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Chancellor of Germany

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Reichstag. According to the sense of the Weimar Constitution, the president was thus to have the initiative. The task of putting together the Reich government was nevertheless the responsibility of the chancellor. The president could not appoint anyone as minister whom the chancellor had not proposed.
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If this nominee is not elected, the right of nomination is transferred onto the Bundestag: Candidates can now be nominated for election, whereby a nomination must be supported by at least a quarter of all MPs. The Bundestag can hold any number of ballots in this manner for two weeks. To be elected, a
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The chancellor alone had to answer to the Reichstag and the president for the policy guidelines, and he determined whether the conduct of business by the individual Reich ministries conformed to the guidelines. The government's decisions required a majority vote of the ministers, who sitting together
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giving the chancellor full legislative powers for a period of four years – the chancellor could introduce any law without consulting parliament. The powers of the chancellor continued to grow until August 1934, when Hindenburg died. Hitler used the Enabling Act to merge the office of chancellor with
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If the chancellor's term in office ends or if they resign, the Bundestag has to elect a new chancellor. The president of Germany may ask the former chancellor to act as chancellor until a new office holder is elected, but if they are unwilling or unable to do so, the president may also appoint the
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In practice the Reich chancellor's power to determine political guidelines was limited by his own party as well as the other parties in the governing coalition. The Weimar chancellors were accordingly men whose strength lay in mediation rather than political initiative. Constitutionally, there was
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said that the constitution had tacitly assumed that the president would have discussions with party leaders in the Reichstag before he made ministerial appointments. Based on these talks, the president would get a sense of which potential chancellor would be able to build a stable majority in the
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The term chancellor signalled the seemingly low priority of this institution compared to the governments of the German states, because the new chancellor of the federal empire should not be a full-fledged prime minister, in contrast to the heads of the states. The title of chancellor additionally
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The process begins with the President of Germany proposing a candidate to the Bundestag (A formality, as they are usually a candidate on which majority parties have agreed to beforehand), who is then voted upon without debate ("1st voting phase"). If the nominee reaches the necessary "chancellor
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In 1871, the concept of the federal chancellor was transferred to the executive of the newly formed German Empire, which now also contained the South German states. Here too, the terms of "chancellor" and "federal agency" (as opposed to "ministry" or "government") suggested an (apparent) lower
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Technically, the foreign ministers of the empire's states instructed their states' deputies to the Bundesrat and therefore outranked the chancellor. For this reason, Prince Bismarck (as he was from 1871 onwards) continued to serve as both minister president and foreign minister of Prussia for
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If the Bundestag is unable to elect a chancellor in these fourteen days, a final ballot is held on the very next day. Once again, candidates must be nominated by at least a quarter of all MPs. Candidates receiving a "chancellor majority" in this ballot are elected. Otherwise, it is up to the
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It is unclear whether and from when Erhard was formally a member of the CDU; however, he was a member of the CDU/CSU group in the German Bundestag throughout his chancellorship and was chairman of the CDU from 23 March 1966 – 23 May 1967, which implies membership at least during this
2502:. The president formally appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers, on the recommendation of the chancellor; no parliamentary approval is needed. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties. Chancellor 2050:(GDR, East Germany), which existed from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position of head of government was called either 2295:
also the fact that the president had certain special rights. The actions of the president required the countersignature of the chancellor or the minister or ministers concerned, but the president always had to be informed about matters of foreign and defence policy.
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The Reichstag could call for the dismissal of any member of the government, including the chancellor. Under Articles 54 and 59, the Reichstag could also impeach the chancellor as well as the ministers and the president before the State Court for the German Reich
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virtually his entire tenure as chancellor of the empire, since he wanted to continue to exercise the power. Because Prussia controlled seventeen votes in the Bundesrat, Bismarck could effectively control the proceedings by making deals with the smaller states.
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The "principle of ministerial autonomy" entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the minister's policies are consistent with the chancellor's broader
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of the chancellors in West-Berlin. Gerhard Schröder lived there between 1999 and 2001. Since 2004 it has however served as a private residence for the Presidents of Germany. Angela Merkel preferred to live with her husband in her private apartment downtown.
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The constitution stipulated that the president appoint and dismiss the chancellor and ministers. The ministers were appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor (Article 53), and members of the government required the confidence of the
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As of 2023, all chancellors of the federal republic have been (re-)elected on proposal of the President and on the first ballot with the sole exception of Helmut Kohl, who was elected to his first term via a constructive vote of no confidence against
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were known as the National Ministry (Article 58). The chancellor could therefore be outvoted, as could a department minister. The chancellor presided over the government, and he had to conduct business in accordance with given rules of procedure.
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The Weimar Constitution provided for a two-part executive consisting of a Reich president and a government made up of Reich ministers and a Reich chancellor (Article 52) who determined the guidelines of the government's policy (Article 56).
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would dissolve and be replaced by the previous system of administration: that of the office of the President separate from that of Chancellor. On 30 April 1945, when Hitler committed suicide, he was briefly succeeded as Chancellor by
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Holding the third-highest state office available within Germany, the chancellor of Germany receives €220,000 per annum and a €22,000 bonus, i.e. one and two thirds of Salary Grade B11 (according to § 11 (1) a of the Federal Law on
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priority of the federal executive as compared to the governments of the federal states. For this reason, neither the chancellor nor the leaders of the imperial departments under his command used the title of Minister until 1918.
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to require that the chancellor have the trust of parliament. Some two weeks later, Chancellor Max von Baden declared the abdication of the emperor and, although he lacked the constitutional authority, handed over his office to
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is necessary whenever the office of Chancellor has fallen vacant. This is the case if a newly elected Bundestag meets for the first time, or during legislative periods, if the former chancellor died or resigned.
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built by Ludwig Erhard in the park of Palais Schaumburg, while his predecessor Konrad Adenauer used to live in his private house near Bonn. Under Adenauer, the government had also acquired a villa in
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Although effective government was possible only in cooperation with the Reichstag, the results of the elections had at most an indirect influence on the chancellorship. Only in October 1918 was the
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he requested, to be not asked to remain in office in an acting capacity and instead to appoint the vice chancellor as acting chancellor. President Heinemann followed the request. Vice Chancellor
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The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from their status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the
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The role of the chancellor has varied during the different eras. From 1867 to 1918, the chancellor was the only responsible minister at the federal level. He was appointed by the
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Scheel not taken into account, three persons, Ludwig Erhard, Willy Brandt, and Olaf Scholz, have held both the office of Vice Chancellor and that of Chancellor of Germany.
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In both of these aspects, the executive of the federation, and then empire, as it was formed in 1867 and 1871, was deliberately different from the Imperial Ministry of the
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majority", the President of Germany will appoint him or her and, after that, the President of the Bundestag will administer the oath of office before the assembled house.
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presided over 17 ministers at the start of his fourth term in 1994; the 2002 cabinet, the second of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, had 13 ministers, and the
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President of Germany either to appoint the candidate with the plurality of votes as Chancellor or to dissolve the Bundestag and call new elections.
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members agree on a successor, who is then immediately sworn in as new chancellor. This procedure is called "constructive motion of no confidence" (
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authority (in addition to their constitutional powers) that Germany is often described by constitutional law experts as a "chancellor democracy".
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The "cabinet principle" calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet.
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symbolized a strong monarchist, bureaucratic, and ultimately antiparliamentary component, as in the Prussian tradition of, for instance,
1206: 1081: 806: 3260:, which allows the Bundestag to replace a sitting chancellor, if it elects a new chancellor with the "chancellor-majority" (see below). 7777: 3836: 3647: 1748:. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking Europe. The modern office of chancellor was established with the 2101:
Under the constitution of 1 January 1871, the king had the additional title of Emperor. The constitution still called the chancellor
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have served as heads of government of Germany, West Germany, or Northern Germany, nearly all of them with the title of Chancellor.
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The "chancellor principle" makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies; this is also known as the
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of 1815–1866 did not have a government or parliament, only the Bundestag as representative organ of the states.
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was appointed acting chancellor and served for nine days until the election of Helmut Schmidt on 16 May 1974.
1764:") in 1867. With the enlargement of this federal state to the German Empire in 1871, the title was renamed to 7661: 7331: 6912: 6688: 6550: 6454: 6353: 5228: 1970: 1925: 8274: 7586: 7546: 7446: 7372: 7266: 6932: 6660: 6530: 6034: 5991: 5965: 5938: 5925: 5913: 5901: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5865: 5853: 5727: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5683: 5659: 5654: 5648: 2142:, the upper chamber of the German parliament. He was neither elected by nor responsible to parliament (the 1874: 1690: 1594: 1550: 1525: 1506: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1186: 1181: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 901: 832: 792: 709: 3282:
Unlike in other parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor with a traditional
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Harlen, Christine M. 2002. "The Leadership Styles of the German Chancellors: From Schmidt to Schröder".
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Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions:
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the federal executive, first led by Otto von Bismarck, the Minister President of Prussia, as chancellor.
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Mayntz, Renate. 1980. "Executive Leadership in Germany: Dispersion of Power or 'Kanzler Demokratie'?"
4104: 3313:; they are however not bound to do so, and the president in turn is not bound to follow this request. 3049: 8189: 8121: 8104: 8087: 8036: 8002: 7763: 7671: 7616: 7576: 7531: 7526: 7506: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7471: 7456: 7451: 7436: 7426: 7393: 7226: 6902: 6087: 4618:, BGBl. 1971 I p. 1166 and attachment IV to the Federal Law on Salaries of Officers – 2796: 2144: 2139: 1966: 1962: 947: 848: 839: 5091:, ed. R. Rose and E. N. Suleiman. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. pp. 139–171. 4556: 4100: 3045: 8427: 8325: 8240: 8172: 7697: 7656: 7631: 7621: 7606: 7601: 7551: 7516: 7501: 6879: 6841: 6678: 6449: 4725: 4711: 3843: 3716: 2903: 2227: 1901: 1452: 722: 631: 208: 100: 757: 8410: 8291: 8223: 7651: 7571: 7541: 7256: 7216: 7116: 7015: 6889: 6869: 6846: 6826: 6786: 6749: 6698: 6572: 6535: 6305: 6027: 5896: 4936:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich/Berlin: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 210. 4182: 3524: 3464: 3302: 3283: 3205:
The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag and formally appointed by the president of Germany. A
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of 1919, the chancellor was head of a collegial government. The chancellor was appointed by the
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The chancellor's election is one of the few cases in which a vote in the Bundestag requires a
2480:, the chancellor has also been chairman of their own party. This was the case with Chancellor 8494: 8048: 7985: 7441: 7362: 7311: 7306: 7281: 7136: 7101: 6977: 6796: 6781: 6744: 5294: 4422: 4260: 3966: 3959: 3893: 3819: 3811: 3772: 3755: 3582: 3137: 3129: 2967: 2917: 2909: 2842: 2734: 1842: 1627: 1598: 685: 5666: 5223: 2113:. Since the office remained the same, it was not necessary for Bismarck to be re-appointed. 8442: 8359: 7341: 7286: 7246: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7181: 7176: 7166: 7161: 7141: 7121: 7111: 7106: 7096: 6759: 6703: 6587: 6525: 6520: 6490: 6422: 6400: 6348: 6250: 5602: 5436: 4362: 4156: 3751: 3578: 3133: 3125: 3060: 2838: 2752: 2730: 2422: 2335: 1945: 1909: 1882: 1472: 973: 872: 823: 742: 737: 732: 700: 669: 540: 424: 297: 7040: 5406: 4128: 3094: 2166:), consisting of representatives of the federal states and presided over by the chancellor 1973:. Indirectly, this gave him the power of the Bundesrat, including to dissolve parliament. 8: 8197: 8167: 8138: 8053: 7666: 7476: 7367: 7336: 7301: 7291: 7276: 7221: 7186: 7171: 7156: 7146: 7126: 6942: 6836: 6811: 6806: 6683: 6628: 6567: 6473: 6204: 6138: 5344: 5273: 5080:
Helms, Ludger. 2001. "The Changing Chancellorship: Resources and Constraints Revisited".
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Seine/Ihre Exzellenz der Bundeskanzler/die Bundeskanzlerin der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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vice chancellor as acting chancellor. This has happened once: On 7 May 1974 Chancellor
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German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution
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German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution
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Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
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Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
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Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
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List of chancellors of Germany § Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)
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Gesetz über die Rechtsverhältnisse der Mitglieder der Bundesregierung – § 11.
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German Constitutional History since 1789. Vol. VI: The Weimar Constitution
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WILLY BRANDT QUITS POST IN WAKE OF SPY SCANDAL; ASKS SCHEEL TO TAKE OVER
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the king of Prussia in his federal constitutional role as bearer of the
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1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.
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The private lodging of the chancellors at Bonn has previously been the
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Although the offices were merged, Hitler continued to be addressed as "
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was the Reich's lawmaking body). The chancellor was also nearly always
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court chancellor in charge of the internal and foreign affairs of the
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Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years.
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The office of Chancellor has a long history, stemming back to the
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from 1999 until he resigned the chairmanship of the SPD in 2004.
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List of chancellors of Germany § Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
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Another possibility to vote a new chancellor into office is the
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Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867–1870)
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that of the president to create a new office, "the leader" (or
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The Development of the German Chancellorship: Adenauer to Kohl
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had the largest cabinet, with 22 ministers, in the mid-1960s.
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came to power on 30 January 1933, the Weimar Constitution was
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Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
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Smith, Gordon. 1991. "The Resources of a German Chancellor".
4800:. Bundesministerium des Innern – Protokoll Inland. p. 40 4955:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. pp. 324 f. 3332:
The chancellor must appoint one of the cabinet ministers as
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candidate still needs a "chancellor majority" of yes-votes.
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Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949–
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in February 1919, but did not use the title of chancellor.
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Parliamentary Council of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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in 1962, a suburban district of southwestern Berlin, as a
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was appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 by
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The office was vacant from 28 October to 8 November 1966.
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as head of government with the title "Leading Minister".
2373:. When Goebbels also committed suicide, Dönitz appointed 2148:). Instead, the chancellor was appointed by the emperor. 4917:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. p. 47. 2233:
During that time, Ebert also served as chairman of the "
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gave the chancellor much greater powers than during the
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Since 2001, the official seat of the chancellor is the
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The office was vacant from 1 October to 4 October 1982.
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served as acting Chancellor from 7 May to 16 May 1974.
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constitution of Germany was altered on 29 October 1918
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The Velvet Chancellors: A History of Post-War Germany
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federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
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Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
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2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.
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Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Protection
2448:) consists of the chancellor and cabinet ministers. 5538: 4503:). The former seat of the Federal Chancellery, the 2213: 1892:
established the agency of an imperial chancellery (
1881:(Chancellor 1156–1162 and 1166–1167) under Emperor 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4868: 2576: 2090:, which was created on 1 July 1867, had the title 2498:The chancellor determines the composition of the 2116: 1785:Due to his administrative tasks, the head of the 8505: 7746:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 4672:Religious affiliations of chancellors of Germany 4667:List of chancellors of Germany by time in office 8485:) (partially attending, non-member, non-voting) 4846:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" 2305:), the Weimar Republic's constitutional court. 2066:, which was the second powerful position under 2060:Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the GDR 1811:). The chapel's college acted as the Emperor's 442:, who was elected in December 2021, succeeding 3297:In order to garner legislative support in the 2247: 446:. He was elected after the SPD entered into a 7771: 7056: 6035: 5524: 5145: 4886: 2369:and as President of Germany by Grand Admiral 1698: 8529:Lists of political office-holders in Germany 5219:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 4600: 4594: 4588: 3879: 3594: 3251: 2848: 2472:(federal parliament). With the exception of 2300: 2261: 2237:", until 29 December 1918 together with the 2025:(meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor"). 151:Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 149: 6154:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 4993:Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte vol.2 1982 2308: 7778: 7764: 7063: 7049: 6042: 6028: 5531: 5517: 5152: 5138: 4587:The correct style of address in German is 3362:The current vice chancellor of Germany is 2086:The head of the federal government of the 1873:(archchancellor 975–1011, regent for King 1705: 1691: 209:Executive branch of the Federal Government 181: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5285:(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) 3328:, the current Vice Chancellor of Germany 3320: 3200: 2455: 2302:Staatsgerichtshof für das Deutsche Reich 2222:handed over his office of chancellor to 2013:set aside. After the death of President 1716: 974:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) 461: 7071:Heads of state and government of Europe 4483:Economic Affairs and Climate Protection 3378:List of vice chancellors (1949–present) 2586: 2514:cabinet as of 22 November 2005 had 15. 2360:that upon his death, the office of the 2064:(Vorsitzender des Ministerrats der DDR) 471:This article is part of a series on the 14: 8506: 4795:"Ratgeber für Anschriften und Anreden" 4789: 4787: 3400: 3233: 2266:) was continued in the Weimar Republic 2159:, since 1871 with the title of emperor 427:and without debate (Article 63 of the 30:For a list of all office-holders, see 7759: 7044: 6023: 5512: 5133: 4965: 4946: 4927: 4908: 4724: 4710: 4490: 3384: 3242: 3224: 2121: 7785: 6049: 4856:from the original on 28 January 2021 3301:, the chancellor can also ask for a 195:since 8 December 2021 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 5161:Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) 4784: 4582: 2421:, following the head of state (the 2413:), invests the chancellor (German, 2151:The federal level had four organs: 24: 8468:) (present non-member, non-voting) 5034: 4934:History of the Weimar Constitution 4930:Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung 3471:Marshall Plan/Economic Cooperation 3316: 3278:Constructive vote of no confidence 3258:constructive vote of no confidence 2405:The 1949 German constitution, the 1932:served as state chancellor of the 491: 25: 8540: 7647:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 7317:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5102: 5089:In presidents and Prime Ministers 3344:resigned as a consequence of the 8472: 8455: 8436: 8417: 8400: 8383: 8366: 8349: 8332: 8315: 8298: 8281: 8264: 8247: 8230: 8213: 8196: 8179: 8162: 8145: 8128: 8111: 8094: 8077: 8060: 8043: 8026: 8009: 7992: 7975: 7955: 5405: 5367: 5362: 5256: 5196: 5171: 5108: 4757:according to Article 65a of the 4696:) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 4646: 4632: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4440: 4386: 4326: 4276: 4224: 4174: 4120: 4062: 4008: 3958: 3892: 3835: 3771: 3715: 3659: 3607: 3542: 3482: 3422: 3147: 3059: 3004: 2927: 2863: 2795: 2744: 2684: 2614: 2235:Council of the People's Deputies 2214:Revolutionary period (1918–1919) 2072:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1987:Council of the People's Deputies 1662: 1648: 167: 158: 41: 6246:German revolutions of 1848–1849 6215:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 5540:Chancellor Candidate of Germany 5010: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4959: 4764: 4550:The Federal Chancellery, Berlin 3215:majority of all elected members 2218:On 9 November 1918, Chancellor 52:needs additional citations for 8519:1949 establishments in Germany 8514:1867 establishments in Germany 6231:Early modern period, 1500–1800 6119:List of early Germanic peoples 5115:Federal Chancellors of Germany 4940: 4921: 4902: 4837: 4812: 4739: 4684: 3292:konstruktives Misstrauensvotum 2193:revolutionary years of 1848–49 2117:Chancellor of the German Reich 2105:. This was changed in the new 1776:Germany's constitution of 1949 1567:Politics of the European Union 32:List of chancellors of Germany 13: 1: 6354:History of Germany since 1990 5229:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 4778: 4726:[ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡sləʁɪn] 4497:Federal Chancellery in Berlin 3271: 2107:constitution of 16 April 1871 1971:minister president of Prussia 1936:(1821–1848), likewise Prince 407:, is the head of the federal 27:Head of government of Germany 5412:Bundeskanzler (1949–present) 5052:Padgett, Stephen, ed. 1994. 4966:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981). 4947:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981). 4909:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981). 4469:2 years, 290 days 4415:3 years, 269 days 4305:2 years, 215 days 4037:5 years, 279 days 3923:9 years, 230 days 3804:8 years, 123 days 3744:4 years, 207 days 3688:2 years, 325 days 3511:5 years, 362 days 3176:2 years, 290 days 3088:16 years, 16 days 2956:16 years, 26 days 2892:8 years, 138 days 2824:4 years, 197 days 2773:2 years, 325 days 2643:14 years, 31 days 2334:, the parliament passed the 2098:, appointed him on 14 July. 1944:chancellor (1810–1822). The 1740:, when the office of German 1518:Foreign relations by country 710:Federal Constitutional Court 517:Federal Constitutional Court 434:The current officeholder is 7: 8483:President of the Parliament 8447:President of the Commission 5067: 5063:. London: Frederick Muller. 4755:Federal Minister of Defence 4625: 4614:Ministers – 4355:4 years, 87 days 4253:1 year, 201 days 4203:1 year, 340 days 4149:1 year, 364 days 4091:7 years, 26 days 3571:3 years, 10 days 3451:8 years, 30 days 3033:7 years, 26 days 2713:3 years, 46 days 2444:). The federal government ( 2248:Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 2239:Independent Social Democrat 1865:of the empire electing the 922:Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 10: 8545: 6261:North German Confederation 6241:Confederation of the Rhine 5390:Count Schwerin von Krosigk 5262:Reichskanzler (1919–1933) 5244:Prince Maximilian of Baden 5169:North German Confederation 5045:Klein, Herbert, ed. 1993. 4712:[ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡slɐ] 4662:Leadership of East Germany 3275: 2544: 2537:List of chancellors (1949– 2427:President of the Bundestag 2375:Count Schwerin von Krosigk 2315:Government of Nazi Germany 2312: 2282:Constitutional law expert 2260:The office of chancellor ( 2253: 2088:North German Confederation 2048:German Democratic Republic 1938:Karl August von Hardenberg 1750:North German Confederation 599:Vice Chancellor of Germany 173:Standard of the chancellor 29: 8492: 7951: 7793: 7736: 7716: 7685: 7417: 7406: 7386: 7355: 7087: 7076: 6995: 6855: 6735: 6726: 6609: 6600: 6481: 6472: 6408: 6399: 6362: 6341: 6223: 6177: 6101: 6070: 6061: 6002: 5976: 5950: 5738: 5546: 5497: 5401: 5373:Reichskanzler (1933–1945) 5358: 5252: 5202:Reichskanzler (1871–1918) 5192: 5177:Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) 5167: 4928:Apelt, Willibalt (1964). 4608: 4574:Schloss Meseberg, Gransee 4163:Labour and Social Affairs 3403: 3397: 3394: 3387: 3252:Other election mechanisms 2597: 2594: 2589: 2579: 2460:The cabinet bench in the 1908:created the office of an 840:Collective municipality ( 381: 367: 357: 347: 329: 318: 308: 293: 283: 257: 243: 233: 224:Mr. Chancellor (informal) 218: 207: 178: 166: 157: 148: 143: 6413:Administrative divisions 5488:(SPD, 2021–present) 5059:Prittie, Terence, 1979. 5039: 4677: 4622:, BGBl. 2002 I p. 3020) 2350:Führer und Reichskanzler 2309:Nazi Germany (1933–1945) 2228:Weimar National Assembly 2023:Führer und Reichskanzler 1902:Battle of White Mountain 1403:State and local politics 948:East Germany (1949–1960) 7522:Holy See (Vatican City) 7192:Holy See (Vatican City) 5897:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 5077:30 (2 (June)): 347–371. 5024:4 November 2021 at the 4562:Palais Schaumburg, Bonn 4472:Alliance 90/The Greens 4183:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 3875:Intra-German Relations 3284:motion of no confidence 3100:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 2451: 2432:Whichever major party ( 2169:the parliament, called 2076:Leaders of East Germany 1559:International Relations 549:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 319:Constituting instrument 76:"Chancellor of Germany" 8524:Chancellors of Germany 7462:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7132:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6674:Science and technology 6375:History of Brandenburg 6266:Unification of Germany 6256:Frankfurt Constitution 5277:(as Ministerpräsident) 5096:West European Politics 5047:The German Chancellors 5028:gesetze-im-internet.de 4984:Basic Law, Article 63. 4691: 4620:Bundesbesoldungsgesetz 4601: 4595: 4589: 4507:in the former capital 4095:Alliance 90/The Greens 3900:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 3780:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 3616:Hans-Christoph Seebohm 3589:Intra-German Relations 3329: 2963:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 2899:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 2725:Hans-Christoph Seebohm 2487:The first chancellor, 2465: 2301: 2262: 1930:Klemens von Metternich 1808: 1733: 1463:North Rhine-Westphalia 1458:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1073:Parliamentary election 914:Presidential elections 496: 452:Alliance 90/The Greens 335:; 75 years ago 333:15 September 1949 150: 8495:European Union Portal 6311:Flight and expulsions 5480:(CDU, 2005–2021) 5472:(SPD, 1998–2005) 5464:(CDU, 1982–1998) 5456:(SPD, 1974–1982) 5448:(SPD, 1969–1974) 5440:(CDU, 1966–1969) 5432:(CDU, 1963–1966) 5424:(CDU, 1949–1963) 5393:(as Leading Minister) 5295:Constantin Fehrenbach 4698:; often shortened to 4524:Chancellor's bungalow 3366:, who also serves as 3324: 3207:chancellor's election 3201:Chancellor's election 2545:Further information: 2459: 2162:the federal council ( 1843:archbishop of Cologne 1720: 1617:Agrarian Conservatism 687:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss 680:Vermittlungsausschuss 573:Chancellor of Germany 495: 462:History of the office 409:government of Germany 401:chancellor of Germany 325:(German Constitution) 301:upon election by the 7891:2013 (July–December) 7836:2004 (January–April) 7802:Parties represented 7686:Partially recognised 7356:Partially recognised 6983:World Heritage Sites 6661:German states by GDP 6251:German Confederation 5603:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 5437:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 5117:at Wikimedia Commons 4616:Bundesministergesetz 4596:Frau Bundeskanzlerin 3303:motion of confidence 2753:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2523:Richtlinienkompetenz 2423:President of Germany 1978:constitution changed 1946:German Confederation 1883:Frederick Barbarossa 1789:at the chapel of an 1746:archbishops of Mainz 1744:was usually held by 1589:Political ideologies 1468:Rhineland-Palatinate 902:Federal Convention ( 541:President of Germany 61:improve this article 8466:High Representative 7886:2013 (January–June) 7841:2004 (May–December) 7717:Unrecognised states 7387:Unrecognised states 6619:Automobile industry 6205:Carolingian dynasty 6139:History of the Huns 5500:List of chancellors 5345:Kurt von Schleicher 5274:Philipp Scheidemann 5075:Politics and Policy 4889:Weimar constitution 4751:German Armed Forces 3234:Second voting phase 2595:Vice Chancellor(s) 2324:Paul von Hindenburg 2136:Imperial Chancellor 2055:(Ministerpräsident) 2046:In the now-defunct 2015:Paul von Hindenburg 1994:Weimar Constitution 1875:Otto III of Germany 1851:archbishop of Trier 1825:archbishop of Mainz 1819:. 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London: Hurst. 5029: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4883: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4759:German Basic Law 4743: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4709: 4688: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4583:Style of address 4571: 4559: 4547: 4515:in the state of 4513:Schloss Meseberg 4501:Bundeskanzleramt 4475: 4460: 4459:December 8, 2021 4453: 4444: 4421: 4412: 4411:December 8, 2021 4406: 4399: 4390: 4374: 4373:Foreign Affairs 4369: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4330: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4280: 4266:Foreign Affairs 4259: 4250: 4244: 4243:October 27, 2009 4237: 4228: 4214:Foreign Affairs 4209: 4200: 4199:October 27, 2009 4194: 4187: 4178: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4124: 4110:Foreign Affairs 4099: 4088: 4082: 4081:October 27, 1998 4075: 4066: 4052:Foreign Affairs 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27, 1998 2947: 2942: 2931: 2889: 2883: 2878: 2867: 2850:Vice Chancellor 2821: 2815: 2814:October 22, 1969 2810: 2799: 2770: 2769:October 22, 1969 2764: 2763:December 1, 1966 2759: 2748: 2710: 2709:December 1, 1966 2704: 2703:October 16, 1963 2699: 2688: 2640: 2639:October 16, 1963 2634: 2629: 2618: 2584: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552:Political party: 2482:Gerhard Schröder 2358:gave instruction 2304: 2265: 1896:) at the Vienna 1894:Reichshofkanzlei 1821:Louis the German 1707: 1700: 1693: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1633:Social Democracy 1509: 882:Electoral system 875: 818:Regierungsbezirk 773: 703: 632:Federal agencies 510: 509: 485: 480: 472: 466: 465: 393: 390: 388: 375: 343: 341: 336: 323:German Basic Law 279:(secondary seat) 252:European Council 202: 200: 185: 171: 162: 153: 141: 140: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8488: 8471: 8454: 8435: 8416: 8399: 8382: 8365: 8348: 8331: 8314: 8297: 8280: 8263: 8246: 8229: 8212: 8195: 8178: 8161: 8144: 8127: 8110: 8093: 8076: 8059: 8049:Christodoulides 8042: 8025: 8008: 7991: 7974: 7947: 7789: 7784: 7754: 7749: 7728: 7712: 7703:Northern Cyprus 7681: 7597:North Macedonia 7419: 7409: 7398: 7382: 7373:Northern Cyprus 7351: 7267:North Macedonia 7089: 7079: 7072: 7069: 7039: 7034: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6987: 6851: 6802:Life expectancy 6718: 6592: 6563:Law enforcement 6499: 6464: 6391: 6358: 6337: 6321:Divided Germany 6291:Weimar Republic 6219: 6185:Frankish Empire 6173: 6097: 6063: 6057: 6048: 6018: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5989: 5972: 5963: 5946: 5935: 5923: 5911: 5909:Peer Steinbrück 5899: 5875: 5863: 5851: 5839: 5827: 5807: 5779: 5763: 5751: 5749:Kurt Schumacher 5734: 5725: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5591: 5559: 5557:Konrad Adenauer 5542: 5537: 5507: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5423: 5421:Konrad Adenauer 5410: 5397: 5392: 5385:Joseph Goebbels 5372: 5354: 5340:Franz von Papen 5284: 5276: 5269:Friedrich Ebert 5261: 5254:Weimar Republic 5248: 5234:Georg Michaelis 5214:Leo von Caprivi 5201: 5188: 5176: 5163: 5158: 5121: 5120: 5105: 5082:German Politics 5070: 5042: 5037: 5035:Further reading 5032: 5026:Wayback Machine 5015: 5011: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4964: 4960: 4945: 4941: 4926: 4922: 4907: 4903: 4885: 4884: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4704:Bundeskanzlerin 4689: 4685: 4680: 4654:Politics portal 4652: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4611: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4563: 4560: 4551: 4548: 4493: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4372: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4103: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4071:Joschka Fischer 4045: 4031: 4029: 4020: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3917: 3915: 3913:October 4, 1982 3905: 3902: 3860:October 1, 1982 3858: 3856: 3847: 3818: 3814: 3798: 3796: 3786: 3783: 3754: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3704:Foreign Affairs 3682: 3680: 3671: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3581: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3523: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3463: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3412:Time in office 3395:Term of office 3390: 3389: 3380: 3334:vice chancellor 3319: 3317:Vice chancellor 3307:Vertrauensfrage 3280: 3274: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3219:Kanzlermehrheit 3203: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3048: 3040:Joschka Fischer 3027: 3025: 3017: 3016: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2966: 2950: 2948: 2946:October 1, 1982 2940: 2939: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2888:October 1, 1982 2886: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2841: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2733: 2723: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2623:Konrad Adenauer 2606:Time in office 2591: 2587:Term of office 2582: 2581: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2500:Federal Cabinet 2489:Konrad Adenauer 2454: 2446:Bundesregierung 2442:Kanzlerkandidat 2403: 2402: 2400: 2387: 2367:Joseph Goebbels 2317: 2311: 2258: 2250: 2224:Friedrich Ebert 2216: 2157:Bundespräsidium 2124: 2119: 2096:Bundespräsidium 2084: 2034:Weimar Republic 1998:Reich President 1983:Friedrich Ebert 1959:Staatssekretäre 1954:Bundespräsidium 1934:Austrian Empire 1863:prince-electors 1791:imperial palace 1778:, the title of 1724:speaking at an 1711: 1682: 1678:Other countries 1661: 1660: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1603: 1590: 1582: 1581: 1563: 1555: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1413: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1077: 1069: 1068: 970: 944: 918: 910: 877: 873: 865: 864: 813: 775: 771: 763: 762: 754: 714: 705: 701: 693: 692: 675: 645: 637: 636: 616: 567: 559: 558: 535: 527: 526: 512: 507: 505: 483: 479: 470: 464: 385: 362:Vice Chancellor 352:Konrad Adenauer 339: 337: 334: 300: 271: 250: 248:Federal Cabinet 225: 211: 203: 198: 196: 194: 193: 189: 186: 174: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8542: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8469: 8451: 8450: 8432: 8431: 8414: 8397: 8380: 8363: 8346: 8329: 8312: 8295: 8278: 8261: 8244: 8227: 8210: 8193: 8176: 8159: 8142: 8125: 8108: 8091: 8074: 8057: 8040: 8023: 8006: 7989: 7971: 7970: 7962:Charles Michel 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7760: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7677:United Kingdom 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7482:Czech Republic 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7412: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7347:United Kingdom 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7152:Czech Republic 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7082: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6899:Cultural icons 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6679:Stock exchange 6676: 6671: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6318: 6316:Denazification 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6088:Historiography 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5983: 5981: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5957: 5955: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5805:Helmut Schmidt 5802: 5774: 5758: 5745: 5743: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5720: 5688: 5679:Edmund Stoiber 5676: 5664: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5586: 5553: 5551: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5474: 5466: 5458: 5453:Helmut Schmidt 5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330:Hermann Müller 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5290:Hermann Müller 5287: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5118: 5104: 5103:External links 5101: 5100: 5099: 5098:14 (2): 48–61. 5092: 5085: 5078: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5009: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4958: 4939: 4920: 4901: 4867: 4836: 4811: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4738: 4692:Bundeskanzler( 4682: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4643: 4640:Germany portal 4627: 4624: 4610: 4607: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4456: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4405:March 14, 2018 4402: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4351:March 14, 2018 4342: 4335:Sigmar Gabriel 4331: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4292: 4285:Philipp Rösler 4281: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4240: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4190: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4136: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4078: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4024: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3987:249 days 3985: 3974: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3910: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3851: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3791: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3731: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3675: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3623: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3558: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3498: 3487: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3438: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3372:Scholz cabinet 3318: 3315: 3276:Main article: 3273: 3270: 3266:Helmut Schmidt 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3163: 3152: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3123: 3115:Sigmar Gabriel 3110:Philipp Rösler 3092: 3089: 3086: 3075: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3020: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2976: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2943: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2907: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2879: 2872:Helmut Schmidt 2868: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2845: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2811: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2760: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2728: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2700: 2689: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2660: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2630: 2619: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2542: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2474:Helmut Schmidt 2453: 2450: 2419:highest office 2389: 2388: 2386: 2379: 2313:Main article: 2310: 2307: 2249: 2246: 2215: 2212: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2160: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2083: 2080: 2041:33 individuals 1898:Hofburg Palace 1857:. These three 1835:archchancellor 1742:archchancellor 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1658: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1409:State Politics 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 978: 977: 976: 969: 968: 963: 958: 952: 951: 950: 943: 942: 937: 932: 926: 925: 924: 917: 916: 909: 908: 899: 894: 889: 884: 878: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 861: 860: 849:Municipality ( 846: 837: 836: 835: 821: 812: 811: 810: 809: 795: 789: 788: 776: 769: 768: 765: 764: 761: 760: 753: 752: 746: 745: 740: 735: 730: 728:Administrative 725: 719: 718: 717:Federal courts 713: 712: 706: 699: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 683: 674: 673: 666: 665: 664: 659: 657:constituencies 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 635: 634: 629: 628: 627: 615: 614: 603: 602: 594: 593: 582: 581: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 545: 544: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 519: 513: 503: 502: 499: 498: 488: 487: 475: 474: 463: 460: 395: 394: 383: 379: 378: 369: 365: 364: 359: 355: 354: 349: 345: 344: 331: 327: 326: 320: 316: 315: 312: 306: 305: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 261: 255: 254: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 227:His Excellency 222: 216: 215: 205: 204: 187: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 164: 163: 155: 154: 146: 145: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8541: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8443:von der Leyen 8439: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8378: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8123: 8118: 8114: 8109: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7708:South Ossetia 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7557:Liechtenstein 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420:and observers 7416: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7378:South Ossetia 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227:Liechtenstein 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090:and observers 7086: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6842:Social issues 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6770:Ethnic groups 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349:Reunification 6347: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271:German Empire 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5993: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5949: 5941: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5921:Martin Schulz 5919: 5915: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5729: 5724: 5723:Armin Laschet 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5691:Angela Merkel 5689: 5685: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5615:Rainer Barzel 5613: 5609: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5589:Ludwig Erhard 5587: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5501: 5496: 5486: 5483: 5478: 5477:Angela Merkel 5475: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5429:Ludwig Erhard 5427: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5194:German Empire 5191: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4855: 4852:. Wikimedia. 4851: 4847: 4840: 4821: 4815: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4767: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4700:Bundeskanzler 4697: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4449:Robert Habeck 4446: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3911: 3908: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3864:14 days 3863: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3792: 3789: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3724:Walter Scheel 3721: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3636:23 days 3635: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3491:Ludwig Erhard 3488: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3431:Franz Blücher 3428: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3391:(Birth–Death) 3383: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364:Robert Habeck 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354:Walter Scheel 3351: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3326:Robert Habeck 3323: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3183:Robert Habeck 3181: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3068:Angela Merkel 3065: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2852:Walter Scheel 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833:Walter Scheel 2831: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2693:Ludwig Erhard 2690: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657:Ludwig Erhard 2653: 2652:Franz Blücher 2650: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2583:(Birth–Death) 2575: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2540: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2512:Angela Merkel 2509: 2505: 2504:Ludwig Erhard 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Bundeskanzler 2412: 2408: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:Reichskanzler 2351: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2306: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2263:Reichskanzler 2257: 2252: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220:Max von Baden 2211: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2171:der Reichstag 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:Reichskanzler 2129: 2128:German Empire 2114: 2112: 2111:Reichskanzler 2108: 2104: 2103:Bundeskanzler 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092:Bundeskanzler 2089: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:Maria Theresa 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1782:was revived. 1781: 1780:Bundeskanzler 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1767:Reichskanzler 1763: 1759: 1758:Bundeskanzler 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1483:Saxony-Anhalt 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 971: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 949: 946: 945: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 919: 915: 912: 911: 907: 905: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 876: 869: 868: 859: 856: 855: 854: 852: 847: 845: 843: 838: 834: 831: 830: 829: 827: 822: 820: 819: 815: 814: 808: 805: 804: 803: 801: 796: 794: 791: 790: 787: 786: 784: 778: 777: 774: 767: 766: 759: 756: 755: 751: 748: 747: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 716: 715: 711: 708: 707: 704: 697: 696: 689: 688: 684: 682: 681: 677: 676: 672: 671: 667: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 653: 652: 648: 647: 641: 640: 633: 630: 626: 623: 622: 621: 618: 617: 612: 608: 607:Robert Habeck 605: 604: 601: 600: 596: 595: 591: 587: 584: 583: 579: 575: 574: 570: 569: 563: 562: 554: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 538: 537: 534:Head of State 531: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 506:Constitution 501: 500: 494: 490: 489: 486: 477: 476: 473: 468: 467: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444:Angela Merkel 441: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 392: 387:bundeskanzler 384: 380: 373: 370: 366: 363: 360: 356: 353: 350: 346: 332: 328: 324: 321: 317: 313: 311: 307: 304: 299: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 262: 260: 256: 253: 249: 246: 242: 239: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 217: 214: 210: 206: 192: 184: 177: 170: 165: 161: 156: 152: 147: 142: 139: 131: 128: 120: 117:February 2023 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: –  77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 8449:(non-voting) 8155: 7969:(non-voting) 7960: 7724:Transnistria 7511: 7394:Transnistria 7016:Bibliography 6890:Coat of arms 6870:Architecture 6847:Trade unions 6827:Prostitution 6787:Homelessness 6750:Demographics 6699:Trade unions 6666: 6656:German model 6629:Central bank 6573:Conservatism 6536:Human rights 6521:Court system 6516:Constitution 6496: 6342:Contemporary 6331:West Germany 6326:East Germany 6301:World War II 6296:Nazi Germany 6236:18th-century 6195:East Francia 6149:Cimbrian War 6007: 5937: 5883: 5877: 5837:Johannes Rau 5815: 5809: 5795: 5789: 5777:Willy Brandt 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5593: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5539: 5445:Willy Brandt 5411: 5380:Adolf Hitler 5360:Nazi Germany 5350:Adolf Hitler 5325:Wilhelm Marx 5315:Wilhelm Marx 5305:Wilhelm Cuno 5300:Joseph Wirth 5282:Gustav Bauer 5160: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5017: 5012: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4894:– via 4888: 4858:. 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Retrieved 4766: 4741: 4703: 4699: 4686: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4586: 4532:pied-a-terre 4531: 4523: 4521: 4500: 4494: 4464: 4447: 4435: 4393: 4381: 4333: 4321: 4295:May 16, 2011 4283: 4271: 4249:May 16, 2011 4231: 4219: 4181: 4169: 4127: 4115: 4069: 4057: 4017:Klaus Kinkel 4015: 4003: 3977:May 18, 1992 3965: 3953: 3919:May 18, 1992 3906: 3899: 3887: 3880: 3842: 3830: 3794:May 17, 1974 3787: 3778: 3766: 3740:May 16, 1974 3722: 3710: 3668:Willy Brandt 3666: 3654: 3614: 3602: 3595: 3549: 3537: 3521:Adenauer III 3489: 3477: 3429: 3417: 3361: 3358: 3342:Willy Brandt 3338: 3331: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3262: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3186: 3171: 3154: 3122:(2018–2021) 3066: 3042:(1998–2005) 3011: 2975:(1993–1998) 2973:Klaus Kinkel 2934: 2882:May 16, 1974 2870: 2849: 2835:(1969–1974) 2804:Willy Brandt 2802: 2782:(1966–1969) 2780:Willy Brandt 2751: 2691: 2659:(1957–1963) 2621: 2551: 2550: 2538: 2522: 2516: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2469: 2467: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2382: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2336:Enabling Act 2320:Adolf Hitler 2318: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2273: 2267: 2259: 2251: 2232: 2217: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2110: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2039:Since 1867, 2038: 2027: 2022: 2019:Adolf Hitler 2008: 2002: 1991: 1975: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1906:Ferdinand II 1893: 1887: 1877:991–994) or 1838: 1828: 1817:capitularies 1809:cancellarius 1798: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1735: 1722:Willy Brandt 1613:Conservatism 1558: 1517: 1453:Lower Saxony 1408: 1387: 1332: 1322: 1072: 1062: 913: 903: 850: 841: 825: 817: 799: 782: 779: 772:Subdivisions 758:Other courts 750:Joint Senate 686: 679: 668: 649: 597: 571: 539: 522:Human rights 481:Politics of 469: 433: 404: 400: 398: 376:(as of 2020) 348:First holder 229:(diplomatic) 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 8423:Kristersson 8083:Frederiksen 7662:Switzerland 7592:Netherlands 7332:Switzerland 7262:Netherlands 6817:Pornography 6792:Immigration 6755:Drug policy 6667:Mittelstand 6614:Agriculture 6578:Nationalism 6551:Transgender 6435:Earthquakes 6382:, 1583-1588 6380:Cologne War 6276:World War I 6178:Middle Ages 6164:Gothic Wars 5933:Olaf Scholz 5627:Helmut Kohl 5485:Olaf Scholz 5461:Helmut Kohl 5320:Hans Luther 4860:24 November 4517:Brandenburg 4395:Olaf Scholz 4375:(2017–2018) 4370:(2013–2017) 4238:(1961–2016) 4105:Schröder II 4022:(1936–2019) 3972:(1945–2003) 3904:(1927–2016) 3871:Schmidt III 3849:(1913–1995) 3844:Egon Franke 3820:Schmidt III 3785:(1927–2016) 3729:(1919–2016) 3673:(1913–1992) 3621:(1903–1967) 3556:(1916–1998) 3551:Erich Mende 3525:Adenauer IV 3496:(1897–1977) 3465:Adenauer II 3436:(1896–1959) 3156:Olaf Scholz 3120:Olaf Scholz 3117:(2013–2018) 3112:(2011–2013) 3107:(2009–2011) 3102:(2007–2009) 3097:(2005–2007) 2970:(1992–1993) 2965:(1982–1992) 2941:(1930–2017) 2936:Helmut Kohl 2904:Egon Franke 2901:(1974–1982) 2877:(1918–2015) 2820:May 7, 1974 2809:(1913–1992) 2758:(1904–1988) 2722:(1963–1966) 2720:Erich Mende 2698:(1897–1977) 2654:(1949–1957) 2628:(1876–1967) 2529:guidelines. 2508:Helmut Kohl 2478:Olaf Scholz 2411:Grundgesetz 2371:Karl Dönitz 1890:Ferdinand I 1797:was called 1793:during the 1752:, of which 1728:meeting in 1433:Brandenburg 1192:1932 (July) 892:Referendums 807:composition 644:Legislature 586:Olaf Scholz 508:(Basic Law) 436:Olaf Scholz 310:Term length 270:(main seat) 191:Olaf Scholz 8508:Categories 8338:Montenegro 8168:Mitsotakis 7627:San Marino 7587:Montenegro 7567:Luxembourg 7547:Kazakhstan 7447:Azerbaijan 7410:government 7297:San Marino 7257:Montenegro 7237:Luxembourg 7217:Kazakhstan 7117:Azerbaijan 6978:Television 6963:Philosophy 6938:Literature 6797:Irreligion 6782:Healthcare 6745:Corruption 6511:Chancellor 6500:(military) 6497:Bundeswehr 4896:Wikisource 4850:Wikisource 4829:19 January 4779:References 4708:pronounced 4593:(male) or 4363:Merkel III 4101:Schröder I 3816:Schmidt II 3461:Adenauer I 3404:Portfolio 3272:Confidence 2493:ex officio 2425:) and the 2254:See also: 2242:Hugo Haase 2186:Hardenberg 1904:, Emperor 1861:were also 1830:ex officio 1800:chancellor 1770:(meaning " 1760:(meaning " 1628:Liberalism 1599:Federalism 1207:1933 (Nov) 1202:1933 (Mar) 1197:1932 (Nov) 1177:1924 (Dec) 1172:1924 (May) 1087:1867 (Aug) 1082:1867 (Feb) 897:Coalitions 824:District ( 411:, and the 340:1949-09-15 199:2021-12-08 87:newspapers 8032:Plenković 7966:President 7562:Lithuania 7232:Lithuania 6933:Libraries 6913:Festivals 6760:Education 6704:Transport 6669:companies 6588:President 6526:Elections 6491:Bundesrat 6486:Bundestag 6455:Mountains 6423:Districts 6401:Geography 6134:Visigoths 6071:Overviews 4465:Incumbent 4454:(b. 1969) 4423:Merkel IV 4400:(b. 1958) 4340:(b. 1959) 4312:Merkel II 4290:(b. 1973) 4261:Merkel II 4188:(b. 1956) 4134:(b. 1940) 4076:(b. 1948) 3812:Schmidt I 3756:Brandt II 3698:Kiesinger 3648:Transport 3643:Erhard II 3583:Erhard II 3385:Portrait 3311:Bundestag 3299:Bundestag 3288:Bundestag 3187:Incumbent 3172:Incumbent 3161:(b. 1958) 3073:(b. 1954) 3018:(b. 1944) 2598:Cabinets 2590:Political 2577:Portrait 2470:Bundestag 2407:Basic Law 2277:Reichstag 2164:Bundesrat 2145:Reichstag 2140:Bundesrat 2017:in 1934, 2003:When the 1967:Reichstag 1963:Bundesrat 1940:acted as 1926:Joseph II 1774:"). With 1623:Far-right 1608:Communism 1493:Thuringia 874:Elections 702:Judiciary 670:Bundesrat 651:Bundestag 566:Executive 330:Formation 303:Bundestag 298:President 294:Appointer 288:Bundestag 284:Nominator 244:Member of 188:Incumbent 8355:Iohannis 8015:Glavchev 7981:Nehammer 7693:Abkhazia 7642:Slovenia 7637:Slovakia 7612:Portugal 7467:Bulgaria 7408:Heads of 7363:Abkhazia 7312:Slovenia 7307:Slovakia 7282:Portugal 7137:Bulgaria 7080:of state 7025:Category 6943:Internet 6928:Language 6918:Folklore 6837:Religion 6812:Pensions 6807:Naturism 6684:Taxation 6568:Lobbying 6541:Intersex 6474:Politics 6083:Timeline 6062:General 6055:articles 5068:Articles 5022:Archived 4854:Archived 4690:German: 4626:See also 4210:Merkel I 4157:Merkel I 3939:Kohl III 3907:2nd term 3788:1st term 3752:Brandt I 3579:Erhard I 3401:Cabinet 2436:/CSU or 2010:de facto 1942:Prussian 1910:Austrian 1871:Willigis 1855:Burgundy 1849:and the 1813:chancery 1730:Dortmund 1577:Passport 1473:Saarland 851:Gemeinde 723:Ordinary 454:and the 8479:Metsola 8462:Borrell 8406:Sánchez 8270:Frieden 8253:Nausėda 7998:De Croo 7672:Ukraine 7617:Romania 7577:Moldova 7537:Ireland 7532:Iceland 7527:Hungary 7512:Germany 7507:Georgia 7497:Finland 7492:Estonia 7487:Denmark 7472:Croatia 7457:Belgium 7452:Belarus 7442:Austria 7437:Armenia 7432:Andorra 7427:Albania 7342:Ukraine 7287:Romania 7247:Moldova 7207:Ireland 7202:Iceland 7197:Hungary 7182:Germany 7177:Georgia 7167:Finland 7162:Estonia 7157:Denmark 7142:Croatia 7127:Belgium 7122:Belarus 7112:Austria 7107:Armenia 7102:Andorra 7097:Albania 7002:Outline 6908:Fashion 6895:Cuisine 6857:Culture 6822:Poverty 6765:Germans 6728:Society 6709:Welfare 6694:Tourism 6651:Exports 6624:Banking 6602:Economy 6506:Cabinet 6445:Islands 6440:Geology 6363:Regions 6129:Teutons 6102:Ancient 6064:History 6051:Germany 5549:CDU/CSU 4771:period. 4753:is the 4749:of the 4429:Finance 4044:Kohl IV 3994:Kohl IV 3943:Kohl IV 3935:Kohl II 3370:in the 2906:(1982) 2727:(1966) 2539:present 2383:present 2330:of the 2328:burning 2126:In the 2070:of the 1918:Kaunitz 1839:de jure 1833:German 1787:clerics 1756:became 1443:Hamburg 1423:Bavaria 800:Landtag 781:State ( 662:members 620:Cabinet 484:Germany 438:of the 421:wartime 419:during 415:of the 382:Website 338: ( 197: ( 101:scholar 8304:Schoof 8236:Siliņa 8219:Meloni 8202:Harris 8151:Scholz 8134:Macron 8100:Michal 7698:Kosovo 7667:Turkey 7657:Sweden 7632:Serbia 7607:Poland 7602:Norway 7582:Monaco 7552:Latvia 7517:Greece 7502:France 7477:Cyprus 7368:Kosovo 7337:Turkey 7327:Sweden 7302:Serbia 7277:Poland 7272:Norway 7252:Monaco 7222:Latvia 7187:Greece 7172:France 7147:Cyprus 7030:Portal 6885:Cinema 6865:Anthem 6832:Racism 6646:Energy 6460:Rivers 6418:States 6388:, 1848 6224:Modern 6053:  5979:Greens 4891:  4804:23 May 4609:Salary 4528:Dahlem 4477:Scholz 4047:Kohl V 3931:Kohl I 2592:party 2567:  2565:  2558:  2556:  2362:Führer 2342:Führer 2130:, the 1823:, the 1803:(from 1732:, 1983 1551:Russia 1526:France 1478:Saxony 1438:Bremen 1428:Berlin 743:Social 738:Labour 733:Fiscal 625:Scholz 391:/bk-en 368:Salary 358:Deputy 268:Berlin 103:  96:  89:  82:  74:  8389:Golob 8287:Abela 8185:Orbán 8066:Fiala 7652:Spain 7572:Malta 7542:Italy 7322:Spain 7242:Malta 7212:Italy 7078:Heads 7009:Index 6973:Sport 6958:Names 6953:Music 6948:Media 6903:Dance 6775:Women 6740:Crime 6714:Women 6450:Lakes 6124:Goths 5040:Books 4970:[ 4951:[ 4932:[ 4913:[ 4823:(PDF) 4798:(PDF) 4678:Notes 3409:Term 2603:Term 2074:(See 2005:Nazis 1847:Italy 1805:Latin 1546:China 1531:Italy 1448:Hesse 826:Kreis 611:Grüne 450:with 220:Style 108:JSTOR 94:books 8372:Fico 8321:Tusk 8117:Orpo 7941:2023 7936:2022 7931:2021 7926:2020 7921:2019 7916:2018 7911:2017 7906:2016 7901:2015 7896:2014 7881:2012 7876:2011 7871:2010 7866:2009 7861:2008 7856:2007 7851:2006 7846:2005 7831:2003 7826:2002 7821:2001 7816:2000 7811:1999 7806:1998 6923:Flag 6880:Arts 6546:LGBT 5992:2021 5977:For 5966:2002 5951:For 5939:2021 5926:2017 5914:2013 5902:2009 5890:2005 5885:2002 5879:1998 5866:1994 5854:1990 5842:1987 5830:1983 5817:1980 5811:1976 5797:1972 5791:1969 5786:1965 5782:1961 5770:1957 5766:1953 5754:1949 5739:For 5728:2021 5715:2017 5709:2013 5703:2009 5697:2005 5684:2002 5672:1980 5660:1998 5655:1994 5649:1990 5643:1987 5637:1983 5632:1976 5620:1972 5608:1969 5595:1965 5581:1961 5575:1957 5569:1953 5563:1949 5547:For 4862:2020 4831:2023 4806:2019 4605:"). 4509:Bonn 4418:SPD 4358:SPD 4308:FDP 4256:FDP 4206:SPD 4152:SPD 4040:FDP 3990:FDP 3926:FDP 3867:SPD 3807:FDP 3747:FDP 3639:CDU 3574:FDP 3388:Name 3179:SPD 3091:CDU 3036:SPD 2959:CDU 2895:SPD 2776:CDU 2716:CDU 2580:Name 2476:and 2452:Role 2206:The 2028:The 1924:and 1841:the 1827:was 1572:Visa 1388:2024 1382:2019 1377:2014 1372:2009 1367:2004 1362:1999 1357:1994 1352:1989 1347:1984 1342:1979 1323:Next 1317:2021 1312:2017 1307:2013 1302:2009 1297:2005 1292:2002 1287:1998 1282:1994 1277:1990 1272:1987 1267:1983 1262:1980 1257:1976 1252:1972 1247:1969 1242:1965 1237:1961 1232:1957 1227:1953 1222:1949 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Scholz in 2024
Olaf Scholz
Executive branch of the Federal Government
Federal Chancellery
Style
His Excellency
Head of government
Federal Cabinet
European Council
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Federal Chancellery
Berlin
Palais Schaumburg
Bonn
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