George Whitefield - Knowledge

1008: 55: 321:'s book, The Life of God in the Soul of Man, that Whitfield says opened his eyes to the Gospel and led to his conversion. It was that book he says, that God used to show him that he was still lost despite all his attempts to gain the favor of God by means of good works. Only by God's grace can a person realize they have offended God and their need for Jesus Christ, God's Son, and His righteousness imputed to them by faith. Henry Scougal's book showed him the need for a man to be born of God from above, and that this is a supernatural work of the Holy Spirit creating a new heart and a new nature within that wants to serve God, not in order to be saved, but because one has been graciously and undeservedly saved. In 1736, after Whitfield's conversion, the 1117: 1064:, one of Anglicanism's most popular spiritual tracts. At least once Whitefield had his followers burn the tract "with great Detestation". In England and Scotland (1741–1744), Whitefield bitterly accused John Wesley of undermining his work. He preached against Wesley, arguing that Wesley's attacks on predestination had alienated "very many of my spiritual children". Wesley replied that Whitefield's attacks were "treacherous" and that Whitefield had made himself "odious and contemptible". However, the two reconciled in later life. Along with Wesley, Whitefield had been influenced by the Moravian Church, but in 1753 he condemned them and attacked their leader, Count 737:

Franklin. True loyalty based on genuine affection, coupled with a high value placed on friendship, helped their association grow stronger over time. Letters exchanged between Franklin and Whitefield can be found at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. These letters document the creation of an orphanage for boys named the Charity School. In 1749, Franklin chose the Whitefield meeting house, with its Charity School, to be purchased as the site of the newly-formed Academy of Philadelphia which opened in 1751, followed in 1755 with the College of Philadelphia, both the predecessors of the

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legalized for the prosperity of the colony as well as for the financial viability of the Bethesda Orphanage. "Had Negroes been allowed" to live in Georgia, he said, "I should now have had a sufficiency to support a great many orphans without expending above half the sum that has been laid out." Whitefield's push for the legalization of slave emigration in to Georgia "cannot be explained solely on the basics of economics". It was also his hope for their adoption and for their eternal salvation.

525: 1275:, a Glasgow friend, published a memoir and six volumes of works, comprising three volumes of letters, a volume of tracts, and two volumes of sermons. Another collection of sermons was published just before he left London for the last time in 1769. These were disowned by Whitefield and Gillies, who tried to buy all copies and pulp them. They had been taken down in shorthand, but Whitefield said that they made him say nonsense on occasion. These sermons were included in a 19th-century volume, 342: 5204: 1020: 826:

burden" to him. In 1743 after four miscarriages, Elizabeth bore the couple's only child, a son. The baby died at four months old. Twenty-five years later, Elizabeth died of a fever on 9 August 1768 and was buried in a vault at the Tottenham Court Road Chapel. At the end of the 19th century the Chapel needed restoration and all those interred there, except Augustus Toplady, were moved to Chingford Mount cemetery in north London; her grave is unmarked in its new location.

5180: 865: 278: 293:. Whitefield was the fifth son (seventh and last child) of Thomas Whitefield and Elizabeth Edwards, who kept an inn at Gloucester. His father died when he was only two years old, and he helped his mother with the inn. At an early age, he found that he had a passion and talent for acting in the theatre, a passion that he would carry on with the very theatrical re-enactments of Bible stories he told during his sermons. He was educated at 5168: 684:

house, Franklin walked away towards his shop in Market Street until he could no longer hear Whitefield distinctly—Whitefield could be heard over 500 feet. He then estimated his distance from Whitefield and calculated the area of a semicircle centred on Whitefield. Allowing two square feet per person he computed that Whitefield could be heard by over 30,000 people in the open air. After one of Whitefield's sermons, Franklin noted the:

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using his preaching to raise money to house them. Whitefield became "perhaps the most energetic, and conspicuous, evangelical defender and practitioner of the rights of black people". By propagating such "a theological defense for" black residency, Whitefield helped slaveholders prosper. Upon his death, Whitefield left everything in the orphanage to the Countess of Huntingdon. This included 4,000 acres of land and 49 black slaves.

5192: 1283:. An edition of the journals, in one volume, was edited by William Wale in 1905. This was reprinted with additional material in 1960 by the Banner of Truth Trust. It lacks the Bermuda journal entries found in Gillies' biography and the quotes from manuscript journals found in 19th-century biographies. A comparison of this edition with the original 18th-century publications shows numerous omissions—some minor and a few major. 4481: 1133:

appeals to emotion, his openly judging those he considered unconverted, and his demand for instant conversions". Whitefield refused to discuss Edwards' misgivings with him. Later, Edwards delivered a series of sermons containing but "thinly veiled critiques" of Whitefield's preaching, "warning against over-dependence upon a preacher's eloquence and fervency". During Whitefield's 1744–1748 visit to America, ten critical

134: 1184:, inciting an attack by "hundreds and hundreds of papists" who cursed and wounded him severely and smashed his portable pulpit. On various occasions, a woman assaulted Whitefield with "scissors and a pistol, and her teeth". "Stones and dead cats" were thrown at him. A man almost killed him with a brass-headed cane. "Another climbed a tree to urinate on him." In 1760, Whitefield was burlesqued by 1257:. His voice was so expressive that people are said to have wept just hearing him allude to "Mesopotamia". His journals, originally intended only for private circulation, were first published by Thomas Cooper. James Hutton then published a version with Whitefield's approval. His exuberant and "too apostolical" language were criticised; his journals were no longer published after 1741. 1203:"thinking of your Ladyship's condescending to patronize such a dead dog as I am". He now said that he "highly esteemed bishops of the Church of England because of their sacred character". He confessed that in "many things" he had "judged and acted wrong" and had "been too bitter in my zeal". In 1763, in a defense of Methodism, Whitefield "repeated contrition for much contained in his 979:, final perseverance, and sanctification, but were reconciled as friends and co-workers, each going his own way. It is a prevailing misconception that Whitefield was not primarily an organizer like Wesley. However, as Luke Tyerman, a historian of Wesley, states, "It is notable that the first Calvinistic Methodist Association was held eighteen months before Wesley held his first 548:, he developed a style of preaching that elicited emotional responses from his audiences. But Whitefield had charisma, and his loud voice, his small stature, and even his cross-eyed appearance (which some people took as a mark of divine favor) all served to help make him one of the first celebrities in the American colonies. Like Edwards, Whitefield preached staunchly 5156: 832:, who for a time lived with the Whitefields, observed of Whitefield, "He was not happy in his wife." And, "He did not intentionally make his wife unhappy. He always preserved great decency and decorum in his conduct towards her. Her death set his mind much at liberty." After Elizabeth's death, however, Whitfield said, “I feel the loss of my right hand daily.” 1113:. When they demanded and Whitefield refused that he preach only in their churches, they attacked him as a "sorcerer" and a "vain-glorious, self-seeking, puffed-up creature". In addition, Whitefield's collecting money for his Bethesda orphanage, combined with the hysteria evoked by his open-air sermons, resulted in bitter attacks in Edinburgh and Glasgow." 822:"I believe it is God's will that I should marry", George Whitefield wrote to a friend in 1740. But he was concerned: "I pray God that I may not have a wife till I can live as though I had none." That ambivalence—believing God willed a wife, yet wanting to live as if without one—brought Whitefield a disappointing love life and a largely unhappy marriage. 630:. However, defenses of slavery were common among 18th-century Protestants, especially missionaries who used the institution to emphasize God's providence. Whitefield was at first conflicted about slaves. He believed that they were human and was angered that they were treated as "subordinate creatures". Nevertheless, Whitefield and his friend 1268:, covering the period from his ordination to his first voyage to Georgia. In 1756, a vigorously edited version of his journals and autobiographical accounts was published. Whitefield was "profoundly image-conscious". His writings were "intended to convey Whitefield and his life as a model for biblical ethics ... , as humble and pious". 1132:

who had ordained him for a settled ministry in Georgia. Whitefield replied that if bishops did not authorize his itinerant preaching, God would give him the authority. In 1740, Jonathan Edwards invited Whitefield to preach in his church in Northampton. Edwards was "deeply disturbed by his unqualified

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English, Scottish, and American clergy attacked Whitefield, often in response to his attacks on them and Anglicanism. Early in his career, Whitefield criticized the Church of England. In response, clergy called Whitefield one of "the young quacks in divinity" who are "breaking the peace and unity" of

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announcing his sermons. He also arranged to have his sermons published. Much of Whitefield's publicity was the work of William Seward, a wealthy layman who accompanied Whitefield. Seward acted as Whitefield's "fund-raiser, business co-ordinator, and publicist". He furnished newspapers and booksellers

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To Whitefield "the gospel message was so critically important that he felt compelled to use all earthly means to get the word out." Thanks to widespread dissemination of print media, perhaps half of all colonists eventually heard about, read about, or read something written by Whitefield. He employed

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colonial America. Harry S. Stout refers to him as a "divine dramatist" and ascribes his success to the theatrical sermons which laid foundations to a new form of pulpit oratory. Whitefield's "Abraham Offering His Son Isaac" is an example of a sermon whose whole structure resembles a theatrical play.

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In an age when crossing the Atlantic Ocean was a long and hazardous adventure, he visited America seven times, making 13 ocean crossings in total. (He died in America.) It is estimated that throughout his life, he preached more than 18,000 formal sermons, of which 78 have been published. In addition

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Whitefield left almost £1,500 (equivalent to £263,000 in 2023) to friends and family. Furthermore, he had deposited £1,000 (equivalent to £175,000 in 2023) for his wife if he predeceased her and had contributed £3,300 (equivalent to £578,000 in 2023) to the Bethesda Orphanage. "Questions

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On 14 November 1741 Whitefield married Elizabeth (née Gwynne), a widow previously known as Elizabeth James. After their 1744–1748 stay in America, she never accompanied him on his travels. Whitefield reflected that "none in America could bear her". His wife believed that she had been "but a load and

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and was greatly impressed with Whitefield's ability to deliver a message to such a large group. Franklin had previously dismissed as exaggeration reports of Whitefield preaching to crowds of the order of tens of thousands in England. When listening to Whitefield preaching from the Philadelphia court

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Whitefield chastised other clergy for teaching only "the shell and shadow of religion" because they did not hold the necessity of a new birth, without which a person would be "thrust down into Hell". In his 1740–41 visit to North America (as he had done in England), he attacked other clergy (mostly

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in the young colony of Georgia in 1735. In 1747, Whitefield attributed the financial woes of his Bethesda Orphanage to Georgia's prohibition of black people in the colony. He argued that "the constitution of that colony is very bad, and it is impossible for the inhabitants to subsist" while blacks

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George Whitefield was probably the most famous religious figure of the eighteenth century. Newspapers called him the 'marvel of the age'. Whitefield was a preacher capable of commanding thousands on two continents through the sheer power of his oratory. In his lifetime, he preached at least 18,000

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Black slaves were permitted to live in Georgia in 1751. Whitefield saw the "legalization of (black residency) as part personal victory and part divine will". Whitefield argued a scriptural justification for black residency as slaves. He increased the number of the black children at his orphanage,

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influence, with a wholesome atmosphere and strong discipline. Having raised the money by his preaching, Whitefield "insisted on sole control of the orphanage". He refused to give the trustees a financial accounting. The trustees also objected to Whitefield's using "a wrong method" to control the

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but unlike Whitefield was not an evangelical. He admired Whitefield as a fellow intellectual, and published several of his tracts, but thought Whitefield's plan to run an orphanage in Georgia would lose money. A lifelong close friendship developed between the revivalist preacher and the worldly

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Between 1748 and 1750, Whitefield campaigned for the legalisation of African-American emigration into the colony because the trustees of Georgia had banned slavery. Whitefield argued that the colony would never be prosperous unless slaves were allowed to farm the land. Whitefield wanted slavery

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and fellow-commoners; duties including teaching them in the morning, helping them bathe, cleaning their rooms, carrying their books, and assisting them with work. But, Whitfield would later confess that though he did good works and tried to obey the law of God, he was not yet truly converted to

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Historical Collections of Georgia: Containing the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, Etc., Relating to Its History and Antiquities, from Its First Settlement to the Present Time; Compiled from Original Records and Official Documents; Illustrated by Nearly One

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emotion. Whitefield was a "passionate preacher" who often "shed tears". Underlying this was his conviction that genuine religion "engaged the heart, not just the head". In his preaching, Whitefield used rhetorical ploys that were characteristic of theater, an artistic medium largely unknown in

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Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, made Whitefield her personal chaplain. In her chapel, it was noted that his preaching was "more Considered among persons of a Superior Rank" who attended the countess's services. Whitefield was humble before the countess saying that he cried when he was

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Many New Englanders claimed that Whitefield destroyed "New England's orderly parish system, communities, and even families". The "Declaration of the Association of the County of New Haven, 1745" stated that after Whitefield's preaching "religion is now in a far worse state than it was". After

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In 1740, during his second visit to America, Whitefield published "an open letter to the planters of South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland" chastising them for their cruelty to their slaves. He wrote, "I think God has a Quarrel with you for your Abuse of and Cruelty to the poor Negroes."

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wonderful ... change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seem'd as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every

1088:"blasphemous" and accused Whitefield of being "besotted either with pride or madness". In England, by 1739 when he was ordained priest, Whitefield wrote that "the spirit of the clergy began to be much embittered" and that "churches were gradually denied me". In response to Whitefield's 1145:. This criticism was in part evoked by Whitefield's criticism of "their education and Christian commitment" in his Journal of 1741. Whitefield saw this opposition as "a conspiracy" against him. Whitefield would be derided with names such as "Dr. Squintum", mocking him for his 381:

which had been founded by John Wesley while he was in Savannah. While there Whitefield decided that one of the great needs of the area was an orphan house. He decided this would be his life's work. In 1739 he returned to England to raise funds, as well as to receive priest's

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Furthermore, Whitefield wrote: "Your dogs are caressed and fondled at your tables; but your slaves who are frequently styled dogs or beasts, have not an equal privilege." However, Whitefield "stopped short of rendering a moral judgment on slavery itself as an institution".

433:. However, Whitefield finally did what his friends hoped he would not do—hand over the entire ministry to John Wesley. Whitefield formed and was the president of the first Methodist conference, but he soon relinquished the position to concentrate on evangelical work. 840:

In 1770, the 55-year-old Whitefield continued preaching in spite of poor health. He said, "I would rather wear out than rust out." His last sermon was preached in a field "atop a large barrel". The next morning, 30 September 1770, Whitefield died in the parsonage of

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have been characterized as "the ideal vehicle for crafting a public image that could work in his absence." They depicted Whitefield in the "best possible light". When he returned to America for his third tour in 1745, he was better known than when he had left.

1469:"A letter to the Reverend Dr. Durell, vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford; occasioned by a late expulsion of six students from Edmund-Hall. / By George Whitefield, M.A. late of Pembroke-College, Oxford; and Chaplain to the Countess of Huntingdon" 361:

in his home town of Gloucester, a week after his ordination as deacon. The Church of England did not assign him a church, so he began preaching in parks and fields in England on his own, reaching out to people who normally did not attend church.

1096:, published a 1739 pastoral letter criticizing Whitefield. Whitefield responded by labelling Anglican clergy as "lazy, non-spiritual, and pleasure seeking". He rejected ecclesiastical authority claiming that 'the whole world is now my parish'. 1169:, a local newspaper article attacked him as "blasphemous, uncharitable, and unreasonable." After Whitefield condemned Moravians and their practices, his former London printer (a Moravian) called Whitefield "a Mahomet, a Caesar, an imposter, a 2274: 1252:

Whitefield's sermons were widely reputed to inspire his audience's devotion. Many of them, as well as his letters and journals, were published during his lifetime. He was an excellent orator as well, strong in voice and adept at

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On the left is an illustration for Whitefield's memoirs, while on the right is a cartoon satirizing the circus-like atmosphere that his preaching seemed to attract (Dr. Squintum was a nickname for Whitefield, who was

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Divinity schools opened to challenge the hegemony of Yale and Harvard; personal experience became more important than formal education for preachers. Such concepts and habits formed a necessary foundation for the

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Among the nobility who heard Whitefield in the Countess of Huntingdon's home was Lady Townshend. Regarding the changes in Whitefield, someone asked Lady Townshend, "Pray, madam, is it true that Whitefield has

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Whitefield was a plantation owner and slaveholder and viewed the work of slaves as essential for funding his orphanage's operations. John Wesley denounced slavery as "the sum of all villainies" and detailed

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congregation"—a gathering of 10,000 people—at a place now known as "Whitefield's tump". Whitefield sought to influence the colonies after he returned to England. He contracted to have his autobiographical

983:." He was a man of profound experience, which he communicated to audiences with clarity and passion. His patronization by Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, reflected this emphasis on practice. 902:, is named after Whitefield. When the act by the Georgia General Assembly was written to create the county, the "e" was omitted from the spelling of the name to reflect the pronunciation of the name. 3256:

A Caution against Enthusiasm. Being the second part of the late Bishop of London's fourth Pastoral Letter. [A criticism of passages from the Journal of George Whitefield.] A new edition

1047:, suspended him as a "vagabond clergyman." After being suspended, Whitefield attacked all South Carolina's Anglican clergy in print. Whitefield issued a blanket indictment of New England's 1105:. These attacks resulted in hostile responses and reduced attendance at his London open-air preaching. In 1741, Whitefield made his first visit to Scotland at the invitation of "Ralph and 1244:. Whitefield's preaching bolstered "the evolving republican ideology that sought local democratic control of civil affairs and freedom from monarchial and parliamentary intrusion." 749:

on the University of Pennsylvania campus. On 2 July 2020, the University of Pennsylvania announced they would be removing the statue because of Whitefield's connection to slavery.

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and his preaching comprised the "two-fold task" that occupied the rest of his life. On 25 March 1740, construction began. Whitefield wanted the orphanage to be a place of strong

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is "to affect religious or pietistic phraseology, especially as a matter of fashion or profession; to talk unreally or hypocritically with an affectation of goodness or piety".

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concerning the source of his personal wealth dogged his memory. His will stated that all this money had lately been left him 'in a most unexpected way and unthought of means.'"

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for his views. After he attacked the established church he predicted that he would "be set at nought by the Rabbies of our Church, and perhaps at last be killed by them".

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Beginning in 1740, Whitefield preached nearly every day for months to large crowds as large as eighty thousand people as he travelled throughout the colonies, especially

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Schlenther, Boyd Stanley (2010) . "Whitefield, George (1714–1770)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29281 (2004).

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Whitefield welcomed opposition because as he said, "the more I am opposed, the more joy I feel". He proved himself adept at creating controversy. In his 1740 visit to

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Whitefield is remembered as one of the first to preach to slaves. Some have claimed that the Bethesda Orphanage "set an example of humane treatment" of black people.

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church and "the congregation's response was dismal," he ascribed the response to "the people's being hardened" as were "Pharaoh and the Egyptians" in the Bible.

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Koch, Philippa (2015). "Slavery, Mission, and the Perils of Providence in Eighteenth-Century Christianity: The Writings of Whitefield and the Halle Pietists".

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in 1742—two journeys to Ireland, and one each to Bermuda, Gibraltar, and the Netherlands. In England and Wales, Whitefield's itinerary included every county.

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theology that was in line with the "moderate Calvinism" of the Thirty-nine Articles. While explicitly affirming God's sole agency in salvation, Whitefield

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Stout|first=Harry S. |title=The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism|year=1991|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing

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Whitefield prepared a new installment in 1744–45, but it was not published until 1938. 19th-century biographies generally refer to his earlier work,

3380: 1643: 2222: 2226: 3297: 5234: 5374: 4747: 3002:"Without A Few Negroes": George Whitefield, James Habersham, and Bethesda Orphan House In the Story of Legalizing Slavery In Colonial Georgia 390:, outside Bristol, in the open air. Because he was returning to Georgia he invited John Wesley to take over his Bristol congregations and to 4732: 5384: 970: 1524: 261:

Whitefield received widespread recognition during his ministry; he preached at least 18,000 times to perhaps ten million listeners in the

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In 1740, Whitefield published attacks on "the works of two of Anglicanism's revered seventeenth-century authors". Whitefield wrote that

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Kenney, William Howland, III. ″Alexander Garden and George Whitefield: The Significance of Revivalism in South Carolina 1738–1741″.

746: 1058:, archbishop of Canterbury (1691–1694), had "no more been a true Christian than had Muhammad". He also attacked Richard Allestree's 4668: 2564: 995:, it "took Whitefield only four days to plunge Charles Town into religious and social controversy." Whitefield thought he might be 627: 580:

When Whitefield returned to England in 1742, an estimated crowd of 20–30,000 met him. One such open-air congregation took place on

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Because business at the inn had diminished, Whitefield did not have the means to pay for his tuition. He therefore came up to the

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Scribner, Vaughn (2016). "Transatlantic Actors: The Intertwining Stages of George Whitefield and Lewis Hallam Sr., 1739–1756".

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The Illustrated History of Methodism in Great Britain, America, and Australia: From the Days of the Wesleys to the Present Time

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Corbett, P. Scott; Precht, Jay; Janssen, Volker; Lund, John M.; Pfannestiel, Todd; Vickery, Paul; Waskiewicz, Sylvie (2014).

465: 453: 54: 5324: 5314: 4810: 2115:"Penn announces plans to remove statue of George Whitefield and forms working group to study campus names and iconography" 4752: 3061: 1508: 358: 3197: 1294:. Wesley composed a hymn in 1739, "Hark, how all the welkin rings"; Whitefield revised the opening couplet in 1758 for " 5399: 5244: 4387: 4310: 4072: 2290: 3880: 936:

He "was the first internationally famous itinerant preacher and the first modern transatlantic celebrity of any kind."

269:. He used the technique of evoking strong emotion, then using the vulnerability of his enthralled audience to preach. 5269: 4687: 4133: 3953:

Memoirs of the Rev. George Whitefield: to which is appended an extensive collection of his sermons and other writings

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similar to Whitefield's was taught. Many of Selina's chapels were built in the English and Welsh counties, and one,

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Catholic Spirit: Wesley, Whitefield, and the Quest for Evangelical Unity in Eighteenth Century British Methodism

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Ruttenburg, Nancy (1993). "George Whitefield, Spectacular Conversion, and the Rise of Democratic Personality".

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John Wesley and George Whitefield in Scotland: Or, the Influence of the Oxford Methodists on Scottish Religion

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When Benjamin Franklin Met the Reverend Whitefield: Enlightenment, Revival, and the Power of the Printed Word

545: 448:—all three of which became known by the name of "Whitefield's Tabernacle". The society meeting at the second 445: 286: 181: 105: 73: 3277: 745:

was located in the Dormitory Quadrangle, standing in front of the Morris and Bodine sections of the present

265:. Whitefield could enthrall large audiences through a potent combination of drama, religious eloquence, and 5299: 5184: 4661: 4264: 4046: 1295: 3552:

Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History

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In the First Great Awakening, rather than listening demurely to preachers, people groaned and roared in

258:. His methods were controversial, and he engaged in numerous debates and disputes with other clergymen. 5264: 5146: 4974: 4968: 3458: 2390: 2216: 992: 869: 846: 738: 713: 541: 235: 101: 5259: 5111: 4712: 4504: 4125: 1044: 905: 899: 430: 133: 4210:

Lambert, Frank (1990). "Pedlar in Divinity': George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 1737–1745".

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The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire

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In terms of theology, Whitefield, unlike Wesley, was a supporter of Calvinism. The two differed on

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Preaching Politics: The Religious Rhetoric of George Whitefield and the Founding of a New Nation

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to his work in North America and England, he made 15 journeys to Scotland—most famously to the "

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George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival

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George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival

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Seventh voyage to America. Wintered in Georgia, then travelled to New England where he died.

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Men of One Book: A Comparison of Two Methodist Preachers, John Wesley and George Whitefield

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Whitefield's endeavour to build an orphanage in Georgia was central to his preaching. The

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George Whitefield: God's Anointed Servant in the Great Revival of the Enlightened Century

1241: 1166: 1065: 374: 220:, with whom he would work closely in his later ministry. Unlike the Wesleys, he embraced 3276: 2943: 5106: 4880: 4870: 4826: 4646: 4602: 4227: 3738: 3730: 3693: 3637: 3537: 3424: 3355: 1158: 1138: 1125: 635: 395: 391: 239: 5051: 5010: 4801: 4707: 4592: 4446: 4355: 4328: 4306: 4291: 4279: 4254: 4250: 4200: 4170: 4147: 4129: 4106: 4076: 4050: 4012: 3993: 3974: 3936: 3909: 3871:

The Great Anti-Awakening: Anti-revivalism in Philadelphia and Charles Town, 1739–1745

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Second voyage to America. Established Bethesda Orphan House. Preached in New England.

676: 370: 330: 251: 232: 231:

degree. He immediately began preaching, but he did not settle as the minister of any

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Lam, George L.; Smith, Warren H. (1944). "Two Rival Editions of George Whitefield's

312:, the lowest rank of undergraduates. Granted free tuition, he acted as a servant to 5160: 4742: 4737: 4466: 4383:(Grand Rapids, Michigan: Francis Asbury Press of Zondervan Publishing House, 1986). 4347: 4219: 3768: 3714: 3677: 3656: 3621: 3408: 2197: 1106: 1019: 829: 665: 573: 500:

from Georgia to build an orphanage for negro children on land he had bought in the

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50 People Every Christian Should Know: Learning from Spiritual Giants of the Faith

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Inventing George Whitefield: Race, Revivalism, and the Making of a Religious Icon

3496: 3333: 3254: 3070: 3011: 2705: 1682:"Welcome to Moravian Historical Society, Your family's place to discover history" 1181: 1142: 1110: 631: 497: 414: 378: 109: 2361: 939:"Perhaps he was the greatest evangelical preacher that the world has ever seen." 5196: 5041: 5025: 4943: 4893: 4787: 4782: 4143: 4060: 3660: 3439:

Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770

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George Whitefield at Old South Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts

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The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America

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Eyes to Wonder, Tongue to Praise: Volume in Honour of Professor Marta Gibińska

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16 December] 1714 – 30 September 1770), also known as

30:"George Whitfield" redirects here. For the American football quarterback, see 5218: 5066: 5061: 4963: 4933: 4928: 4918: 4629: 4624: 4550: 4418: 4038: 3752:

The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism

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Stein, Stephen J. (2009). "George Whitefield on Slavery: Some New Evidence".

3689: 3633: 3533: 3420: 3250: 1093: 1032: 537: 501: 341: 318: 60: 4486: 2920: 1076:, Whitefield retorted that Trapp was "no Christian but a servant of Satan". 4938: 4913: 4848: 4836: 4641: 4242:

The Accidental Revolutionary: George Whitefield and the Creation of America

3881:"George Whitefield's Bethesda: the Orphanage, the College, and the Library" 3034:

Beloved Bethesda: A History of George Whitefield's Home for Boys, 1740–2000

1811:"VCH Gloucestershire, Volume 11 - Minchinhampton: Protestant nonconformity" 1434: 1185: 1069: 868:

George Whitefield's grave in the crypt of Old South Presbyterian Church in

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The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys

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The Rhetoric of the Revival: The Language of the Great Awakening Preachers

3000: 1264:(1740), which covered his life up to his ordination. In 1747 he published 1220: 702: 4948: 4865: 4567: 4562: 4452: 4246: 3989: 3808: 3681: 3473: 1170: 1012: 614: 533: 426: 410: 383: 213: 189: 1681: 864: 4831: 4727: 4231: 3734: 3541: 3282: 3217: 3193: 3169: 1287: 1266:

A Further Account of God's Dealings with the Reverend George Whitefield

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played an important role in the reintroduction of slavery to Georgia.

544:, was at that time the longest in North America ever documented. Like 4527: 4094: 3099: 2007: 1262:

A Short Account of God's Dealings with the Reverend George Whitefield

1146: 1023: 933:"He also indelibly marked the character of evangelical Christianity." 729: 549: 221: 209: 193: 4223: 3718: 3649:

Schlenther, Boyd Stanley (2010) . "Whitefield, George (1714–1770)".

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In 1740, Whitefield had attacked Tillotson and Richard Allestree's

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The Revivals of the Eighteenth Century: particularly at Cambuslang

3228:. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group. pp. 63–66. 3222:"George Whitefield: Sensational Evangelist of Britain and America" 5167: 4587: 4284:

Forgotten Founding Father: The Heroic Legacy of George Whitefield

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Diane Severance and Dan Graves, "Whitefield's Bethesda Orphanage"

857:

of this church. A bust of Whitefield is in the collection of the

493:

children, who "are often kept praying and crying all the night".

4458:

George Whitefield preaches to 3000 in Stonehouse Gloucestershire

4449:– Project to publish a complete edition of Whitefield's Journals 2714: 4290:: Cumberland House Publishing (acquired by Sourcebooks), 2001. 4162: 3966: 3381:"George Whitefield's troubled relationship to race and slavery" 2560:"Cambridge, George Owen (1736–1739) (CCEd Person ID 38535)" 2363:

Sermons of George Whitefield that have never yet been reprinted

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Lesson plan on George Whitefield and the First Great Awakening

3198:"Slaveholding Evangelist: Whitefield's Troubling Mix of Views" 2187:"Whitefield, George (1714–1770), Calvinistic Methodist leader" 436:

Three churches were established in England in his name—one in

289:

16 December] 1714 at the Bell Inn, Southgate Street,

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Tyson, John R. (2011). "Lady Huntingdon, religion and race".

2772: 2291:"Whitefield's Curious Love Life | Christian History Magazine" 2276:

Select Reviews of Literature, and Spirit of Foreign Magazines

2162: 1882: 850: 561: 556:, saying at the end of his sermons: "Come poor, lost, undone 4496: 4042: 3013:

The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin

1938: 1936: 1743: 154: 1899: 1897: 577:

with material, including copies of Whitefield's writings.

3780:

Walsh, Robert; Littell, Eliakim; Smith, John Jay (1833).

3150:. Methodist Book Concern – via Phillips & Hunt. 2736:. Oxford University Press, March 2016. Web. 1 April 2016. 2049: 1492: 1490: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1342: 1340: 1041:

St. Philip's Episcopal Church, Charleston, South Carolina

1031:

Anglican) calling them "God's persecutors". He said that

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Letter to George Whitefield; Philadelphia, June 17, 1753

1933: 1575: 1551: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 3822:

White, Eryn M. (2011). "Whitefield, Wesley and Wales".

2784: 2529: 2505: 2371: 2013: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1894: 1791: 1173:, a devil, the beast, the man of sin, the Antichrist". 1080:

the church. From 1738 to 1741, Whitefield issued seven

768:

First voyage to America, Spent three months in Georgia.

732:

and approved of Whitefield's appeal to members of many

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George Whitefield: America's Spiritual Founding Father

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The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835

2073:. American Philosophical Society Library. 7 April 1882 2008:"On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield. 1770" 1613: 1487: 1337: 964: 671: 468:, whose chapels were built by Selina, where a form of 5144: 2662: 2650: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2141:"The Life of George Whitefield: A Timeline 1714–1770" 1909: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1755: 1364: 1120:

A 1763 British political cartoon decrying Whitefield.

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minister and preacher who was one of the founders of

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print systematically, sending advance men to put up

172: 169: 160: 4356:"What Should We Think of Evangelism and Calvinism?" 3591:Pokojska, Agnieszka; Romanowska, Agnieszka (2012). 2864: 2481: 2308: 2025: 1860: 1858: 1779: 1767: 1563: 1517: 1352: 926:, pp. 260–263 summarizes Whitefield's legacy. 151: 3783:The Museum of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art 3590: 3354: 3298:"A Mere Civil Friendship: Franklin and Whitefield" 3091: 2766: 2739: 2686: 2603: 2517: 2185: 2145: 1977: 1965: 1870: 1836: 1539: 401:Whitefield, like many other 18th century Anglican 4035:Five Great Evangelists: Preachers of Real Revival 4007:——— (2010), Lee, Gatiss (ed.), 3901: 3779: 2720: 1888: 5216: 3950:Whitefield, George (1853), Gillies, John (ed.), 3267:The Life and Travels of George Whitefield, M. A. 2674: 1921: 1855: 1449: 849:, and was buried, according to his wishes, in a 5355:People educated at The Crypt School, Gloucester 4184:, Vol. 71, No. 1 (January 1970), pp. 1–16. 1039:, or an Infidel". After Whitefield preached at 584:, Gloucestershire. Whitefield preached to the " 4429:Biographies, Articles, and Books on Whitefield 4065:Force of Fantasy: Restoring the American Dream 3902:Yrigoyen, Charles; Daugherty, Ruth A. (1999). 3463:. Edinburgh: Johnstone and Hunter. p. 65. 3442:. Princeton University Press. pp. 77–84. 3291:. Vol. 61. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 808:Sixth voyage to America. Travelled east coast. 345:Whitefield had what is known as a “lazy eye” ( 281:The Old Bell Inn, Southgate Street, Gloucester 4512: 4157:Hammond, Geordan and Jones, David Ceri(eds), 1279:, along with the "approved" sermons from the 986: 655: 285:Whitefield was born on 27 December [ 4159:George Whitefield: Life, Context, and Legacy 4116:Gibson, William and Morgan-Guy, John (eds), 3824:Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 2981:Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints 2221:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2196:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1011:Whitefield had a strained relationship with 872:, between Jonathan Parsons and Joseph Prince 394:for the first time at Kingswood and then at 227:Whitefield was ordained after receiving his 5350:Methodist missionaries in the United States 1461: 1026:of Whitefield after James Moore, after 1751 5390:Protestant missionaries in the Netherlands 5240:18th-century English Christian theologians 4519: 4505: 4006: 3983: 3949: 3888:Proceedings of the Library History Seminar 3648: 3611: 2778: 2225:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2010:bartleby.com. Accessed September 15, 2022. 1749: 1509:Mills, Frederick V., "George Whitefield", 1427: 1421: 1313: 1311: 760:Timeline of Whitefield's travel to America 53: 5340:History of Methodism in the United States 5295:English Calvinist and Reformed Christians 4342:George Whitefield and the Great Awakening 4140:George Whitefield: A Definitive Biography 3456: 3263: 3129:. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books. 3124: 3089: 2884:"The Works of George Whitefield Journals" 2710:. Partridge and Oakey. 1850. p. 310. 2707:The Countess of Huntingdon's New Magazine 2499: 2377: 2168: 1942: 1797: 1496: 1319:"George Whitefield: Methodist evangelist" 712:that formerly stood on the campus of the 512:in the center of the Moravian borough of 425:—and disagreed with the Wesley brothers' 4669:Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament 4423:Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery 4238: 3930: 3878: 3667: 3515: 3467: 3312: 3154: 3068: 2966: 2846: 2790: 2535: 2019: 1830: 1631: 1358: 1346: 1115: 1018: 1006: 971:History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate 863: 859:Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery 784:Third voyage to America. In poor health. 701: 694: 605: 523: 340: 276: 4321:The Life and Times of George Whitefield 4209: 4059: 3905:John Wesley: Holiness of Heart and Life 3874:(PhD). Indiana University. p. 138. 3846: 3652:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3494: 3435: 3143: 3005:(Thesis). University of South Carolina. 2858: 2597: 2487: 2193:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1761: 1557: 1308: 1226: 1180:, Ireland (1757), Whitefield condemned 1128:throughout the colonies was opposed by 464:, and some of his followers joined the 452:at Kingswood was eventually also named 27:English cleric and preacher (1714–1770) 14: 5217: 4693:Conditional preservation of the saints 4381:Whitefield and Wesley on the New Birth 4182:The South Carolina Historical Magazine 3867: 3807: 3548: 3331: 3274: 3249: 3192: 3168: 3161:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 3030: 3009: 2967:Anderson, James Stuart Murray (1856). 2941: 2698: 2692: 2668: 2656: 2609: 2523: 2338: 2156: 2055: 2031: 1995: 1876: 1849: 1215:?" She replied, "No, sir, he has only 920:'s logo depicts Whitefield preaching. 642: 5235:18th-century English Anglican priests 4703:Four sources of theological authority 4500: 4118:George Whitefield Tercentenary Essays 3834: 3821: 3790: 3758: 3749: 3704: 3295: 3216: 2585: 2416:"George Whitefield historical marker" 2327:First Presbyterian (Old South) Church 2314: 2179: 2177: 2043: 1959: 1785: 1619: 1581: 1545: 1455: 956: 479: 421:—the Church of England's doctrine of 5375:Protestant missionaries in Gibraltar 4811:The Sunday Service of the Methodists 4447:George Whitefield's Journals project 4300: 3569: 3398: 3375: 3352: 3051: 2998: 2977: 2907: 2870: 2745: 2680: 2511: 2391:"George Whitefield Author Biography" 2350:. Chicago: Moody Press. p. 202. 1983: 1971: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1864: 1773: 1569: 1137:were published, two by officials of 1051:ministers for their "lack of zeal". 951:times to perhaps 10 million hearers. 923: 880:in London, at Whitefield's request. 876:It was John Wesley who preached his 593:published throughout America. These 528:Whitefield preaching. 1857 engraving 5385:Protestant missionaries in Scotland 4463:Works by or about George Whitefield 4407:(London: Blackwood and Sons, 1898). 4354:, Issue 19/20, Winter/Spring 1995: 3931:Franklin, Benjamin (October 2008), 3897:from the original on 9 October 2022 3226:131 Christians Everyone Should Know 1323:Christian Classics Ethereal Library 965:Relation to other Methodist leaders 835: 672:Relationship with Benjamin Franklin 519: 24: 5380:Protestant missionaries in Ireland 5370:Protestant missionaries in England 5365:Protestant missionaries in Bermuda 5250:Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford 4073:Southern Illinois University Press 4026: 3924: 3264:Gledstone, James Paterson (1871). 2942:Bowler, Gerry (29 December 2013), 2440:. Whitfield County. Archived from 2174: 1729:"George Whitefield: Did You Know?" 466:Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion 246:. In 1740, Whitefield traveled to 25: 5421: 5405:18th-century Anglican theologians 4412: 4146:: Tentmaker Publications, 2007. 1473:University of Oxford Text Archive 5395:Protestant missionaries in Wales 5345:Methodist missionaries in Europe 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5129:Ordination of women in Methodism 4753:Sanctification (growth in grace) 4479: 3935:, Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 3288:Dictionary of National Biography 3174:"Whitefield's Curious Love Life" 3164:. Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 3052:Choi, Peter (17 December 2014). 2921:"The Works of George Whitefield" 2734:Oxford English Dictionary Online 1595:"Coldbath Fields and Spa Fields" 536:. His journey on horseback from 147: 132: 3315:Gloucester: a history and guide 3296:Gragg, Larry (September 1978). 2935: 2913: 2876: 2818: 2796: 2751: 2726: 2721:Walsh, Littell & Smith 1833 2615: 2552: 2541: 2456: 2430: 2408: 2383: 2354: 2332: 2320: 2283: 2267: 2249:"The Life of George Whitefield" 2241: 2133: 2107: 2085: 2061: 2001: 1803: 1721: 1699: 1674: 1648: 1637: 1587: 914:Whitefield Theological Seminary 910:Whitefield College of the Bible 208:in 1732. There, he joined the " 5305:English Methodist missionaries 5016:Conservative holiness movement 4388:"Whitefield and the Revival" ( 4344:. Hodder & Stoughton, 1973 4239:——— (2011), 3984:——— (2001), 3576:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 3332:Hoffer, Peter Charles (2011). 3125:Dallimore, Arnold A. (2010) . 3075:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2944:"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" 2826:"George Whitefield's Journals" 2767:Pokojska & Romanowska 2012 1601:. Cassell, Petter & Galpin 1502: 1157:When Whitefield preached in a 946:wrote of Whitefield's legacy: 708:The Reverend George Whitefield 679:attended a revival meeting in 601: 462:Selina, Countess of Huntingdon 417:, accepted a plain reading of 353:Whitefield preached his first 250:where he preached a series of 13: 1: 5290:English Anglican missionaries 4526: 3786:. E. Littell & T. Holden. 3754:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 3313:Heighway, Carolyn M. (1985). 3270:Longmans, Green, and Company. 3090:Dallimore, Arnold A. (1980). 2959: 1889:Yrigoyen & Daugherty 1999 1686:moravianhistoricalsociety.org 1277:Sermons on Important Subjects 916:are all named after him. The 843:Old South Presbyterian Church 429:views on the doctrine of the 336: 272: 106:Province of Massachusetts Bay 5255:English proslavery activists 4773:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 4662:Sermons on Several Occasions 4047:Christian Focus Publications 3879:Williams, Robert V. (1968), 2418:. Digital Library of Georgia 2235:UK public library membership 1296:Hark! The Herald Angels Sing 1068:, and their practices. When 7: 5325:Evangelical Anglican clergy 5315:English Evangelical writers 5124:Homosexuality and Methodism 4909:William Williams Pantycelyn 4698:Priesthood of all believers 4478:(public domain audiobooks) 4212:Journal of American History 3847:Wiersbe, Warren W. (2009). 3655:. Oxford University Press. 3317:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. 3037:. Mercer University Press. 2295:Christian History Institute 1197: 1109:, leaders of the breakaway 1015:(depicted in an engraving). 752: 743:statue of George Whitefield 10: 5426: 5097:Methodist views on alcohol 4472:Works by George Whitefield 3549:Melton, J. Gordon (2014). 3278:"Whitefield, George" 3275:Gordon, Alexander (1900). 3031:Cashin, Edward J. (2001). 2438:"Whitfield County History" 2348:The Journal of John Wesley 2093:"George Whitefield Statue" 1271:After Whitefield's death, 987:Opposition and controversy 968: 870:Newburyport, Massachusetts 847:Newburyport, Massachusetts 739:University of Pennsylvania 714:University of Pennsylvania 656:On the Excesses of Slavery 617:bust modelled and made by 560:, come just as you are to 542:Charleston, South Carolina 76:16 December] 1714 29: 5400:Whitfield County, Georgia 5245:18th-century evangelicals 5077: 5034: 4991: 4879: 4800: 4713:Substitutionary atonement 4678: 4610: 4601: 4543: 4534: 4126:University of Wales Press 3670:Journal of Social History 3614:American Literary History 3570:Parr, Jessica M. (2015). 3468:Mahaffey, Jerome (2007). 3413:10.1017/S0009640715000098 3361:. Yale University Press. 3069:Choiński, Michał (2016). 2999:Babb, Tara Leigh (2013). 2341:"Entry for Nov. 10, 1770" 1833:, pp. 107, 112, 115. 1002: 906:George Whitefield College 900:Whitfield County, Georgia 792:Fourth voyage to America. 759: 636:Slavery had been outlawed 554:freely offered the Gospel 476:, was erected in London. 131: 126: 116: 90: 68: 52: 40: 5270:Burials in Massachusetts 5102:Methodist local preacher 4817:Covenant Renewal Service 4376:(Scarecrow Press, 2008). 3750:Stout, Harry S. (1991). 3353:Kidd, Thomas S. (2014). 3338:. JHU Press. p. 7. 3259:. F. & C. Rivington. 2950:, University of Manitoba 2548:Seven Journals 1738–1741 1511:New Georgia Encyclopedia 1301: 1247: 1152: 1092:, the bishop of London, 1072:criticized Whitefield's 800:Fifth voyage to America. 440:, and two in London, in 299:Pembroke College, Oxford 254:that became part of the 212:" and was introduced to 206:Pembroke College, Oxford 180:; 27 December [ 121:Pembroke College, Oxford 5087:World Methodist Council 5021:Holiness Pentecostalism 4167:Oxford University Press 3842:. Pudney & Russell. 3793:"Wesley vs. Whitefield" 3495:Maddock, Ian J (2012). 3436:Lambert, Frank (2002). 3144:Daniels, W. H. (1883). 2139:Time Line adapted from 2095:. Penn State University 1656:""History of Nazareth"" 1165:Whitefield preached in 454:Whitefield's Tabernacle 359:St Mary de Crypt Church 238:; rather, he became an 5360:Clergy from Gloucester 5330:Founders of orphanages 5310:English sermon writers 5275:Calvinistic Methodists 4959:Countess of Huntingdon 4919:Benjamin Titus Roberts 4718:Imparted righteousness 4392:, Autumn 1993. No. 50) 4305:, InterVarsity Press, 3835:White, George (1855). 3661:10.1093/ref:odnb/29281 3457:MacFarlan, D. (1847). 3010:Brands, H. W. (2000). 2202:10.1093/ref:odnb/29281 1599:British History Online 1475:. University of Oxford 1121: 1027: 1016: 962: 873: 725: 700: 622: 529: 514:Nazareth, Pennsylvania 456:. Whitefield acted as 392:preach in the open air 350: 282: 72:27 December [ 5320:Evangelical Anglicans 5280:Christian revivalists 5185:Reformed Christianity 4904:John William Fletcher 4758:Sunday Sabbatarianism 4573:First Great Awakening 4537:List of denominations 4352:The Founder's Journal 4325:Banner of Truth Trust 4301:Noll, Mark A (2010), 4197:Yale University Press 4103:Banner of Truth Trust 4089:Dallimore, Arnold A. 3971:Banner of Truth Trust 3868:Witzig, Fred (2008). 3814:Thoughts Upon Slavery 3791:Walsh, J. D. (1993). 3108:Banner of Truth Trust 2984:. Church Publishing. 2468:Banner of Truth Trust 2339:Wesley, John (1951). 1119: 1102:The Whole Duty of Man 1061:The Whole Duty of Man 1022: 1010: 948: 918:Banner of Truth Trust 867: 705: 686: 609: 582:Minchinhampton Common 527: 470:Calvinistic Methodism 344: 297:in Gloucester and at 280: 256:First Great Awakening 248:British North America 204:, he matriculated at 5410:English slave owners 5335:History of Methodism 5285:English evangelicals 5134:Bishops in Methodism 4854:Brush arbour revival 4768:Second work of grace 4763:Christian perfection 4655:Articles of Religion 4556:in the United States 4397:7 April 2016 at the 3961:Whitefield, George. 3522:Studies in Philology 2847:Lam & Smith 1944 2171:, pp. 101, 109. 1525:"Whitefield's Mount" 1227:Religious innovation 1111:Associate Presbytery 981:Methodist Conference 611:Staffordshire figure 446:Tottenham Court Road 438:Penn Street, Bristol 323:Bishop of Gloucester 306:University of Oxford 198:evangelical movement 32:George Whitfield Jr. 5300:English evangelists 5092:Saints in Methodism 5005:Fetter Lane Society 4679:Distinctive beliefs 4434:30 May 2013 at the 4367:Founders Ministries 4361:17 May 2013 at the 4327:, 2007 (reprint) . 4033:Armstrong, John H. 3626:10.1093/alh/5.3.429 2806:. Christian History 2804:"George Whitefield" 2781:, pp. 429–458. 2514:, pp. 23, 117. 2395:Banner of Truth USA 2253:Banner of Truth USA 1906:, pp. 369–393. 1731:. Christian History 1707:"George Whitefield" 1584:, pp. 136–150. 1290:and revised one by 1288:wrote several hymns 1242:American Revolution 1176:In the open air in 1126:itinerant preaching 1066:Nicolaus Zinzendorf 643:Advocate of slavery 496:In 1740 he engaged 375:Province of Georgia 365:In 1738 he went to 5107:Itinerant preacher 5047:General Conference 4871:Watchnight service 4688:Assurance of faith 4419:Bust of Whitefield 4379:Smith, Timothy L. 4372:Schwenk, James L. 4280:Mansfield, Stephen 4011:, Church society, 3908:. Abingdon Press. 3839:Hundred Engravings 3682:10.1093/jsh/shw006 3597:. Wydawnictwo UJ. 3156:Franklin, Benjamin 3058:Christianity Today 2910:, pp. 12, 16. 2058:, p. 138–150. 1527:. Brethren Archive 1219:." One meaning of 1122: 1043:, the Commissary, 1028: 1017: 874: 747:Ware College House 726: 623: 530: 486:Bethesda Orphanage 480:Bethesda Orphanage 396:Blackheath, London 351: 283: 252:Christian revivals 240:itinerant preacher 5265:Benjamin Franklin 5142: 5141: 5052:Methodist Circuit 5011:Holiness movement 4954:George Whitefield 4796: 4795: 4708:Covenant theology 4593:Wesleyan theology 4348:Reisinger, Ernest 4333:978-0-85151-960-9 4296:978-1-58182-165-9 4267:on 31 August 2013 4260:978-1-60258-391-7 4251:Baylor University 4205:978-0-300-15846-5 4175:978-0-19874-707-9 4152:978-1-901670-76-9 4111:978-0-85151-026-2 4082:978-0-8093-2369-2 4061:Bormann, Ernest G 4055:978-1-85792-157-1 4018:978-0-85190-084-1 3999:978-1-897856-09-3 3979:978-0-85151-147-4 3942:978-1-55709-079-9 3933:The Autobiography 3915:978-0-687-05686-6 3860:978-1-4412-0400-4 3797:Christian History 3761:Methodist History 3604:978-83-233-8769-5 3583:978-1-62674-498-1 3562:978-1-61069-026-3 3520:, London, 1738". 3508:978-0-7188-4093-8 3487:978-1-932792-88-1 3478:Baylor University 3385:Christian Century 3368:978-0-300-18162-3 3345:978-1-4214-0311-3 3235:978-0-8054-9040-4 3202:Christian History 3178:Christian History 3136:978-1-4335-1341-1 3117:978-0-85151-300-3 3082:978-3-647-56023-6 3064:on 14 April 2016. 3044:978-0-86554-722-3 3023:978-0-385-49328-4 2991:978-0-89869-637-0 2861:, pp. 77–84. 2639:978-1-947172-08-1 2233:(Subscription or 2217:cite encyclopedia 1918:, pp. 5, 65. 1709:. Digital Puritan 1622:, pp. 28–40. 1560:, pp. 42–43. 1435:"Old Cryptonians" 1182:Roman Catholicism 820: 819: 677:Benjamin Franklin 498:Moravian Brethren 474:Spa Fields Chapel 379:American colonies 331:Church of England 233:Church of England 188:, was an English 143:George Whitefield 140: 139: 94:30 September 1770 47:George Whitefield 16:(Redirected from 5417: 5260:Anglican writers 5207: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5182: 5171: 5170: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5150: 4934:Albert C. Outler 4743:Prevenient grace 4738:Outward holiness 4608: 4607: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4483: 4482: 4467:Internet Archive 4403:Thompson, D. D. 4386:Streater, David 4365:. Coral Gables: 4319:Philip, Robert. 4315: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4263:, archived from 4235: 4187:Kidd, Thomas S. 4085: 4021: 4002: 3992:: Quinta Press, 3957: 3945: 3919: 3898: 3896: 3885: 3875: 3864: 3843: 3831: 3818: 3804: 3787: 3776: 3755: 3746: 3701: 3664: 3645: 3608: 3587: 3566: 3545: 3512: 3491: 3464: 3453: 3432: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3372: 3360: 3349: 3328: 3309: 3292: 3280: 3271: 3260: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3165: 3151: 3140: 3121: 3098:. Vol. II. 3097: 3086: 3065: 3060:. Archived from 3048: 3027: 3006: 2995: 2974: 2953: 2951: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2220: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2189: 2181: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1853: 1847: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1752:, p. 3:383. 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1662:on 13 April 2016 1658:. Archived from 1652: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1315: 1286:Whitefield also 1107:Ebenezer Erskine 1045:Alexander Garden 977:eternal election 960: 836:Death and legacy 830:Cornelius Winter 757: 756: 728:Franklin was an 698: 666:Phillis Wheatley 546:Jonathan Edwards 520:Revival meetings 510:Whitefield House 450:Kingswood School 407:Augustus Toplady 295:The Crypt School 229:Bachelor of Arts 186:George Whitfield 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 136: 97: 57: 38: 37: 21: 18:George Whitfield 5425: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5079: 5078:Other relevant 5073: 5057:Pastoral charge 5030: 5001:Moravian Church 4993: 4987: 4875: 4827:Mourner's bench 4822:Revival service 4792: 4680: 4674: 4647:Apostles' Creed 4612: 4597: 4539: 4530: 4525: 4480: 4436:Wayback Machine 4415: 4410: 4399:Wayback Machine 4363:Wayback Machine 4313: 4270: 4268: 4261: 4224:10.2307/2078987 4138:Johnston, E.A. 4083: 4037:. Fearn (maybe 4029: 4027:Further reading 4019: 4000: 3988:(compilation), 3943: 3927: 3925:Primary sources 3922: 3916: 3894: 3883: 3861: 3853:. Baker Books. 3719:10.2307/3163671 3605: 3584: 3563: 3509: 3501:. Lutterworth. 3488: 3450: 3389: 3387: 3369: 3346: 3325: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3207: 3205: 3183: 3181: 3137: 3118: 3083: 3045: 3024: 2992: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2779:Ruttenburg 1993 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2640: 2632:. p. 115. 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2182: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1750:Whitefield 2001 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1422:Schlenther 2010 1420: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1304: 1250: 1229: 1200: 1155: 1005: 989: 973: 967: 961: 955: 890:Preaching Braes 838: 755: 724:, United States 699: 693: 674: 658: 645: 632:James Habersham 604: 572:and distribute 522: 482: 415:William Romaine 339: 325:ordained him a 317:Christ. It was 275: 150: 146: 117:Alma mater 112: 110:British America 99: 95: 86: 77: 64: 48: 45: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5423: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5212: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5042:Connexionalism 5038: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5026:Evangelicalism 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4969:Richard Watson 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4944:Charles Wesley 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4894:Francis Asbury 4891: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4834: 4829: 4819: 4814: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4788:Works of mercy 4785: 4783:Works of piety 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4469: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4439: 4426: 4414: 4413:External links 4411: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4345: 4335: 4317: 4312:978-0830838912 4311: 4298: 4277: 4259: 4236: 4218:(3): 812–837. 4207: 4185: 4178: 4155: 4144:Stoke-on-Trent 4136: 4114: 4087: 4081: 4057: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4017: 4004: 3998: 3981: 3959: 3947: 3941: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3899: 3890:, no. 3, 3876: 3865: 3859: 3844: 3832: 3819: 3805: 3788: 3777: 3756: 3747: 3713:(2): 243–256. 3707:Church History 3702: 3665: 3646: 3609: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3546: 3513: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3433: 3407:(2): 369–393. 3401:Church History 3396: 3373: 3367: 3350: 3344: 3329: 3323: 3310: 3293: 3272: 3261: 3251:Gibson, Edmund 3247: 3234: 3214: 3190: 3166: 3152: 3141: 3135: 3122: 3116: 3087: 3081: 3066: 3049: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3007: 2996: 2990: 2975: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2934: 2923:. Quinta Press 2912: 2900: 2889:. Quinta Press 2875: 2873:, p. 269. 2863: 2851: 2839: 2828:. Quinta Press 2817: 2795: 2793:, p. 107. 2783: 2771: 2769:, p. 211. 2759: 2750: 2738: 2725: 2723:, p. 467. 2713: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2671:, p. 144. 2661: 2659:, p. 139. 2649: 2638: 2614: 2602: 2600:, p. 173. 2590: 2588:, p. 330. 2578: 2551: 2540: 2538:, p. 187. 2528: 2516: 2504: 2502:, p. 130. 2500:Dallimore 2010 2492: 2480: 2455: 2444:on 13 May 2018 2429: 2407: 2382: 2378:Gledstone 1871 2370: 2353: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2282: 2266: 2240: 2173: 2169:Dallimore 1980 2161: 2144: 2132: 2106: 2084: 2060: 2048: 2046:, p. 574. 2036: 2024: 2022:, p. 135. 2012: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1962:, p. 243. 1947: 1945:, p. 148. 1943:Dallimore 2010 1932: 1920: 1908: 1893: 1881: 1869: 1854: 1835: 1823: 1802: 1798:MacFarlan 1847 1790: 1778: 1776:, p. 260. 1766: 1754: 1742: 1720: 1698: 1673: 1647: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1586: 1574: 1572:, p. 680. 1562: 1550: 1538: 1516: 1513:, June 6, 2017 1501: 1497:Dallimore 2010 1486: 1460: 1448: 1437:. Crypt School 1426: 1363: 1351: 1349:, p. 141. 1336: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1292:Charles Wesley 1255:extemporaneity 1249: 1246: 1228: 1225: 1199: 1196: 1154: 1151: 1056:John Tillotson 1049:Congregational 1004: 1001: 988: 985: 966: 963: 953: 941: 940: 937: 934: 931: 878:funeral sermon 837: 834: 818: 817: 814: 810: 809: 806: 802: 801: 798: 794: 793: 790: 786: 785: 782: 778: 777: 774: 770: 769: 766: 762: 761: 754: 751: 691: 673: 670: 657: 654: 644: 641: 603: 600: 521: 518: 481: 478: 423:predestination 338: 335: 274: 271: 263:British Empire 218:Charles Wesley 138: 137: 129: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 100: 98:(aged 55) 92: 88: 87: 78: 70: 66: 65: 58: 50: 49: 46: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5422: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5210: 5209:United States 5200: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5112:Circuit rider 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5068: 5067:Penitent band 5065: 5064: 5063: 5062:Class meeting 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Phoebe Palmer 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929:Howell Harris 4927: 4925: 4924:Walter Sellew 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:Richard Allen 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:Real presence 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681:and practices 4677: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630:New Testament 4628: 4626: 4625:Old Testament 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583:Nonconformism 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4338:Pollock, John 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4323:. Edinburgh: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4142:(2 volumes). 4141: 4137: 4135: 4134:9781783168330 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039:Hill of Fearn 4036: 4032: 4031: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3830:(3): 136–150. 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3620:(3): 429–58. 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3449:9780691096162 3445: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3324:0-86299-256-7 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302:History Today 3299: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3204:. No. 38 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3180:. No. 38 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016:. Doubleday. 3015: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2978:Anon (2010). 2976: 2973:. 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