1269:
541:"Man cannot at his pleasure command the rain and the sunshine, the wind and frost and snow, yet it is certain that climate itself has in many instances been gradually changed and ameliorated or deteriorated by human action. The draining of swamps and the clearing of forests perceptibly affect the evaporation from the earth, and of course the mean quantity of moisture suspended in the air. The same causes modify the electrical condition of the atmosphere and the power of the surface to reflect, absorb and radiate the rays of the sun, and consequently influence the distribution of light and heat, and the force and direction of the winds. Within narrow limits too, domestic fires and artificial structures create and diffuse increased warmth, to an extent that may affect vegetation. The mean temperature of London is a degree or two higher than that of the surrounding country, and Pallas believed, that the climate of even so thinly a peopled country as Russia was sensibly modified by similar causes."
292:
1823:
1360:
33:
1833:
1091:
1370:
513:
In 1847 Marsh gave a speech to the
Agricultural Society of Rutland County, Vermont, adhering to the idea that man's activities influence local and regional climate by cutting and clearing forests, and draining swamps. This was a common debate among philosophers, naturalists, and local elites on both
418:
He returned to
Vermont in 1854. In 1857 he was appointed by the governor of Vermont to make a report to the legislature in regard to the artificial propagation of fish. He had previously been appointed one of the commissioners to rebuild the state house at Montpelier and in 1857 was appointed as the
566:, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon." He argued that welfare is secured as long as man manages resources and keep them in good condition. Welfare of future generations should be one of
454:
Marsh was an able linguist, able to both speak and write fluently in
Swedish and over 20 other languages. He was a remarkable philologist for his day, and a scholar of great breadth, knowing much of military science, engraving and physics, as well as
574:
is a result of misbalancing an environmental equilibrium. In other words: it comes from unreasonable human action rather than is determined by some absolute resource scarcity. He also studied the work of the
Italian foresters, particularly
2291:
1789:
830:
1326:
401:. He accomplished this task with a vigor that surprised the diplomats of Athens and showed a masterly knowledge of the Greek constitution and legislation, as well as of international law.
2286:
1308:
1819:
362:
315:
and by recognizing the irreversible impact of man's actions on the earth, a precursor to the sustainability concept, although "conservationist" would be more accurate. The
1559:
1356:
1106:
1416:
1479:
2301:
2155:
2115:
1246:
579:
and was influenced by the approaches to forest restoration. Marsh was visiting
Berenger at the forestry institute in Vallombrosa at the time of his death.
2246:
725:
in 1865. During the 1880s and 1890s, the
Smithsonian got some of the Marsh Collection returned, but part of it still remains at the Library of Congress.
316:
2281:
1827:
1811:
1406:
2266:
2095:
2075:
1364:
1348:
361:, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and practiced law in Burlington. He also devoted himself to philological studies. In 1835 he was appointed to the
291:
1140:
1895:
705:
prints. His collection included more than a thousand prints by various artists, dating from the 15th to the 19th centuries, representing works by
681:(New York, 1888). This last work was left incomplete, the second volume never having been published. She also translated from the German of
374:
1283:
1196:. "The Teacher and the Forest: The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, George Perkins Marsh, and the Origins of Conservation Education."
1111:
1059:
2306:
1607:
734:
393:. He rendered valuable service to the cause of civil and religious toleration in that empire. In 1852–1853, he discharged a mission to
1033:
482:. He owned the finest collection of Scandinavian literature outside of Scandinavia. Part of it ultimately became the property of the
2276:
1007:
160:
2271:
1804:
1292:
904:
154:
1341:
1582:
1454:
338:
2236:
1278:
386:
100:
782:; David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Prophet of Conservation, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003), 26.
2311:
2256:
1797:
941:
888:
45:
2296:
2055:
1334:
1254:
2251:
2001:
1983:
1602:
1134:
405:
2261:
2221:
1880:
1864:
412:
369:
1231:
721:
purchased a large group of Marsh's
European prints and art books, which was transferred on deposit to the
2180:
2080:
1900:
1768:
1648:
1642:
1381:
1169:
Garvey, T. Gregory. (2009). "The Civic Intent of George
Perkins Marsh’s Anthrocentric Environmentalism,"
601:
The Camel, his
Organization, Habits, and Uses, with Reference to his Introduction into the United States
2065:
2011:
1632:
366:
270:
266:
2241:
2006:
1978:
1953:
1587:
770:
507:
443:
2120:
1617:
1241:
1129:
1763:
1659:
1597:
816:
718:
478:, whose presence he traced in whatever is great and peculiar in the character of the founders of
2175:
1708:
1703:
1622:
1592:
1442:
776:
531:
346:
2135:
490:. During the winter of 1858/9 he began a course of thirty lectures on the English language at
2145:
2016:
1544:
1489:
658:
594:
483:
461:
92:
2231:
2226:
2195:
2140:
1973:
1968:
1743:
1469:
1411:
1396:
682:
8:
2070:
2060:
1748:
1510:
1494:
1484:
994:
Pilgrimage to
Vallombrosa: From Vermont to Italy in the Footsteps of George Perkins Marsh
722:
567:
491:
358:
80:
1133:
673:
His second wife, Caroline (Crane) Marsh (1816–1901), whom he married in 1839, published
624:
608:
1915:
1728:
1688:
1612:
1125:
974:
865:
650:
576:
495:
487:
456:
354:
341:, had been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. George Marsh graduated from
334:
224:
550:(1864) constituted an early work of ecology, and played a role in the creation of the
2160:
2021:
1963:
1905:
1698:
1637:
1627:
1421:
1264:
978:
937:
884:
616:
571:
439:
350:
280:
248:
135:
710:
2125:
2085:
1925:
1859:
1758:
1693:
1554:
1522:
1437:
1273:
966:
523:
499:
435:
431:
342:
312:
256:
657:(New York, 1862), to which he made large additions and annotations. He translated
2165:
2100:
1773:
1733:
931:
878:
854:
769:
714:
632:
600:
589:
559:
551:
527:
519:
427:
420:
68:
2170:
2130:
2105:
2090:
1958:
1920:
1910:
1885:
1844:
1713:
1577:
1401:
1301:
1260:
1193:
546:
494:, and a year later he delivered a second course, on the grammatical history of
390:
382:
321:
184:
123:
2292:
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont
2215:
2185:
2150:
1948:
1738:
1723:
1718:
1474:
1318:
1120:
1102:
1097:
970:
810:
563:
555:
538:, and many others in the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries:
535:
232:
196:
905:"The 1847 lecture that predicted human-induced climate change | Leo Hickman"
2190:
2110:
1778:
307:(March 15, 1801 – July 23, 1882), an American diplomat and
2050:
1943:
1753:
1549:
479:
1257:
on the website of The George Perkins Marsh Institute at Clark University
1115:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 768.
2200:
1234:
on the website of the Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State
753:
702:
515:
467:
398:
32:
880:
Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary
706:
308:
701:
Marsh actively studied and collected engravings, including European
514:
sides of the Atlantic Ocean during the Enlightenment era, including
252:
1096:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
506:. Marsh played a role in the creation of the first edition of the
438:
in U.S. history, serving as envoy for 21 years until his death at
228:
459:, which was his specialty. He wrote many articles for Johnson's
2033:
1832:
1284:
The Marsh Collection at The National Museum of American History
690:
590:
A Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Language
562:. Referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the
503:
394:
1181:
The Nature of G.P. Marsh: Tradition and Historical Judgement.
957:
Lowenthal, David (2015). "Origins of Anthropocene awareness".
319:
in Vermont takes its name, in part, from Marsh. His 1864 book
1671:
1119:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
475:
397:
in connection with the imprisonment of American missionary
1219:
George P. Marsh Correspondence: Images of Italy, 1861–1881
1239:
1166:(Hoboken: Stevens Institute of Technology, 2013), 179 pp.
1155:
Curtis, Jane; Will Curtis; and Frank Lieberman. (1982).
430:
appointed Marsh the first United States minister to the
1198:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
636:(1874; rev. ed., 1885), a largely rewritten version of
2287:
Ambassadors of the United States to the Ottoman Empire
792:
790:
788:
593:(1838), compiled and translated from the grammars of
101:
United States Minister Resident to the Ottoman Empire
1247:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
785:
317:
Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
510:by acting as Coordinator of the American readers.
1164:George Perkins Marsh: An American For All Seasons
2213:
1279:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
325:had a great impact in many parts of the world.
1205:George Perkins Marsh: Prophet of Conservation.
855:American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
617:The Origin and History of the English Language
465:, and contributed many reviews and letters to
434:. Marsh would go on to be the longest-serving
404:In 1849, Marsh was elected as a member of the
311:, is considered by some to be America's first
1805:
1342:
2302:Members of the American Antiquarian Society
1141:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1124:
996:. University of Virginia Press. p. 43.
991:
812:Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
375:Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
113:March 11, 1850 – December 19, 1853
2247:American non-fiction environmental writers
1812:
1798:
1349:
1335:
883:. Cambridge University Press. p. 55.
735:Environmental history of the United States
687:The Hallig; or the Sheepfold in the Waters
353:with highest honors in 1820 and taught at
31:
2282:Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
1066:. The National Museum of American History
1040:. The National Museum of American History
956:
933:Historical Perspectives on Climate Change
155:U.S. House of Representatives
2267:Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome
1207:Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1101:
1034:"Marsh Collection: About the Collection"
936:. Oxford University Press. p. 194.
796:
679:Life and Letters of George Perkins Marsh
643:Mediaeval and Modern Saints and Miracles
419:state railroad commissioner, succeeding
929:
876:
372:in Congress. He served as an editor of
2214:
1270:Works by or about George Perkins Marsh
808:
357:the following year. He studied law in
58:June 23, 1861 – July 23, 1882
1793:
1330:
1014:. National Museum of American History
802:
767:
633:The Earth as Modified by Human Action
337:, to a prominent family. His father,
174:March 4, 1843 – May 29, 1849
1242:"George Perkins Marsh (id: M000147)"
1000:
763:
761:
1828:United States Ambassadors to Turkey
649:He prepared an American edition of
13:
1365:United States Ambassadors to Italy
1211:
1157:The World of George Perkins Marsh.
1149:
675:Wolfe of the Knoll and other Poems
411:Marsh was elected a member of the
14:
2323:
2307:19th-century American legislators
1225:
866:United States Department of State
768:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
758:
696:
333:George Perkins Marsh was born in
46:United States Ambassador to Italy
1831:
1821:
1368:
1358:
1309:U.S. Representative from Vermont
1232:George Perkins Marsh (1801–1882)
1159:Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press.
1089:
609:Lectures on the English Language
290:
2277:19th-century American diplomats
1052:
1026:
985:
950:
923:
655:Dictionary of English Etymology
387:United States minister resident
16:American politician (1801–1882)
930:Fleming, James Rodger (1998).
897:
870:
859:
848:
823:
747:
406:American Philosophical Society
365:, and from 1843 to 1849 was a
1:
2272:19th-century American writers
1293:U.S. House of Representatives
1261:Works by George Perkins Marsh
1082:
771:"Marsh, George Perkins"
754:No. 595: George Perkins Marsh
442:in 1882. He is buried at the
378:which was published in 1848.
1008:"About George Perkins Marsh"
486:, through the liberality of
413:American Antiquarian Society
363:Executive Council of Vermont
328:
7:
1382:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
728:
10:
2328:
1255:About George Perkins Marsh
1203:Lowenthal, David. (2000).
1179:Hall, Marcus, ed. (2004).
2237:American conservationists
2041:
2030:
1992:
1934:
1873:
1852:
1841:
1679:
1668:
1568:
1530:
1519:
1503:
1462:
1451:
1430:
1389:
1378:
1315:
1306:
1298:
1291:
717:and others. In 1849, the
668:
620:(1862; revised ed., 1885)
508:Oxford English Dictionary
474:He was an admirer of the
298:
286:
276:
262:
238:
211:
206:
202:
190:
178:
167:
151:
141:
129:
117:
106:
98:
86:
74:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
2312:Environmental historians
2257:Dartmouth College alumni
2042:Ambassador Extraordinary
1993:Ambassador Extraordinary
1937:Minister Plenipotentiary
1680:Ambassador Extraordinary
1569:Ambassador Extraordinary
1533:Minister Plenipotentiary
1240:United States Congress.
1200:(2012) 79#4 pp: 520–536.
1144:. New York: D. Appleton.
971:10.1177/2053019615609953
740:
628:(1864; Italian tr. 1872)
582:
2297:American art collectors
1935:Envoy Extraordinary and
1531:Envoy Extraordinary and
1221:(Lexington Books, 2011)
1185:Environment and History
1112:Encyclopædia Britannica
1064:americanhistory.si.edu/
1038:americanhistory.si.edu/
1012:americanhistory.si.edu/
959:The Anthropocene Review
877:Ogilvie, Sarah (2012).
817:Smithsonian Institution
719:Smithsonian Institution
449:
1162:Dolling, Lisa M., ed.
1135:"Marsh, Charles"
1060:"The Marsh Collection"
777:Encyclopedia Americana
532:Alexander von Humboldt
347:Andover, Massachusetts
2252:American philologists
1171:New England Quarterly
1107:Marsh, George Perkins
809:Squier, E.G. (1848).
554:. Marsh argued that
484:University of Vermont
462:Universal Cyclopaedia
93:William Waldorf Astor
2262:Writers from Vermont
2222:George Perkins Marsh
992:Elder, John (2008).
835:search.amphilsoc.org
831:"APS Member History"
815:. Washington, D.C.:
683:Johann C. Biernatzki
305:George Perkins Marsh
25:George Perkins Marsh
2044:and Plenipotentiary
1995:and Plenipotentiary
1682:and Plenipotentiary
1654:(chargé d'affaires)
1571:and Plenipotentiary
1455:Kingdom of Sardinia
723:Library of Congress
568:resource management
492:Columbia University
444:Protestant Cemetery
426:In 1861, President
359:Burlington, Vermont
349:, in 1816 and from
81:John Moncure Daniel
2034:Republic of Turkey
651:Hensleigh Wedgwood
577:Adolf von Berenger
496:English literature
488:Frederick Billings
381:In 1849 President
355:Norwich University
335:Woodstock, Vermont
2209:
2208:
1874:Minister Resident
1853:Chargé d'Affaires
1787:
1786:
1656:
1504:Minister Resident
1463:Chargé d'Affaires
1431:Minister Resident
1390:Chargé d'Affaires
1325:
1324:
1316:Succeeded by
1265:Project Gutenberg
1183:Special issue of
663:Icelandic Grammar
572:Resource scarcity
351:Dartmouth College
302:
301:
281:Dartmouth College
136:Dabney Smith Carr
2319:
2242:American hunters
1836:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1672:Italian Republic
1652:
1523:Kingdom of Italy
1373:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1299:Preceded by
1289:
1288:
1274:Internet Archive
1251:
1176:(March), 80–111.
1145:
1137:
1116:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1004:
998:
997:
989:
983:
982:
954:
948:
947:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
901:
895:
894:
874:
868:
863:
857:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
827:
821:
820:
806:
800:
794:
783:
781:
773:
765:
756:
751:
677:(1860), and the
524:Thomas Jefferson
500:Lowell Institute
436:chief of mission
432:Kingdom of Italy
385:appointed Marsh
343:Phillips Academy
313:environmentalist
294:
257:Kingdom of Italy
245:
221:
219:
207:Personal details
193:
181:
172:
157:
144:
132:
120:
111:
89:
77:
65:
56:
35:
21:
20:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2043:
2037:
2026:
1994:
1988:
1936:
1930:
1869:
1848:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1788:
1783:
1681:
1675:
1664:
1570:
1564:
1532:
1526:
1515:
1499:
1458:
1447:
1426:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1228:
1214:
1212:Primary sources
1152:
1150:Further reading
1132:, eds. (1900).
1105:, ed. (1911). "
1090:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
990:
986:
955:
951:
944:
928:
924:
914:
912:
911:. June 20, 2011
903:
902:
898:
891:
875:
871:
864:
860:
853:
849:
839:
837:
829:
828:
824:
807:
803:
795:
786:
766:
759:
752:
748:
743:
731:
715:William Hogarth
699:
671:
585:
560:desertification
552:Adirondack Park
528:Hugh Williamson
520:Comte de Buffon
452:
428:Abraham Lincoln
421:Charles Linsley
331:
263:Political party
247:
243:
223:
217:
215:
191:
179:
173:
168:
159:from Vermont's
158:
153:
142:
130:
118:
112:
107:
87:
75:
69:Abraham Lincoln
63:
57:
52:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1845:Ottoman Empire
1842:
1839:
1838:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1305:
1302:Horace Everett
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:External links
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:Ducci, Lucia.
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:Linehan, Peter
1191:
1177:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1117:
1103:Chisholm, Hugh
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1051:
1025:
999:
984:
949:
942:
922:
896:
889:
869:
858:
847:
822:
801:
784:
757:
745:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
730:
727:
711:Albrecht DĂĽrer
698:
697:Art collection
695:
689:(1856). (See "
670:
667:
647:
646:
640:
638:Man and Nature
629:
625:Man and Nature
621:
613:
605:
597:
584:
581:
570:determinants.
558:could lead to
547:Man and Nature
451:
448:
391:Ottoman Empire
383:Zachary Taylor
370:representative
330:
327:
322:Man and Nature
300:
299:
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
264:
260:
259:
246:(aged 81)
240:
236:
235:
222:March 15, 1801
213:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
185:Horace Everett
182:
176:
175:
165:
164:
152:Member of the
149:
148:
147:Carroll Spence
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
124:Zachary Taylor
121:
115:
114:
104:
103:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
49:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2324:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1319:James Meacham
1311:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:Wilson, J. G.
1122:
1121:public domain
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1098:public domain
1087:
1086:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1003:
995:
988:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
943:9780195078701
939:
935:
934:
926:
910:
906:
900:
892:
890:9781107021839
886:
882:
881:
873:
867:
862:
856:
851:
836:
832:
826:
819:. p. 48.
818:
814:
813:
805:
798:
797:Chisholm 1911
793:
791:
789:
779:
778:
772:
764:
762:
755:
750:
746:
736:
733:
732:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
685:(1795–1840),
684:
680:
676:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
641:
639:
635:
634:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
592:
591:
587:
586:
580:
578:
573:
569:
565:
564:Mediterranean
561:
557:
556:deforestation
553:
549:
548:
542:
539:
537:
536:Charles Lyell
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
498:, before the
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
376:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Charles Marsh
336:
326:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
242:July 23, 1882
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
214:
210:
205:
201:
198:
197:James Meacham
195:
189:
186:
183:
177:
171:
166:
162:
156:
150:
146:
140:
137:
134:
128:
125:
122:
116:
110:
105:
102:
97:
94:
91:
85:
82:
79:
73:
70:
67:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2136:Strausz-Hupé
2032:
1890:
1843:
1670:
1653:
1647:
1539:
1521:
1453:
1380:
1307:
1245:
1218:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1139:
1110:
1068:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
993:
987:
962:
958:
952:
932:
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:the Guardian
908:
899:
879:
872:
861:
850:
838:. Retrieved
834:
825:
811:
804:
775:
749:
700:
686:
678:
674:
672:
662:
654:
648:
642:
637:
631:
623:
615:
607:
599:
588:
545:
543:
540:
512:
473:
466:
460:
453:
425:
417:
410:
403:
380:
373:
332:
320:
304:
303:
244:(1882-07-23)
192:Succeeded by
169:
143:Succeeded by
119:Appointed by
108:
88:Succeeded by
64:Appointed by
53:
18:
2232:1882 deaths
2227:1801 births
2196:Satterfield
2181:Ricciardone
1769:J. Phillips
1744:Bartholomew
1643:W. Phillips
915:December 8,
480:New England
440:Vallombrosa
309:philologist
249:Vallombrosa
180:Preceded by
131:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
2216:Categories
2141:Abramowitz
2071:Steinhardt
2017:Morgenthau
1926:Longstreet
1704:Zellerbach
1313:1843–1849
1083:References
703:Old Master
516:David Hume
468:The Nation
399:Jonas King
271:Republican
218:1801-03-15
2081:Wadsworth
2066:MacMurray
1774:Eisenberg
1749:Foglietta
1709:Reinhardt
1649:Wadsworth
1480:Wickliffe
1130:Fiske, J.
979:131247183
965:: 52–63.
840:April 14,
707:Rembrandt
544:His book
457:Icelandic
446:in Rome.
415:in 1851.
329:Biography
287:Signature
277:Education
225:Woodstock
170:In office
109:In office
54:In office
2151:Grossman
2121:Macomber
2096:F Warren
2091:A Warren
2056:Sherrill
2012:Rockhill
2002:Leishman
1984:Leishman
1964:Thompson
1911:MacVeagh
1901:Williams
1628:Fletcher
1603:Leishman
1578:MacVeagh
1443:Chandler
1407:Boulware
1070:March 3,
1044:March 3,
1018:March 3,
729:See also
253:Reggello
163:district
2176:Jeffrey
2166:Edelman
2161:Pearson
2146:Barkley
2116:Handley
2061:Skinner
1969:Terrell
1944:Wallace
1921:Maynard
1779:Markell
1754:Sembler
1739:Secchia
1729:Gardner
1633:Garrett
1618:Johnson
1608:O'Brien
1598:Griscom
1272:at the
1123::
1100::
389:in the
229:Vermont
2171:Wilson
2156:Parris
2126:Spiers
2086:McGhee
2076:Wilson
2007:Straus
1979:Straus
1974:Angell
1959:Hirsch
1954:Straus
1906:Morris
1896:Spence
1881:Porter
1865:Porter
1860:Erving
1764:Thorne
1759:Spogli
1719:Martin
1714:Ackley
1694:Bunker
1583:Draper
1560:Potter
1555:Porter
1550:Stallo
1511:Daniel
1495:Daniel
1490:Kinney
1470:Rogers
1422:Morris
1402:Throop
1397:Nelson
1094:
977:
940:
887:
691:Hallig
669:Family
645:(1876)
612:(1860)
604:(1856)
504:Boston
395:Greece
2201:Flake
2186:Baily
2131:Spain
2111:Komer
2022:Elkus
1916:Boker
1891:Marsh
1724:Volpe
1623:Child
1593:White
1588:Meyer
1545:Astor
1540:Marsh
1485:Niles
1475:Baber
1417:Rowan
975:S2CID
741:Notes
583:Works
502:, in
476:Goths
2191:Bass
2106:Hart
2101:Hare
2051:Grew
1886:Carr
1734:Rabb
1699:Luce
1689:Dunn
1660:Kirk
1638:Long
1613:Page
1438:Owen
1412:Polk
1190:(2).
1072:2015
1046:2015
1020:2015
938:ISBN
917:2022
885:ISBN
842:2021
693:").
659:Rask
595:Rask
450:Work
367:Whig
267:Whig
239:Died
233:U.S.
212:Born
99:3rd
44:1st
1949:Cox
1263:at
1109:".
967:doi
661:'s
653:'s
161:3rd
2218::
1244:.
1188:10
1174:82
1138:.
1128:;
1062:.
1036:.
1010:.
973:.
961:.
907:.
833:.
787:^
774:.
760:^
713:,
709:,
665:.
534:,
530:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
471:.
423:.
408:.
345:,
269:,
255:,
251:,
231:,
227:,
1813:e
1806:t
1799:v
1350:e
1343:t
1336:v
1250:.
1074:.
1048:.
1022:.
981:.
969::
963:3
946:.
919:.
893:.
844:.
799:.
780:.
220:)
216:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
