George I of Great Britain

1389: 1575: 1566: 42: 1351: 1030:, a Scottish nobleman who had previously served as a secretary of state, instigated rebellion in Scotland where support for Jacobitism was stronger than in England. "The Fifteen", however, was a dismal failure; Lord Mar's battle plans were poor, and James arrived late with too little money and too few arms. By the end of the year the rebellion had all but collapsed. In February 1716, facing defeat, James and Lord Mar fled to France. After the rebellion was defeated, although there were some executions and forfeitures, George acted to moderate the Government's response, showed leniency, and spent the income from the forfeited estates on schools for Scotland and paying off part of the 1584: 1404:, thought him unintelligent on the grounds that he was wooden in public. Though he was unpopular in Great Britain due to his supposed inability to speak English, such an inability may not have existed later in his reign as documents from that time show that he understood, spoke and wrote English. He certainly spoke fluent German and French, good Latin, and some Italian and Dutch. His treatment of his wife, Sophia Dorothea, became something of a scandal. His Lutheran faith, his overseeing both the Lutheran churches in Hanover and the Church of England, and the presence of Lutheran preachers in his court caused some consternation among his Anglican subjects. 1611: 6404: 638:. The following year, Frederick Augustus was informed of the adoption of primogeniture, meaning he would no longer receive part of his father's territory as he had expected. This led to a breach between Frederick Augustus and his father, and between the brothers, that lasted until his death in battle in 1690. With the imminent formation of a single Hanoverian state, and the Hanoverians' continuing contributions to the Empire's wars, Ernest Augustus was made an Elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692. George's prospects were now better than ever as the sole heir to his father's electorate and his uncle's duchy. 1252:, to support their plan. The Company enticed bondholders to convert their high-interest, irredeemable bonds to low-interest, easily tradeable stocks by offering apparently preferential financial gains. Company prices rose rapidly; the shares had cost £128 on 1 January 1720, but were valued at £500 when the conversion scheme opened in May. On 24 June the price reached a peak of £1,050. The company's success led to the speculative flotation of other companies, some of a bogus nature, and the Government, in an attempt to suppress these schemes and with the support of the company, passed the 6529: 5273: 599: 6297: 1177: 669:, where she stayed until she died more than thirty years later. She was denied access to her children and father, forbidden to remarry and only allowed to walk unaccompanied within the mansion courtyard. She was, however, endowed with an income, establishment, and servants, and allowed to ride in a carriage outside her castle under supervision. Melusine von der Schulenburg acted as George's hostess openly from 1698 until his death, and they had three daughters together, born in 1692, 1693 and 1701. 6303: 678: 369: 988: 1291: 1622: 1461:, who introduced further anti-German and anti-Protestant bias into the interpretation of George's reign. However, in the wake of World War II continental European archives were opened to historians of the later twentieth century and nationalistic anti-German feeling subsided. George's life and reign were re-explored by scholars such as Beattie and Hatton, and his character, abilities and motives re-assessed in a more generous light. 1378: 888: 759:, died. William III died the following March and was succeeded by Anne. Sophia became heiress presumptive to the new Queen of England. Sophia was in her seventy-first year, thirty-five years older than Anne, but she was very fit and healthy and invested time and energy in securing the succession either for herself or for her son. However, it was George who understood the complexities of English politics and 784: 1278:). His management of the South Sea crisis, by rescheduling the debts and arranging some compensation, helped the return to financial stability. Through Walpole's skilful management of Parliament, George managed to avoid direct implication in the company's fraudulent actions. Claims that George had received free stock as a bribe are not supported by evidence; indeed receipts in the 1256:. With the rise in the market now halted, uncontrolled selling began in August, which caused the stock to plummet to £150 by the end of September. Many individuals—including aristocrats—lost vast sums and some were completely ruined. George, who had been in Hanover since June, returned to London in November—sooner than he wanted or was usual—at the request of the ministry. 913:(the Estates) had not formally settled the succession question for the Scottish throne. In 1703, the Estates passed a bill declaring that their selection for Queen Anne's successor would not be the same individual as the successor to the English throne, unless England granted full freedom of trade to Scottish merchants in England and its colonies. At first 955:, who were nearer relations. In 1710, George announced that he would succeed in Britain by hereditary right, as the right had been removed from the Stuarts, and he retained it. "This declaration was meant to scotch any Whig interpretation that parliament had given him the kingdom ... convince the Tories that he was no usurper." 1189: 649:. Threatened with the scandal of an elopement, the Hanoverian court, including George's brothers and mother, urged the lovers to desist, but to no avail. According to diplomatic sources from Hanover's enemies, in July 1694, the Swedish count was killed, possibly with George's connivance, and his body thrown into the river 1475:

things to heart, that he felt deeply and sincerely and was more sensitive than he cared to show." Whatever his true character, he ascended a precarious throne, and either by political wisdom and guile, or through accident and indifference, he left it secure in the hands of the Hanoverians and of Parliament.

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when the philosopher was exiled from Paris in 1726. European and British sources agree that George was reserved, temperate and financially prudent; he disliked being in the public light at social events, avoided the royal box at the opera and often travelled incognito to the homes of friends to play

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was deprived of his offices and titles for siding with Louis against the Empire. The following year, George was invested as an Imperial Field Marshal with command of the imperial army stationed along the Rhine. His tenure was not altogether successful, partly because he was deceived by his ally, the

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but Sophia corresponded regularly with her sons' governess and took a great interest in their upbringing, even more so upon her return. Sophia bore Ernest Augustus another four sons and a daughter. In her letters Sophia describes George as a responsible, conscientious child who set an example to his

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Yet the character of George I remains elusive; he was in turn genial and affectionate in private letters to his daughter, and then dull and awkward in public. Perhaps his own mother summed him up when "explaining to those who regarded him as cold and overserious that he could be jolly, that he took

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His heart was in Hanover ... He was more than fifty years of age when he came amongst us: we took him because we wanted him, because he served our turn; we laughed at his uncouth German ways, and sneered at him. He took our loyalty for what it was worth; laid hands on what money he could; kept

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Greater problems arose over financial speculation and the management of the national debt. Certain government bonds could not be redeemed without the consent of the bondholder and had been issued when interest rates were high; consequently each bond represented a long-term drain on public finances,

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by restricting new creations. The measure would have solidified Sunderland's control of the House by preventing the creation of opposition peers, but it was defeated after Walpole led the opposition to the bill by delivering what was considered "the most brilliant speech of his career". Walpole and

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By 1675 George's eldest uncle had died without issue, but his remaining two uncles had married, putting George's inheritance in jeopardy, for his uncles' estates might pass to their own sons, were they to have any, instead of to George. George's father took him hunting and riding and introduced him

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Some historians have exaggerated the king's indifference to English affairs and made his ignorance of the English language seem more important than it was. He had little difficulty in communicating with his ministers in French, and his interest in all matters affecting both foreign policy and the

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George, although increasingly reliant on Walpole, could still have replaced his ministers at will. Walpole was actually afraid of being removed from office towards the end of George I's reign, but such fears were put to an end when George died during his sixth trip to his native Hanover since his

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For the first year of his life George was the only heir to the German territories of his father and three childless uncles. George's brother, Frederick Augustus, was born in 1661, and the two boys (known respectively by the family as "Görgen" and "Gustchen") were brought up together. In 1662 the

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after rushing to shelter from a shower of rain. George was now Queen Anne's heir presumptive. He swiftly revised the membership of the Regency Council that would take power after Anne's death, as it was known that Anne's health was failing and politicians in Britain were jostling for power. She

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appropriated the funds necessary for George's campaign for his own use. Despite this, the German princes thought he had acquitted himself well. In 1708, they formally confirmed George's position as a Prince-Elector in recognition of, or because of, his service. George did not hold Marlborough's

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After his accession in Great Britain, George's relationship with his son (which had always been poor) worsened. Prince George Augustus encouraged opposition to his father's policies, including measures designed to increase religious freedom in Britain and expand Hanover's German territories at

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George mainly lived in Great Britain after 1714, though he visited his home in Hanover in 1716, 1719, 1720, 1723 and 1725. In total, George spent about one fifth of his reign as king in Germany. A clause in the Act of Settlement that forbade the British monarch from leaving the country without

1130:, and the Spaniards surrendered. The invasion never posed any serious threat to George's government. With the French now fighting against him, Philip's armies fared poorly. As a result, the Spanish and French thrones remained separate. Simultaneously, Hanover gained from the resolution of the 1302:

in 1725, which enabled Walpole to reward or gain political supporters by offering them the honour. Walpole became extremely powerful and was largely able to appoint ministers of his own choosing. Unlike his predecessor, Queen Anne, George rarely attended meetings of the cabinet; most of his

657:, about one hundred times the annual salary of the highest-paid minister. Later rumours supposed that Königsmarck was hacked to pieces and buried beneath the Hanover palace floorboards. However, sources in Hanover itself, including Sophia, denied any knowledge of Königsmarck's whereabouts. 1388: 1247:

proposed to take over £31 million (three fifths) of the British national debt by exchanging government securities for stock in the company. The Company bribed Lord Sunderland, George's mistress Melusine von der Schulenburg, and Lord Stanhope's cousin, Secretary of the Treasury

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The economic crisis, known as the South Sea Bubble, made George and his ministers extremely unpopular. In 1721, Lord Stanhope, though personally innocent, collapsed and died after a stressful debate in the House of Lords, and Lord Sunderland resigned from public office.

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Castle on the west Scottish coast in April, only to be destroyed by British ships a month later. Jacobite attempts to recruit Scottish clansmen yielded a fighting force of only about a thousand men. The Jacobites were poorly equipped and were easily defeated by British

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George's marriage to Sophia Dorothea was dissolved, not on the grounds that either of them had committed adultery, but on the grounds that Sophia Dorothea had abandoned her husband. With her father's agreement, George had Sophia Dorothea imprisoned in

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suffered a stroke, which left her unable to speak, and died on 1 August 1714. The list of regents was opened, the members sworn in, and George was proclaimed King of Great Britain and King of Ireland. Partly due to contrary winds, which kept him in

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George's distrust of the Tories aided the passing of power to the Whigs. Whig dominance grew to be so great under George that the Tories did not return to power for another half-century. After the election, the Whig-dominated Parliament passed the

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sponsors of the child. The King was angered when the Prince of Wales, disliking Newcastle, verbally insulted the Duke at the christening, which the Duke misunderstood as a challenge to a duel. The Prince was told to leave the royal residence,

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to naturalise Sophia and her heirs as English subjects, and to detail arrangements for the transfer of power through a Regency Council. In the same year, George's surviving uncle died and he inherited further German dominions: the

875:; the absence of the Elector of Bavaria allowed a reshuffling of offices. The emperor's death in 1711 threatened to destroy the balance of power in the opposite direction, so the war ended in 1713 with the ratification of the 586:, where inheritance of territory was restricted to the male line, the succession of George and his brothers to the territories of their father and uncle now seemed secure. In 1682 the family agreed to adopt the principle of 1208:), and the appointment of all army officers, all ministers, and even government officials above the level of copyist, was in his personal control. By contrast in Great Britain, George had to govern through Parliament. 3288:

on 1 March 1700 (N.S.) / 19 February 1700 (O.S.). Old Style is used for dates in this article unless otherwise indicated; however, years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March, which was the English New

1042:, which extended the maximum duration of Parliament to seven years (although it could be dissolved earlier by the Sovereign). Thus Whigs already in power could remain in such a position for a greater period of time. 3316:(ed. A. Köcher, Leipzig, 1879, pp. 1 and 68) who says that her two eldest sons were born at Hanover, and by four notifications from Hanover to the court at Wolfenbüttel preserved in the Wolfenbüttel state archives. 618:

was arranged primarily to ensure a healthy annual income, and assisted the eventual unification of Hanover and Celle. His mother at first opposed the marriage because she looked down on Sophia Dorothea's mother,

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communications were in private, and he only exercised substantial influence with respect to British foreign policy. With the aid of Lord Townshend, he arranged for the ratification by Great Britain, France and

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Baroness Sophie Caroline Eva Antoinette von Offeln (2 November 1669 – 23 January 1726), known as the "Young Countess von Platen", she married Count Ernst August von Platen, the brother of Sophia Charlotte, in

1227:. In 1717 Townshend was dismissed, and Walpole resigned from the Cabinet over disagreements with their colleagues; Stanhope became supreme in foreign affairs, and Sunderland the same in domestic matters. 979:

Parliament's permission was unanimously repealed in 1716. During all but the first of the King's absences, power was vested in a Regency Council rather than in his son, George Augustus, Prince of Wales.

748:. Fifty-six Catholics with superior hereditary claims were bypassed. The likelihood of any of them converting to Protestantism for the sake of the succession was remote; some had already refused. 925:, which threatened to restrict Anglo-Scottish trade and cripple the Scottish economy if the Estates did not agree to the Hanoverian succession. Eventually, in 1707, both Parliaments agreed on a 7334: 641:

Sophia Dorothea had a second child, a daughter named after her, in 1687, but there were no other pregnancies. The couple became estranged—George preferred the company of his mistress,

623:(who came from lower French nobility), and because she was concerned by Sophia Dorothea's legitimated status. She was eventually won over by the advantages inherent in the marriage. 653:

weighted with stones. The murder was claimed to have been committed by four of Ernest Augustus's courtiers, one of whom, Don Nicolò Montalbano, was paid the enormous sum of 150,000

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memoirs, and looked back on the Jacobite cause with romantic, even sympathetic, eyes. They in turn, influenced British authors of the first half of the twentieth century such as

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prime minister. George died of a stroke on a journey to his native Hanover, where he was buried. He is the most recent British monarch to be buried outside the United Kingdom.

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Spain supported a Jacobite-led invasion of Scotland in 1719, but stormy seas allowed only about three hundred Spanish troops to reach Scotland. A base was established at

1110:, as king of Spain on the condition that he gave up his rights to succeed to the French throne. But upon Louis XIV's 1715 death, Philip sought to overturn the treaty. 1046:

Sweden's expense. In 1717, the birth of a grandson led to a major quarrel between George and the Prince of Wales. The King, supposedly following custom, appointed the

843:, which was pro-French, writing out some of the battle orders himself. The invasion succeeded with few lives lost. As a reward, the prior Hanoverian annexation of the 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 1075:, who had moved out with her husband but missed her children, who had been left in the King's care. Nevertheless, father and son were never again on cordial terms. 2350: 189: 5462: 4946: 3394: 1736: 1263:

Sunderland, however, retained a degree of personal influence with George until his sudden death in 1722 allowed the rise of Robert Walpole. Walpole became

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us assuredly from Popery ... I, for one, would have been on his side in those days. Cynical and selfish, as he was, he was better than a king out of

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politicians believed Parliament had the right to determine the succession, and to bestow it on the nearest Protestant relative of the Queen, while many

6392: 1365:. It was widely assumed, even by Walpole for a time, that George II planned to remove Walpole from office but was dissuaded from doing so by his wife, 439:. George and Sophia Dorothea divorced in 1694. A succession of European wars expanded George's German domains during his lifetime; he was ratified as 1369:. However, Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George II had little choice but to retain him or risk ministerial instability. 7299: 7289: 7254: 3877: 1420:

cards. Despite some unpopularity, the Protestant George I was seen by most of his subjects as a better alternative to the Roman Catholic pretender

6613: 5455: 1707: 1614: 17: 1813: 1625: 1411:, wrongly assumed that he had a succession of German mistresses. However, in mainland Europe, he was seen as a progressive ruler supportive of 879:. Philip was allowed to succeed to the Spanish throne but removed from the French line of succession, and the Elector of Bavaria was restored. 7114: 7002: 5366: 2926: 575: 4479: 1766: 6239: 2883: 2343: 1051: 917:

was withheld, but the following year Anne capitulated to the wishes of the Estates and assent was granted to the bill, which became the

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half-brother. During George's reign the powers of the monarchy diminished, and Britain began a transition to the modern system of

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Bultmann, William A. (1966). "Early Hanoverian England (1714–1760): Some Recent Writings". In Chapin Furber, Elizabeth (ed.).

614:, the daughter of his uncle George William, thereby securing additional incomes that would have been outside Salic laws. This 7264: 5208: 5118: 5030: 4987: 4914: 4868: 4751: 4730: 4638: 4611: 4250: 4225: 3956: 3730: 3621: 3503: 3470: 1981: 1078:

George was active in directing British foreign policy during his early reign. In 1717, he contributed to the creation of the

1067:, became a meeting place for the King's political opponents. The King and his son were later reconciled at the insistence of 1331:, where he died two days after arrival in the early hours before dawn on 11 June 1727. George I was buried in the chapel of 7319: 7244: 7239: 6997: 6608: 1267: 475: 559:

to military matters; mindful of his uncertain future, Ernest Augustus took the fifteen-year-old George on campaign in the

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The Prince-Bishopric was not an hereditary title; instead it alternated between Protestant and Roman Catholic incumbents.

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would become too powerful if it also controlled Spain. As part of the war effort, George invaded his neighbouring state,

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In 1709, George resigned as field marshal, never to go on active service again. In 1710, he was granted the dignity of

725: 523: 6528: 835:, England, Hanover and many other German states opposed Philip's right to succeed because they feared that the French 6601: 6378: 6361: 5268: 4838:

The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant

2161: 1220: 539: 280: 78: 7274: 7014: 6511: 6467: 6338: 3652:"Schulenburg, (Ehrengard) Melusine von der, suo jure duchess of Kendal and suo jure duchess of Munster (1667–1743)" 2007: 1249: 1011: 944: 741: 285: 275: 5406: 1239:

Townshend were reappointed as ministers the following year and a new, supposedly unified, Whig government formed.

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actions against him; he understood they were part of a plan to lure French forces away from the main attack.

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on 9 June 1727, and was taken by carriage about 55 miles to the east, to the palace of his younger brother,

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Ernest Augustus died on 23 January 1698, leaving all of his territories to George with the exception of the

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were ceded to Hanover in 1719, with Hanover paying Sweden monetary compensation for the loss of territory.

1064: 737: 642: 455: 436: 91: 4836: 1350: 732:, George's mother, Sophia, was designated as the heir to the English throne if the then reigning monarch, 571: 6591: 6248: 5854: 4780:"Petronilla Melusina Stanhope, suo jure countess of Walsingham, and countess of Chesterfield (1693–1778)" 4673: 3447:

The Sovereign now had to swear to maintain the Church of England (and after 1707, the Church of Scotland)

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Une mésalliance dans la maison de Brunswick (1665–1725): Eléonore Desmier d'Oldbreuze, duchesse de Zell

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George's mother, the Electress Sophia, died on 28 May 1714 at the age of 83. She had collapsed in the

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A 1714 silver medallion from the reign of George I, referring to his accession in Great Britain. The

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who permitted his critics to publish without risk of severe censorship, and provided sanctuary to

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In 1679 another uncle died unexpectedly without sons, and Ernest Augustus became reigning Duke of

7170: 7109: 5904: 5899: 5884: 5859: 5048: 4775: 3491: 2536: 1547: 1535: 1492: 1312: 1023: 844: 5566: 4487: 3722: 3712: 728:, who was second-in-line to the English and Scottish thrones, died. By the terms of the English 547: 194: 7119: 6501: 6472: 6445: 6083: 5968: 5914: 5889: 5864: 5849: 5721: 5556: 5253: 4677: 3423: 3087: 1079: 934: 910: 832: 733: 729: 41: 6026: 5145: 3613: 550:. The parents were absent for almost a year (1664–1665) during a long convalescent holiday in 7186: 7083: 6450: 6257: 6073: 5983: 5963: 5894: 5832: 5822: 5812: 5691: 5686: 5659: 5620: 5615: 5433: 4628: 3810: 3519:

Memoiren der Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover: Ein höfisches Lebensbild aus dem 17. Jahrhundert

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and the King's remains, along with his parents', were moved to the 19th-century mausoleum of

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awaiting passage, he did not arrive in Britain until 18 September. George was crowned at

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Ellis, Kenneth L. (1969). "The administrative connections between Britain and Hanover".

1786:

In addition to Melusine von der Schulenburg, three other women were said to be George's

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George was a Lutheran in Hanover, a Presbyterian in Scotland and an Anglican in England

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George was ridiculed by his British subjects; some of his contemporaries, such as Lady

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and, within six weeks, the nearest Catholic claimant to the thrones, the former king

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was added to the body, which became known as the Quadruple Alliance. The subsequent

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Married 1707 Ernst August Philipp von dem Bussche-Ippenburg (divorced before 1714);

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The Hanoverian kings and their homeland: a study of the Personal Union, 1714–1837

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The story that George I died in the same room as that in which he was born at

1542:(for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a 677: 7208: 7045: 7024: 5295: 5063: 4997: 4702: 4000: 3863:

as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from

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show that he paid for his subscriptions and that he lost money in the crash.

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The British perceived George as too German, and in the opinion of historian

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George in 1680, aged 20, when he was Prince of Hanover. After a painting by

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Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939

4245:. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. pp. 109–110. 3299: 987: 909:

had settled on Sophia, Electress of Hanover, as the heir presumptive. The

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Though both England and Scotland recognised Anne as their queen, only the

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was so designed because Sophia was the closest Protestant relative of the

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following the deaths in 1714 of his mother, Sophia, and his second cousin

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George was succeeded by his son, George Augustus, who took the throne as

1270:, although the title was not formally applied to him (officially, he was 1181: 1211:

In 1715 when the Whigs came to power, George's chief ministers included

937:. The union created the largest free trade area in 18th-century Europe. 929:, which united England and Scotland into a single political entity, the 7150: 7019: 6573: 6489: 6332: 6320: 6285: 6164: 6154: 6144: 5731: 5593: 1546:

of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse

1450: 1339:

after World War II. Leine Palace was entirely burnt out as a result of

1290: 1253: 1143: 1015: 828: 563:

with the deliberate purpose of testing and training his son in battle.

459: 357: 5089: 6326: 6179: 6149: 5736: 5711: 1119: 1103: 964: 583: 578:, had married his mistress in order to legitimise his only daughter, 6217: 5837: 7055: 6169: 6110: 5716: 5541: 4111: 3168: 1515: 1416: 1377: 1324: 1082:, an anti-Spanish league composed of Great Britain, France and the 546:

outside the city until 1673 when they moved to the newly completed

478:. Towards the end of his reign, actual political power was held by 467: 4679:

The Four Georges: Sketches of Manners, Morals, Court and Town Life

1026:, which became known as "The Fifteen". James's supporters, led by 1018:, who sought to replace George with Anne's Catholic half-brother, 787:

Sketch map of Hanover, c. 1720, showing the relative locations of

7050: 6087: 5993: 5066:(1966). "The Court of George I and English Politics, 1717–1720". 3432:

all British monarchs must be Protestants of the Church of England

3380:"Anglican Perceptions of Lutheranism in Early Hanoverian England" 1593:

Arms of George I Louis as Elector-Designate of Hanover 1689–1708

1511: 1438: 1304: 1204:. All government expenditure above 50 thalers (between 12 and 13 1055: 952: 645:, and Sophia Dorothea had her own romance with the Swedish Count 626:

In 1683, George and his brother Frederick Augustus served in the

495: 416: 322: 165: 5240: 4746:. Heraldry Today. Slough, UK: Hollen Street Press. p. 203. 1558:

Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).

887: 5879: 5827: 5551: 5546: 1820:

in 1978 to have been George's half-sister and not his mistress.

1696:

Married 1706 Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg (later

1531: 1320: 1230:

Lord Sunderland's power began to wane in 1719. He introduced a

693:, an office he had held since 1661. George thus became Duke of 654: 404:

from 23 January 1698 until his death in 1727. He was the first

933:, and established the rules of succession as laid down by the 783: 7060: 5799: 5111:

Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of George I, 1714–1727

4723:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

3461:

Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. et B. (1981).

3314:

Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie nachmals Kurfürstin von Hannover

1488: 777: 666: 650: 611: 551: 462:

attempted, but failed, to depose George and replace him with

446:

As the senior Protestant descendant of his great-grandfather

4841:. Vol. 7. London: St Catherine Press. pp. 111–112. 4331:

Carswell, pp. 151–152; Dickinson, p. 58; and Hatton, p. 250.

4192:

Elliott, J.H. (2017). "The Road to Utrecht: War and Peace".

4163:

Arkell, R. L. (1937). "George I's Letters to His Daughter".

1599:

Coat of arms of George I as King of Great Britain 1714–1727

1437:

with the French king's orders in his pocket, and a swarm of

1319:

accession as king. He suffered a stroke on the road between

7335:

German army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession

5583: 4358:

Dickinson, p. 58; Erleigh, pp. 77, 104; and Hatton, p. 251.

1543: 847:

by George's uncle was recognised by the British and Dutch.

823:, to succeed to the Spanish throne under the terms of King 431:

from his father and uncles. In 1682, he married his cousin

5477: 4421:

Erleigh, p. 129; Hatton, p. 255; Williams, p. 176; Black,

1804:

Clara Elisabeth von Meyseburg-Züschen, Countess von Platen

1311:, which was designed to counterbalance the Austro-Spanish 582:, but looked unlikely to have any further children. Under 1814:

Sophia Charlotte von Platen, later Countess of Darlington

882: 574:, with his capital at Hanover. George's surviving uncle, 4738: 1335:

in Hanover, but his remains were moved to the chapel at

724:

Shortly after George's accession to his paternal duchy,

7315:

Burials at Berggarten Mausoleum, Herrenhausen (Hanover)

3460: 1596:

Arms of George I Louis as Elector of Hanover 1708–1714

1354:

Mausoleum of King Ernest Augustus in the Berggarten of

1196:

coin from the reign of George I, showing him in profile

4944:

Gibbs, G.C. (September 2004). "George I (1660–1727)".

4720: 4630:

Stories from Global Lutheranism: A Historical Timeline

4313:

Carswell, p. 104; Hatton, p. 249 and Williams, p. 176.

1747:

Created Countess of Walsingham for life; married 1733

1560: 1445:

Writers of the nineteenth century, such as Thackeray,

697:(also known as Hanover, after its capital) as well as 4813:

Beaucaire, Charles-Prosper-Maurice Horric de (1884).

4096:

Lease, Owen C. (1950). "The Septennial Act of 1716".

3650:

Kilburn, Matthew (2004; online edition January 2008)

3498:(revised ed.). Random House. pp. 272–276. 1294:

1720s portrait of George by Georg Wilhelm Lafontaine

4521:, 11th edition. London: Cambridge University Press. 4149: 4147: 3465:(in French). Le Perreux: Alain Giraud. p. 85. 27:

King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1727

5019:Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–1760 4194:Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013 4004: 3605: 1806:, who had been the mistress of George I's father, 1381:George surrounded by his family, in a painting by 5047:. Revised by C.H. Stuart (2nd ed.). Oxford: 3714:A History of Britain – The British Wars 1603–1776 3274:Throughout George's life, Great Britain used the 1798:at the court of Hanover, and secondly married to 1428:indicates such ambivalent feelings as he wrote: 1243:as bonds were hardly ever redeemed. In 1719, the 859:, into a diversionary attack, and partly because 815:(1701–1714) broke out. At issue was the right of 811:Shortly after George's accession in Hanover, the 7206: 4144: 3496:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 1554:), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the 921:. In response the English Parliament passed the 534:when Ernest Augustus was appointed ruler of the 4659: 4657: 1615:Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal 1530:Or (for France); III, Azure a harp Or stringed 427:, George inherited the titles and lands of the 4095: 1626:Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Darlington 871:of the Empire, an office formerly held by the 494:George was born on 28 May 1660 in the city of 6386: 6233: 5463: 4539: 2344: 751:In August 1701, George was invested with the 5217: 4950:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4808: 4806: 4654: 4604:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens 4367:Dickinson, p. 59 and Erleigh, pp. 72, 90–96. 4071:UK Statute Law Database, Ministry of Justice 3945:Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788 1767:Albrecht Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe 1298:As requested by Walpole, George revived the 898:, the year of his succession, as painted by 799:. During George's lifetime Hanover acquired 6030:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 4243:The Jacobites: Britain and Europe 1688–1788 1329:Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück 1134:, which had been caused by rivalry between 1052:Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle 610:In 1682, George married Sophia Dorothea of 6393: 6379: 6240: 6226: 6207:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 5470: 5456: 5271: 5099:The English Court in the Reign of George I 4909:. London: The English Universities Press. 4412:Erleigh, pp. 147–155 and Williams, p. 177. 4220:. London: Eyre Methuen. pp. 192–193. 3646: 3644: 3642: 2351: 2337: 1794:Leonora von Meyseburg-Züschen, widow of a 40: 4897: 4812: 4803: 4672: 4376:Dickinson, p. 59 and Erleigh, pp. 99–100. 4291: 4289: 4218:The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746 4027:Official web site of the British monarchy 2358: Family tree of the shift from the 1749:Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield 1737:(Petronilla) Melusina von der Schulenburg 634:, and Sophia Dorothea bore George a son, 5135: 5101:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5039: 4877: 4626: 4484:Official website of the British monarchy 3995: 3993: 3861:Text of the Union with Scotland Act 1706 3809:Velde, François R. (26 September 2006). 3603: 1716:(Anna) Louise Sophia von der Schulenburg 1620: 1609: 1387: 1376: 1349: 1289: 1234:that attempted to limit the size of the 1187: 1175: 1002:Within a year of George's accession the 986: 886: 782: 676: 597: 7300:Garter Knights appointed by William III 7290:English pretenders to the French throne 7255:Heirs presumptive to the British throne 5096: 5062: 4947:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4931: 4834: 4784:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4721:Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1999). 4682:. London: Smith, Elder. pp. 52–53. 4570: 4568: 4548:(in German) (4th ed.). p. 92. 4191: 3681: 3656:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3639: 3590: 3588: 3400:from the original on 12 November 2020. 3377: 1605: 518:. Sophia was the granddaughter of King 14: 7207: 5332:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Calenberg) 5190: 5181: 4970: 4778:(2004; online edition September 2012) 4601: 4438:, pp. 19–20, and Dickinson, pp. 61–62. 4286: 4240: 4215: 4162: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3707: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 2203: 2083: 2079: 2069: 1961: 1851: 1847: 1837:Ancestors of George I of Great Britain 982: 883:Accession in Great Britain and Ireland 6374: 6247: 6221: 5451: 5160: 5105: 5016: 4996: 4943: 4855: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4725:. London: Little, Brown. p. 29. 4701: 3999: 3990: 3942: 3808: 3542: 3540: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3188: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3005: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2925: 2923: 2916: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2882: 2842: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2788: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2488: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2279: 2269: 2265: 2253: 2247: 2237: 2221: 2211: 2207: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2159: 2149: 2145: 2133: 2127: 2117: 2101: 2091: 2087: 2063: 2053: 2037: 2027: 2023: 2011: 2005: 1995: 1982:Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 1979: 1969: 1965: 1949: 1943: 1933: 1917: 1907: 1903: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1859: 1855: 973:coronation was accompanied by rioting 947:were more inclined to believe in the 5163:Journal of the Society of Archivists 4565: 4322:Carswell, p. 115 and Hatton, p. 251. 3585: 3490: 1802:de Weyhe. Leonore was the sister of 740:, died without surviving issue. The 482:, now recognised as Britain's first 396:from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the 289: 4819:(in French). H. Oudin. p. 128. 4546:Hannover. Kunst- und Kultur-Lexikon 4403:Erleigh, p. 125 and Hatton, p. 254. 3974: 3612:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 3479: 3261: 1946:Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover 1862:William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1808:Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover 1168:Second Stanhope–Sunderland ministry 1006:won an overwhelming victory in the 685:. After Johann Leonhard Hirschmann. 338:Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover 24: 6527: 5390:28 August 1705 – 7 September 1708 5223:England under George I (2 volumes) 5056: 4823: 3537: 3417:the monarch could only be Anglican 1888:George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1774:Dates in this table are New Style. 1582: 1573: 1564: 1164:First Stanhope–Sunderland ministry 1126:. The clansmen dispersed into the 1010:. Several members of the defeated 726:Prince William, Duke of Gloucester 672: 524:Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia 388:; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was 25: 7346: 6362:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 5340:23 January 1698 – 28 August 1705 5269:National Portrait Gallery, London 5234: 4863:. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. 4606:. London: Robinson. p. 672. 1816:(1673 – 20 April 1725), shown by 1756:Margarethe Gertrud von Oeynhausen 975:in over twenty towns in England. 281:Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia 7115:Scottish 18th-century literature 6402: 6301: 6295: 5411:7 September 1708 – 11 June 1727 3463:L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome III 3308:of 1759) is contradicted by the 3305:Le Grand Dictionnaire Historique 2008:Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt 1540:tierced per pale and per chevron 647:Philip Christoph von Königsmarck 542:ruled in Hanover. They lived at 522:of England, through her mother, 367: 286:Melusina, Countess of Walsingham 276:George II, King of Great Britain 248: 7330:Military personnel from Hanover 5507:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 5252:at the official website of the 5243:at the official website of the 4939:. Manchester: Peter Davies Ltd. 4769: 4760: 4713: 4695: 4686: 4666: 4620: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4552: 4533: 4524: 4511: 4502: 4472: 4463: 4450: 4441: 4428: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4234: 4209: 4200: 4185: 4156: 4135: 4126: 4089: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4015: 3965: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3870: 3854: 3828: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3701: 3675: 3630: 3597: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3344: 3328: 3319: 2162:Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau 1102:had recognised the grandson of 1094:involved the same issue as the 244: 18:George I, King of Great Britain 7310:British monarchs buried abroad 7105:Romantic literature in English 5504:Monarchs of England until 1603 5361:Brunswick-Lüneburg (Calenberg) 5193:The life and times of George I 4903:Walpole and the Whig Supremacy 3842:. National Records of Scotland 3549: 3528: 3512: 3454: 3371: 3292: 2104:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine 1729:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 1727:created Countess of Delitz by 1698:Frederick William I of Prussia 1285: 555:younger brothers and sisters. 13: 1: 6532:Floral Badge of Great Britain 5442:1 August 1714 – 11 June 1727 5387:Elector-designate of Hanover 5082:10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXVIII.26 5069:The English Historical Review 4744:The Royal Heraldry of England 4166:The English Historical Review 4099:The Journal of Modern History 3364: 2130:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1781: 1184:runs from Hanover to Britain. 1153: 1146:. The Swedish territories of 1096:War of the Spanish Succession 1092:War of the Quadruple Alliance 892: 831:. The Holy Roman Empire, the 813:War of the Spanish Succession 797:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück 691:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück 536:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück 489: 7265:Electoral Princes of Hanover 6468:Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 5394:Title of elector recognised 5336:Elector-designate of Hanover 5045:The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760 4964:UK public library membership 4797:UK public library membership 4742:; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). 4709:. Vol. 10. p. 703. 4627:Lohrmann, Martin J. (2021). 4067:"Septennial Act 1715 (c.38)" 3669:UK public library membership 3608:A Treasury of Royal Scandals 3525:, Göttingen 2014, pp. 68–69. 1708:Melusine von der Schulenburg 1219:(Walpole's brother-in-law), 1200:In Hanover, the King was an 681:George in 1706, when he was 643:Melusine von der Schulenburg 456:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 437:Melusine von der Schulenburg 7: 7320:Burials at the Leineschloss 7245:18th-century Irish monarchs 7240:18th-century British people 6422:Constitutional development 6114:British monarchs after the 5113:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 4835:Cokayne, George E. (1910). 4786:, Oxford University Press, 3943:Monod, Paul Kleber (1993). 3658:, Oxford University Press, 3409:"The Hanoverians are here!" 3378:Brunner, Daniel L. (2006). 3357:adopted by Hanover in 1700. 3341:adopted by Hanover in 1700. 3109:James Francis Edward Stuart 2781:Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg 1828: 1518:flory-counter-flory Gules ( 1426:William Makepeace Thackeray 1315:and protect British trade. 1276:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1020:James Francis Edward Stuart 593: 506:. He was the eldest son of 500:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 464:James Francis Edward Stuart 429:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 10: 7351: 7270:Dukes of Bremen and Verden 7250:Prince-electors of Hanover 7235:18th-century German people 7230:17th-century German people 5384:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5283:George I of Great Britain 5265:Portraits of King George I 5023:Cambridge University Press 4976:George I: Elector and King 4849: 4196:. Routledge. pp. 3–8. 3949:Cambridge University Press 3604:Farquhar, Michael (2001). 2929:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2197: 2081: 1955: 1849: 1686:Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 1666:George II of Great Britain 1272:First Lord of the Treasury 1172:Walpole–Townshend ministry 1157: 538:, while his older brother 265: 187:(aged 67) (O.S./N.S.) 7260:Monarchs of Great Britain 7215:George I of Great Britain 7179: 7156:Proclamation of Rebellion 7128: 7092: 7071: 7038: 6584: 6539: 6525: 6415: 6354: 6310: 6293: 6255: 6202: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6042: 6025: 6021: 5498: 5494: 5431: 5423: 5413: 5404: 5399: 5381: 5352: 5329: 5321: 5316: 5281: 5201:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 5175:10.1080/00379816509513919 4885:. London: Cresset Press. 4179:10.1093/ehr/LII.CCVII.492 3790:Hatton, pp. 101–104, 122. 3196: 3186: 3182: 3159: 3157: 3119: 3091: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2961: 2959: 2944: 2942: 2914: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2602: 2600: 2592: 2590: 2574: 2572: 2546: 2544: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2458: 2456: 2267: 2259: 2231: 2209: 2205: 2169: 2147: 2139: 2111: 2089: 2085: 2047: 2025: 2017: 1989: 1967: 1963: 1927: 1905: 1897: 1869: 1853: 1772: 1704: 1653: 1372: 1063:. The Prince's new home, 763:, which required further 736:, and his sister-in-law, 363: 353: 343: 333: 321: 308: 303: 299: 258: 226: 207: 179: 147: 143: 135: 125: 114: 107: 97: 87: 77: 66: 55: 39: 34: 6409:Kingdom of Great Britain 5375:Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle 5346:Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle 5225:. Translated/adapted by 5142:Harvard University Press 4562:, pp. 29–31, 53, and 61. 3254: 2952:(No legitimate children) 2431:Christian III of Denmark 2040:Magdalene of Brandenburg 1657:Sophia Dorothea of Celle 1632: 1483:As king, his arms were: 1008:general election of 1715 931:Kingdom of Great Britain 770:Principality of Lüneburg 516:Sophia of the Palatinate 433:Sophia Dorothea of Celle 348:Sophia of the Palatinate 233:Sophia Dorothea of Celle 46:Portrait from studio of 7275:Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg 7171:Welsh Methodist revival 7110:Romanticism in Scotland 6507:Agricultural Revolution 6473:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784) 5182:Konigs, Philip (1993). 5097:—— (1967). 5049:Oxford University Press 4519:Encyclopædia Britannica 4241:Szechi, Daniel (1994). 3428:Encyclopædia Britannica 2537:Frederick II of Denmark 1478: 960:gardens at Herrenhausen 845:Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg 819:, the grandson of King 576:George William of Celle 450:, George inherited the 7120:Blue Stockings Society 6533: 6456:American Revolutionary 5254:Royal Collection Trust 5191:Marlow, Joyce (1973). 5017:Smith, Hannah (2006). 5002:The First Four Georges 4956:10.1093/ref:odnb/10538 4792:10.1093/ref:odnb/24835 4707:Collier's Encyclopedia 4216:Lenman, Bruce (1980). 4056:Williams, pp. 151–152. 4007:The First Four Georges 3664:10.1093/ref:odnb/24834 3413:Historic Royal Palaces 3281:. Hanover adopted the 3226:Predeceased his mother 1629: 1628:, George's half-sister 1618: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1472: 1443: 1397: 1392:Statue of George I by 1385: 1358: 1295: 1197: 1185: 1071:and the desire of the 999: 935:Act of Settlement 1701 911:Parliament of Scotland 902: 841:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 833:United Dutch Provinces 808: 793:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 730:Act of Settlement 1701 715:George Frideric Händel 686: 607: 385: 310: 309:George Louis (German: 7305:Nobility from Hanover 6531: 5434:King of Great Britain 4602:Ashley, Mike (1998). 4544:(2007). "Mausoleum". 4394:Erleigh, pp. 112–117. 3878:"The Treaty of Union" 1624: 1613: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1467: 1430: 1391: 1380: 1353: 1293: 1191: 1179: 1158:Further information: 1014:sympathised with the 990: 907:Parliament of England 890: 786: 680: 601: 443:of Hanover in 1708. 398:Electorate of Hanover 390:King of Great Britain 57:King of Great Britain 7280:Princes of Calenberg 6519:Financial Revolution 6478:French Revolutionary 6084:William III & II 5649:Henry the Young King 5599:Edward the Confessor 5567:Æthelred the Unready 5293:Cadet branch of the 4937:The South Sea Bubble 4883:The South Sea Bubble 4740:Pinches, John Harvey 4705:(1967). "George I". 4663:Hatton, pp. 132–136. 4469:Hatton, pp. 251–253. 4295:Hatton, pp. 244–246. 4274:Williams, pp. 13–14. 4141:Hatton, pp. 207–208. 4132:Hatton, pp. 199–202. 4077:on 30 September 2007 4047:Hatton, pp. 174–179. 3951:. pp. 173–178. 2522:Mary, Queen of Scots 1606:Issue and mistresses 1556:crown of Charlemagne 1470:court was profound. 1402:Mary Wortley Montagu 1356:Herrenhausen Gardens 1345:King Ernest Augustus 1337:Herrenhausen Gardens 1124:Battle of Glen Shiel 1024:a Jacobite rebellion 919:Act of Security 1704 746:British royal family 247: 1682; 7285:Princes of Lüneburg 7166:Speenhamland system 6614:Acts of Parliament: 6609:List of parliaments 6269:(Elector-designate) 6032:Union of the Crowns 4517:"George I" (1911). 4480:"Order of the Bath" 3882:Scottish Parliament 3811:"Holy Roman Empire" 3573:Hatton, pp. 36, 42. 3439:"Act of Settlement" 2652:Dorothea of Denmark 1920:Dorothea of Denmark 1678:Caroline of Ansbach 1617:, George's mistress 1367:Caroline of Ansbach 1347:in the Berggarten. 1040:Septennial Act 1715 991:George in 1718, by 983:Wars and rebellions 971:on 20 October. His 857:Duke of Marlborough 825:Charles II of Spain 821:Louis XIV of France 753:Order of the Garter 203:, Holy Roman Empire 7136:East India Company 6534: 6502:Panic of 1796–1797 6339:Ernest Augustus II 6116:Acts of Union 1707 6079:James II & VII 5772:Kenneth I MacAlpin 5557:Edgar the Peaceful 5407:Elector of Hanover 5195:. Introduction by 4719:Williams, p. 12.; 4633:. Fortress Press. 4029:. 30 December 2015 3865:legislation.gov.uk 3840:Scotland 1689–1707 3836:"Relations Worsen" 3781:Hatton, pp. 86–89. 3763:Hatton, pp. 77–78. 3754:Hatton, pp. 75–76. 3636:Hatton, pp. 60–64. 3594:Hatton, pp. 51–61. 3582:Hatton, pp. 43–46. 3534:Hatton, pp. 26–28. 3387:Lutheran Quarterly 3355:Gregorian calendar 3339:Gregorian calendar 3302:(in, for example, 3286:Gregorian calendar 3222:Duke of Gloucester 2920:Elector of Hanover 1800:Lieutenant-General 1630: 1619: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1398: 1386: 1359: 1296: 1198: 1186: 1160:Townshend ministry 1132:Great Northern War 1061:St. James's Palace 1000: 903: 852:Elector of Bavaria 809: 761:constitutional law 713:and the composers 695:Brunswick-Lüneburg 687: 683:Elector of Hanover 608: 512:Brunswick-Lüneburg 472:cabinet government 170:Brunswick-Lüneburg 118:23 January 1698 – 109:Elector of Hanover 7200: 7199: 7161:South Sea Company 6451:French and Indian 6368: 6367: 6266:Ernest Augustus I 6249:Rulers of Hanover 6215: 6214: 6198: 6197: 6101: 6100: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6011: 5562:Edward the Martyr 5446: 5445: 5414:Succeeded by 5379: 5364: 5219:Michael, Wolfgang 5210:978-0-2977-6592-9 5120:978-1-4094-3139-8 5032:978-0-521-82876-5 4989:978-0-500-25060-0 4980:Thames and Hudson 4962:(Subscription or 4933:Erleigh, Viscount 4916:978-0-340-11515-2 4870:978-0-7509-2523-5 4795:(subscription or 4753:978-0-900455-25-4 4732:978-1-85605-469-0 4640:978-1-5064-6458-9 4613:978-1-84119-096-9 4490:on 2 January 2012 4447:Dickinson, p. 63. 4385:Dickinson, p. 59. 4304:Carswell, p. 103. 4252:978-0-7190-3774-0 4227:978-0-413-39650-1 4153:Dickinson, p. 49. 4001:Plumb, J. H. 3958:978-0-521-44793-5 3732:978-0-563-53747-2 3667:(subscription or 3623:978-0-7394-2025-6 3505:978-0-7126-7448-5 3472:978-2-901138-03-7 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2188:Sophia of Hanover 1779: 1778: 1775: 1706:By his mistress, 1603: 1602: 1413:the Enlightenment 1309:Treaty of Hanover 1300:Order of the Bath 1245:South Sea Company 1148:Bremen and Verden 1100:Treaty of Utrecht 1088:Holy Roman Empire 1073:Princess of Wales 969:Westminster Abbey 877:Treaty of Utrecht 719:Agostino Steffani 711:Gottfried Leibniz 707:Holy Roman Empire 628:Great Turkish War 616:marriage of state 548:Schloss Osnabrück 504:Holy Roman Empire 425:Sophia of Hanover 402:Holy Roman Empire 375: 374: 317: 316: 217:, Hanover; later 190:Schloss Osnabrück 174:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 7342: 7295:House of Hanover 6602:House of Commons 6495:Jacobite risings 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6372: 6371: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6107: 6106: 6067:Richard Cromwell 6057:The Protectorate 6047:James I & VI 6023: 6022: 5604:Harold Godwinson 5524:Edward the Elder 5517:Alfred the Great 5501: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5424:Preceded by 5370: 5357: 5353:Preceded by 5322:Preceded by 5312: 5305: 5288:House of Hanover 5279: 5278: 5275: 5245:British monarchy 5230: 5214: 5187: 5178: 5157: 5132: 5102: 5093: 5064:Beattie, John M. 5052: 5036: 5013: 4993: 4972:Hatton, Ragnhild 4967: 4959: 4940: 4928: 4905:. Introduced by 4899:Dickinson, H. T. 4894: 4874: 4861:Walpole in Power 4843: 4842: 4832: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4736: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4674:Thackeray, W. M. 4670: 4664: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4563: 4560:Walpole in Power 4556: 4550: 4549: 4540:Knocke, Helmut; 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4486:. Archived from 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458:Walpole in Power 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436:Walpole in Power 4432: 4426: 4423:Walpole in Power 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4284: 4283:Carswell, p. 72. 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4073:. Archived from 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 3997: 3988: 3985: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3884:. Archived from 3874: 3868: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3648: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3611: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523:Wallstein Verlag 3516: 3510: 3509: 3488: 3477: 3476: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443:The Royal Family 3434: 3419: 3404: 3399: 3384: 3375: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3310:Electress Sophia 3296: 3290: 3272: 2918:Ernest Augustus, 2900:James VII and II 2764:Elizabeth Stuart 2371: 2370: 2364:House of Hanover 2353: 2346: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2250:Elizabeth Stuart 1843: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1773: 1637: 1636: 1561: 1493:passant guardant 1459:G. K. Chesterton 1341:Allied air raids 1313:Treaty of Vienna 1250:Charles Stanhope 1202:absolute monarch 1054:) as one of the 1048:Lord Chamberlain 951:of the Catholic 949:hereditary right 897: 894: 873:Elector Palatine 861:Emperor Joseph I 837:House of Bourbon 699:Archbannerbearer 632:Battle of Vienna 561:Franco-Dutch War 530:family moved to 514:, and his wife, 410:House of Hanover 371: 301: 300: 291: 269: 252: 250: 246: 198: 186: 175: 158: 156: 121: 73: 70:1 August 1714 – 44: 32: 31: 21: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7196: 7175: 7146:Longitude prize 7124: 7088: 7067: 7034: 6580: 6535: 6523: 6461:Boston Massacre 6411: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6369: 6364: 6358:British monarch 6350: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6251: 6246: 6216: 6211: 6194: 6121: 6097: 6062:Oliver Cromwell 6038: 6013: 6008: 5855:Constantine III 5764: 5589:Harold Harefoot 5579:Edmund Ironside 5490: 5485: and 5476: 5441: 5429: 5419: 5410: 5389: 5386: 5369: 5365: 5356: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5325:Ernest Augustus 5306: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5284: 5237: 5211: 5169:(10): 546–566. 5121: 5059: 5057:Further reading 5041:Williams, Basil 5033: 4990: 4961: 4917: 4871: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4833: 4824: 4811: 4804: 4794: 4774: 4770: 4766:Hatton, p. 411. 4765: 4761: 4754: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4700: 4696: 4692:Smith, pp. 3–9. 4691: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4600: 4596: 4592:Hatton, p. 131. 4591: 4587: 4583:Hatton, p. 172. 4582: 4578: 4574:Hatton, p. 291. 4573: 4566: 4557: 4553: 4538: 4534: 4530:Hatton, p. 282. 4529: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4508:Hatton, p. 274. 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349:Erleigh, p. 70. 4348: 4344: 4340:Erleigh, p. 65. 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265:Hatton, p. 238. 4264: 4260: 4253: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4214: 4210: 4206:Hatton, p. 239. 4205: 4201: 4190: 4186: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3975: 3971:Hatton, p. 158. 3970: 3966: 3959: 3941: 3937: 3933:Hatton, p. 123. 3932: 3928: 3924:Hatton, p. 109. 3923: 3919: 3915:Hatton, p. 108. 3914: 3910: 3906:Hatton, p. 119. 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3803: 3799:Hatton, p. 104. 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3649: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3489: 3480: 3473: 3459: 3455: 3437: 3422: 3407: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3350:22 June in the 3349: 3345: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3297: 3293: 3279:Julian calendar 3273: 3262: 3257: 3224: 3221: 3220:Prince William, 3124: 3123:Sophia Dorothea 2928: 2927:George William, 2919: 2909: 2885: 2780: 2644: 2360:House of Stuart 2357: 2328: 2282:Anne of Denmark 1831: 1818:Ragnhild Hatton 1784: 1726: 1673:25 October 1760 1670:9 November 1683 1635: 1608: 1481: 1409:Ragnhild Hatton 1383:James Thornhill 1375: 1288: 1225:Lord Sunderland 1192:A 1718 quarter- 1174: 1156: 1142:for control of 1086:. In 1718, the 1080:Triple Alliance 1065:Leicester House 997:Godfrey Kneller 985: 927:Treaty of Union 900:Godfrey Kneller 895: 885: 675: 673:Electoral reign 636:George Augustus 604:Godfrey Kneller 596: 580:Sophia Dorothea 508:Ernest Augustus 492: 421:Ernest Augustus 406:British monarch 380:(George Louis; 295: 263: 262: 254: 251: 1694) 242: 238: 235: 222: 212: 192: 188: 184: 183:11/22 June 1727 173: 164: 154: 152: 130:Ernest Augustus 119: 83:20 October 1714 71: 51: 48:Godfrey Kneller 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7348: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7141:British Empire 7138: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7005: 6998:Prime Minister 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6597:House of Lords 6588: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6437:External wars 6435: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6398: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6315: 6308: 6307: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6274:George I Louis 6271: 6262: 6260: 6253: 6252: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5958:Edward Balliol 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Constantine II 5815: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5610:Edgar Ætheling 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5491: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5380: 5367:George William 5354: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5317:Regnal titles 5314: 5313: 5292: 5285: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5262: 5261:at BBC History 5256: 5247: 5236: 5235:External links 5233: 5232: 5231: 5215: 5209: 5197:Antonia Fraser 5188: 5179: 5158: 5133: 5119: 5103: 5094: 5076:(318): 26–37. 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5037: 5031: 5014: 4998:Plumb, John H. 4994: 4988: 4968: 4941: 4929: 4915: 4895: 4879:Carswell, John 4875: 4869: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4822: 4802: 4768: 4759: 4752: 4731: 4712: 4694: 4685: 4665: 4653: 4639: 4619: 4612: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4564: 4551: 4532: 4523: 4510: 4501: 4471: 4462: 4449: 4440: 4427: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4251: 4233: 4226: 4208: 4199: 4184: 4155: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4112:10.1086/237317 4088: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4014: 3989: 3973: 3964: 3957: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3888:on 18 May 2007 3869: 3853: 3827: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3772:Hatton, p. 90. 3765: 3756: 3747: 3745:Hatton, p. 74. 3738: 3731: 3700: 3674: 3638: 3629: 3622: 3596: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3564:Hatton, p. 30. 3557: 3555:Hatton, p. 34. 3548: 3546:Hatton, p. 29. 3536: 3527: 3511: 3504: 3478: 3471: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3435: 3420: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3343: 3334:8 June in the 3327: 3318: 3291: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2886:Princess Royal 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628:James VI and I 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2367: 2366: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2224:James VI and I 2220: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1552:for Westphalia 1480: 1477: 1441:in his train. 1394:Carl Rangenier 1374: 1371: 1287: 1284: 1280:Royal Archives 1268:Prime Minister 1236:House of Lords 1217:Lord Townshend 1213:Robert Walpole 1206:British pounds 1155: 1152: 1084:Dutch Republic 1069:Robert Walpole 984: 981: 923:Alien Act 1705 884: 881: 869:Arch-Treasurer 703:Prince-Elector 674: 671: 665:in her native 595: 592: 540:George William 491: 488: 480:Robert Walpole 476:prime minister 452:British throne 448:James VI and I 441:prince-elector 373: 372: 365: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 335: 331: 330: 325: 319: 318: 315: 314: 306: 305: 297: 296: 294: 293: 283: 278: 272: 270: 256: 255: 240: 236: 231: 230: 228: 224: 223: 213: 209: 205: 204: 181: 177: 176: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 116: 112: 111: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 81: 75: 74: 68: 64: 63: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7347: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7203: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7046:Great Britain 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025:Patriot Whigs 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993:Privy Council 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6431:Union of 1801 6429: 6427: 6426:Union of 1707 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5930:Alexander III 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5786:Constantine I 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296:House of Welf 5290: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5228: 5224: 5221:(1936–1939). 5220: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107:Black, Jeremy 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4857:Black, Jeremy 4854: 4853: 4840: 4839: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4542:Thielen, Hugo 4536: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4203: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3987:Gibbs (2004). 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:BBC Worldwide 3716: 3715: 3710: 3709:Schama, Simon 3704: 3689: 3685: 3682:Schemmel, B. 3678: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3260: 3245: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3147: 3146:(No children) 3139: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3048: 3037: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2953: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2808: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2765: 2758: 2738: 2735: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2699: 2691: 2689: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2646: 2629: 2609: 2607: 2553: 2551: 2538: 2523: 2503: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2417: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1771: 1768: 1765:Married 1722 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1703: 1700:); had issue 1699: 1695: 1692: 1690:26 March 1687 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676:Married 1705 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655:By his wife, 1652: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1612: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528:fleurs-de-lis 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1463:John H. Plumb 1460: 1456: 1455:Lord Hervey's 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1379: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1221:Lord Stanhope 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1190: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1032:national debt 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 998: 994: 993:George Vertue 989: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 901: 889: 880: 878: 874: 870: 865: 862: 858: 853: 850:In 1706, the 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 806: 805:Bremen-Verden 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 779: 776:, centred at 775: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 684: 679: 670: 668: 664: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 617: 613: 605: 600: 591: 589: 588:primogeniture 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 556: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 370: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 349: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 326: 324: 320: 312: 307: 302: 298: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 271: 268: 267: 261: 257: 234: 229: 225: 220: 216: 211:4 August 1727 210: 206: 202: 196: 191: 182: 178: 171: 167: 162: 159:7 June 1660 ( 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 128: 124: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 82: 80: 76: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7202: 7072:Architecture 7030:Kit-Cat Club 6563: 6540:Royal houses 6441:Seven Years' 6273: 6268: 6256:Electors of 6206: 6185:Elizabeth II 6134: 6113: 6029: 5956: 5934: 5925:Alexander II 5842: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5752: 5741: 5664: 5647: 5635: 5608: 5571: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5432: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5382: 5372: 5371: 5358: 5343: 5330: 5311:11 June 1727 5308: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5227:Lewis Namier 5222: 5192: 5183: 5166: 5162: 5137: 5110: 5098: 5073: 5067: 5044: 5018: 5004:. Batsford. 5001: 4975: 4945: 4936: 4902: 4882: 4860: 4837: 4815: 4783: 4776:Cannon, John 4771: 4762: 4743: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4703:Plumb, J. H. 4697: 4688: 4678: 4668: 4644:. Retrieved 4629: 4622: 4603: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4559: 4554: 4545: 4535: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4504: 4492:. Retrieved 4488:the original 4483: 4474: 4465: 4460:, pp. 19–20. 4457: 4456:e.g. Black, 4452: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4422: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4242: 4236: 4217: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4187: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4137: 4128: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4079:. Retrieved 4075:the original 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4026: 4017: 4006: 3967: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3890:. Retrieved 3886:the original 3881: 3872: 3856: 3844:. Retrieved 3839: 3830: 3818:. Retrieved 3814: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3713: 3703: 3691:. Retrieved 3687: 3677: 3655: 3632: 3607: 3599: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3495: 3492:Weir, Alison 3462: 3456: 3446: 3442: 3431: 3427: 3416: 3412: 3401: 3390: 3386: 3373: 3346: 3330: 3321: 3313: 3304: 3294: 3225: 3166: 3145: 3115: 3046: 2951: 2906: 2390: 2065: 1785: 1719:January 1692 1705: 1693:28 June 1757 1680:; had issue 1654: 1520:for Scotland 1491:three lions 1482: 1473: 1468: 1465:noted that: 1447:Walter Scott 1444: 1435:St. Germains 1431: 1406: 1399: 1360: 1333:Leine Palace 1317: 1297: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1241: 1232:Peerage Bill 1229: 1210: 1199: 1115:Eilean Donan 1112: 1077: 1044: 1036: 1001: 977: 957: 939: 915:Royal Assent 904: 866: 849: 810: 765:acts in 1705 750: 723: 688: 663:Ahlden House 659: 640: 625: 609: 565: 557: 544:Iburg Castle 528: 493: 483: 445: 414: 386:Georg Ludwig 377: 376: 311:Georg Ludwig 264: 219:Herrenhausen 215:Leine Palace 185:(1727-06-22) 120:11 June 1727 72:11 June 1727 29: 7225:1727 deaths 7220:1660 births 7100:Periodicals 6446:Jenkins Ear 6190:Charles III 6175:Edward VIII 5905:Alexander I 5885:Malcolm III 5860:Kenneth III 5760:Elizabeth I 5722:Richard III 5373:as Duke of 5359:as Duke of 5304:28 May 1660 5144:. pp. 4907:A. 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George I of Great Britain

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