55:
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1097:, and the Geysers have all reduced production from their peaks. It is not clear whether these stations extracted energy faster than it was replenished from greater depths, or whether the aquifers supplying them are being depleted. If production is reduced, and water is reinjected, these wells could theoretically recover their full potential. Such mitigation strategies have already been implemented at some sites. The long-term sustainability of geothermal energy has been demonstrated at the Larderello field in Italy since 1913, at the Wairakei field in New Zealand since 1958, and at the Geysers field in California since 1960.
1163:, but they are the most efficient, with the simplest facilities. At these sites, there may be liquid water present in the reservoir, but only steam, not water, is produced to the surface. Dry steam power directly uses geothermal steam of 150 °C or greater to turn turbines. As the turbine rotates it powers a generator that produces electricity and adds to the power field. Then, the steam is emitted to a condenser, where it turns back into a liquid, which then cools the water. After the water is cooled it flows down a pipe that conducts the condensate back into deep wells, where it can be reheated and produced again. At
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reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 360 °F (182 °C). The hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its own pressure. As it flows upward, the pressure decreases and some of the hot water is transformed into steam. The steam is then separated from the water and used to power a turbine/generator. Any leftover water and condensed steam may be injected back into the reservoir, making this a potentially sustainable resource.
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fuel plant, but it does factor into the viability of the station. In order to produce more energy than the pumps consume, electricity generation requires high-temperature geothermal fields and specialized heat cycles. Because geothermal power does not rely on variable sources of energy, unlike, for example, wind or solar, its
1069:(MIT) that included the potential of enhanced geothermal systems estimated that investing US$ 1 billion in research and development over 15 years would allow the creation of 100 GW of electrical generating capacity by 2050 in the United States alone. The MIT report estimated that over 200
1176:
Flash steam stations pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180 °C, usually more. This is the most common type of station in operation today. Flash steam plants use geothermal
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Binary cycle power stations are the most recent development, and can accept fluid temperatures as low as 57 °C. The moderately hot geothermal water is passed by a secondary fluid with a much lower boiling point than water. This causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize, which then drives the
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Geothermal power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content, but extraction must still be monitored to avoid local depletion. Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, individual wells may cool down or run
1084:
At present, geothermal wells are rarely more than 3 km (1.9 mi) deep. Upper estimates of geothermal resources assume wells as deep as 10 km (6.2 mi). Drilling near this depth is now possible in the petroleum industry, although it is an expensive process. The deepest research well
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in
California, after the first 30 years of power production, the steam supply had depleted and generation was substantially reduced. To restore some of the former capacity, supplemental water injection was developed during the 1990s and 2000s, including utilization of effluent from nearby municipal
960:
in extracting useful energy during the generation of electricity. Exhaust heat is wasted, unless it can be used directly and locally, for example in greenhouses, timber mills, and district heating. The efficiency of the system does not affect operational costs as it would for a coal or other fossil
4383:
Deichmann, N.; Mai, M.; Bethmann, F.; Ernst, J.; Evans, K.; Fäh, D.; Giardini, D.; Häring, M.; Husen, S.; Kästli, P.; Bachmann, C.; Ripperger, J.; Schanz, U.; Wiemer, S. (2007), "Seismicity
Induced by Water Injection for Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation 5 km Below the City of Basel,
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Stations that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are usually equipped with emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust. Geothermal stations can also inject these gases back into the earth as a form of carbon capture and storage, such as in New
Zealand and in the
1036:, drilled water wells, or a combination of these. This circulation sometimes exists naturally where the crust is thin: magma conduits bring heat close to the surface, and hot springs bring the heat to the surface. If a hot spring is not available, a well must be drilled into a hot
1089:(KSDB-3), is 12.261 km (7.619 mi) deep. Wells drilled to depths greater than 4 km (2.5 mi) generally incur drilling costs in the tens of millions of dollars. The technological challenges are to drill wide bores at low cost and to break larger volumes of rock.
1200:
are used. The thermal efficiency of this type of station is typically about 10–13%. Binary cycle power plants have an average unit capacity of 6.3 MW, 30.4 MW at single-flash power plants, 37.4 MW at double-flash plants, and 45.4 MW at power plants working on superheated steam.
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is 25–30 °C per kilometre (km) of depth in most of the world, so wells would have to be several kilometres deep to permit electricity generation. The quantity and quality of recoverable resources improves with drilling depth and proximity to tectonic plate boundaries.
2564:, and salt. These chemicals come out of solution as the water cools, and can cause environmental damage if released. The modern practice of injecting geothermal fluids back into the Earth to stimulate production has the side benefit of reducing this environmental risk.
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Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary from 35 to 2000 GW depending on the scale of investments. This does not include non-electric heat recovered by co-generation, geothermal heat pumps and other direct use. A 2006 report by
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and is replenished by radioactive decay at a rate of 30 TW. These power rates are more than double humanity's current energy consumption from primary sources, but most of this power is too diffuse (approximately 0.1 W/m on average) to be recoverable. The
2526:(CCS). As many geothermal projects are situated in volcanically active areas that naturally emit greenhouse gases, it is hypothesized that geothermal plants may actually decrease the rate of de-gassing by reducing the pressure on underground reservoirs.
763:. International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6 GW by 2020. Based on current geologic knowledge and technology the
2651:(MW) of electricity generation and costs about $ 10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate. In total, electrical station construction and well drilling costs about 2–5 million € per MW of electrical capacity, while the
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1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock
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is 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h. Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges, with capital costs above $ 4 million per MW and levelized costs above $ 0.054 per kW·h in 2007.
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In ground that is hot but dry, or where water pressure is inadequate, injected fluid can stimulate production. Developers bore two holes into a candidate site, and fracture the rock between them with explosives or
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versus 3,632 and 1,335 square meters for coal facilities and wind farms respectively. They use 20 litres of freshwater per MW·h versus over 1000 litres per MW·h for nuclear, coal, or oil.
1307:
of electricity. In theory, the world's geothermal resources are sufficient to supply humans with energy. However, only a tiny fraction of the world's geothermal resources can at present be explored on a
891:
began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power station in the United States at The
Geysers in California. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11
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10 TWh) would be extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with technology improvements – sufficient to provide all the world's present energy needs for several
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Under "Electricity" select "More
Electricity data". At the top right, under Generation select 'Total' and 'Geothermal' and under Capacity select 'Geothermal'. Choose the two most recent years.
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and significant changes in regulatory policies. This technology allows the use of much lower temperature resources than were previously recoverable. In 2006, a binary cycle station in
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1020:
Electricity generation requires high-temperature resources that can only come from deep underground. The heat must be carried to the surface by fluid circulation, either through
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1318:
said in The
Climate Project Asia Pacific Summit that Indonesia could become a super power country in electricity production from geothermal energy. In 2013 the publicly owned
884:
at
Wairakei-Tauhara has been an issue in a number of formal hearings related to environmental consents for expanded development of the system as a source of renewable energy.
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tend to be high. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks. A typical well doublet in Nevada can support 4.5
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913:
Geothermal electric stations have until recently been built exclusively where high-temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface. The development of
2781:
849:. It successfully lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's first commercial geothermal power station was built there. Experimental generators were built in
2852:
Fridleifsson, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (11 February 2008). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin (ed.).
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Bargagli1, R.; Cateni, D.; Nelli, L.; Olmastroni, S.; Zagarese, B. (August 1997), "Environmental Impact of Trace
Element Emissions from Geothermal Power Plants",
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3245:
Erkan, K.; Holdmann, G.; Benoit, W.; Blackwell, D. (2008), "Understanding the Chena Hot
Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data",
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1151:. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of a generator, thereby producing electricity. The fluid is then cooled and returned to the heat source.
3297:, Impact, vol. of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (Egs) on the United States in the 21st Century: An Assessment, Idaho Falls: Idaho National Laboratory,
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of geothermal electric stations is low, around 7–10%, because geothermal fluids are at a low temperature compared with steam from boilers. By the laws of
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was commissioned. Wairakei was the first station to use flash steam technology. Over the past 60 years, net fluid production has been in excess of 2.5km.
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Distributed
Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply
803:
has an estimated potential of 29 GW of geothermal energy resources, the largest in the world; in 2017, its installed capacity was 1.8 GW.
1468:. Only includes countries with more than 0.01 TWh of generation. Links for each location go to the relevant geothermal power page, when available.
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As a source of renewable energy for both power and heating, geothermal has the potential to meet 3 to 5% of global demand by 2050. With economic
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Dry steam stations are the simplest and oldest design. There are few power stations of this type, because they require a resource that produces
2614:
Local climate cooling is possible as a result of the work of the geothermal circulation systems. However, according to an estimation given by
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3826:
1053:. Then they pump water or liquefied carbon dioxide down one borehole, and it comes up the other borehole as a gas. This approach is called
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Goldstein, B., G. Hiriart, R. Bertani, C. Bromley, L. Gutiérrez-Negrín, E. Huenges, H. Muraoka, A. Ragnarsson, J. Tester, V. Zui (2011)
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Geothermal power is highly scalable: a small power station can supply a rural village, though initial capital costs can be high.
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In addition to dissolved gases, hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic chemicals, such as
1061:
in North America. Much greater potential may be available from this approach than from conventional tapping of natural aquifers.
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2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)
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that could provide fuel for geothermal power plants, but a massive investment in Japan's infrastructure would be necessary.
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The most developed geothermal field is the Geysers in California. In 2008, this field supported 15 stations, all owned by
5314:
5204:
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1607:
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2435:
767:(GEA) publicly discloses, the GEA estimates that only 6.9% of total global potential has been tapped so far, while the
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Geothermal has minimal land and freshwater requirements. Geothermal stations use 404 square meters per
841:
In the 20th century, demand for electricity led to the consideration of geothermal power as a generating source.
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4254:
4179:"Assessment of the geothermal potential zone of India utilizing GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis technique"
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933:, Switzerland was shut down after it triggered earthquakes. Other demonstration projects are under construction in
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Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production.
713:
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4510:"In a world first, scientists propose geothermal power plants that also work as valuable clean energy reservoirs"
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3339:. Proceedings of the International Conference on National Development of Geothermal Energy Use. Slovakia.
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in that heat from a fuel source (in geothermal's case, the Earth's core) is used to heat water or another
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857:, in the 1920s, but Italy was the world's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until 1958.
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3438:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA Geothermal Energy. p. 404.
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1937:
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turbines. This is the most common type of geothermal electricity station being constructed today. Both
1058:
918:
910:, came on-line, producing electricity from a record low fluid temperature of 57 °C (135 °F).
833:, it is estimated that by 2100 it will be possible to meet 10% of global demand with geothermal power.
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In 1958, New Zealand became the second major industrial producer of geothermal electricity when its
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3161:, vol. 25, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 11–19,
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240:
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4617:, vol. 20, no. 2, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 9–26,
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Innovation Magazine (Journal of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC)
3088:, vol. 28, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 8–19,
1119:
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4350:, vol. 28, no. 2, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–9,
3571:, vol. 19, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–4,
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2999:, vol. 28, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 2–7,
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775:. Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from geothermal sources include
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Sanyal, Subir K.; Morrow, James W.; Butler, Steven J.; Robertson-Tait, Ann (22 January 2007).
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Geothermal power requires no fuel; it is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations. However,
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occurred over the first 6 days of water injection. The risk of geothermal drilling leading to
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per kilowatt-hour of electricity, or less than 5% of those of conventional coal-fired plants.
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announced a plan to develop the country's first geothermal power facility in the landlocked
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The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change
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effectively acts as a thick insulating blanket which must be pierced by fluid conduits (of
748:
power stations. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 26 countries, while
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280:
140:
4482:. Proc. Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford, California.
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in 1980s, possible cool-down will be negligible compared to natural climate fluctuations.
8:
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2541:, exhibit the capability to utilize geothermal fluids to process carbon dioxide gas into
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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744:. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and
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Axelsson, Gudni; Stefánsson, Valgardur; Björnsson, Grímur; Liu, Jiurong (April 2005),
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1425:, and Nicaragua) generate more than 15% of their electricity from geothermal sources.
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Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA)
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2882:"The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe)"
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While volcanic activity produces geothermal energy, it is also risky. As of 2022 the
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411:
327:
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4536:"The value of in-reservoir energy storage for flexible dispatch of geothermal power"
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3606:"Sustainable Management of Geothermal Resources and Utilization for 100 – 300 Years"
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2861:. IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources. Luebeck, Germany. pp. 59–80
1303:(MW) of geothermal power was online worldwide at the end of 2020, generating 94,949
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over a much greater geographical range. Demonstration projects are operational in
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was suspended because more than 10,000 seismic events measuring up to 3.4 on the
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can be quite large – up to 96% has been demonstrated. However the global average
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Dry steam (left), flash steam (centre), and binary cycle (right) power stations.
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reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35 GW to 2
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4221:"Geothermal energy is already reliable - soon it might be carbon-neutral, too"
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IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
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Geothermal Economics 101, Economics of a 35 MW Binary Cycle Geothermal Plant
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Pollack, H.N.; S. J. Hurter, and J. R. Johnson; Johnson, Jeffrey R. (1993),
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1004:. This heat naturally flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2
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4416:Горный информационно-аналитический бюллетень (научно-технический журнал)
3203:
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects
3034:
Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen,
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source of energy because the heat extraction is small compared with the
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of enhanced geothermal systems in energy systems with a large share of
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is uniquely suited for geothermal power production. Japan has numerous
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4341:"Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources"
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Chouhan, Avinash Kumar; Kumar, Rakesh; Mishra, Abhishek Kumar (2024).
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3450:"Heat Flow from the Earth's Interior: Analysis of the Global Data Set"
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The binary cycle power station was first demonstrated in 1967 in the
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4580:"Study shows geothermal could be an ideal energy storage technology"
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at two nearby plants resulting in very little environmental impact.
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equivalent emissions per megawatt-hour of generated electricity (kg
688:
60:
Countries with installed and/or developing geothermal power projects
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2510:). For comparison, a coal-fired power plant emits 1,001 kg of
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100:
4007:"Indonesia can be super power on geothermal energy : Al Gore"
3829:. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Archived from
917:
and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable
2702:
2674:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2292:
2282:
2207:
1315:
1217:
1037:
993:
902:
and later introduced to the United States in 1981, following the
623:
581:
317:
300:
4474:
2798:
Bassam, Nasir El; Maegaard, Preben; Schlichting, Marcia (2013).
755:
As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to 15.4
4033:"India's 1st geothermal power plant to come up in Chhattisgarh"
3879:"Modern geothermal power: Binary cycle geothermal power plants"
2287:
2147:
312:
4691:
The Geothermal Collection by the University of Hawaii at Manoa
4269:
4087:
3631:
3629:
3603:
3055:
Renewable Energy Resources: Basic Principles and Applications.
2851:
981:
845:
tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904 in
5074:
2584:
2557:
1349:
1143:
Geothermal power stations are similar to other steam turbine
1014:
930:
850:
547:
4249:. Massachusetts; Dartmouth: Elsevier Ltd. pp. 437–438.
3244:
2908:"The International Geothermal Market At a Glance – May 2015"
2474:
Existing geothermal electric stations, that fall within the
4534:
Ricks, Wilson; Norbeck, Jack; Jenkins, Jesse (1 May 2022).
3626:
3390:
Lund, John W. (2003), "The USA Geothermal Country Update",
3334:"Geothermal Energy: An Overview on Resources and Potential"
1447:
645:
3562:"A Brief History of the Wairakei Geothermal Power Project"
3535:, New York: Glacier Partners, October 2009, archived from
2567:
Station construction can adversely affect land stability.
2478:
of all total life cycle emissions studies reviewed by the
2947:
Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles
2797:
2243:
1304:
822:
of geothermal electric stations average 45 grams of
3364:
4145:
3959:/publications/2022/Jul/Renewable-Energy-Statistics-2022
3196:"The U.S. Geothermal Industry: Three Decades of Growth"
1498:
1428:
The following table lists these data for each country:
4477:"Cost of Electricity from Enhanced Geothermal Systems"
4090:
Germany's Energy Transition: A Comparative Perspective
1464:
Data are for the year 2021. Data are sourced from the
4443:"Stung by High Energy Costs, Hawaii Looks to the Sun"
1093:
out of water. The three oldest sites, at Larderello,
3856:(4th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 203.
3737:. Scientific American. 8 April 2013. pp. 160–.
2684:
1477:
759:(GW), of which 23.9% (3.68 GW) are installed in the
4533:
2677:, with a total generating capacity of 725 MW.
2522:equivalent per megawatt-hour when not coupled with
4176:
4035:. Economic Times. 17 February 2013. Archived from
3637:
2625:has still not returned to full capacity after the
1017:, water or other) to release the heat underneath.
3701:"Economic Costs and Benefits of Geothermal Power"
3676:. National Geographic Society. 20 November 2012.
3194:McLarty, Lynn; Reed, Marshall J. (October 1992),
5555:
4149:A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment
3365:Schavemaker, Pieter; van der Sluis, Lou (2008).
2983:
2981:
2979:
4651:"Calpine Corporation (CPN) (NYSE Arca) Profile"
4088:Carol Hager; Christoph H. Stefes, eds. (2017).
3877:Tomarov, G. V.; Shipkov, A. A. (1 April 2017).
3030:
3028:
2913:. GEA—Geothermal Energy Association. May 2015.
1225:presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling
4334:
4332:
4330:
3876:
3456:, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 267–280,
2779:Geothermal Energy: International Market Update
1439:percent of that country's generation that was
1336:has high potential due to its position on the
1180:
956:this low temperature limits the efficiency of
5060:
4716:
3441:
2976:
2659:Research suggests in-reservoir storage could
2455:
1171:
714:
4434:
3209:(4), London: Taylor & Francis: 443–455,
3124:. IPENZ Engineering Heritage. Archived from
3025:
2884:. Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News.
2873:
1491:
4507:
4327:
4319:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4214:
4212:
3193:
3145:
3143:
1154:
5067:
5053:
4723:
4709:
4508:Brahambhatt, Rupendra (9 September 2022).
4004:
3979:
3734:The Future of Energy: Earth, Wind and Fire
3613:Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005
3522:
3520:
3487:
3152:"100 Years of Geothermal Power Production"
3072:
3070:
2950:. London: ICE Publishing. pp. 41–42.
2943:
2737:List of renewable energy topics by country
2462:
2448:
2420:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
1453:percent growth in geothermal capacity, and
1340:. The region of greatest potential is the
1213:Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2022
1040:. Away from tectonic plate boundaries the
836:
721:
707:
82:
5076:Renewable energy by country and territory
4608:"Small Geothermal Power Project Examples"
4551:
4146:Kagel, Alyssa; Diana Bates; Karl Gawell.
4139:
3797:"Geothermal Energy Information and Facts"
3644:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. pp.
1381:Yearly geothermal generation by continent
1366:
1067:the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4653:(Press release). Reuters. Archived from
4606:Lund, John W.; Boyd, Tonya (June 1999),
4605:
4412:"Извлечение и использование тепла земли"
4386:American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
4209:
3597:
3553:
3240:
3238:
3140:
2237:
1384:
1376:
1243:
1228:
1216:
1208:
980:
867:
859:
4643:
4584:Princeton University via techxplore.com
4409:
4403:
4244:
4057:
3851:
3517:
3398:(4–6), Elsevier Science Ltd.: 409–418,
3394:, European Geothermal Conference 2003,
3331:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3076:
3067:
2944:Craig, William; Gavin, Kenneth (2018).
2879:
2583:due to water injection. The project in
2233:
1505:
1204:
806:Geothermal power is considered to be a
46:, a geothermal power station in Iceland
14:
5556:
4272:Environmental Contamination Toxicology
4218:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4092:. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 191.
3933:"Installed geothermal energy capacity"
3698:
3615:, International Geothermal Association
2987:
2880:Richter, Alexander (27 January 2020).
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2771:
1389:Geothermal generation by country, 2021
1100:
216:List of low-energy building techniques
5048:
4730:
4704:
4599:
4263:
4172:
4170:
4060:"Exploring BC's Geothermal Potential"
4058:Morphet, Suzanne (March–April 2012),
3819:
3713:from the original on 18 November 2017
3680:from the original on 11 November 2020
3635:
3559:
3235:
3103:from the original on 17 February 2012
3079:"World Geothermal Generation in 2007"
3014:from the original on 17 February 2012
1297:International Renewable Energy Agency
929:, France, while an earlier effort in
4440:
4422:from the original on 27 January 2021
4338:
3389:
3272:
3149:
2988:Rybach, Ladislaus (September 2007),
2939:
2937:
2935:
2888:from the original on 26 January 2021
1432:total generation from geothermal in
1258:
1221:Cracks at the historic Town Hall of
969:was 74.5% in 2008, according to the
27:Power generated by geothermal energy
4106:
3367:Electrical Power Systems Essentials
3288:Tester, Jefferson W.; et al.,
3077:Bertani, Ruggero (September 2007),
2964:from the original on 21 August 2018
2920:from the original on 6 October 2021
2830:
2482:, produce on average 45 kg of
24:
4615:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
4577:
4489:from the original on 18 April 2008
4348:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
4167:
3984:. Partridge Publishing Singapore.
3955:"Renewable Energy Statistics 2022"
3569:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
3287:
3159:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
3086:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
2997:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
2252:power station in southwest Iceland
992:The Earth's heat content is about
25:
5595:
4672:
4632:from the original on 14 June 2011
4365:from the original on 17 June 2010
4219:Wannan, Olivia (13 August 2022).
3803:. 19 October 2009. Archived from
3706:. Geothermal Energy Association.
3476:from the original on 3 March 2012
3346:from the original on 16 July 2011
3259:10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.09.001
3176:from the original on 17 June 2010
2932:
2791:
2758:hydrogen produced from using the
1373:List of geothermal power stations
5537:
5528:
5527:
5092:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5028:
5018:
5004:
5003:
4769:
3560:Thain, Ian A. (September 1998),
3505:from the original on 27 May 2018
2818:from the original on 11 May 2021
2701:
2687:
2539:Kızıldere geothermal power plant
2271:
2200:
2170:
2140:
2110:
2080:
2050:
2020:
1990:
1960:
1930:
1900:
1870:
1840:
1810:
1780:
1750:
1720:
1690:
1660:
1630:
1600:
1570:
1540:
1393:The largest group of geothermal
1263:
1127:
1118:
1109:
687:
674:
673:
151:Energy efficiency implementation
53:
36:
4527:
4501:
4468:
4376:
4238:
4155:. Geothermal Energy Association
4081:
4051:
4025:
3998:
3973:
3947:
3925:
3870:
3845:
3789:
3763:
3751:from the original on 8 May 2019
3725:
3692:
3662:
3417:
3383:
3358:
3325:
3291:The Future of Geothermal Energy
3187:
3114:
3057:Alpha Science Int'l Ltd., 2005
2777:Geothermal Energy Association.
2742:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2661:increase the economic viability
2431:Topics by country and territory
1248:Geothermal power center in the
407:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4553:10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118807
3982:The Shock of Energy Transition
3369:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3047:
2900:
2727:Hot dry rock geothermal energy
1409:. As of 2021, five countries (
1233:A geothermal power station in
1055:hot dry rock geothermal energy
13:
1:
5564:Bright green environmentalism
4679:Articles on Geothermal Energy
4009:. Antara News. Archived from
3773:. US DOE EERE. Archived from
3412:10.1016/S0375-6505(03)00053-1
3053:Tiwari, G. N.; Ghosal, M. K.
2765:
2732:Iceland Deep Drilling Project
2639:Cost of electricity by source
1446:total geothermal capacity in
1168:sewage treatment facilities.
765:Geothermal Energy Association
236:Passive solar building design
4203:10.1016/j.renene.2024.120552
3827:"Geothermal Basics Overview"
3771:"Hydrothermal Power Systems"
3122:"IPENZ Engineering Heritage"
2632:
1073:10 TJ (200 ZJ; 5.6
976:
7:
4981:Energy return on investment
4339:Lund, John W. (June 2007),
3640:Solar and Geothermal Energy
3150:Lund, J. (September 2004),
2990:"Geothermal Sustainability"
2680:
2577:Enhanced geothermal systems
2436:Marketing and policy trends
1397:in the world is located at
1320:electricity sector in India
1181:Binary cycle power stations
1059:enhanced geothermal systems
919:enhanced geothermal systems
752:is in use in 70 countries.
694:Renewable energy portal
412:Renewable energy transition
10:
5600:
4950:Enhanced geothermal system
4576:University press release:
4514:interestingengineering.com
4441:Penn, Ivan (31 May 2022).
3699:Gawell, Karl (June 2014).
2717:Enhanced geothermal system
2636:
2616:Leningrad Mining Institute
2524:carbon capture and storage
1370:
1334:Geothermal power in Canada
1184:
1172:Flash steam power stations
986:Enhanced geothermal system
738:electrical power generated
5523:
5492:
5456:
5420:
5343:
5235:
5228:
5135:
5082:
4999:
4963:
4922:
4778:
4767:
4738:
3903:10.1134/S0040601517040097
3332:Bertani, Ruggero (2009).
3215:10.1080/00908319208908739
2665:variable renewable energy
1299:has reported that 14,438
1272:This section needs to be
915:binary cycle power plants
908:Chena Hot Springs, Alaska
843:Prince Piero Ginori Conti
256:Sustainable refurbishment
5579:Power station technology
4278:(2), New York: 172–181,
4245:Dipippo, Ronald (2012).
3852:DiPippo, Ronald (2016).
2752:Renewable white hydrogen
2627:2018 lower Puna eruption
2599:has been experienced in
2537:Other stations like the
1401:, a geothermal field in
1155:Dry steam power stations
1030:hydrothermal circulation
943:United States of America
889:Pacific Gas and Electric
820:greenhouse gas emissions
241:Sustainable architecture
196:Glass in green buildings
186:Environmental technology
116:Compact fluorescent lamp
18:Geothermal power station
4684:26 October 2020 at the
4410:Дядькин, Ю. Д. (2001).
3854:Geothermal Power Plants
2804:. Newnes. p. 187.
2695:Renewable energy portal
2623:Puna Geothermal Venture
1087:Kola Superdeep Borehole
855:the Geysers, California
837:History and development
562:Human-powered transport
266:Tropical green building
201:Green building and wood
4696:GRC Geothermal Library
2397:Tidal stream generator
2253:
1390:
1382:
1367:Utility-grade stations
1256:
1241:
1226:
1214:
1145:thermal power stations
989:
873:
865:
658:Personal rapid transit
400:Tidal stream generator
261:Thermal energy storage
181:Environmental planning
4292:10.1007/s002449900239
2653:levelised energy cost
2241:
1388:
1380:
1247:
1232:
1220:
1212:
984:
871:
863:
502:Sustainable transport
447:Floating wind turbine
276:Zero heating building
191:Fossil fuel phase-out
4066:: 22, archived from
3636:Tabak, John (2009).
3041:27 June 2013 at the
2571:has occurred in the
2534:project in Iceland.
2357:Marine current power
2303:Crosswind kite power
2234:Environmental impact
1338:Pacific Ring of Fire
1205:Worldwide production
816:Earth's heat content
636:Personal transporter
531:Wind-powered vehicle
375:Marine current power
281:Zero-energy building
141:Efficient energy use
4751:Geothermal gradient
4657:on 14 November 2012
4398:2007AGUFM.V53F..08D
4284:1997ArECT..33..172B
4195:2024REne..22720552C
3980:Fouad Saad (2016).
3935:. Our World in Data
3895:2017ThEng..64..243T
3883:Thermal Engineering
3674:National Geographic
3670:"Geothermal Energy"
3499:www.icdp-online.org
3462:1993RvGeo..31..267P
3430:5 June 2012 at the
3425:"Geothermal Energy"
3404:2003Geoth..32..409L
2784:25 May 2017 at the
2601:Staufen im Breisgau
2581:trigger earthquakes
2387:Sustainable biofuel
2298:Carbon-neutral fuel
2259:Part of a series on
1342:Canadian Cordillera
1250:Usulután Department
1223:Staufen im Breisgau
1101:Power station types
1051:high-pressure water
1042:geothermal gradient
904:1970s energy crisis
323:Carbon-neutral fuel
251:Sustainable habitat
106:Building insulation
94:Energy conservation
70:Part of a series on
5584:Italian inventions
5574:Sustainable energy
4756:Geothermal heating
4447:The New York Times
3777:on 6 December 2010
2722:Geothermal heating
2313:Geothermal heating
2254:
1391:
1383:
1357:geography of Japan
1344:, stretching from
1257:
1242:
1227:
1215:
1085:in the world, the
990:
950:thermal efficiency
927:Soultz-sous-Forêts
874:
866:
750:geothermal heating
338:Geothermal heating
166:Energy saving lamp
76:Sustainable energy
5569:Geothermal energy
5551:
5550:
5416:
5415:
5042:
5041:
4746:Geothermal energy
4739:Geothermal energy
4732:Geothermal energy
3863:978-0-08-100879-9
3833:on 4 October 2008
3807:on 8 January 2021
3744:978-1-4668-3386-9
3655:978-0-8160-7086-2
3470:10.1029/93RG01249
2811:978-0-12-397178-4
2788:May 2010, p. 4-6.
2472:
2471:
2308:Geothermal energy
2228:
2227:
1293:
1292:
847:Larderello, Italy
742:geothermal energy
731:
730:
328:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
5591:
5541:
5531:
5530:
5474:French Polynesia
5233:
5232:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5046:
5045:
5034:Renewable energy
5032:
5022:
5007:
5006:
4945:District heating
4773:
4761:Geothermal power
4725:
4718:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4612:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4578:Waters, Sharon.
4573:
4555:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4345:
4336:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4183:Renewable Energy
4174:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4005:antaranews.com.
4002:
3996:
3995:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3643:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3579:, archived from
3566:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3445:
3439:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3376:978-0470-51027-8
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3314:on 10 March 2011
3313:
3307:, archived from
3296:
3285:
3270:
3269:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3217:, archived from
3200:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3051:
3045:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3013:
2994:
2985:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2849:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2795:
2789:
2775:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2575:in New Zealand.
2521:
2520:
2519:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2328:Run-of-the-river
2323:Hydroelectricity
2318:Geothermal power
2275:
2265:Renewable energy
2256:
2255:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2025:
2024:
2023:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1968:Papua New Guinea
1965:
1964:
1963:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1346:British Columbia
1288:
1285:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1076:
1072:
1001:
997:
878:Wairakei station
734:Geothermal power
723:
716:
709:
696:
692:
691:
682:
677:
676:
514:Electric vehicle
363:Run-of-the-river
348:Hydroelectricity
333:Geothermal power
294:Renewable energy
246:Sustainable city
221:Low-energy house
161:Energy recycling
86:
67:
66:
57:
40:
21:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5519:
5488:
5452:
5412:
5339:
5224:
5131:
5078:
5073:
5043:
5038:
4995:
4976:Capacity factor
4964:Energy concepts
4959:
4918:
4774:
4765:
4734:
4729:
4686:Wayback Machine
4675:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4588:
4586:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4408:
4404:
4381:
4377:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4343:
4337:
4328:
4312:
4311:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4217:
4210:
4175:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4122:"International"
4120:
4118:
4107:
4100:
4086:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4070:on 27 July 2012
4056:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3586:on 14 June 2011
3583:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3446:
3442:
3432:Wayback Machine
3422:
3418:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3294:
3286:
3273:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3128:on 22 June 2013
3120:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3043:Wayback Machine
3033:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3011:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2942:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2786:Wayback Machine
2776:
2772:
2768:
2747:Thermal battery
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2641:
2635:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2476:50th percentile
2468:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2201:
2199:
2171:
2169:
2141:
2139:
2111:
2109:
2081:
2079:
2051:
2049:
2021:
2019:
1991:
1989:
1961:
1959:
1931:
1929:
1901:
1899:
1871:
1869:
1841:
1839:
1811:
1809:
1781:
1779:
1751:
1749:
1721:
1719:
1691:
1689:
1661:
1659:
1631:
1629:
1601:
1599:
1571:
1569:
1541:
1539:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1458:capacity factor
1456:the geothermal
1375:
1369:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1235:Negros Oriental
1207:
1194:Organic Rankine
1189:
1183:
1174:
1157:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1074:
1070:
999:
998:10 TJ (2.8
995:
979:
967:capacity factor
963:capacity factor
925:, Germany, and
839:
727:
686:
685:
672:
665:
664:
504:
494:
493:
296:
286:
285:
271:Waste-to-energy
226:Microgeneration
156:Energy recovery
96:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
49:
48:
47:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5597:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5401:United Kingdom
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Czech Republic
5247:
5241:
5239:
5237:European Union
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5013:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4991:Energy subsidy
4988:
4986:Energy storage
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4909:United Kingdom
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4674:
4673:External links
4671:
4669:
4668:
4642:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4540:Applied Energy
4526:
4500:
4467:
4449:. p. B1.
4433:
4402:
4384:Switzerland",
4375:
4326:
4262:
4255:
4237:
4208:
4166:
4138:
4105:
4098:
4080:
4050:
4039:on 15 May 2016
4024:
4013:on 5 June 2019
3997:
3990:
3972:
3961:. 18 July 2022
3946:
3924:
3889:(4): 243–250.
3869:
3862:
3844:
3818:
3788:
3762:
3743:
3724:
3691:
3661:
3654:
3625:
3596:
3552:
3542:on 21 May 2013
3516:
3486:
3440:
3416:
3382:
3375:
3357:
3324:
3303:
3271:
3253:(6): 565–585,
3234:
3224:on 16 May 2016
3186:
3139:
3113:
3066:
3046:
3024:
2975:
2956:
2931:
2899:
2872:
2829:
2810:
2790:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2760:Earth's mantle
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2698:
2682:
2679:
2634:
2631:
2573:Wairakei field
2516:
2500:
2488:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1460:for that year.
1454:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1434:terawatt-hours
1368:
1365:
1291:
1290:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1206:
1203:
1185:Main article:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1156:
1153:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1057:in Europe, or
1022:magma conduits
978:
975:
954:thermodynamics
939:United Kingdom
838:
835:
824:carbon dioxide
729:
728:
726:
725:
718:
711:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
683:
667:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
650:
649:
648:
641:Rail transport
638:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Roller skating
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
587:Cycle rickshaw
584:
574:
569:
559:
558:
557:
552:
551:
550:
543:Human-electric
538:Hybrid vehicle
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
505:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
429:
424:
419:
417:Renewable heat
414:
409:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
382:
377:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
309:
308:
297:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
206:Green building
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
176:Energy storage
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
79:
78:
72:
71:
59:
52:
51:
50:
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5596:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:South America
5491:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5448:United States
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:North America
5419:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4914:United States
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4256:9780080982069
4252:
4248:
4241:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4171:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4099:9781137442888
4095:
4091:
4084:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3991:9781482864953
3987:
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3600:
3582:
3578:
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3523:
3521:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:Rev. Geophys.
3451:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
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3342:
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3328:
3310:
3306:
3304:0-615-13438-6
3300:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
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3220:
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3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3063:1-84265-125-0
3060:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2963:
2959:
2957:9780727763983
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
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2936:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2876:
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2807:
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2794:
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2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:Energy portal
2704:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:capital costs
2640:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:Richter Scale
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
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2535:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2509:
2481:
2477:
2465:
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2451:
2446:
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2437:
2434:
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2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Osmotic power
2370:
2368:
2367:Ocean thermal
2365:
2363:
2362:Marine energy
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
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2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1838:
1837:
1833:
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1827:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1808:
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1797:
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1764:
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1609:
1598:
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1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:United States
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:United States
1404:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1284:February 2021
1275:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1198:Kalina cycles
1195:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1149:working fluid
1146:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:Earth's crust
1007:
1003:
987:
983:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
870:
862:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
834:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:United States
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
704:
702:
701:
695:
690:
684:
681:
671:
670:
669:
668:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:Rapid transit
651:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
637:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:Skateboarding
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
532:
529:
527:
526:Solar vehicle
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:Green vehicle
507:
506:
503:
498:
497:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Tidal barrage
388:
387:
386:
383:
381:
380:Marine energy
378:
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
290:
289:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Passive house
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
56:
45:
39:
30:
19:
5469:Cook Islands
5127:South Africa
5015:
5008:
4955:Hot dry rock
4940:Desalination
4935:Binary cycle
4923:Technologies
4760:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:the original
4645:
4634:, retrieved
4614:
4601:
4587:. Retrieved
4583:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4517:. Retrieved
4513:
4503:
4491:. Retrieved
4470:
4458:. Retrieved
4446:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4415:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4367:, retrieved
4347:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4246:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4224:
4186:
4182:
4157:. Retrieved
4148:
4141:
4129:. Retrieved
4125:
4089:
4083:
4072:, retrieved
4068:the original
4063:
4053:
4041:. Retrieved
4037:the original
4027:
4015:. Retrieved
4011:the original
4000:
3981:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3958:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3927:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3853:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:the original
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:the original
3800:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3775:the original
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3733:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3673:
3664:
3639:
3617:, retrieved
3612:
3599:
3588:, retrieved
3581:the original
3568:
3555:
3544:, retrieved
3537:the original
3528:
3507:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3478:, retrieved
3453:
3443:
3435:
3419:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3366:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3327:
3316:, retrieved
3309:the original
3290:
3250:
3246:
3226:, retrieved
3219:the original
3206:
3202:
3189:
3178:, retrieved
3158:
3130:. Retrieved
3126:the original
3116:
3105:, retrieved
3085:
3054:
3049:
3016:, retrieved
2996:
2966:. Retrieved
2946:
2922:. Retrieved
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2854:
2820:. Retrieved
2800:
2793:
2773:
2672:
2669:
2658:
2642:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2566:
2547:
2536:
2528:
2473:
2377:Solar energy
2317:
2229:
1514:
1463:
1440:
1427:
1395:power plants
1392:
1354:
1332:
1328:Chhattisgarh
1314:
1294:
1281:
1273:
1190:
1187:Binary cycle
1175:
1158:
1142:
1091:
1083:
1063:
1047:
1019:
1002:10 TWh)
991:
985:
958:heat engines
947:
923:Landau-Pfalz
912:
900:Soviet Union
897:
886:
875:
851:Beppu, Japan
840:
828:
805:
754:
746:binary cycle
733:
732:
592:Kick scooter
577:Land vehicle
332:
146:Energy audit
111:Cogeneration
29:
5479:New Zealand
5386:Switzerland
5315:Netherlands
5205:Philippines
5145:Afghanistan
4930:Aquaculture
4879:Philippines
4874:New Zealand
4814:El Salvador
4392:: V53F–08,
4225:Stuff.co.nz
3801:Environment
3755:20 December
3392:Geothermics
3247:Geothermics
2924:23 November
2892:19 February
2589:Switzerland
2392:Tidal power
2382:Solar power
2350:Small hydro
2340:Micro hydro
2250:Nesjavellir
1878:El Salvador
1668:New Zealand
1608:Philippines
1423:New Zealand
1419:El Salvador
1399:The Geysers
1361:hot springs
1254:El Salvador
1239:Philippines
1165:The Geysers
1026:hot springs
895:net power.
808:sustainable
793:New Zealand
785:Philippines
777:El Salvador
597:Quadracycle
452:Forecasting
385:Tidal power
368:Small hydro
353:Micro hydro
306:Sustainable
171:Energy Star
5558:Categories
5433:Costa Rica
5305:Luxembourg
5180:Kazakhstan
5150:Bangladesh
5122:Seychelles
4779:By country
4661:14 October
4589:20 October
4546:: 118807.
4519:20 October
4493:1 November
4159:9 February
4043:4 February
4017:4 February
3965:22 October
3811:4 February
3781:4 February
3546:17 October
3480:1 November
3318:7 February
3132:4 February
2822:25 October
2766:References
2637:See also:
2569:Subsidence
2409:Wind power
2404:Wave power
2345:Pico hydro
2335:Hydropower
1848:Costa Rica
1441:geothermal
1403:California
1371:See also:
1310:profitable
941:, and the
882:Subsidence
831:incentives
797:Costa Rica
629:Watercraft
607:Velomobile
567:Helicopter
395:Tidal farm
358:Pico hydro
343:Hydropower
126:Eco-cities
5500:Argentina
5464:Australia
5300:Lithuania
5200:Palestine
5175:Indonesia
4971:Base load
4864:Lithuania
4839:Indonesia
4789:Australia
4623:0276-1084
4570:247302205
4562:0306-2619
4455:0362-4331
4426:3 October
4356:0276-1084
4230:14 August
4131:2 January
3939:15 August
3919:255304218
3911:1555-6301
3837:1 October
3619:27 August
3577:0276-1084
3267:0375-6505
3167:0276-1084
3094:0276-1084
3005:0276-1084
2968:21 August
2865:27 August
2756:renewable
2667:sources.
2649:megawatts
2633:Economics
2028:Guatemala
1908:Nicaragua
1578:Indonesia
1448:gigawatts
1301:megawatts
1161:dry steam
1079:millennia
1034:oil wells
977:Resources
935:Australia
887:In 1960,
812:renewable
801:Indonesia
757:gigawatts
572:Hydrofoil
437:Community
211:Heat pump
121:Eco hotel
5533:Category
5515:Colombia
5438:Honduras
5406:Scotland
5325:Portugal
5215:Thailand
5195:Pakistan
5185:Malaysia
5102:Ethiopia
5016:Portals:
5010:Category
4884:Portugal
4819:Ethiopia
4682:Archived
4627:archived
4484:Archived
4420:Archived
4369:16 April
4360:archived
4315:citation
4308:30238608
3749:Archived
3708:Archived
3678:Archived
3503:Archived
3501:. ICDP.
3474:archived
3428:Archived
3341:Archived
3180:13 April
3171:archived
3107:12 April
3098:archived
3039:Archived
3009:archived
2962:Archived
2915:Archived
2886:Archived
2816:Archived
2782:Archived
2681:See also
2562:antimony
2242:The 120-
2118:Portugal
2058:Honduras
1474:Country
1095:Wairakei
680:Category
602:Tricycle
487:Windpump
482:Windbelt
457:Industry
136:Ecolabel
131:Ecohouse
101:Arcology
5457:Oceania
5396:Ukraine
5366:Iceland
5361:Belarus
5356:Armenia
5351:Albania
5290:Ireland
5285:Hungary
5275:Germany
5265:Finland
5260:Denmark
5245:Austria
5220:Vietnam
5117:Nigeria
5112:Morocco
4904:Ukraine
4889:Romania
4859:Lebanon
4834:Iceland
4829:Hungary
4824:Germany
4809:Denmark
4785:Armenia
4394:Bibcode
4300:9294245
4280:Bibcode
4191:Bibcode
4126:eia.gov
4074:5 April
3891:Bibcode
3717:9 March
3684:9 March
3458:Bibcode
3400:Bibcode
3228:29 July
2675:Calpine
2554:arsenic
2550:mercury
2543:dry ice
2532:CarbFix
2293:Biomass
2283:Biofuel
2208:Croatia
2088:Germany
1698:Iceland
1415:Iceland
1348:to the
1316:Al Gore
1312:basis.
1274:updated
1038:aquifer
789:Iceland
624:Walking
582:Bicycle
555:Plug-in
519:Bicycle
477:Turbine
467:Outline
318:Biomass
301:Biofuel
5543:Portal
5505:Brazil
5484:Tuvalu
5443:Mexico
5428:Canada
5391:Turkey
5381:Russia
5376:Norway
5371:Kosovo
5335:Sweden
5320:Poland
5280:Greece
5270:France
5255:Cyprus
5229:Europe
5210:Taiwan
5160:Brunei
5155:Bhutan
5084:Africa
5024:Energy
4899:Turkey
4894:Russia
4869:Mexico
4794:Canada
4636:2 June
4621:
4568:
4560:
4460:31 May
4453:
4354:
4306:
4298:
4253:
4096:
3988:
3917:
3909:
3860:
3741:
3652:
3646:97–183
3590:2 June
3575:
3509:27 May
3495:"Kola"
3373:
3350:28 May
3301:
3265:
3165:
3092:
3061:
3003:
2954:
2808:
2597:uplift
2288:Biogas
2206:
2185:0.002%
2176:
2148:France
2146:
2116:
2086:
2056:
2026:
1996:
1966:
1938:Russia
1936:
1906:
1876:
1846:
1816:
1788:Mexico
1786:
1756:
1726:
1696:
1666:
1638:Turkey
1636:
1606:
1576:
1546:
1516:
1501:growth
1499:% cap.
937:, the
818:. The
795:, and
783:, the
678:
472:Rights
313:Biogas
44:Krafla
5510:Chile
5344:Other
5330:Spain
5310:Malta
5295:Italy
5190:Nepal
5170:India
5165:China
5107:Kenya
5097:Egypt
4854:Kenya
4849:Japan
4844:Italy
4804:China
4799:Chile
4630:(PDF)
4611:(PDF)
4566:S2CID
4487:(PDF)
4480:(PDF)
4363:(PDF)
4344:(PDF)
4304:S2CID
4153:(PDF)
3915:S2CID
3711:(PDF)
3704:(PDF)
3609:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3565:(PDF)
3540:(PDF)
3533:(PDF)
3434:. In
3344:(PDF)
3337:(PDF)
3312:(PDF)
3295:(PDF)
3222:(PDF)
3199:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3155:(PDF)
3101:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
3018:9 May
3012:(PDF)
2993:(PDF)
2918:(PDF)
2911:(PDF)
2859:(PDF)
2585:Basel
2558:boron
2178:China
2155:0.03%
2095:0.04%
1998:Chile
1945:0.04%
1915:16.9%
1885:23.9%
1855:12.6%
1818:Japan
1765:43.4%
1758:Kenya
1728:Italy
1705:29.4%
1675:18.0%
1642:10.77
1615:10.1%
1612:10.89
1582:15.90
1552:16.24
1528:14.67
1522:91.80
1518:World
1480:(TWh)
1411:Kenya
1350:Yukon
1324:state
1015:magma
931:Basel
781:Kenya
740:from
548:Twike
422:Solar
5137:Asia
4663:2009
4638:2009
4619:ISSN
4591:2022
4558:ISSN
4521:2022
4495:2009
4462:2022
4451:ISSN
4428:2020
4371:2009
4352:ISSN
4321:link
4296:PMID
4251:ISBN
4247:Ph.D
4232:2022
4161:2014
4133:2024
4094:ISBN
4076:2012
4045:2023
4019:2023
3986:ISBN
3967:2022
3941:2023
3907:ISSN
3858:ISBN
3839:2008
3813:2023
3783:2023
3757:2016
3739:ISBN
3719:2018
3686:2018
3650:ISBN
3621:2022
3592:2009
3573:ISSN
3548:2009
3511:2018
3482:2009
3371:ISBN
3352:2010
3320:2007
3299:ISBN
3263:ISSN
3230:2013
3182:2009
3163:ISSN
3134:2023
3109:2009
3090:ISSN
3059:ISBN
3020:2009
3001:ISSN
2970:2018
2952:ISBN
2926:2021
2894:2021
2867:2022
2824:2020
2806:ISBN
2608:GW·h
2579:can
2508:MW·h
2480:IPCC
2224:85%
2218:0.01
2215:0.5%
2212:0.07
2194:55%
2188:0.03
2182:0.13
2164:95%
2158:0.02
2152:0.13
2134:70%
2128:0.03
2125:0.4%
2122:0.18
2104:62%
2101:15.0
2098:0.05
2092:0.25
2074:91%
2068:0.04
2065:2.6%
2062:0.31
2044:73%
2038:0.05
2035:2.2%
2032:0.32
2014:94%
2008:0.04
2005:0.4%
2002:0.33
1984:82%
1978:0.06
1975:8.2%
1972:0.40
1954:69%
1948:0.07
1942:0.45
1924:58%
1918:0.15
1912:0.78
1894:88%
1888:0.20
1882:1.58
1864:70%
1858:0.26
1852:1.60
1834:72%
1828:0.48
1825:0.3%
1822:3.02
1804:47%
1798:1.03
1795:1.3%
1792:4.28
1774:68%
1768:0.86
1762:5.12
1744:82%
1738:0.77
1735:2.0%
1732:5.53
1714:86%
1708:0.76
1702:5.68
1684:70%
1678:1.27
1672:7.82
1654:73%
1648:1.68
1645:3.4%
1624:64%
1618:1.93
1594:80%
1588:2.28
1585:5.2%
1564:71%
1558:2.60
1555:0.4%
1534:71%
1525:0.3%
1508:fac.
1506:Cap.
1494:(GW)
1492:Cap.
1487:gen.
1355:The
1295:The
1196:and
971:IPCC
948:The
853:and
769:IPCC
646:Tram
462:Lens
442:Farm
432:Wind
427:Wave
4548:doi
4544:313
4288:doi
4199:doi
4187:227
3899:doi
3466:doi
3408:doi
3255:doi
3211:doi
2506:eq/
1651:3.9
1591:6.9
1561:1.0
1531:1.7
1478:Gen
1466:EIA
1326:of
1305:GWh
736:is
5560::
4625:,
4613:,
4582:.
4564:.
4556:.
4542:.
4538:.
4512:.
4445:.
4418:.
4414:.
4390:53
4388:,
4358:,
4346:,
4329:^
4317:}}
4313:{{
4302:,
4294:,
4286:,
4276:33
4274:,
4223:.
4211:^
4197:.
4189:.
4185:.
4181:.
4169:^
4124:.
4108:^
4062:,
3957:.
3913:.
3905:.
3897:.
3887:64
3885:.
3881:.
3799:.
3747:.
3672:.
3648:.
3628:^
3611:,
3567:,
3519:^
3497:.
3472:,
3464:,
3452:,
3406:,
3396:32
3274:^
3261:,
3251:37
3249:,
3237:^
3207:14
3205:,
3201:,
3169:,
3157:,
3142:^
3096:,
3084:,
3069:^
3027:^
3007:,
2995:,
2978:^
2960:.
2934:^
2832:^
2814:.
2754:-
2629:.
2603:.
2587:,
2560:,
2556:,
2552:,
2512:CO
2496:CO
2484:CO
2244:MW
1421:,
1417:,
1413:,
1405:,
1330:.
1252:,
1237:,
1081:.
1032:,
1028:,
1024:,
1006:TW
973:.
945:.
893:MW
810:,
799:.
791:,
787:,
779:,
773:TW
5068:e
5061:t
5054:v
4724:e
4717:t
4710:v
4665:.
4593:.
4572:.
4550::
4523:.
4497:.
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4430:.
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4323:)
4290::
4282::
4259:.
4234:.
4205:.
4201::
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4135:.
4102:.
4047:.
4021:.
3994:.
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3866:.
3841:.
3815:.
3785:.
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3721:.
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3468::
3460::
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3402::
3379:.
3354:.
3257::
3213::
3136:.
2972:.
2928:.
2896:.
2869:.
2826:.
2517:2
2501:2
2489:2
2463:e
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2246:e
2221:0
2191:0
2161:0
2131:0
2071:0
2041:0
2011:0
1981:0
1951:0
1921:0
1891:0
1861:0
1831:0
1801:0
1771:0
1741:0
1711:0
1681:0
1621:0
1485:%
1450:,
1443:,
1436:,
1286:)
1282:(
1276:.
1075:×
1071:×
1000:×
996:×
994:1
722:e
715:t
708:v
20:)
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