Geothermal energy - Knowledge

85: 1940: 1924: 1808: 1932: 1879:. The report further addresses the commitment to advancing gender equality and social inclusion by offering job opportunities, education, and training to underrepresented groups, ensuring fair access to the benefits of geothermal development. Collectively, these efforts are instrumental in driving domestic economic growth, increasing fiscal revenues, and contributing to more stable and diverse national economies, while also offering significant social benefits such as better health, education, and community cohesion. 670: 38: 4423: 1983: 1975: 53: 2171: 4867: 477: 6545: 5446: 4657: 2299: 1765: 4682: 4672: 378: 528: 596:(TW), and is replenished by radioactive decay of minerals at a rate of 30 TW. These power rates are more than double humanity's current energy consumption from all primary sources, but most of this energy flux is not recoverable. In addition to the internal heat flows, the top layer of the surface to a depth of 10 m (33 ft) is heated by solar energy during the summer, and cools during the winter. 1951:, and the Geysers experienced reduced output because of local depletion. Heat and water, in uncertain proportions, were extracted faster than they were replenished. Reducing production and injecting additional water could allow these wells to recover their original capacity. Such strategies have been implemented at some sites. These sites continue to provide significant energy. 1751:, a Canadian-based geothermal startup, piloted their closed-loop system in shallow soft rock formations in Alberta, Canada. Situated within a sedimentary basin, the geothermal gradient proved to be insufficient for electrical power generation. However, the system successfully produced approximately 11,000 MWh of thermal energy during its initial two years of operation." 323:, (generation of electricity from geothermal energy), has been used since the 20th century. Unlike wind and solar energy, geothermal plants produce power at a constant rate, without regard to weather conditions. Geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs. Most extraction occurs in areas near 1747:

fluid stays inside a closed loop of deeply buried pipes that conduct Earth's heat. The advantages of a deep, closed-loop geothermal circuit include: (1) no need for a geofluid, (2) no need for the hot rock to be permeable or porous, and (3) all the introduced working fluid can be recirculated with zero loss.

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Closed-loop geothermal systems, sometimes colloquially referred to as Advanced Geothermal Systems (AGS), are engineered geothermal systems containing subsurface working fluid that is heated in the hot rock reservoir without direct contact with rock pores and fractures. Instead, the subsurface working

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According to the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) installed geothermal capacity in the United States grew by 5%, or 147.05 MW, in 2013. This increase came from seven geothermal projects that began production in 2012. GEA revised its 2011 estimate of installed capacity upward by 128 MW, bringing

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Geothermal energy is considered to be sustainable because the heat extracted is so small compared to the Earth's heat content, which is approximately 100 billion times 2010 worldwide annual energy consumption. Earth's heat flows are not in equilibrium; the planet is cooling on geologic timescales.

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Geothermal power production has minimal land and freshwater requirements. Geothermal plants use 3.5 square kilometres (1.4 sq mi) per gigawatt of electrical production (not capacity) versus 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi) and 12 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi) for

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A common issue encountered in geothermal systems arises when the system is situated in carbonate-rich formations. In such cases, the fluids extracting heat from the subsurface often dissolve fragments of the rock during their ascent towards the surface, where they subsequently cool. As the fluids

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tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello steam field. It successfully lit four light bulbs. In 1911, the world's first commercial geothermal power plant was built there. It was the only industrial producer of geothermal power until New Zealand built a plant in

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An engineered geothermal system is a geothermal system that engineers have artificially created or improved. Engineered geothermal systems are used in a variety of geothermal reservoirs that have hot rocks but insufficient natural reservoir quality, for example, insufficient geofluid quantity or

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Liquid-dominated reservoirs (LDRs) are more common with temperatures greater than 200 °C (392 °F) and are found near volcanoes in/around the Pacific Ocean and in rift zones and hot spots. Flash plants are the common way to generate electricity from these sources. Steam from the well is

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benefits of geothermal energy development, which notably exceeds those of wind and solar by generating an estimated 34 jobs per megawatt across various sectors. The report details how geothermal projects contribute to skill development through practical on-the-job training and formal education,

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The cost of generating geothermal power decreased by 25% during the 1980s and 1990s. Technological advances continued to reduce costs and thereby expand the amount of viable resources. In 2021, the US Department of Energy estimated that power from a plant "built today" costs about $ 0.05/kWh.

1850:, comprising approximately 75% of total financing. The mix between private and public funding varies among different renewable energy technologies, influenced by their market appeal and readiness. In 2020, geothermal energy received just 32% of its investment from private sources. 338:(MW) of geothermal power was available worldwide. An additional 28 gigawatts provided heat for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination, and agricultural applications as of 2010. As of 2019 the industry employed about one hundred thousand people. 654:

depending on the scale of investments. Upper estimates of geothermal resources assume wells as deep as 10 kilometres (6 mi), although 20th century wells rarely reached more than 3 kilometres (2 mi) deep. Wells of this depth are common in the petroleum industry.

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As with wind and solar energy, geothermal power has minimal operating costs; capital costs dominate. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and not all wells produce exploitable resources. For example, a typical well pair (one for extraction and one for injection) in

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Geothermal projects have several stages of development. Each phase has associated risks. Many projects are canceled during the stages of reconnaissance and geophysical surveys, which are unsuitable for traditional lending. At later stages can often be equity-financed.

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Tut Haklidir, Fusun S.; Baytar, Kaan; Kekevi, Mert (2019), Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan; Kayal, Aymen A. (eds.), "Global CO2 Capture and Storage Methods and a New Approach to Reduce the Emissions of Geothermal Power Plants with High CO2 Emissions: A Case Study from Turkey",

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sufficient to power the plant. Most wells generate 2–10 MW of electricity. Steam is separated from liquid via cyclone separators and drives electric generators. Condensed liquid returns down the well for reheating/reuse. As of 2013, the largest liquid system was

2083:. Plants that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are typically equipped with emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust. New emerging closed looped technologies developed by Eavor have the potential to reduce these emissions to zero. 1897:

cool, dissolved cations precipitate out of solution, leading to the formation of calcium scale, a phenomenon known as calcite scaling. This calcite scaling has the potential to decrease flow rates and necessitate system downtime for maintenance purposes.

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Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) actively inject water into wells to be heated and pumped back out. The water is injected under high pressure to expand existing rock fissures to enable the water to flow freely. The technique was adapted from oil and gas

2102:. These chemicals precipitate as the water cools, and can damage surroundings if released. The modern practice of returning geothermal fluids into the Earth to stimulate production has the side benefit of reducing this environmental impact. 2286:

is trying to cut down its gas consumption by 50 percent by utilizing geothermal energy for its district heating system. The Szeged geothermal power station has 27 wells, 16 heating plants, and 250 kilometres of distribution pipes.

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1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock

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Lower-temperature LDRs (120–200 °C) require pumping. They are common in extensional terrains, where heating takes place via deep circulation along faults, such as in the Western US and Turkey. Water passes through a

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Deichmann, N.; Mai; Bethmann; Ernst; Evans; Fäh; Giardini; Häring; Husen; et al. (2007), "Seismicity Induced by Water Injection for Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation 5 km Below the City of Basel, Switzerland",

price was 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h. Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges, with capital costs above $ 4 million per MW and break-even above $ 0.054 per kW·h.

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in geothermal growth. The Philippines has 7 geothermal fields and continues to exploit geothermal energy by creating the Philippine Energy Plan 2012–2030 that aims to produce 70% of the country's energy by 2030.

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Geothermal heating is the use of geothermal energy to heat buildings and water for human use. Humans have done this since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270

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The thermal efficiency and profitability of electricity generation is particularly sensitive to temperature. Applications receive the greatest benefit from a high natural heat flux most easily from a

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contracted with the Philippines to build the plant in 1972. The Tongonan Geothermal Field (TGF) added the Upper Mahiao, Matlibog, and South Sambaloran plants, which resulted in a 508 MV capacity.

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averages 0.1 MW/km. These values are much higher near tectonic plate boundaries where the crust is thinner. They may be further augmented by combinations of fluid circulation, either through

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However, local effects of heat extraction must be considered. Over the course of decades, individual wells draw down local temperatures and water levels. The three oldest sites, at Larderello,

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Well casing must be cemented from top to bottom, to resist the casing's tendency to expand and contract with temperature changes. Oil and gas wells are usually cemented only at the bottom.

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This article is about thermal energy generated and stored deep in the earth. For information about heat pumps used to extract heat from up to about 300 meters/yards from the surface, see

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The first geothermal power plant in the Tiwi region opened in 1979, while two other plants followed in 1980 and 1982. The Tiwi geothermal field is located about 450 km from

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from geothermal energy. Dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power stations have been used for this purpose. As of 2010 geothermal electricity was generated in 26 countries.

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Even cold ground contains heat: below 6 metres (20 ft) the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the Mean Annual Air Temperature that may be extracted with a

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and introduced to the US in 1981. This technology allows the generation of electricity from much lower temperature resources than previously. In 2006, a binary cycle plant in

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Replacing material use with energy has reduced the human environmental footprint in many applications. Geothermal has the potential to allow further reductions. For example,

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Geothermal electric plants were traditionally built on the edges of tectonic plates where high-temperature geothermal resources approach the surface. The development of

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respectively. They use 20 litres (5.3 US gal) of freshwater per MW·h versus over 1,000 litres (260 US gal) per MW·h for nuclear, coal, or oil.

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Erkan, K.; Holdmann, G.; Benoit, W.; Blackwell, D. (2008), "Understanding the Chena Hot flopë Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data",

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in 1965, but already the supply of high-pressure steam was faltering. In 1982 it was down-rated to intermediate pressure and the output to 157 MW. In 2005 two 8 MW

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Wells can further be considered renewable because they return the extracted water to the borehole for reheating and re-extraction, albeit at a lower temperature.

418:. The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal energy. The world's oldest geothermal district heating system, in 4141:

Dacillo, Danilo B.; Colo, Marie Hazel B.; Andrino, Romeo P. Jr.; Alcober, Edwin H.; Sta. Ana, Francis Xavier; Malate, Ramonchito Cedric M. (April 25–29, 2010).

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Fridleifsson, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (2008-02-11). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin (ed.).

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thereby strengthening the local workforce and expanding employment opportunities. It also underscores the collaborative nature of geothermal development with

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Bargagli, R.; Catenil, D.; Nellil, L.; Olmastronil, S.; Zagarese, B. (1997), "Environmental Impact of Trace Element Emissions from Geothermal Power Plants",

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Geothermal reservoirs are usually in igneous or metamorphic rock, which is harder to penetrate than the sedimentary rock of typical hydrocarbon reservoirs.

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Ratio, Marnel Arnold; Gabo-Ratio, Jillian Aira; Tabios-Hillebrecht, Anna Leah (2019), Manzella, Adele; Allansdottir, Agnes; Pellizzone, Anna (eds.),

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Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply

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Larderello and The Geysers are vapor-dominated. Vapor-dominated sites offer temperatures from 240 to 300 °C that produce superheated steam.

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Hydrothermal systems produce geothermal energy by accessing naturally-occurring hydrothermal reservoirs. Hydrothermal systems come in either

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techniques. The geologic formations are deeper and no toxic chemicals are used, reducing the possibility of environmental damage. Instead

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insufficient rock permeability or porosity, to operate as natural hydrothermal systems. Types of engineered geothermal systems include

1665:. These binary plants originated in the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and predominate in new plants. Binary plants have no emissions. 231: 4515: 4203: 3106:"Resource evaluation of geothermal power plant under the conditions of carboniferous deposits usage in the Dnipro-Donetsk depression" 2473: 1804:(MW) and costs about $ 10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate, making the average cost of a successful well $ 50 million. 555: 3654: 3607: 1838:

As of 2007 plant construction and well drilling cost about €2–5 million per MW of electrical capacity, while the

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of fossil fuel plants. A few plants emit more pollutants than gas-fired power, at least in the first few years, such as some

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of temperatures through the crust is 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) per km of depth in most of the world. The conductive heat

4274: 3819: 2524:"Review of historiographic aspects of geothermal energy in the Mediterranean and Mesoamerican areas prior to the Modern Age" 5449: 4866: 3170: 2974:

Pollack, H.N.; S. J. Hurter; J. R. Johnson (1993). "Heat Flow from the Earth's Interior: Analysis of the Global Data Set".

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such as sand or ceramic particles are used to keep the cracks open and producing optimal flow rates. Drillers can employ

1116: 767: 711: 422:, France, has been operating since the 15th century. The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of 5396: 4711: 2390: 247: 57: 2063:

and noxious smells if released. Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of 122 kilograms (269 lb) of

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Drilling geothermal wells is more expensive than drilling oil and gas wells of comparable depth for several reasons:

6574: 6398: 5016: 3869: 3244: 2620: 2211: 259: 139: 1862:(ESMAP) report "Socioeconomic Impacts of Geothermal Energy Development" was published, highlighting the substantial 6022: 3690:

Bu, Xianbiao; Jiang, Kunqing; Wang, Xianlong; Liu, Xiao; Tan, Xianfeng; Kong, Yanlong; Wang, Lingbao (2022-09-01).

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Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production.

3470: 3368: 5475: 5179: 5104: 4975: 4525: 4465: 2794:, vol. 25, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 11–19, archived from 2533:, vol. 18, no. 1, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 13–16, archived from 2342: 2322: 1255: 1150: 897: 819: 726: 703: 178: 4606: 4367: 3766:, vol. 19, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–4, archived from 2575:, vol. 28, no. 2, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–9, archived from 2312: 5539: 5351: 5283: 5273: 5149: 5049: 4704: 4490: 4440: 1554: 1500: 1100: 1029: 780: 84: 453:, in 1900. The world's first known building to utilize geothermal energy as its primary heat source was the 6091: 5926: 5204: 5164: 4741: 4535: 4510: 4470: 4178: 2256:. The three geothermal power plants in the Tiwi region produce 330 MWe, putting the Philippines behind the 1474: 1407: 1392: 992: 955: 3081: 2842: 6579: 6415: 5431: 5426: 5144: 5119: 5109: 5085: 5080: 4786: 4632: 4555: 4550: 4540: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4460: 4160: 2122: 1550: 1534: 1364: 1220: 1005: 832: 699: 635: 4332: 3938: 3429: 6569: 6548: 6432: 6376: 5468: 5346: 5064: 5034: 4811: 4661: 4601: 4545: 4445: 2080: 1695: 1649:

in Mexico, which generates 750 MW of electricity from temperatures reaching 350 °C (662 °F).

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systems were added, boosting output by about 14 MW. Detailed data were lost due to re-organisations.

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The rock is often abrasive, with high quartz content, and sometimes contains highly corrosive fluids.

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2010 estimates of the potential for electricity generation from geothermal energy vary sixfold, from

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Deloitte, Department of Energy (February 15, 2008). "Geothermal Risk Mitigation Strategies Report".

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Earth's interior temperature and pressure are high enough to cause some rock to melt and the solid

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Sanyal, Subir K.; Morrow, James W.; Butler, Steven J.; Robertson-Tait, Ann (January 22–24, 2007).

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has sufficient geothermal energy to eliminate fossil fuels for electricity production and to heat

6123: 6012: 5315: 5305: 5295: 4685: 4591: 2304: 1604: 519:, came on-line, producing electricity from a record low temperature of 57 °C (135 °F). 470: 31: 3967: 2682:, vol. 28, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 8–19 301:. Geothermal energy has been exploited as a source of heat and/or electric power for millennia. 6526: 6369: 6241: 5236: 5099: 4882: 4771: 2246: 2193: 1955: 1822:

The rock is often fractured, which causes vibrations that damage bits and other drilling tools.

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Climate Change and Energy Dynamics in the Middle East: Modeling and Simulation-Based Solutions

3730: 3184: 2241:. The first geothermal power plant in the Philippines was built in 1977, located in Tongonan, 6323: 6318: 6113: 6054: 5371: 5139: 5134: 5114: 2463:"The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change" 1839: 450: 3376:

Proceedings of the International Conference on National Development of Geothermal Energy Use

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power station was commissioned in November 1958, and it attained its peak generation of 173

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in California. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11

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Water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic elements such as

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in 1930 to heat his house. Geyser steam and water began heating homes in Iceland in 1943.

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Lay, Thorne; Hernlund, John; Buffett, Bruce A. (2008), "Core–mantle boundary heat flow",

2405: 2327: 2110: 600: 547: 198: 109: 4061: 4026: 3298: 3121: 2987: 2953: 2743: 2600: 2472:. Luebeck, Germany: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: 59–80. Archived from 1778:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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per kilowatt-hour of electricity, or less than 5 percent of that of coal-fired plants.

558:. For example, a 5275 m deep borehole in United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Project in 485: 304: 124: 4045: 3856:, Understanding Complex Systems, Springer International Publishing, pp. 323–357, 3790:

Axelsson, Gudni; Stefánsson, Valgardur; Björnsson, Grímur; Liu, Jiurong (April 2005),

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Bertani, Ruggero (2009). Popovski, K.; Vranovska, A.; Popovska Vasilevska, S. (eds.).

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over 39 locations are capable of geothermal power production, some of which are near

578: 567: 551: 298: 3925: 3792:"Sustainable Management of Geothermal Resources and Utilization for 100 – 300 Years" 3767: 3547: 3030: 2919: 2895:(2 ed.), Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–137, 2795: 2672: 2576: 1923: 484:

In the 20th century, geothermal energy came into use as a generating source. Prince

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is at the site of the Huaqing Chi palace. In the first century CE, Romans conquered

6444: 6403: 6386: 6273: 6171: 5703: 5607: 5491: 5310: 5251: 4955: 4950: 4927: 4836: 4776: 4596: 4412: 4179:"Geothermal Energy Development - A Boon to Philippine Energy Self-Reliance Efforts" 4100: 4065: 3905: 3857: 3703: 3652: 3302: 3125: 2991: 2957: 2874: 2834: 2747: 2608: 2007: 1931: 1847: 1807: 722: 677: 664: 574: 442: 320: 134: 129: 76: 3884:

CO2 emissions emitted by the geothermal power plants range from 900 to 1300 gr/kwh

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was suspended because more than 10,000 seismic events measuring up to 3.4 on the

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layer came in contact with water and turned it into gypsum, doubling its volume.

2114: 1868: 1597: 294: 4143:"Tongonan Geothermal Field: Conquering the Challenges of 25 Years of Production" 3569:"Handbook of Best Practices for Geothermal Drilling Sandia Report SAND2010-6048" 2534: 669: 6502: 6449: 6359: 6278: 6263: 6258: 6210: 6098: 5894: 5842: 5825: 5659: 5366: 5356: 5154: 4766: 4642: 4637: 4159:

Fronda, Ariel D.; Marasigan, Mario C.; Lazaro, Vanessa S. (April 19–25, 2015).

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Between 2013 and 2020, private investments were the main source of funding for

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IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigatio

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Anthropic heat extraction typically does not accelerate the cooling process.

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over a greater geographical range. Demonstration projects are operational in

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Geothermal Economics 101, Economics of a 35 MW Binary Cycle Geothermal Plant

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Moomaw, W.; Burgherr, P.; Heath, G.; Lenzen, M.; Nyboer, J.; Verbruggen, A.

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of geothermal heating satisfied 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.

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tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

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in Boise in 1926, and geysers were used to heat greenhouses in Iceland and

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Geothermal energy supplies a significant share of the electrical power in

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upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Temperatures at the

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binary plant. The water vaporizes an organic working fluid that drives a

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IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources conference, Proceedings

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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Geothermal Technologies Office

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Proceedings, Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering

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energy because heat extraction rates are insignificant compared to the

630:. An artificial hot water reservoir may be built by injecting water to 623: 435: 427: 389: 220: 215: 156: 146: 61: 4044:

Sussman, David; Javellana, Samson P.; Benavidez, Pio J. (1993-10-01).

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Fyk, Mykhailo; Biletskyi, Volodymyr; Abbud, Mokhammed (May 25, 2018).

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Well diameters are considerably larger than typical oil and gas wells.

476: 6354: 6236: 6044: 6039: 6017: 5906: 5899: 5718: 5713: 5620: 5597: 4910: 4905: 4791: 4751: 4622: 4296: 3655:"Publication: Geothermal Energy: Unveiling the Socioeconomic Benefit" 2154: 2118: 2060: 1585: 593: 589: 415: 335: 5460: 4352: 2430:"Renewables 2020: Global Status Report. Chapter 01; Global Overview" 2298: 1959: 377: 6481: 6049: 5975: 5916: 5911: 5859: 5769: 5740: 5733: 5723: 5654: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5024: 4342: 3677:

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Geothermal Program

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Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) (2024-01-19).

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per megawatt-hour (MW·h) of electricity, a small fraction of the

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Fluids drawn from underground carry a mixture of gasses, notably

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As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounted to 15.4

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Bassam, Nasir El; Maegaard, Preben; Schlichting, Marcia (2013).

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of geothermal electric stations are on average 45 grams of

6198: 6163: 5987: 5943: 5791: 5589: 4940: 4161:"Geothermal Development in the Philippines: The Country Update" 4046:"Geothermal energy development in the Philippines: An overview" 3471:"When Fracturing for Geothermal, Is Proppant Really Necessary?" 3284:"Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2015 Worldwide Review" 2283: 2261: 2253: 1797: 1725: 1566: 423: 297:. It combines energy from the formation of the planet and from 99: 4348:

2022 discussion of geothermal energy advantages and challenges

4315: 3789: 2730:

Moore, J. N.; Simmons, S. F. (2013), "More Power from Below",

2460: 1533:

and improvements in drilling and extraction technology enable

527: 6231: 6071: 5997: 5784: 4316:"Geothermal Rising :: Using the Earth to Save the Earth" 2701:

Renewable Energy Resources: Basic Principles and Applications

2242: 2134: 2095: 1546: 364: 358: 352: 346: 4093:"The Philippine Experience in Geothermal Energy Development" 2864: 2498:"IRENA – Global geothermal workforce reaches 99,400 in 2019" 6176: 6032: 6027: 6007: 5881: 5832: 5676: 4895: 3369:"Geothermal Energy: An Overview on Resources and Potential" 2348:

Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources

2150: 604: 512: 4337: 3757:"A Brief History of the Wairakei Geothermal Power Project" 3546:, New York: Glacier Partners, October 2009, archived from 2698: 1828:

The rock is hot, which limits use of downhole electronics.

496:

began operation of the first US geothermal power plant at

6135: 5779: 4140: 4043: 4011: 3236:

Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles

3182: 1553:. Other demonstration projects are under construction in 543: 469:

at about the same time. Charles Lieb developed the first

3850: 2353:

List of renewable energy topics by country and territory

461:, beginning in 1907. A geothermal well was used to heat 381:

The oldest known pool fed by a hot spring, built in the

4297:"Hawai'i Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center" 4052:. Special Issue Geothermal Systems of the Philippines. 570:

is believed to power the high temperature of the rock.

4338:

International Energy Agency Geothermal Energy Homepage

3587:"Cost of Electricity from Enhanced Geothermal Systems" 3430:"Low-Temperature and Co-produced Geothermal Resources" 634:

bedrock. The systems in this last approach are called

4158: 3259: 2820:"The US Geothermal Industry: Three Decades of Growth" 626:. The next best option is to drill a well into a hot 2890: 2294: 691:(GW), of which 23.86 percent or 3.68 GW were in the 410:, England, and used the hot springs there to supply 3633:"Global landscape of renewable energy finance 2023" 3608:"Global landscape of renewable energy finance 2023" 3567:Finger, J. T.; Blankenship, D. A. (December 2010). 2145:occurred over the first 6 days of water injection. 449:was powered by geothermal energy. It was copied in 2939: 2641:Dickson, Mary H.; Fanelli, Mario (February 2004), 2378: 2235:Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology 2105:Construction can adversely affect land stability. 1596:is high since no energy conversion is needed, but 550:; the remainder is attributed to past and current 3566: 3103: 3009: 3007: 3005: 1735: 6561: 1668: 27:Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth 1943:Electricity generation at Wairakei, New Zealand 1920:sidewalks and eliminate the need for gritting. 489:1958. In 2012, it produced some 594 megawatts. 311:, for example, has been used for bathing since 3689: 3171:Geothermal Energy: International Market Update 3002: 2640: 2274:installed US geothermal capacity to 3,386 MW. 1986:Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland 1927:Electricity generation at Poihipi, New Zealand 1689: 1588:of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28 585:can reach over 4,000 °C (7,230 °F). 5476: 4712: 4368: 3640:International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 3253: 3203: 2967: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2178:The examples and perspective in this section 1935:Electricity generation at Ohaaki, New Zealand 267: 3817: 3282:Lund, John W.; Boyd, Tonya L. (April 2015), 3070:, pp. 1–8 to 1–33 (Executive Summary), 2729: 2916:"United Downs – Geothermal Engineering Ltd" 2817: 2778: 2776: 2233:began geothermal research in 1962 when the 1978:Geothermal power station in the Philippines 1860:Energy Sector Management Assistance Program 1716:Small-scale EGS have been installed in the 546:), About 20% of this is residual heat from 5483: 5469: 4719: 4705: 4375: 4361: 4275:"Szeged's Unique Use of Geothermal Energy" 4229:"Geothermal Country Overview: Philippines" 3818:Bertani, Ruggero; Thain, Ian (July 2002), 3799:Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 3657:. The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository 3291:Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 3239:. London: ICE Publishing. pp. 41–42. 3232: 3214:. Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News 3057:Tester, Jefferson W.; et al. (2006), 2785:"100 Years of Geothermal Power Production" 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2666: 2664: 2550: 2196:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1680:closed-loop or advanced geothermal systems 1639: 673:Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2022 538:The Earth has an internal heat content of 392:have been used for bathing since at least 274: 260: 232:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy 4204:"Philippine Energy Plan 2012–2030 Update" 3129: 2818:McLarty, Lynn; Reed, Marshall J. (1992), 2598: 2212:Learn how and when to remove this message 1853: 1631: 4726: 3989:"WECHSELWIRKUNG - Numerische Geotechnik" 3783: 3748: 3674: 3340:. 7 January 2021. p. 42 (54 of PDF) 3323: 3321: 3281: 2884: 2773: 2502:Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News 2117:occurred instead. A previously isolated 1981: 1973: 1969: 1938: 1930: 1922: 1806: 668: 599:Outside of the seasonal variations, the 562:, England, found granite with very high 526: 475: 376: 51: 36: 3534: 3441: 3439: 3366: 3233:Craig, William; Gavin, Kenneth (2018). 3209: 3163: 3052: 3050: 2716: 2670: 2661: 2521: 2376: 1615: 1055:Installed geothermal electric capacity 721:Geothermal power is considered to be a 14: 6562: 4226: 3898:Environmental Contamination Toxicology 3801:, International Geothermal Association 3388: 3210:Richter, Alexander (27 January 2020). 3146:"Installed geothermal energy capacity" 3056: 3013: 2891:Turcotte, D. L.; Schubert, G. (2002), 2634: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 1891: 511:was first demonstrated in 1967 in the 5490: 5464: 4700: 4382: 4356: 4039: 4037: 4035: 3889: 3820:"Geothermal Power Generating Plant CO 3754: 3522: 3493: 3491: 3318: 3068:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2858: 2699:Tiwari, G. N.; Ghosal, M. K. (2005), 2673:"World Geothermal Generation in 2007" 1572: 1545:, France, while an earlier effort in 3728: 3436: 3422: 3329:"Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023" 3134:– via www.e3s-conferences.org. 3047: 3014:Rybach, Ladislaus (September 2007). 2782: 2563: 2338:International Geothermal Association 2164: 1758: 588:The Earth's internal thermal energy 577:to behave plastically. Parts of the 43:Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station 4176: 3811: 2671:Bertani, Ruggero (September 2007), 2443: 2237:inspected the geothermal region in 2109:occurred in the Wairakei field. In 658: 24: 5397:Renewable energy commercialization 4134: 4084: 4032: 3764:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 3525:"Eavor-Lite Demonstration Project" 3523:Toews, Mathew (January 11, 2020). 3499:"Eavor-Loop Demonstration Project" 3488: 3226: 3176: 3023:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 2792:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 2680:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 2613:10.1016/b978-0-08-096811-7.50035-4 2573:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 2531:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 2055:). These pollutants contribute to 590:flows to the surface by conduction 58:Imperial Valley Geothermal Project 25: 6596: 4289: 3708:10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102433 3307:10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.11.004 2879:10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.09.001 2522:Cataldi, Raffaele (August 1992), 1900: 6544: 6543: 5445: 5444: 4865: 4680: 4670: 4656: 4655: 4421: 4201: 3755:Thain, Ian A. (September 1998), 2297: 2268: 2169: 1763: 1684:superhot rock geothermal systems 345:originates from the Greek roots 83: 4267: 4245: 4220: 4195: 4170: 4152: 4005: 3981: 3952: 3931: 3844: 3722: 3683: 3668: 3646: 3625: 3600: 3578: 3574:. Sandia National Laboratories. 3560: 3516: 3463: 3447:"Superhot Rock Energy Glossary" 3404: 3398:Myanmar Business Today Magazine 3389:DuByne, David (November 2015), 3382: 3360: 3351: 3275: 3169:Geothermal Energy Association. 3138: 3097: 3060:The Future of Geothermal Energy 2933: 2908: 2811: 2692: 2343:Ocean thermal energy conversion 243:Topics by country and territory 18:Geothermal and volcanic systems 4227:Hanson, Patrick (2019-07-12). 2601:"Preface to the First Edition" 2592: 2515: 2490: 2422: 2398: 2370: 2313:2010 World Geothermal Congress 2224: 1882: 1736:Closed-loop geothermal systems 1713:to expand the reservoir size. 1551:after it triggered earthquakes 13: 1: 5392:Renewable Energy Certificates 5352:Cost of electricity by source 5274:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 5150:High-voltage shore connection 4301:University of Hawaii at Manoa 4097:Geothermal Energy and Society 3262:"2011: Annex II: Methodology" 2599:Cleveland, Cutler J. (2015), 2363: 2160: 1669:Engineered geothermal systems 1549:, Switzerland, was shut down 5509:Pollution / quality 5407:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 5205:Transmission system operator 5165:Mains electricity by country 4742:Automatic generation control 4257:, Geo-energy.org, 2013-02-26 4105:10.1007/978-3-319-78286-7_14 4070:10.1016/0375-6505(93)90024-H 3862:10.1007/978-3-030-11202-8_12 3293:, vol. 60, p. 66, 2323:Earth's internal heat budget 2282:The municipal government of 1811:A power plant at The Geysers 1754: 556:naturally occurring isotopes 522: 365: 353: 7: 5432:List of electricity sectors 5427:Electric energy consumption 5145:High-voltage direct current 5120:Electric power transmission 5110:Electric power distribution 4787:Energy return on investment 4633:Energy return on investment 3131:10.1051/e3sconf/20186000006 3016:"Geothermal Sustainability" 2783:Lund, J. (September 2004), 2564:Lund, John W. (June 2007), 2290: 2192:, discuss the issue on the 2123:Enhanced geothermal systems 1690:Enhanced geothermal systems 1676:enhanced geothermal systems 1535:enhanced geothermal systems 636:enhanced geothermal systems 293:extracted from the Earth's 248:Marketing and policy trends 10: 6601: 5347:Carbon offsets and credits 5065:Three-phase electric power 4602:Enhanced geothermal system 4343:NREL – Geothermal Research 4015:American Geophysical Union 3729:Berg, Georg (2022-05-10). 3432:. US Department of Energy. 2644:What is Geothermal Energy? 2277: 2081:geothermal power in Turkey 1739: 1696:Enhanced geothermal system 1693: 1576: 682:electrical power generated 662: 532:Enhanced geothermal system 372: 359: 347: 29: 6539: 6480: 6345: 6338: 6219: 6080:Types / location 6079: 6070: 5880: 5675: 5588: 5558: 5507: 5498: 5440: 5415: 5402:Renewable Energy Payments 5325: 5262: 5224: 5078: 5015: 4926: 4891:Fossil fuel power station 4881: 4874: 4863: 4734: 4651: 4615: 4574: 4430: 4419: 4390: 4279:HungarianConservative.com 3830:(49): 1–3, archived from 2839:10.1080/00908319208908739 2607:, Elsevier, p. 291, 2318:Deep water source cooling 1873:agricultural productivity 1772:This section needs to be 1531:binary cycle power plants 1513: 1499: 1487: 1473: 1460: 1447: 1434: 1421: 1406: 1391: 1378: 1363: 1350: 1337: 1322: 1305: 1286: 1273: 1254: 1238: 1219: 1203: 1187: 1168: 1149: 1134: 1115: 1099: 1083: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1041: 1028: 1017: 1004: 991: 980: 967: 954: 943: 935: 922: 909: 896: 883: 870: 857: 844: 831: 818: 805: 792: 779: 766: 753: 748: 745: 517:Chena Hot Springs, Alaska 325:tectonic plate boundaries 6575:Power station technology 5185:Single-wire earth return 5125:Electrical busbar system 4782:Energy demand management 3503:Natural Resources Canada 1610: 731:greenhouse gas emissions 617:hydrothermal circulation 509:binary cycle power plant 494:Pacific Gas and Electric 441:In 1892, the US's first 5316:Residual-current device 5306:Power system protection 5296:Generator interlock kit 4254:GEA Update Release 2013 3596:. Stanford, California. 3189:. Newnes. p. 187. 2752:10.1126/science.1235640 2377:Cothran, Helen (2002), 2305:Renewable energy portal 1640:Liquid-dominated plants 1605:ground source heat pump 471:downhole heat exchanger 32:ground source heat pump 5100:Distributed generation 4772:Electric power quality 3960:"Relaunch explanation" 3110:E3S Web of Conferences 2827:Energy Sources, Part A 2247:New Zealand government 1987: 1979: 1944: 1936: 1928: 1854:Socioeconomic benefits 1812: 1742:Closed-loop geothermal 1632:Vapor-dominated plants 674: 632:hydraulically fracture 535: 481: 386: 385:in the 3rd century BCE 357:), meaning Earth, and 209:Tidal stream generator 65: 49: 41:Steam rising from the 5372:Fossil fuel phase-out 5140:Electricity retailing 5135:Electrical substation 5115:Electric power system 3993:www.wechselwirkung.eu 3941:. badische-zeitung.de 3910:10.1007/s002449900239 1985: 1977: 1970:Environmental effects 1942: 1934: 1926: 1858:In January 2024, the 1810: 741:Direct use data 2015 672: 530: 479: 451:Klamath Falls, Oregon 380: 55: 40: 6455:remnant natural area 6092:storage and recovery 5758:habitat conservation 5576:Deforestation (REDD) 4728:Electricity delivery 3451:Clean Air Task Force 2962:10.1038/ngeo.2007.44 2605:Dictionary of Energy 2385:, Greenhaven Press, 2190:improve this section 2180:may not represent a 2131:hydraulic fracturing 1711:directional drilling 1616:Hydrothermal systems 727:Earth's heat content 583:core–mantle boundary 459:Union County, Oregon 169:Marine current power 115:Crosswind kite power 6409:Earth Overshoot Day 5983:Marine conservation 5964:non-timber products 5337:Availability factor 5289:Sulfur hexafluoride 5170:Overhead power line 5070:Virtual power plant 5045:Induction generator 4998:Sustainable biofuel 4807:Home energy storage 4797:Grid energy storage 4762:Droop speed control 4403:Geothermal gradient 4233:GeoEnergy Marketing 4062:1993Geoth..22..353S 4027:2007AGUFM.V53F..08D 3964:NAV_NODE DLR Portal 3299:2016Geoth..60...66L 3122:2018E3SWC..6000006F 2988:1993RvGeo..31..267P 2954:2008NatGe...1...25L 2744:2013Sci...340..933M 2381:Energy Alternatives 2328:Geothermal activity 2111:Staufen im Breisgau 1892:Precipitate scaling 1056: 749:Capacity (MW) 2015 742: 601:geothermal gradient 548:planetary accretion 319:since Roman times. 307:, using water from 199:Sustainable biofuel 110:Carbon-neutral fuel 71:Part of a series on 6580:Sustainable energy 6394:Ecosystem services 5517:Ambient standards 5211:Transmission tower 4822:Nameplate capacity 4408:Geothermal heating 4320:www.geothermal.org 3735:Tellerrand-Stories 2077:emission intensity 1988: 1980: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1813: 1722:Soultz-sous-Forêts 1594:Thermal efficiency 1579:Geothermal heating 1573:Geothermal heating 1543:Soultz-sous-Forêts 1079:production (2022) 1054: 740: 675: 592:at a rate of 44.2 536: 486:Piero Ginori Conti 482: 416:underfloor heating 387: 305:Geothermal heating 125:Geothermal heating 66: 50: 6570:Geothermal energy 6557: 6556: 6535: 6534: 6334: 6333: 6013:genetic resources 5949:genetic resources 5584: 5583: 5492:Natural resources 5458: 5457: 5362:Environmental tax 5242:Cascading failure 5011: 5010: 4847:Utility frequency 4694: 4693: 4398:Geothermal energy 4391:Geothermal energy 4384:Geothermal energy 4202:Cusi, Alfonso G. 4114:978-3-319-78286-7 3196:978-0-12-397178-4 3173:May 2010, p. 4-6. 3150:Our World in Data 3077:978-0-615-13438-3 2996:10.1029/93RG01249 2942:Nature Geoscience 2902:978-0-521-66624-4 2710:978-1-84265-125-4 2703:, Alpha Science, 2406:"Geothermal FAQs" 2333:Hydrothermal vent 2222: 2221: 2214: 1869:local communities 1793: 1792: 1724:in France and at 1561:, and the US. In 1527: 1526: 1338:Papua New Guinea 1052: 1051: 936:Papua New Guinea 568:radioactive decay 552:radioactive decay 426:steam to extract 299:radioactive decay 287:Geothermal energy 284: 283: 120:Geothermal energy 16:(Redirected from 6592: 6547: 6546: 6498: 6445:Natural heritage 6404:overexploitation 6343: 6342: 6077: 6076: 6023:herbal medicines 6003:FAO Plant Treaty 5543: 5520: 5505: 5504: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5448: 5447: 5357:Energy subsidies 5311:Protective relay 5252:Rolling blackout 4879: 4878: 4869: 4837:Power-flow study 4777:Electrical fault 4721: 4714: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4686:Renewable energy 4684: 4674: 4659: 4658: 4597:District heating 4425: 4413:Geothermal power 4377: 4370: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4041: 4030: 4029: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3966:. Archived from 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3824:Emission Survey" 3815: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3642:. February 2023. 3637: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3357:Calculated from 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3333: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3080:, archived from 3065: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3020: 3011: 3000: 2999: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2918:. Archived from 2912: 2906: 2905: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2841:, archived from 2824: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2800: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2570: 2561: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2504:. 2 October 2020 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2479:on March 8, 2010 2478: 2467: 2458: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2384: 2374: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2217: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2008:hydrogen sulfide 2005: 2004: 2003: 1848:renewable energy 1800:can produce 4.5 1788: 1785: 1779: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1626:liquid-dominated 1598:capacity factors 1315: 1298: 1266: 1231: 1180: 1161: 1127: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1037: 1024: 1013: 1000: 987: 976: 963: 950: 931: 918: 905: 892: 879: 866: 853: 840: 827: 814: 801: 788: 775: 762: 743: 739: 678:Geothermal power 665:Geothermal power 659:Geothermal power 653: 652: 649: 646: 443:district heating 398:oldest known spa 369:), meaning hot. 368: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 334:In 2019, 13,900 321:Geothermal power 276: 269: 262: 140:Run-of-the-river 135:Hydroelectricity 130:Geothermal power 87: 77:Renewable energy 68: 67: 21: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6531: 6496: 6476: 6462:Systems ecology 6428:Natural capital 6330: 6215: 6204:reclaimed water 6066: 6028:UPOV Convention 5876: 5671: 5580: 5554: 5550:Ozone depletion 5541: 5518: 5494: 5489: 5459: 5454: 5436: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5342:Capacity factor 5330: 5328: 5321: 5301:Numerical relay 5279:Circuit breaker 5267: 5265: 5258: 5220: 5160:Load management 5130:Electrical grid 5095:Demand response 5088: 5083: 5074: 5055:Microgeneration 5007: 4922: 4870: 4861: 4857:Vehicle-to-grid 4730: 4725: 4695: 4690: 4647: 4628:Capacity factor 4616:Energy concepts 4611: 4570: 4426: 4417: 4386: 4381: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4089: 4085: 4042: 4033: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3971: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3894: 3890: 3872: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3835: 3823: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3727: 3723: 3688: 3684: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3651: 3647: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3309: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3063: 3055: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3003: 2972: 2968: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2889: 2885: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2738:(6135): 933–4, 2728: 2717: 2711: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2652: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2551: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2465: 2459: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2358:Thermal battery 2303: 2296: 2293: 2280: 2271: 2227: 2218: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2187: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2153:facilities and 2133:. A project in 2115:tectonic uplift 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1972: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1856: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1744: 1738: 1698: 1692: 1671: 1642: 1634: 1622:vapor-dominated 1618: 1613: 1581: 1575: 1541:, Germany, and 1313: 1296: 1264: 1229: 1178: 1159: 1125: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1046: 1035: 1022: 1011: 998: 985: 974: 961: 948: 929: 916: 903: 890: 877: 864: 851: 838: 825: 812: 799: 786: 773: 760: 667: 661: 650: 647: 644: 642: 566:content, whose 525: 375: 280: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6598: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6497:(perpetuation) 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6450:Nature reserve 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6346: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6083: 6081: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5927:climate change 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5895:Bioprospecting 5892: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5540:Clean Air Act 5532: 5527: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5417:Statistics and 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5367:Feed-in tariff 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Interconnector 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5105:Dynamic demand 5102: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5035:Combined cycle 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4812:Load-following 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4767:Electric power 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4665: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4643:Energy subsidy 4640: 4638:Energy storage 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4561:United Kingdom 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4312: 4291: 4290:External links 4288: 4285: 4284: 4266: 4244: 4219: 4194: 4177:Alcaraz, A.P. 4169: 4151: 4133: 4113: 4083: 4056:(5): 353–367. 4031: 4004: 3980: 3951: 3930: 3904:(2): 172–181, 3888: 3870: 3843: 3821: 3810: 3782: 3747: 3721: 3682: 3667: 3645: 3624: 3599: 3577: 3559: 3533: 3515: 3487: 3462: 3435: 3421: 3416:www.icax.co.uk 3403: 3381: 3359: 3350: 3317: 3274: 3252: 3245: 3225: 3202: 3195: 3175: 3162: 3137: 3096: 3076: 3046: 3001: 2982:(3): 267–280. 2966: 2932: 2907: 2901: 2883: 2873:(6): 565–585, 2857: 2833:(4): 443–455, 2810: 2772: 2715: 2709: 2691: 2660: 2633: 2621: 2591: 2549: 2514: 2489: 2442: 2421: 2397: 2392:978-0737709049 2391: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2292: 2289: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2184:of the subject 2182:worldwide view 2177: 2175: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2069: 2057:global warming 2049: 2033: 2016: 2000: 1992:carbon dioxide 1971: 1968: 1902: 1901:Sustainability 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1855: 1852: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1791: 1790: 1771: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1740:Main article: 1737: 1734: 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1670: 1667: 1655:heat exchanger 1641: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1577:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1559:United Kingdom 1525: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1068:% of national 1066: 1063:Capacity (MW) 1061: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1002: 1001: 995: 989: 988: 982: 978: 977: 971: 965: 964: 958: 952: 951: 945: 941: 940: 937: 933: 932: 926: 920: 919: 913: 907: 906: 900: 894: 893: 887: 881: 880: 874: 868: 867: 861: 855: 854: 848: 842: 841: 835: 829: 828: 822: 816: 815: 809: 803: 802: 796: 790: 789: 783: 777: 776: 770: 764: 763: 757: 751: 750: 747: 735:carbon dioxide 663:Main article: 660: 657: 609:magma conduits 579:mantle convect 540:10 joules 524: 521: 455:Hot Lake Hotel 420:Chaudes-Aigues 408:Bath, Somerset 374: 371: 341:The adjective 315:times and for 291:thermal energy 282: 281: 279: 278: 271: 264: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 237: 236: 235: 234: 226: 225: 224: 223: 218: 213: 212: 211: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 165: 164: 159: 154: 144: 143: 142: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 89: 88: 80: 79: 73: 72: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6597: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6550: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6528: 6527:Non-renewable 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467:Urban ecology 6465: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299:Privatization 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6194:Surface water 6192: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5695:peak farmland 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Pigouvian tax 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284:Earth-leakage 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225:Failure modes 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:Power station 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Rankine cycle 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:Cooling tower 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4883:Non-renewable 4880: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:Grid strength 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Demand factor 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4566:United States 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4205: 4198: 4180: 4173: 4162: 4155: 4144: 4137: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4008: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3970:on 2020-05-08 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3871:9783030112028 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3834:on 2011-07-26 3833: 3829: 3825: 3814: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3773:on 2011-06-14 3769: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3736: 3732: 3731:"Under Cover" 3725: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3613: 3612:www.irena.org 3609: 3603: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3570: 3563: 3550:on 2010-05-01 3549: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3526: 3519: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3354: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3271:. p. 10. 3270: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3246:9780727763983 3242: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3087:on 2011-03-10 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3051: 3036:on 2012-02-17 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2922:on 2022-03-08 2921: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2848:on 2016-05-16 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2801:on 2010-06-17 2797: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2651:on 2011-07-26 2650: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2624: 2622:9780080968117 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2582:on 2010-06-17 2578: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2540:on 2010-06-18 2536: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2431: 2425: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2275: 2269:United States 2266: 2263: 2259: 2258:United States 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2216: 2213: 2205: 2202:November 2020 2195: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2143:Richter Scale 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2062: 2058: 2042: 2026: 2009: 1993: 1984: 1976: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1941: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1877:food security 1874: 1870: 1865: 1864:socioeconomic 1861: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1787: 1784:November 2020 1775: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:Rankine cycle 1656: 1650: 1648: 1637: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1085:United States 1082: 1058: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1009: 1007: 1003: 996: 994: 990: 983: 979: 972: 970: 966: 959: 957: 953: 946: 942: 938: 934: 927: 925: 921: 914: 912: 908: 901: 899: 895: 888: 886: 882: 875: 873: 869: 862: 860: 856: 849: 847: 843: 836: 834: 830: 823: 821: 817: 810: 808: 804: 797: 795: 791: 784: 782: 778: 771: 769: 765: 758: 756: 755:United States 752: 744: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 693:United States 690: 685: 683: 679: 671: 666: 656: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 533: 529: 520: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 490: 487: 478: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404: 399: 395: 391: 384: 379: 370: 367: 355: 344: 339: 337: 332: 328: 326: 322: 318: 317:space heating 314: 310: 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 277: 272: 270: 265: 263: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227: 222: 219: 217: 214: 210: 207: 206: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 184:Osmotic power 182: 180: 179:Ocean thermal 177: 175: 174:Marine energy 172: 170: 167: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 91: 90: 86: 82: 81: 78: 75: 74: 70: 69: 63: 59: 54: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 6525: / 6399:Exploitation 6284:Conservation 6227:Desalination 6162: 6055:conservation 5890:Biodiversity 5838:conservation 5685:Agricultural 5634: 5613:Fossil fuels 5382:Net metering 5329:and policies 5247:Power outage 5216:Utility pole 5180:Pumped hydro 5086:distribution 5081:Transmission 5030:Cogeneration 4832:Power factor 4667: 4660: 4607:Hot dry rock 4592:Desalination 4587:Binary cycle 4575:Technologies 4397: 4383: 4323:. Retrieved 4319: 4305:. Retrieved 4303:. 2023-07-16 4300: 4278: 4269: 4259:, retrieved 4253: 4247: 4236:. Retrieved 4232: 4222: 4210:. Retrieved 4197: 4185:. Retrieved 4172: 4154: 4136: 4126:, retrieved 4096: 4086: 4053: 4049: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3996:. Retrieved 3992: 3983: 3972:. Retrieved 3968:the original 3963: 3954: 3943:. Retrieved 3933: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3853: 3846: 3836:, retrieved 3832:the original 3827: 3813: 3803:, retrieved 3798: 3785: 3775:, retrieved 3768:the original 3763: 3750: 3739:. Retrieved 3734: 3724: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3659:. Retrieved 3648: 3639: 3627: 3616:. Retrieved 3614:. 2023-02-22 3611: 3602: 3593: 3580: 3562: 3552:, retrieved 3548:the original 3542: 3536: 3518: 3507:. Retrieved 3505:. 2019-04-24 3502: 3479:. Retrieved 3477:. 2023-03-16 3474: 3465: 3454:. Retrieved 3450: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3384: 3375: 3362: 3353: 3342:. Retrieved 3335: 3310:, retrieved 3290: 3277: 3268: 3255: 3235: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3205: 3185: 3178: 3165: 3153:. Retrieved 3149: 3140: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3089:, retrieved 3082:the original 3059: 3038:. Retrieved 3031:the original 3026: 3022: 2979: 2976:Rev. Geophys 2975: 2969: 2948:(1): 25–32, 2945: 2941: 2935: 2924:. Retrieved 2920:the original 2910: 2892: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2850:, retrieved 2843:the original 2830: 2826: 2813: 2803:, retrieved 2796:the original 2791: 2735: 2731: 2700: 2694: 2684:, retrieved 2679: 2653:, retrieved 2649:the original 2643: 2636: 2626:, retrieved 2604: 2594: 2584:, retrieved 2577:the original 2572: 2542:, retrieved 2535:the original 2530: 2517: 2506:. Retrieved 2501: 2492: 2481:. Retrieved 2474:the original 2469: 2434:. Retrieved 2424: 2413:. Retrieved 2409: 2400: 2380: 2372: 2281: 2272: 2251: 2228: 2208: 2199: 2179: 2147: 2125:can trigger 2104: 2085: 1989: 1953: 1946: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1857: 1845: 1837: 1814: 1794: 1781: 1773: 1745: 1732:in Germany. 1718:Rhine Graben 1715: 1699: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1651: 1647:Cerro Prieto 1643: 1635: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1602: 1582: 1539:Landau-Pfalz 1528: 1517: 1070:electricity 720: 697: 686: 676: 640: 621: 598: 587: 572: 537: 531: 506: 491: 483: 447:Boise, Idaho 440: 432:volcanic mud 412:public baths 401: 388: 342: 340: 333: 329: 303: 286: 285: 189:Solar energy 119: 64:, California 6518:Nationalism 6490:Common-pool 6131:Hydrosphere 6124:remediation 6109:Groundwater 5704:Degradation 5377:Load factor 5232:Black start 5200:Transformer 4901:Natural gas 4852:Variability 4827:Peak demand 4817:Merit order 4747:Backfeeding 4582:Aquaculture 4531:Philippines 4526:New Zealand 4466:El Salvador 4050:Geothermics 4021:: V53F–08, 3737:(in German) 3696:Geothermics 3218:19 February 2893:Geodynamics 2867:Geothermics 2239:Tiwi, Albay 2231:Philippines 2225:Philippines 2139:Switzerland 2129:as part of 2127:earthquakes 2113:, Germany, 1883:Development 1682:, and some 1448:Guadeloupe 1288:El Salvador 1151:New Zealand 1117:Philippines 1077:geothermal 1075:% of global 1072:production 872:El Salvador 820:New Zealand 768:Philippines 716:New Zealand 712:Philippines 704:El Salvador 613:hot springs 542:(3·10 504:net power. 498:The Geysers 463:greenhouses 403:Aquae Sulis 396:times. The 394:Paleolithic 390:Hot springs 383:Qin dynasty 313:Paleolithic 309:hot springs 204:Tidal power 194:Solar power 162:Small hydro 152:Micro hydro 6564:Categories 6513:Extraction 6472:Wilderness 6433:accounting 6416:Management 6382:ecological 6370:tragedy of 6289:Peak water 6274:Efficiency 6247:Sanitation 6189:Stormwater 6182:harvesting 6158:Irrigation 6060:management 6018:gene banks 5959:management 5937:management 5853:resilience 5819:phosphorus 5775:industrial 5753:Management 5729:soundscape 5635:Geothermal 5419:production 5264:Protective 5195:Super grid 5190:Smart grid 5017:Generation 4951:Geothermal 4842:Repowering 4431:By country 4325:2023-08-07 4307:2023-08-07 4261:2013-10-09 4238:2022-05-29 4128:2022-05-29 3998:2022-08-05 3974:2022-08-05 3945:2013-04-24 3838:2010-01-17 3805:2010-01-17 3777:2009-06-02 3741:2022-07-23 3702:: 102433. 3661:2024-04-06 3618:2024-03-21 3554:2009-10-17 3509:2024-02-10 3481:2024-02-11 3456:2023-11-29 3344:2024-01-21 3312:2015-04-27 3091:2007-02-07 3040:2009-05-09 2926:2021-07-05 2852:2009-11-05 2805:2009-04-13 2686:2009-04-12 2655:2010-01-17 2628:2023-08-07 2586:2009-04-16 2544:2009-11-01 2508:2020-10-04 2483:2009-04-06 2436:2021-02-02 2415:2021-06-25 2410:Energy.gov 2364:References 2161:Production 2155:wind farms 2107:Subsidence 1964:isopentane 1840:break-even 1351:Guatemala 1306:Nicaragua 1256:Costa Rica 944:Guatemala 898:Costa Rica 624:hot spring 445:system in 436:Larderello 428:boric acid 343:geothermal 221:Wind power 216:Wave power 157:Pico hydro 147:Hydropower 62:Salton Sea 6585:Volcanism 6523:Renewable 6508:Depletion 6495:Conflict 6377:Economics 6355:enclosure 6314:Resources 6294:Pollution 6211:Watershed 6114:pollution 6045:Seed bank 6040:Rangeland 5922:Fisheries 5907:Biosphere 5900:biopiracy 5843:fertility 5719:cityscape 5714:Landscape 5621:peak coal 5608:Resources 5559:Emissions 5327:Economics 5050:Micro CHP 4928:Renewable 4911:Petroleum 4906:Oil shale 4792:Grid code 4752:Base load 4623:Base load 4516:Lithuania 4491:Indonesia 4441:Australia 4123:134654953 4078:0375-6505 3880:133813028 3716:0375-6505 3155:15 August 3116:: 00006. 2768:206547980 2194:talk page 2119:anhydrite 2061:acid rain 1918:Reykjavik 1802:megawatts 1755:Economics 1707:proppants 1555:Australia 1501:Australia 1101:Indonesia 1042:Thailand 1030:Australia 781:Indonesia 723:renewable 689:gigawatts 594:terawatts 523:Resources 492:In 1960, 438:, Italy. 336:megawatts 60:near the 6549:Category 6482:Resource 6421:adaptive 6319:improved 6279:Conflict 6264:Security 6259:Scarcity 6252:improved 6242:Leaching 6119:recharge 6099:Drinking 6050:Wildlife 5917:Bushmeat 5912:Bushfood 5865:planning 5770:gemstone 5765:Minerals 5746:property 5734:viewshed 5724:seascape 5655:sunlight 5629:peak oil 5625:peak gas 5450:Category 5237:Brownout 5025:AC power 4735:Concepts 4668:Portals: 4662:Category 4536:Portugal 4471:Ethiopia 3926:30238608 3828:IGA News 2760:23704561 2291:See also 2188:You may 2100:antimony 1956:Wairakei 1949:Wairakei 1703:fracking 1488:Austria 1475:Ethiopia 1461:Croatia 1408:Portugal 1393:Honduras 1060:Country 1018:Austria 993:Ethiopia 956:Portugal 746:Country 560:Cornwall 6350:Commons 6339:Related 6304:Quality 6220:Aspects 6146:glacial 6087:Aquifer 5993:Pasture 5944:Forests 5870:reserve 5645:Nuclear 5615: ( 5571:Trading 5566:Airshed 5266:devices 4976:Thermal 4971:Osmotic 4966:Current 4946:Biomass 4936:Biofuel 4918:Nuclear 4875:Sources 4556:Ukraine 4541:Romania 4511:Lebanon 4486:Iceland 4481:Hungary 4476:Germany 4461:Denmark 4437:Armenia 4212:May 29, 4187:May 29, 4058:Bibcode 4023:Bibcode 3918:9294245 3295:Bibcode 3118:Bibcode 2984:Bibcode 2950:Bibcode 2740:Bibcode 2732:Science 2432:. 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