3402:
3335:
3283:
3274:
3238:
3234:
3145:
2910:20 September 2011 at the
2877:30 September 2011 at the
2743:– via Google Books.
2305:. Wyborcza. 1 August 2014
2091:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2012:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1717:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1640:German Invasion of Poland
1578:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1485:. Accessed 25 March 2015.
1171:Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski
1120:world's oldest living man
910:Escape and rescue efforts
835:Białystok Ghetto Uprising
541:areas, as well as by the
132:
118:
97:
89:
75:
55:
43:
34:
5214:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
4559:Latvian Auxiliary Police
4292:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
3794:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2899:5 September 2011 at the
2799:Indiana University Press
2764:Harvard University Press
2549:"Stanisława Leszczyńska"
2513:"Stanisława Leszczyńska"
2413:Trunk & Shapiro 2008
2376:Trunk & Shapiro 2008
2357:Trunk & Shapiro 2008
2238:"Chronicle: 1940 – 1944"
2034:Retrieved 29 March 2015.
1915:Trunk & Shapiro 2008
1875:Trunk & Shapiro 2008
1859:Trunk & Shapiro 2008
1847:Trunk & Shapiro 2008
1498:Abraham J. Peck (1997).
1332:Harvard University Press
1261:
1216:(1928–2012), founder of
889:on the day it occurred.
733:Camp for Polish children
66:at the top right at 17;
5304:Garden of the Righteous
5056:Identification in camps
5049:Technical and logistics
4495:Order Police battalions
2956:Jewish Museum Frankfurt
2266:Golden, Juliet (2006).
1783:10.4324/9781315099774-9
1636:"Jewish Refugees, 1939"
1218:Commodore International
708:labour camps in Germany
692:August Frank memorandum
668:Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt
557:including the citywide
359:Order Police battalions
195:and especially for the
4717:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4182:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
2926:1 October 2012 at the
2794:Łódź Ghetto: A History
2108:Yechiam Weitz (2006),
1979:. LodzGhetto.com home.
1936:Teaching the Holocaust
1919:Łódź Ghetto: A History
1669:Horwitz 2009, page 62.
957:Stanisława Leszczyńska
926:
923:Park Ocalałych w Łodzi
873:
831:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
826:
772:Radegast train station
758:
742:
699:
646:
636:
532:
507:
455:
354:
331:German-occupied Europe
287:
205:German-occupied Europe
175:German-occupied Europe
84:German-occupied Poland
64:Radegast train station
5337:51.79306°N 19.46389°E
5256:Majdanek State Museum
4389:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
3293:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2797:. Bloomington, Ind.:
2731:Yale University Press
2268:"Remembering Chelmno"
2051:. LodzGhetto.com home
1660:Horwitz 2009, page 49
1425:. JewishGen Home Page
1300:Plan hammered out by
1298:Horwitz 2009, p. 27.
1183:(born 1926), author (
1105:Heda Margolius Kovály
917:
871:
820:
756:
685:
638:
630:
530:
505:
450:
352:
277:
4733:Mordechai Anielewicz
4444:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4329:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
3965:Arthur Liebehenschel
3890:Hermine Braunsteiner
3834:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3076:Horwitz, Gordon J.,
3058:Michal Unger (ed.),
2847:25 June 2014 at the
2828:(Internet Archive),
2535:Sydney Jewish Museum
2272:Archeological Ethics
2153:Litzmannstadt Ghetto
1617:Journals and footage
1602:8 April 2020 at the
1370:Geoffrey P. Megargee
1101:, died November 1941
995:improve this article
887:invasion of Normandy
837:, the revolt at the
718:. Max Horn from the
543:Holocaust transports
382:Operation Barbarossa
151:Litzmannstadt Ghetto
38:Ghetto Litzmannstadt
18:Ghetto Litzmannstadt
5333: /
5271:March of the Living
5143:Holocaust survivors
5007:Vrba–Wetzler report
4783:Alexander Pechersky
4743:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4192:Alexander Palfinger
4015:Johann Schwarzhuber
3575:Międzyrzec Podlaski
3554:Lviv pogroms (1941)
3455:Sonderaktion Krakau
2717:Dobroszycki, Lucjan
2387:Heberer, Patricia.
2178:Litzmannstadt-Getto
2044:Michal Latosinski.
1972:Michal Latosinski.
1747:Emmanuel Ringelblum
1458:on 8 February 2016.
1302:Friedrich Uebelhoer
1155:(1923–2011), writer
943:President of Poland
813:Forms of resistance
803:the Polish rescuers
260:Generalgouvernement
217:extermination camps
5342:51.79306; 19.46389
5186:West German trials
4981:Wannsee Conference
4768:Itzhak Katzenelson
4520:General Government
4005:Franz Reichleitner
3935:Fritz Hartjenstein
3925:Maximilian Grabner
3844:Bruno Streckenbach
3656:Grossaktion Warsaw
3309:Operation Reinhard
3004:. Berghahn Books.
2945:Simon Says Project
2870:Dr. B. Lee Hobbs,
2752:; Paperback, 1987.
2629:The New York Times
2474:. Seattle Catholic
2415:, pp. 53–56,
2329:"Polish Righteous"
1990:Struan Robertson.
1905:, 1984; pp. 68–69.
1506:Lucjan Dobroszycki
1181:Ruth Minsky Sender
1110:Under a Cruel Star
1075:Lucjan Dobroszycki
927:
874:
859:Lucjan Dobroszycki
827:
788:Auschwitz-Birkenau
759:
716:District of Lublin
700:
637:
602:Operation Reinhard
595:SS-Sturmbannführer
549:, as well as from
533:
508:
456:
355:
322:General Government
313:invasion of Poland
288:
282: March 1940.
221:invasion of Poland
171:Invasion of Poland
127:Auschwitz-Birkenau
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5232:
5231:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5044:
5043:
5036:Sonderaktion 1005
4910:
4909:
4593:
4592:
4571:Ypatingasis būrys
4473:
4472:
4414:Johanna Langefeld
4409:Hildegard Lächert
4305:
4304:
4141:Alfred Trzebinski
4106:Franz von Bodmann
4058:Lorenz Hackenholt
3900:Theodor van Eupen
3839:Jakob Sporrenberg
3674:
3673:
3398:
3397:
3054:978-83-61743-16-3
3028:978-3-86854-203-5
3011:978-1-78920-720-0
2996:3/98, (June 1998)
2808:978-0-253-34755-8
2773:978-0-674-03879-0
2740:978-0-300-03924-5
2579:978-83-85022-04-6
2327:Archives (2015).
2210:on 2 October 2020
2198:Bałulis, Sabina.
2032:Internet Archive.
1946:978-1-891662-91-1
1792:978-1-315-09977-4
1595:Mariusz Kulesza,
1540:"The Łódź Ghetto"
1341:978-0-674-03879-0
1118:(1903–2017), the
1071:
1070:
1063:
1045:
809:in other places.
644:
612:. The stationary
292:Friedrich Übelhör
143:
142:
16:(Redirected from
5373:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5198:Treblinka trials
5183:
5182:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5099:
5098:
4997:Graebe affidavit
4990:Witness accounts
4936:Frank memorandum
4921:
4920:
4816:
4815:
4803:Szmul Zygielbojm
4793:Frumka Płotnicka
4753:Leon Feldhendler
4738:Icchak Cukierman
4692:Ghetto uprisings
4622:
4615:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4543:Schutzmannschaft
4364:Feodor Fedorenko
4314:
4313:
4222:Wolfgang Birkner
4010:Heinrich Schwarz
4000:Josef Oberhauser
3975:Heinrich Matthes
3859:Dieter Wisliceny
3849:Richard Thomalla
3824:Heinz Reinefarth
3774:Heinrich Himmler
3719:
3718:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3644:Other atrocities
3281:
3280:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3015:
2979:, Viking, 1989.
2822:Online Exhibit:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2744:
2725:. Translated by
2703:
2702:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2495:Almanach Polonii
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2436:on 21 April 2016
2432:. Archived from
2426:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2401:Dobroszycki 1987
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2206:. Archived from
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2145:
2139:
2138:, 1984; p. lxii.
2136:Dobroszycki 1987
2133:
2127:
2124:Dobroszycki 1987
2121:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1903:Dobroszycki 1987
1900:
1894:
1891:Dobroszycki 1987
1888:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1770:
1764:
1744:
1735:
1732:Dobroszycki 1987
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1688:
1682:
1679:Dobroszycki 1987
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1553:
1551:
1535:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1512:, Washington D.C
1495:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1459:
1454:. Archived from
1447:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1414:
1395:
1388:
1377:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1321:
1306:
1296:
1279:
1272:
1144:Rudolf Margolius
1066:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1003:
979:
971:
792:Holocaust trains
764:Heinrich Himmler
642:
635:, September 1942
589:in German). The
563:Heinrich Himmler
422:Lodz Ghetto mark
281:
60:
48:
32:
31:
21:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5351:
5350:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5308:
5275:
5228:
5219:Stutthof trials
5202:
5172:
5129:
5126:
5085:
5071:Holocaust train
5040:
5024:
5012:Witold's Report
5002:Gerstein Report
4985:
4951:Katzmann Report
4931:Auschwitz Album
4906:
4845:
4807:
4773:Michał Klepfisz
4721:
4680:
4629:
4626:
4589:
4529:
4499:Ordnungspolizei
4469:
4448:
4429:Erich Muhsfeldt
4359:Margot Dreschel
4344:Alexander Bülow
4301:
4297:Udo von Woyrsch
4287:Hermann Schaper
4282:Emanuel Schäfer
4267:Josef Meisinger
4227:Helmut Bischoff
4206:
4162:Heinz Auerswald
4150:
4092:
4040:
4034:
4030:Christian Wirth
3940:Gottlieb Hering
3863:
3829:Julian Scherner
3814:Georg Michalsen
3799:Franz Kutschera
3759:Odilo Globocnik
3710:
3707:
3670:
3639:
3501:
3459:
3440:Kielce cemetery
3394:
3331:
3270:
3267:
3230:
3141:
3136:
3095:
3012:
2972:
2970:Further reading
2928:Wayback Machine
2912:Wayback Machine
2901:Wayback Machine
2879:Wayback Machine
2849:Wayback Machine
2813:
2811:
2809:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2741:
2719:, ed. (1987) .
2712:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2603:Tablet Magazine
2595:
2591:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2417:"Pracuj powoli"
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2242:The Łódź Ghetto
2234:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2204:Centrum Dialogu
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:, 1984; p. lxi.
2122:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1931:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1879:"Natural" death
1877:, p. 223,
1873:
1869:
1861:, p. 117,
1857:
1853:
1849:, p. xlii.
1845:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1823:The Łódź Ghetto
1815:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1771:
1767:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:Wayback Machine
1594:
1587:
1571:
1570:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1428:
1426:
1415:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1363:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1322:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1236:
1227:Maurycy Trębacz
1204:Salomon Szapiro
1159:Oskar Rosenfeld
1153:Chava Rosenfarb
1116:Yisrael Kristal
1081:Mendel Grossman
1067:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1004:
1002:
992:
980:
969:
967:Notable inmates
939:Survivors' Park
912:
815:
783:Warsaw Uprising
751:
735:
704:Gettoverwaltung
525:
474:Chaim Rumkowski
452:Chaim Rumkowski
430:
406:
394:ghetto currency
347:
345:Ghetto policing
333:as far away as
233:
125:
113:Ordnungspolizei
111:
71:
51:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5379:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Sobibór Museum
5258:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5102:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:Sonderkommando
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Posen speeches
4958:
4956:Korherr Report
4953:
4948:
4946:Höfle telegram
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:Witold Pilecki
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4763:Henryk Iwański
4760:
4758:Paweł Frenkiel
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4563:Arajs Kommando
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4485:Einsatzgruppen
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4439:Alice Orlowski
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:John Demjanjuk
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:Gerhard Flesch
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4213:Einsatzgruppen
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4155:Ghetto command
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Horst Schumann
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Johann Niemann
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Hermann Michel
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Karl-Otto Koch
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Irmfried Eberl
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Fritz Katzmann
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Arthur Greiser
3766:
3764:Richard Glücks
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Ludwig Fischer
3746:
3741:
3739:Adolf Eichmann
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3403:Mass shootings
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3390:Danzig-Matzkau
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Kraków-Płaszów
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3094:
3093:External links
3091:
3090:
3089:
3074:
3056:
3038:
3031:
3016:
3010:
2997:
2987:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2949:
2941:
2931:
2915:
2890:
2868:
2861:
2851:
2839:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2785:
2772:
2753:
2739:
2727:Richard Lourie
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2680:
2666:
2641:
2615:
2589:
2578:
2558:
2540:
2522:
2504:
2485:
2462:
2457:Dom i Miasto.
2447:
2421:
2405:
2393:
2380:
2365:
2359:, p. 53,
2349:
2316:
2294:
2280:
2255:
2221:
2190:
2165:
2140:
2128:
2113:
2098:
2062:
2036:
2019:
1982:
1959:
1945:
1922:
1917:, p. 52:
1907:
1895:
1893:, 1984; p. 59.
1883:
1867:
1851:
1836:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1765:
1736:
1734:, 1984; p. 61.
1724:
1683:
1681:, 1984; p. 52.
1671:
1662:
1653:
1626:
1608:
1585:
1525:
1487:
1463:Virtual Shtetl
1442:
1396:
1378:
1374:Martin C. Dean
1354:
1340:
1307:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1211:
1201:
1190:
1178:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1131:
1113:
1102:
1098:The Last Laugh
1084:
1078:
1069:
1068:
983:
981:
974:
968:
965:
946:Lech Kaczyński
911:
908:
814:
811:
768:Arthur Greiser
750:
747:
734:
731:
606:Final Solution
524:
521:
429:
426:
405:
402:
346:
343:
232:
229:
169:following the
141:
140:
134:
130:
129:
120:
116:
115:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
77:
73:
72:
61:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5378:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5349:
5346:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Kielce pogrom
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4976:Stroop Report
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Documentation
4913:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Marek Edelman
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:Organizations
4632:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4535:Collaboration
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:Organizations
4476:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Eduard Lorenz
4422:
4420:
4419:Anton Lechner
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Josef Kollmer
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Kurt Gerstein
4372:
4370:
4369:Hans Hoffmann
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Juana Bormann
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Erich Naumann
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Lothar Beutel
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4202:Jürgen Stroop
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Josef Blösche
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4146:Eduard Wirths
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Josef Mengele
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Horst Fischer
4119:
4117:
4116:Karl Gebhardt
4114:
4112:
4111:Carl Clauberg
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Ludwig Plagge
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Herbert Lange
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Kurt Bolender
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Gustav Wagner
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Franz Hössler
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Karl Fritzsch
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Wilhelm Boger
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Erwin Lambert
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Wilhelm Koppe
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Hermann Höfle
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Theodor Eicke
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Aktion Krakau
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Bloody Sunday
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3337:Concentration
3334:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3285:Extermination
3282:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:The Holocaust
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:0-299-22124-5
3083:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:965-308-045-8
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:Peter Klein,
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:0-670-82983-8
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:0-19-512285-2
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2789:Trunk, Isaiah
2786:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2750:0-300-03208-0
2747:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2700:
2698:0-300-03924-7
2694:
2690:
2684:
2669:
2667:0-03-062416-9
2663:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2537:. 7 May 2018.
2536:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2473:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2378:, p. 53.
2377:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2304:
2298:
2283:
2281:0-7591-0963-X
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:Frank, August
2066:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2009:
1993:
1986:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1761:0-8101-0963-8
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1480:
1472:
1469:, as well as
1468:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:Edmund Speyer
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:(1877–1944),
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Slánský trial
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:Bergen-Belsen
1135:
1134:Rywka Lipszyc
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012: –
1011:
1010:"Łódź Ghetto"
1007:
1006:Find sources:
1000:
996:
990:
989:
984:This section
982:
978:
973:
972:
964:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
920:
916:
907:
905:
904:
899:
898:pracuj powoli
895:
890:
888:
883:
879:
870:
866:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:in Łódź, 1940
824:
823:KZ Radogoszcz
819:
810:
808:
807:the Holocaust
804:
799:
795:
793:
789:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
755:
746:
744:
740:
730:
728:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
697:
693:
689:
688:Volksdeutsche
684:
680:
678:
677:Germanisation
674:
671:according to
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
634:
629:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Herbert Lange
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
529:
520:
518:
513:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
418:
416:
410:
401:
399:
395:
390:
385:
383:
379:
378:
377:Volksdeutsche
373:
368:
367:Jewish Police
364:
360:
351:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
298:
293:
285:
284:Old Synagogue
276:
272:
270:
266:
265:Polish people
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:Karl Litzmann
248:
247:
242:
238:
231:Establishment
228:
226:
225:the Holocaust
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:
180:
179:Warsaw Ghetto
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
109:
105:
104:
103:Schutzstaffel
100:
98:Organizations
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
69:
65:
59:
54:
47:
42:
39:
33:
30:
19:
5318:
5017:
4941:Höcker Album
4924:Nazi sources
4812:Victim lists
4778:Miles Lerman
4585:Trawniki men
4525:Hotel Polski
4434:Detlef Nebbe
4399:Oswald Kaduk
4394:Karl Jeschke
4272:Bruno Müller
4262:Felix Landau
4247:Ernst Damzog
4242:Karl Brunner
4211:
4187:Franz Konrad
4088:Adolf Theuer
4041:executioners
4020:Franz Stangl
3990:Robert Mulka
3960:Josef Kramer
3910:Karl Frenzel
3880:Richard Baer
3875:Hans Aumeier
3868:Camp command
3854:Otto Wächter
3734:Josef Bühler
3729:Viktor Brack
3715:Perpetrators
3559:
3307:
3149:Main article
3099:Łódź, Poland
3077:
3059:
3041:
3034:
3033:Andrea Löw,
3019:
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2858:Never Again!
2857:
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2814:29 September
2812:. Retrieved
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1483:(in English)
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1456:the original
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1326:
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1244:
1214:Jack Tramiel
1207:
1184:
1175:Judenälteste
1174:
1108:
1096:
1090:
1057:
1051:January 2020
1048:
1038:
1031:
1024:
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1005:
993:Please help
988:verification
985:
954:
949:
928:
901:
897:
893:
891:
875:
851:
847:
839:Wilno Ghetto
828:
800:
796:
780:
776:Albert Speer
760:
736:
721:Ostindustrie
719:
703:
701:
698:was removed.
696:yellow badge
666:
647:
639:
622:
614:gas chambers
594:
591:Chełmno camp
586:
584:
579:
547:Nazi Germany
536:
534:
523:Deportations
511:
509:
492:tuberculosis
484:
482:
469:
465:
459:
457:
434:Karol Marder
431:
428:Organization
419:
415:malnutrition
411:
407:
386:
375:
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328:
320:
311:. After the
305:yellow badge
302:
295:
289:
258:
244:
241:Nazi Germany
234:
215:and Chełmno
201:
193:Nazi Germany
187:province of
182:
150:
146:
144:
107:
101:
37:
29:
5361:Łódź Ghetto
5340: /
5061:Gas chamber
5029:Concealment
5020:photographs
4867:Gross-Rosen
4836:Lviv (Lwów)
4798:Roza Robota
4702:Częstochowa
4334:Herta Bothe
4324:Hans Anhalt
4317:Camp guards
4257:Ludwig Hahn
4237:Paul Blobel
4177:Franz Bürkl
4167:Hans Biebow
4126:Fritz Klein
4063:Josef Klehr
4048:Erich Bauer
4039:Gas chamber
3985:Karl Möckel
3970:Maria Mandl
3945:Rudolf Höss
3930:Otto Hantke
3819:Oswald Pohl
3809:Ernst Lerch
3620:Stanisławów
3530:Częstochowa
3420:Bronna Góra
3350:Gross-Rosen
3345:Auschwitz I
2938:Łódź Ghetto
2459:(in Polish)
2361:Częstochowa
2236:SJ (2007).
1544:Part 1 of 2
1475:(in Polish)
1220:, owner of
1208:Dr. Szeffer
1165:Henryk Ross
878:Henryk Ross
857:archive of
749:Liquidation
618:death camps
568:scopolamine
488:Hans Biebow
466:Ältestenrat
442:Hans Biebow
255:Polish Jews
227:elsewhere.
223:, survived
163:Polish Jews
159:Nazi ghetto
147:Łódź Ghetto
138:Polish Jews
90:Persecution
35:Łódź Ghetto
5355:Categories
5328:19°27′50″E
5325:51°47′35″N
4384:Irma Grese
4379:Paul Götze
4349:Luise Danz
4098:Physicians
3905:Kurt Franz
3754:Hans Frank
3722:Organizers
3666:Heidelager
3064:Yad Vashem
2934:Yad Vashem
2634:18 January
2608:18 January
1508:, and The
1286:References
1087:Georg John
1021:newspapers
961:Mauthausen
935:Yad Vashem
593:set up by
553:, and the
551:Luxembourg
485:Amtsleiter
335:Luxembourg
177:after the
119:Death camp
5238:Memorials
5135:Aftermath
4902:Treblinka
4857:Auschwitz
4712:Treblinka
4697:Białystok
4685:Uprisings
4465:Treblinka
4310:Personnel
4078:Otto Moll
4068:Hans Koch
3920:Amon Göth
3651:Action T4
3615:Sosnowiec
3585:Nowy Sącz
3520:Białystok
3487:Szczuczyn
3435:Erntefest
3425:Bydgoszcz
3410:Białystok
3325:Treblinka
3201:Lithuania
3103:JewishGen
2517:www.mp.pl
2309:6 October
1693:"Ghettos"
1246:Kinder KZ
1198:oxycodone
1124:emaciated
903:Wehrmacht
770:from the
655:Treblinka
538:Warthegau
478:Holocaust
389:smuggling
297:Judenrein
246:Warthegau
213:Auschwitz
197:Wehrmacht
189:Warthegau
184:Judenfrei
68:Kinder KZ
5081:Zyklon B
4897:Trawniki
4892:Stutthof
4877:Majdanek
3625:Tarnopol
3565:Lubartów
3477:Jedwabne
3380:Trawniki
3370:Stutthof
3360:Potulice
3303:Majdanek
3221:Slovakia
3066:, 1995.
2936:(2015),
2924:Archived
2908:Archived
2897:Archived
2875:Archived
2845:Archived
2779:21 March
2440:27 March
2342:25 March
2287:25 March
2248:22 March
2214:17 April
2183:17 April
2158:16 April
2087:citation
2055:21 March
2008:cite web
1952:24 March
1829:22 March
1713:cite web
1703:23 March
1646:21 March
1600:Archived
1574:cite web
1550:19 March
1518:25 March
1429:26 March
1423:Timeline
1347:21 March
1276:sabotage
1234:See also
1186:The Cage
1128:Red Army
727:Bothmann
610:gas vans
580:Judenrat
512:Judenrat
470:Judenrat
461:Judenrat
157:) was a
136:210,000
76:Location
5066:Gas van
4882:Sobibór
4819:Ghettos
4726:Leaders
4707:Sobibor
4460:Sobibor
4453:By camp
3600:Siedlce
3507:Ghettos
3492:Tykocin
3464:Pogroms
3450:Palmiry
3375:Szebnie
3320:Sobibor
3298:Chełmno
3226:Ukraine
3211:Romania
3191:Germany
3181:Estonia
3176:Denmark
3171:Croatia
3166:Belgium
3161:Belarus
2954:in the
2710:Sources
2478:21 June
1622:YouTube
1436:Source:
1035:scholar
882:lexicon
790:aboard
712:Greiser
663:Sobibór
633:Chełmno
587:Kulmhof
576:Kulmhof
572:Chełmno
496:strikes
464:or the
309:Gestapo
133:Victims
5178:Trials
5153:Bricha
4887:Soldau
4872:Izbica
4862:Bełżec
4841:Warsaw
4826:Kraków
4666:Żegota
3635:Warsaw
3610:Słonim
3605:Sambor
3580:Mizocz
3570:Lublin
3545:Kraków
3540:Kielce
3535:Grodno
3515:Będzin
3497:Wąsosz
3473:(1946)
3471:Kielce
3385:Warsaw
3365:Soldau
3315:Belzec
3216:Russia
3206:Norway
3196:Latvia
3186:France
3084:
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2673:3 June
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1192:Jakob
1037:
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1016:
1008:
841:, the
833:, the
739:German
694:. The
661:, and
659:Bełżec
517:famine
438:Bremen
339:Romany
4850:Camps
4510:RKFDV
3630:Wilno
3595:Radom
3590:Pińsk
3525:Brest
3430:Dynów
3276:Camps
2026:ITS,
1262:Notes
1222:Atari
1206:(aka
1042:JSTOR
1028:books
861:from
574:, at
398:scrip
372:Aryan
5293:List
4831:Łódź
4651:Bund
4515:VoMi
4505:WVHA
3560:Łódź
3550:Lwów
3482:Lviv
3082:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3046:Łódź
3024:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2816:2015
2803:ISBN
2781:2015
2768:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2675:2020
2662:ISBN
2636:2019
2610:2019
2585:Jews
2574:ISBN
2480:2015
2442:2015
2344:2015
2333:Łódź
2311:2019
2289:2015
2276:ISBN
2250:2015
2216:2019
2185:2019
2160:2019
2093:link
2057:2015
2014:link
2000:2009
1954:2015
1941:ISBN
1831:2015
1787:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1719:link
1705:2015
1648:2015
1580:link
1552:2015
1520:2015
1477:and
1431:2015
1349:2015
1336:ISBN
1095:and
1014:news
894:P.P.
863:YIVO
854:Orpo
237:Łódź
167:Roma
165:and
155:Łódź
145:The
80:Łódź
4676:ŻZW
4671:ŻOB
4661:PKB
4646:AOB
3101:at
2658:346
1779:doi
1620:on
1460:by
997:by
963:.
933:by
149:or
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4656:GL
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