548:. Evans became its assistant editor in 1851 after joining just a year earlier. Evans's writings for the paper were comments on her views of society and the Victorian way of thinking. She was sympathetic to the lower classes and criticised organised religion throughout her articles and reviews and commented on contemporary ideas of the time. Much of this was drawn from her own experiences and knowledge and she used this to critique other ideas and organisations. This led to her writing being viewed as authentic and wise but not too obviously opinionated. Evans also focused on the business side of the Review with attempts to change its layout and design. Although Chapman was officially the editor, it was Evans who did most of the work of producing the journal, contributing many essays and reviews beginning with the January 1852 issue and continuing until the end of her employment at the
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easily pronounced word". Although female authors were published under their own names during her lifetime, she wanted to escape the stereotype of women's writing being limited to lighthearted romances or other lighter fare not to be taken very seriously. She also wanted to have her fiction judged separately from her already extensive and widely known work as a translator, editor, and critic. Another factor in her use of a pen name may have been a desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny, thus avoiding the scandal that would have arisen because of her relationship with Lewes, who was married.
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784:(1869) she judged the second chapter excoriating the laws which oppress married women "excellent." She was supportive of Mill's parliamentary run, but believed that the electorate was unlikely to vote for a philosopher and was surprised when he won. While Mill served in parliament, she expressed her agreement with his efforts on behalf of female suffrage, being "inclined to hope for much good from the serious presentation of women's claims before Parliament." In a letter to
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1166:, in which Eliot’s protagonist displayed a "surprisingly modern readiness to interpret religious language in humanist or secular ethical terms." Though Eliot herself was not religious, she had respect for religious tradition and its ability to maintain a sense of social order and morality. The religious elements in her fiction also owe much to her upbringing, with the experiences of Maggie Tulliver from
426:), and her themes are often influenced by Greek tragedy". Her frequent visits to the estate also allowed her to contrast the wealth in which the local landowner lived with the lives of the often much poorer people on the estate, and different lives lived in parallel would reappear in many of her works. The other important early influence in her life was religion. She was brought up within a
516:. As Evans began to question her own religious faith, her father threatened to throw her out of the house, but his threat was not carried out. Instead, she respectfully attended church and continued to keep house for him until his death in 1849, when she was 30. Five days after her father's funeral, she travelled to Switzerland with the Brays. She decided to stay on in
1194:, Eliot's sales were falling off, and she had faded from public view to some degree. This was not helped by the posthumous biography written by her husband, which portrayed a wonderful, almost saintly, woman totally at odds with the scandalous life people knew she had led. In the 20th century she was championed by a new breed of critics, most notably by
705:(1859). It was an instant success, and prompted yet more intense curiosity as to the author's identity: there was even a pretender to the authorship, one Joseph Liggins. This public interest subsequently led to Marian Evans Lewes's acknowledgment that it was she who stood behind the pseudonym George Eliot.
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She spelled her name differently at different times. Mary Anne was the spelling used by her father for the baptismal record and she uses this spelling in her earliest letters. Within her family, however, it was spelled Mary Ann. By 1852, she had changed to Marian, but she reverted to Mary Ann in 1880
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George Eliot was considered by contemporaries to be a physically unattractive woman; she herself knew this and made jokes about her appearance in letters to friends. Yet somehow the force of her personality overcame her ugliness. This was noted by numerous acquaintances. Of his first meeting with her
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The trip to
Germany also served as a honeymoon for Evans and Lewes, who subsequently considered themselves married. Evans began to refer to Lewes as her husband and to sign her name as Mary Ann Evans Lewes, legally changing her name to Mary Ann Evans Lewes after his death. The refusal to conceal the
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as his conjugal partner, from 1854–1878, and called him her husband. He remained married to his wife and supported their children, even after she left him to live with another man and have children with him. In May 1880, eighteen months after Lewes's death, George Eliot married her long-time friend,
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The revelations about Eliot's private life surprised and shocked many of her admiring readers, but this did not affect her popularity as a novelist. Her relationship with Lewes afforded her the encouragement and stability she needed to write fiction, but it would be some time before the couple were
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After age sixteen, Evans had little formal education. Thanks to her father's important role on the estate, she was allowed access to the library of Arbury Hall, which greatly aided her self-education and breadth of learning. Her classical education left its mark; Christopher Stray has observed that
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The young Evans was a voracious reader and obviously intelligent. Because she was not considered physically beautiful, Evans was not thought to have much chance of marriage, and this, coupled with her intelligence, led her father to invest in an education not often afforded to women. From ages five
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alone, living first on the lake at
Plongeon (near the present-day United Nations buildings) and then on the second floor of a house owned by her friends François and Juliet d'Albert Durade on the rue de Chanoines (now the rue de la Pelisserie). She commented happily that "one feels in a downy nest
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of novels that were being written in Europe at the time, an emphasis on realistic storytelling confirmed in her own subsequent fiction. She also adopted a nom-de-plume, George Eliot; as she explained to her biographer J. W. Cross, George was Lewes's forename, and Eliot was "a good mouth-filling,
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Pearson, 1788–1836), daughter of a local mill-owner. Her full siblings were: Christiana, known as
Chrissey (1814–1859), Isaac (1816–1890), and twin brothers who died a few days after birth in March 1821. She also had a half-brother, Robert Evans (1802–1864), and half-sister, Frances "Fanny" Evans
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was a real shame, because it could have provided some illuminating cues for understanding the more mature works of the writer. She had taken particular notice of
Feuerbach's conception of Christianity, positing that our understanding of the nature of the divine was to be found ultimately in the
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On 16 May 1880, eighteen months after Lewes' death, Eliot married John Walter Cross (1840–1924) and again changed her name, this time to Mary Ann Cross. While the marriage courted some controversy due to the 21 year age differences, it pleased her brother Isaac that she was married in this
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had become rich as a ribbon manufacturer and had used his wealth in the building of schools and in other philanthropic causes. Evans, who had been struggling with religious doubts for some time, became intimate friends with the radical, free-thinking Brays, who had a casual view of marital
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sharing many similarities with the young Mary Ann Evans. Eliot also faced a quandary similar to that of Silas Marner, whose alienation from the church simultaneously meant his alienation from society. Because Eliot retained a vestigial respect for religion, German philosopher
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professor Lisa
Surridge, Carlyle "stimulated Eliot's interest in German thought, encouraged her turn from Christian orthodoxy, and shaped her ideas on work, duty, sympathy, and the evolution of the self." These themes made their way into Evans's first complete novel,
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high up in a good old tree". Her stay is commemorated by a plaque on the building. While residing there, she read avidly and took long walks in the beautiful Swiss countryside, which was a great inspiration to her. François Durade painted her portrait there as well.
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was voted the tenth greatest literary work ever written. In 2015, writers from outside the UK voted it first among all
British novels "by a landslide". The various film and television adaptations of Eliot's books have re-introduced her to the wider reading public.
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In 1836, her mother died and Evans (then 16) returned home to act as housekeeper, though she continued to correspond with her tutor Maria Lewis. When she was 21, her brother Isaac married and took over the family home, so Evans and her father moved to
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Eliot, George (4 April 1851). "Marian Evans". Letter to John
Chapman. The George Eliot Letters, Ed. Gordon S. Haight, Vol. I, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press (RE: First known instance of George Eliot signing her name as ′Marian Evans′).
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788:, she declared her support for plans "which held out reasonable promise of tending to establish as far as possible an equivalence of advantage for the two sexes, as to education and the possibilities of free development", and dismissed
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While the biographical consensus is that Lewes and Eliot had a perfect partnership, this view has been somewhat modified by
Beverley Park Rilett, who argued in 2013 and 2017 that Lewes's protective love may have amounted to coercive
820:, dedicating the manuscript: "To my beloved husband, George Henry Lewes, I give this MS. of my third book, written in the sixth year of our life together, at Holly Lodge, South Field, Wandsworth, and finished 21 March 1860."
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The
Strauss book had caused a sensation in Germany by arguing that the miracles in the New Testament were mythical additions with little basis in fact. Evans's translation had a similar effect in England, with
1727:, 24 January 2010, p. 4: "They've produced the greatest writer in the English language ever, George Eliot, and arguably the third greatest, Jane Austen, and certainly the greatest novel, Middlemarch..."
861:, for publication, and found solace and companionship with longtime friend and financial adviser John Walter Cross, a Scottish commission agent 20 years her junior, whose mother had recently died.
945:... To begin with she is magnificently ugly — deliciously hideous. She has a low forehead, a dull grey eye, a vast pendulous nose, a huge mouth, full of uneven teeth & a chin & jawbone
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On her return to
England the following year (1850), she moved to London with the intent of becoming a writer, and she began referring to herself as Marian Evans. She stayed at the house of
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the belief that there was much value and beauty to be found in the mundane details of ordinary country life. Eliot did not, however, confine herself to stories of the English countryside.
619:, which she completed in 1856, but which was not published in her lifetime because the prospective publisher refused to pay the requested £75. In 1981, Eliot's translation of Spinoza's
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excoriated her system of morality for figuring sin as a debt that can be expiated through suffering, which he demeaned as characteristic of "little moralistic females à la Eliot."
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Readers in the Victorian era praised her novels for their depictions of rural society. Much of the material for her prose was drawn from her own experience. She shared with
659:, "Silly Novels by Lady Novelists" (1856). The essay criticised the trivial and ridiculous plots of contemporary fiction written by women. In other essays, she praised the
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obligations and the Brays' "Rosehill" home was a haven for people who held and debated radical views. The people whom the young woman met at the Brays' house included
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1075:; the novel is notable for its deep psychological insight and sophisticated character portraits. The roots of her realist philosophy can be found in her review of
857:, Surrey. By this time Lewes's health was failing, and he died two years later, on 30 November 1878. Eliot spent the next six months editing Lewes's final work,
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relationship. He had broken off relations with her when she had begun to live with Lewes, and now sent congratulations. While the couple were honeymooning in
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2107:"A Dialogue of Forms: The Display of Thinking in George Eliot's 'Poetry and Prose, From the Notebook of an Eccentric' and Impressions of Theophrastus Such"
694:. As early as 1841, she referred to him as "a grand favourite of mine", and references to him abound in her letters from the 1840s and 1850s. According to
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Before George Eliot: Marian Evans and the Periodical Press; Modernizing George Eliot: The Writer as Artist, Intellectual, Proto-Modernist, Cultural Critic
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However, it would not be correct to assume that the female protagonists of her works can be considered "feminist", with the sole exception perhaps of
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1690:"George Eliot (…) is the most earnestly imperative and the most probingly intelligent of the great mid-Victorian novelists". In: Sanders, Andrew
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and Berlin together for the purpose of research. Before going to Germany, Evans continued her theological work with a translation of Feuerbach's
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and that "decayed monarchs" would be pensioned off, although she believed a gradual reformist approach to social problems was best for England.
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Houghton (1805–1882), from her father's previous marriage to Harriet Poynton (1780–1809). In early 1820, the family moved to a house named
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Working as a translator, Eliot was exposed to German texts of religious, social, and moral philosophy such as David Friedrich Strauss's
591:(1817–1878) met Evans in 1851, and by 1854 they had decided to live together. Lewes was already married to Agnes Jervis, although in an
487:, who cast doubt on the literal truth of Biblical texts. In fact, her first major literary work was an English translation of Strauss's
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406:, from ages nine to thirteen at Mrs. Wallington's school in Nuneaton, and from ages thirteen to sixteen at Miss Franklin's school in
495:(1846), which she completed after it had been left incomplete by Elizabeth "Rufa" Brabant, another member of the "Rosehill Circle".
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and her friend Herbert Spencer are nearby. In 1980, on the centenary of her death, a memorial stone was established for her in the
422:"George Eliot's novels draw heavily on Greek literature (only one of her books can be printed correctly without the use of a Greek
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904:(East), Highgate, London, in the area reserved for political and religious dissenters and agnostics, beside the love of her life,
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In 1857, when she was 37 years of age, "The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton", the first of the three stories included in
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As a product of their friendship, Bray published some of Evans's own earliest writing, such as reviews, in his newspaper the
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calling her translation "the most pestilential book ever vomited out of the jaws of hell." Later she translated Feuerbach's
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Bidney, Martin (2002). "Philosophy and the Victorian Literary Aesthetic". In Baker, William; Womack, Kenneth (eds.).
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683:(published as a 2-volume book in 1858), was well received, and was widely believed to have been written by a country
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McCormick, Kathleen (Summer 1986). "George Eliot's Earliest Prose: The Coventry "Herald" and the Coventry Fiction".
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was finally published by Thomas Deegan, and was determined to be in the public domain in 2018 and published by the
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796:'s feminist lecture on the claims of women for education, occupations, equality in marriage, and child custody.
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with which she had been afflicted for several years, led to her death on 22 December 1880 at the age of 61.
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655:, Evans resolved to become a novelist, and set out a pertinent manifesto in one of her last essays for the
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479:. Through this society Evans was introduced to more liberal and agnostic theologies and to writers such as
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In 1850–51, Evans attended classes in mathematics at the Ladies College in Bedford Square, later known as
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throughout continental Europe, and even hoped that the Italians would chase the "odious Austrians" out of
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1142:. Elements from these works show up in her fiction, much of which is written with her trademark sense of
1071:, in which she presents the stories of a number of inhabitants of a small English town on the eve of the
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relationship was contrary to the social conventions of the time, and attracted considerable disapproval.
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nature of humanity projected onto a divine figure. An example of this philosophy appeared in her novel
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Thomas J. Joudrey. "The Defects of Perfectionism: Nietzsche, Eliot, and the Irrevocability of Wrong."
1785:"George Eliot Biography – life, childhood, children, name, story, death, history, wife, school, young"
316:, she emerged from provincial England; most of her works are set there. Her works are known for their
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Maria Lewis—to whom her earliest surviving letters are addressed. In the religious atmosphere of the
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accepted into polite society. Acceptance was finally confirmed in 1877 when they were introduced to
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along with his wife and mistress. Chapman had recently purchased the campaigning, left-wing journal
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928:: "The first condition of human goodness is something to love; the second something to reverence".
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Due to her denial of the Christian faith and her relationship with Lewes, Eliot was not buried in
810:, Eliot continued to write popular novels for the next fifteen years. Within a year of completing
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262:, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator, and one of the leading writers of the
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Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction
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The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination
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Several landmarks in her birthplace of Nuneaton are named in her honour. These include the
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721:. The queen herself was an avid reader of all of Eliot's novels and was so impressed with
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2838:. Birmingham Regional Hospital Board Group 20 Hospital Management Committee. 1944–1974.
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595:. In addition to the three children they had together, Agnes also had four children by
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418:'s school, Evans was exposed to a quiet, disciplined belief opposed to evangelicalism.
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1202:"one of the few English novels written for grown-up people". In 1994, literary critic
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John Cross, a man much younger than she, and she changed her name to Mary Ann Cross.
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Museum and Art Gallery, in Riversley Park, home of collection on writer George Eliot
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Robert Evans (1773–1849), manager of the Arbury Hall estate, and Christiana Evans (
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Rebecca Ruth Gould, "Adam Bede's Dutch Realism and the Novelist's Point of View,"
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Victorian Jesus: J.R. Seeley, Religion, and the Cultural Significance of Anonymity
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in explaining women's lower status. In 1870, she responded enthusiastically to
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2632:. Vol. II (1876–1881). London: Macmillan and Co. 1893. pp. 232–239.
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Middlemarch from Notebook to Novel: A Study of George Eliot's Creative Method
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George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Science: The Make-Believe of a Beginning
2653:"The role of George Henry Lewes in George Eliot's career: A reconsideration"
2471:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 275–277.
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Das Leben Jesu, kritisch bearbeitet (The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined)
1135:; also important was her translation from Latin of Jewish-Dutch philosopher
1055:, Eliot presented the cases of social outsiders and small-town persecution.
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George Eliot for the Twenty-First Century: Literature, Philosophy, Politics
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3012:"The best British novel of all time: have international critics found it?"
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507:(1854). The ideas in these books would have an effect on her own fiction.
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Scandalously and unconventionally for the era, she lived with the married
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BIRMINGHAM REGIONAL HOSPITAL BOARD GROUP 20 HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
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The Secret Library: A Book-Lovers' Journey Through Curiosities of History
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is known for embracing a realist aesthetic inspired by Dutch visual art.
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to nine, she boarded with her sister Chrissey at Miss Latham's school in
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Calder, Simon. "George Eliot, Spinoza, and the Ethics of Literature" in
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George Eliot and Community: A Study in Social Theory and Fictional Form
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Throughout her career, Eliot wrote with a politically astute pen. From
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as "one of the few English novels written for grown-up people" and by
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885:, Cross, in a suicide attempt, jumped from the hotel balcony into the
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3435:, Beth Lord, ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 2012, 268–187.
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Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons
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Rosemary Ashton, "Evans, Marian [George Eliot] (1819–1880)"
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George Eliot: A Critical Study of her Life, Writings and Philosophy
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984:(formerly Nuneaton Emergency Hospital), and George Eliot Road, in
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and read all of his major works as they were published. In Mill's
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Surridge, Lisa (2004). "Eliot, George". In Cumming, Mark (ed.).
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were overtly political, and political crisis is at the heart of
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2892:. Very short introductions. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Vol. 66 old series, Vol. 10 new series (October 1856): 442–461.
2310:"The Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza, Translated by George Eliot"
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and had a positive view of the growing movement in support of
3486:, Berkeley, California, University of California Press, 1984.
3392:, London, Arthur Barker, 1954. (The English Novelists series)
2628:"George Eliot (Obituary Notice, Friday, December 24, 1880)".
1665:"George Eliot's Scandalous Answer to 'The Marriage Question'"
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Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period
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988:, Coventry. Also, The Mary Anne Evans Hospice in Nuneaton.
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George Eliot's life as related in her letters and journals
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Before George Eliot: Marian Evans and the Periodical Press
1710:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1925. pp. 166–176.
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Gatens, Moira. "The Art and Philosophy of George Eliot".
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A Prison of Expectations: The Family in Victorian Culture
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cause, something which historians have attributed to her
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Das Wesen des Christentums (The Essence of Christianity)
1002:
A statue of Eliot is in Newdegate Street, Nuneaton, and
853:, published in 1876, after which she and Lewes moved to
736:
Blue plaque, Holly Lodge, 31 Wimbledon Park Road, London
3290:, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 1979,
3231:, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 1954,
1932:
Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth
1742:"Interviews: Julian Barnes, The Art of Fiction No. 165"
959:
after she married John Cross. Her memorial stone reads
570:
2337:
Spinoza, Benedictus de (2020). Carlisle, Clare (ed.).
1300:
552:
in the first half of 1854. Eliot sympathized with the
2630:
Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from the Times
410:. At Mrs. Wallington's school, she was taught by the
4296:
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
3428:, Champaign, Illinois, University of Illinois, 1960.
3047:
The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages.
1112:, an historical novel set in late fifteenth century
250:(22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively
3419:
The Quest for Anonymity: The Novels of George Eliot
2971:
The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages
2424:, published under the name "Mrs. Inchbald" in 1796.
1410:
Knowing That I Must Shortly Put Off This Tabernacle
864:
3441:The Marriage Question: George Eliot's Double Life
3124:, New York, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1995,
2915:The Marriage Question. George Eliot's Double Life
2809:"George Eliot's grave: Highgate Cemetery, London"
2372:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 523.
3942:
2792:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
690:Eliot was profoundly influenced by the works of
3374:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984,
2255:George Eliot's Feminism: The Right to Rebellion
2231:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–142.
755:sympathies. In 1868, she supported philosopher
340:as the greatest novel in the English language.
3244:The Life of George Eliot: A Critical Biography
2942:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 100–101.
2774:. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009
2581:The Short Oxford History of English Literature
1975:Biblical Theology: Issues, Methods, and Themes
1692:The Short Oxford History of English Literature
1208:the most important Western writers of all time
1157:in 2023, the overdue publication of Spinoza's
1116:, was based on the life of the Italian priest
599:. In July 1854, Lewes and Evans travelled to
3829:
3657:
3449:Dark Smiles: Race and Desire in George Eliot,
3345:, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963,
3122:George Eliot: Voice of a Century: A Biography
3056:, 3 vols. London: William Blackwood and Sons.
2186:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
651:While continuing to contribute pieces to the
3275:, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983,
3032:
2887:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1978:. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 31.
3491:The Novels of George Eliot: A Study in Form
3468:Arnold, Jean, ed., Marz Harper, Lila, ed.,
3458:, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971.
2332:
2330:
2146:
2140:
2098:
2005:. University of Toronto Press. p. 97.
1992:
1006:has a display of artifacts related to her.
356:
3836:
3822:
3664:
3650:
3472:, Springer International Publishing, 2019.
3096:The Cambridge Introduction to George Eliot
2307:
2282:The Cambridge Introduction to George Eliot
2147:Bodenheimer, Rosemarie (2014). "Review of
2019:
1656:
747:in 1861, Eliot expressed sympathy for the
38:
3358:Oxford Reader's Companion to George Eliot
3265:
3059:
2742:
2560:
2558:
2551:. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
2546:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2226:
2213:
2104:
2052:
971:
4281:Writers about activism and social change
3971:19th-century English short story writers
3305:, New York, Farrar Straus Giroux, 1998,
3135:
2983:
2912:
2806:
2481:
2327:
2252:
1965:
1642:. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 255.
1315:The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton
1178:She was at her most autobiographical in
1024:
990:
868:
731:
638:
574:
3608:Works by George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans)
2700:
2698:
2657:George Eliot–George Henry Lewes Studies
2535:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2451:
2336:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2181:
2175:
1998:
1945:
953:
3943:
3470:George Eliot: Interdisciplinary Essays
3320:, New York, St. Martin's Press, 2010,
3286:Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan,
2937:
2761:. Continuum. London: 2006, pp. 1–2, 8.
2725:
2650:
2564:
2555:
2526:
2524:
2440:
2367:
2025:
1925:
1892:The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
1730:
1662:
1635:
1020:
931:
774:She was influenced by the writings of
493:The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
123:Novelist, poet, journalist, translator
4246:British psychological fiction writers
3817:
3645:
3421:, University of Delaware Press, 1997.
3093:
3009:
2807:Banerjee, Jacqueline (29 July 2017).
2508:
2414:There were a few exceptions, such as
2279:
2092:
2083:. Continuum. London: 2006, pp. 42–45.
2046:
1861:
1859:
838:(1866) and her most acclaimed novel,
525:Move to London and editorship of the
437:was an area with a growing number of
16:English novelist and poet (1819–1880)
3507:, London, Chatto & Windus, 1948.
3500:, London, Chatto & Windus, 1961.
3253:, Cambridge University Press, 2010,
2704:
2695:
2492:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
2235:
2032:. Michael O'Mara Books. p. 90.
1971:
1762:
1663:Jacobs, Alexandra (13 August 2023).
1597:
1572:"The Natural History of German Life"
1013:constructing the Bromford Tunnel on
634:
571:Relationship with George Henry Lewes
3590:Works by George Eliot in eBook form
3456:George Eliot: The Critical Heritage
3411:
2986:"The 10 Greatest Books of All Time"
2974:. p. 226. New York: Harcourt Brace.
2705:Mead, Rebecca (19 September 2013).
2521:
1301:Short story collection and novellas
1182:, part of her final published work
687:, or perhaps the wife of a parson.
444:
377:estate. She was the third child of
224:
13:
4286:Writers about religion and science
4026:Alumni of the University of London
3996:19th-century English women writers
3556:
3444:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2023.
3338:, New York University Press, 1983.
3163:
3090:New York: Oxford University Press.
2940:A Companion to the Victorian Novel
2890:Zionism: a very short introduction
2759:George Eliot: A Critic's Biography
2595:
2284:. Cambridge: Cambridge. p. 6.
2081:George Eliot: A Critic's Biography
1912:The Making of the New Spirituality
1856:
1091:in 1856. Eliot also express proto-
489:Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet
14:
4312:
4101:British women short story writers
4096:British women non-fiction writers
4021:Alumni of Bedford College, London
4006:19th-century pseudonymous writers
3986:19th-century English philosophers
3511:
3360:, Oxford University Press, 2000,
3010:Flood, Alison (8 December 2015).
2984:Grossman, Lev (15 January 2007).
2669:10.5325/georelioghlstud.69.1.0002
2169:10.2979/victorianstudies.56.4.714
1736:
1706:Woolf, Virginia. "George Eliot."
1391:The Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza
1004:Nuneaton Museum & Art Gallery
725:that she commissioned the artist
4226:British philosophers of religion
3976:19th-century English translators
3966:19th-century English journalists
3780:Impressions of Theophrastus Such
3746:
3671:
3634:
3303:George Eliot: The Last Victorian
3062:George Eliot's Intellectual Life
2549:George Eliot's Intellectual Life
2435:George Eliot: Voice of a Century
2383:"Silly Novels by Lady Novelists"
2296:George Eliot: The Last Victorian
2229:George Eliot's Intellectual Life
2210:. London: Penguin, 1997. 88ff. .
1894:by David Friedrich Strauss 2010
1823:George Eliot: Voice of a Century
1810:George Eliot: Voice of a Century
1566:"Silly Novels by Lady Novelists"
1349:Impressions of Theophrastus Such
1185:Impressions of Theophrastus Such
865:Marriage to John Cross and death
832:(1863) soon followed, and later
4161:English people of Welsh descent
4071:British people of Welsh descent
3538:The Victorian Web: George Eliot
3003:
2977:
2959:
2946:
2931:
2906:
2881:
2856:
2826:
2800:
2764:
2751:
2731:"Henry James Visits the Priory"
2719:
2682:
2644:
2621:
2586:
2583:. Clarendon Press, 1994. p. 442
2573:
2540:
2537:, Oxford University Press, 2004
2475:
2427:
2408:
2399:
2376:
2361:
2343:. Translated by Eliot, George.
2301:
2288:
2273:
2261:
2200:
2151:, by Fionnuala Dillane & K.
2086:
2073:
1934:by Michael J. McClymond (2004)
1905:
1885:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1694:. Clarendon Press, 1994. p. 440
1604:
1356:
729:to paint scenes from the book.
220:
4301:Writers of historical romances
4236:English political philosophers
4231:Philosophers of social science
4201:Literacy and society theorists
4001:19th-century English essayists
3981:19th-century English novelists
3618:Works by or about George Eliot
3465:, London, Edward Arnold, 1963.
3399:, London, Virago Press, 1987,
2888:Stanislawski, Michael (2017).
2651:Rilett, Beverley Park (2017).
2308:de Spinoza, Benedict (2018) .
1802:
1777:
1772:. Whitefish: Kessinger, 2004.
1713:
1684:
1629:
1591:"The Influence of Rationalism"
1553:
900:. She was instead interred in
328:was described by the novelist
44:Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) in 1850
1:
4261:Translators of Baruch Spinoza
2518:36:2 (October 2012), 404–423.
1952:The historical Jesus question
1867:"Los Angeles Review of Books"
1618:
1210:. In a 2007 authors' poll by
1155:new biography on George Eliot
980:, Middlemarch Junior School,
433:family, but at that time the
21:George Eliot (disambiguation)
4136:English historical novelists
4106:Burials at Highgate Cemetery
4051:British historical novelists
3451:Ohio University Press, 2003.
3218:Resources in other libraries
3194:Resources in other libraries
3136:Szirotny, June Skye (2015).
3052:Cross, J. W. (ed.), (1885).
2707:"George Eliot's Ugly Beauty"
2437:. Norton, 1995. pp. 237–238.
2126:10.1080/01440357.2014.944298
2055:Victorian Periodicals Review
1623:
1017:was named in honour of her.
579:Portrait of George Eliot by
513:Coventry Herald and Observer
7:
4176:English short story writers
4156:English non-fiction writers
4016:19th-century travel writers
3633:(public domain audiobooks)
3533:The George Eliot Fellowship
3120:Karl, Frederick R. (1995).
2569:. Springer. pp. 23–24.
2490:. Madison and Teaneck, NJ:
2405:Cross (1885), vol 1, p. 431
2257:. Springer. pp. 26–28.
2182:Dillane, Fionnuala (2013).
1871:Los Angeles Review of Books
1721:Martin Amis and the sex war
1133:The Essence of Christianity
606:The Essence of Christianity
587:The philosopher and critic
505:The Essence of Christianity
361:Mary Ann Evans was born in
10:
4317:
4241:Pseudonymous women writers
4221:Philosophers of literature
4191:English women philosophers
4111:Deaths from kidney disease
3991:19th-century English poets
3581:George Eliot Review Online
3523:George Eliot Review Online
3088:George Eliot: A Biography.
3086:Haight, Gordon S. (1968).
2453:Craigie, Pearl Mary Teresa
2368:Haight, Gordon S. (1968).
2345:Princeton University Press
1836:Eliot: Voice of a Century.
1834:Karl, Frederick R. George
1789:www.notablebiographies.com
1522:Evenings Come and Go, Love
647:) of George Eliot, c. 1865
266:. She wrote seven novels:
18:
3919:
3900:
3857:
3790:
3755:
3744:
3679:
3477:Philosophy and Literature
3463:George Eliot: Middlemarch
3433:Spinoza Beyond Philosophy
3213:Resources in your library
3189:Resources in your library
3060:Fleishman, Avrom (2010).
3049:New York: Harcourt Brace.
3038:Ashton, Rosemary (1997).
3033:General and cited sources
2772:"George Eliot: Biography"
2547:Fleishman, Avrom (2010).
2516:Philosophy and Literature
2370:George Eliot: A Biography
2227:Fleishman, Avrom (2010).
2105:Mackenzie, Hazel (2014).
1954:by Gregory W. Dawes 2001
1914:by James A. Herrick 2003
1812:. Norton, 1995. pp. 24–25
1636:Ashton, Rosemary (1996).
1538:A College Breakfast Party
1402:
1229:
258:), known by her pen name
234:
207:
145:
135:
127:
119:
111:
96:
75:
49:
37:
30:
4151:English literary critics
4066:British literary critics
3573:Works about George Eliot
3227:Haight, Gordon S., ed.,
3104:10.1017/CBO9780511793233
3070:10.1017/CBO9780511691706
3042:. London: Penguin, 1997.
2913:Carlisle, Clare (2023).
2486:The Carlyle Encyclopedia
2314:The George Eliot Archive
1578:Review of John Ruskin's
1560:"Three Months in Weimar"
1284:"Quarry for Middlemarch"
1224:
1031:Frederick William Burton
357:Early life and education
4271:Victorian women writers
4216:Philosophers of culture
4186:English women novelists
3909:Dan'l Druce, Blacksmith
3764:Scenes of Clerical Life
3756:Short story collections
3720:Felix Holt, the Radical
3498:The Art of George Eliot
3489:Hardy, Barbara Nathan,
3246:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
3138:George Eliot's Feminism
3045:Bloom, Harold. (1994).
2638:2027/osu.32435022453492
2468:Encyclopædia Britannica
2253:Szirotny, June (2015).
2026:Tearle, Oliver (2016).
1972:Mead, James K. (2007).
1514:I Grant You Ample Leave
1474:How Lisa Loved the King
1418:In a London Drawingroom
1308:Scenes of Clerical Life
1269:Felix Holt, the Radical
1058:Felix Holt, the Radical
926:Scenes of Clerical Life
835:Felix Holt, the Radical
781:The Subjection of Women
670:Scenes of Clerical Life
565:Bedford College, London
501:the Earl of Shaftesbury
373:, at South Farm on the
351:
293:Felix Holt, the Radical
186:Felix Holt, the Radical
151:Scenes of Clerical Life
131:Bedford College, London
4181:English travel writers
4141:English horror writers
4056:British horror writers
3890:A Simple Twist of Fate
3552:at the British Library
3479:33(1) 2009, pp. 74–90.
3343:Essays of George Eliot
3266:Context and background
2954:Philological Quarterly
2848:: CS1 maint: others (
2565:Newton, K. M. (2018).
2394:The Westminster Review
2270:UCL Bloomsbury Project
1768:Cooke, George Willis.
1320:Mr Gilfil's Love Story
1034:
999:
972:Memorials and tributes
969:
951:
947:qui n'en finissent pas
877:
737:
696:University of Victoria
648:
584:
545:The Westminster Review
4116:English abolitionists
4036:British abolitionists
4011:19th-century scholars
3961:19th-century atheists
3696:The Mill on the Floss
3627:Works by George Eliot
3599:Works by George Eliot
3585:George Eliot Scholars
3563:Works by George Eliot
3528:George Eliot Scholars
3454:Carroll, David, ed.,
3370:Shuttleworth, Sally,
3341:Pinney, Thomas, ed.,
3229:George Eliot: Letters
3146:10.1057/9781137406156
3094:Henry, Nancy (2008).
2458:"Eliot, George"
2280:Henry, Nancy (2008).
1999:Hesketh, Ian (2017).
1825:. Norton, 1995. p. 31
1245:The Mill on the Floss
1168:The Mill on the Floss
1046:The Mill on the Floss
1028:
1011:tunnel boring machine
994:
982:George Eliot Hospital
963:Here lies the body of
961:
943:
872:
817:The Mill on the Floss
806:After the success of
735:
727:Edward Henry Corbould
642:
578:
322:psychological insight
275:The Mill on the Floss
165:The Mill on the Floss
4211:People from Nuneaton
4076:British philosophers
4031:Atheist philosophers
3577:George Eliot Archive
3567:George Eliot Archive
3548:18 June 2021 at the
3518:George Eliot Archive
3356:Rignall, John, ed.,
3318:George Eliot in Love
3040:George Eliot: A Life
2956:96.1 (2017): 77–104.
2494:. pp. 141–144.
2388:5 April 2017 at the
2208:George Eliot: A Life
1851:Classics Transformed
1639:George Eliot: A Life
978:George Eliot Academy
954:Spelling of her name
924:, with a quote from
759:'s protests against
676:Blackwood's Magazine
625:George Eliot Archive
439:religious dissenters
19:For other uses, see
4266:Victorian novelists
4251:Social philosophers
4196:Freethought writers
4091:British translators
3505:The Great Tradition
2433:Karl, Frederick R.
1838:Norton, 1995. p. 52
1821:Karl, Frederick R.
1808:Karl, Frederick R.
1506:The Legend of Jubal
1442:The Choir Invisible
1396:Benedict de Spinoza
1206:placed Eliot among
1173:Friedrich Nietzsche
1118:Girolamo Savonarola
1073:Reform Bill of 1832
1063:The Legend of Jubal
1021:Literary assessment
932:Personal appearance
847:Her last novel was
597:Thornton Leigh Hunt
477:Ralph Waldo Emerson
4206:Literary theorists
3803:George Henry Lewes
3493:. Oxford UP, 1967.
2422:Elizabeth Inchbald
2206:Ashton, Rosemary.
1670:The New York Times
1584:Westminster Review
1546:The Death of Moses
1466:Brother and Sister
1325:Janet's Repentance
1153:, who published a
1088:Westminster Review
1035:
1000:
906:George Henry Lewes
878:
742:American Civil War
738:
717:, the daughter of
653:Westminster Review
649:
589:George Henry Lewes
585:
527:Westminster Review
345:George Henry Lewes
239:George Henry Lewes
4276:Victorian writers
4166:English satirists
4146:English humanists
4131:English essayists
4121:English agnostics
4081:British satirists
4061:British humanists
4046:British ethicists
3938:
3937:
3811:
3810:
3603:Project Gutenberg
3482:Graver, Suzanne,
3447:Carroll, Alicia,
3438:Carlisle, Clare,
3301:Hughes, Kathryn,
3259:978-1-108-01962-0
3249:Stephen, Leslie.
3170:Library resources
3155:978-1-349-48784-4
2899:978-0-19-062520-7
2864:"Bromford Tunnel"
2813:The Victorian Web
2744:10.16995/ntn.1919
2729:(20 March 2020).
2609:. 15 October 2009
2501:978-0-8386-3792-0
2294:Hughes, Kathryn,
2157:Victorian Studies
2039:978-1-78243-558-7
2012:978-1-4426-6359-6
1985:978-0-664-22972-6
1848:Christopher Stray
1708:The Common Reader
1598:Explanatory notes
1450:The Spanish Gypsy
1188:. By the time of
1180:Looking Backwards
1122:The Spanish Gypsy
902:Highgate Cemetery
898:Westminster Abbey
875:Highgate Cemetery
873:Eliot's grave in
790:appeals to nature
635:Career in fiction
473:Harriet Martineau
245:
244:
101:Highgate Cemetery
4308:
4171:English sceptics
4126:English atheists
4086:British sceptics
4041:British atheists
3838:
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3815:
3814:
3750:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3622:Internet Archive
3461:Daiches, David,
3412:Critical studies
3386:Speaight, Robert
3316:Maddox, Brenda,
3159:
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2757:Hardy, Barbara.
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2727:Ashton, Rosemary
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2016:
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1608:
1384:Ludwig Feuerbach
1131:and Feuerbach's
908:. The graves of
801:Romola de' Bardi
776:John Stuart Mill
757:Richard Congreve
554:1848 Revolutions
485:Ludwig Feuerbach
445:Move to Coventry
308:(1876). As with
302:(1871–1872) and
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3772:The Lifted Veil
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3594:Standard Ebooks
3559:
3557:Online editions
3550:Wayback Machine
3514:
3424:Beaty, Jerome,
3414:
3271:Beer, Gillian,
3268:
3261:(1st ed. 1902).
3224:
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3202:By George Eliot
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3164:Further reading
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1333:The Lifted Veil
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1149:. According to
1082:Modern Painters
1023:
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937:on 9 May 1869,
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814:, she finished
769:Irish home rule
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2114:Prose Studies
2108:
2101:
2089:
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2076:
2068:
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2056:
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2014:
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1995:
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1968:
1961:
1960:0-664-22458-X
1957:
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1948:
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1920:0-8308-2398-0
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1900:1-61640-309-8
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1750:(Winter 2000)
1749:
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1739:
1738:Guppy, Shusha
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1530:Self and Life
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1372:David Strauss
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1341:Brother Jacob
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1129:Life of Jesus
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3882:Bangaru Papa
3880:
3874:Silas Marner
3872:
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3864:
3850:Silas Marner
3848:
3845:George Eliot
3844:
3778:
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3704:Silas Marner
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3208:Online books
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3175:George Eliot
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3046:
3039:
3019:. Retrieved
3016:The Guardian
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2061:(2): 57–62.
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1911:
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1891:
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1870:
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1586:, April 1856
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1357:Translations
1347:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1291:
1280:(1871–1872)
1275:
1267:
1259:
1253:Silas Marner
1251:
1243:
1235:
1217:
1211:
1204:Harold Bloom
1199:
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1056:
1052:Silas Marner
1050:
1044:
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1036:
1029:Portrait by
1015:High Speed 2
1008:
1001:
975:
962:
957:
946:
944:
935:
925:
922:Dylan Thomas
895:
879:
858:
848:
846:
839:
833:
827:
823:Silas Marner
821:
815:
811:
807:
805:
798:
779:
773:
763:policies in
761:governmental
753:abolitionist
739:
722:
711:
706:
700:
689:
680:
674:
668:
666:
656:
652:
650:
643:Photograph (
629:
624:
620:
614:
604:
586:
562:
549:
543:
537:
534:John Chapman
531:
526:
511:
509:
504:
497:
492:
488:
460:Charles Bray
448:
420:
404:Attleborough
400:
382:
367:Warwickshire
360:
342:
325:
314:Thomas Hardy
303:
297:
291:
285:
281:Silas Marner
279:
273:
267:
260:George Eliot
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
198:
196:(1871–1872)
191:
184:
182:(1862–1863)
177:
172:Silas Marner
170:
163:
156:
149:
115:George Eliot
81:(1880-12-22)
69:Warwickshire
32:George Eliot
25:
3956:1880 deaths
3951:1819 births
3912:(1876 play)
3798:Griff House
3731:(1871–1872)
3728:Middlemarch
3715:(1862–1863)
2663:(1): 2–34.
2613:30 December
2607:BBC History
2592:1881 census
1554:Non-fiction
1277:Middlemarch
1218:Middlemarch
1200:Middlemarch
1077:John Ruskin
1068:Middlemarch
939:Henry James
918:W. H. Auden
887:Grand Canal
841:Middlemarch
826:(1861) and
786:John Morley
465:Robert Owen
412:evangelical
388:Griff House
375:Arbury Hall
334:Martin Amis
326:Middlemarch
299:Middlemarch
241:(1854–1878)
193:Middlemarch
4256:Spinozists
3945:Categories
3901:Television
3612:Faded Page
3021:9 February
2995:9 February
2392:text from
1940:0802826806
1877:22 October
1619:References
1434:Two Lovers
1104:Wordsworth
681:The Scenes
428:low church
390:, between
213:John Cross
120:Occupation
58:1819-11-22
3688:Adam Bede
2844:cite book
2818:21 August
2778:24 August
2674:23 August
2298:, p. 168.
2134:170098666
1962:pp. 77–79
1922:pp. 58–65
1725:The Times
1676:20 August
1624:Citations
1237:Adam Bede
1137:Spinoza's
1095:ideas in
1040:Adam Bede
986:Foleshill
910:Karl Marx
812:Adam Bede
808:Adam Bede
745:broke out
740:When the
723:Adam Bede
707:Adam Bede
702:Adam Bede
583:, c. 1860
452:Foleshill
269:Adam Bede
252:Mary Anne
158:Adam Bede
140:Victorian
92:, England
71:, England
3631:LibriVox
3614:(Canada)
3546:Archived
2968:. 1994.
2788:cite web
2455:(1911).
2386:Archived
2067:20082202
1611:control.
1368:Volume 2
1147:humanism
1144:agnostic
1114:Florence
996:Nuneaton
916:between
558:Lombardy
456:Coventry
435:Midlands
431:Anglican
424:typeface
408:Coventry
396:Bedworth
392:Nuneaton
379:Welshman
363:Nuneaton
296:(1866),
284:(1861),
278:(1860),
272:(1859),
112:Pen name
107:, London
105:Highgate
103:(East),
65:Nuneaton
3928:Michael
3791:Related
3620:at the
3575:at the
3565:at the
2465:(ed.).
2319:12 June
1853:, p. 81
1794:23 July
1482:Armgart
1311:(1857)
1093:Zionist
941:wrote:
765:Ireland
661:realism
371:England
318:realism
235:Partner
229:
217:
189:(1866)
175:(1861)
168:(1860)
161:(1859)
154:(1857)
86:Chelsea
3931:(poem)
3893:(1994)
3885:(1955)
3877:(1922)
3869:(1916)
3783:(1879)
3775:(1859)
3767:(1857)
3739:(1876)
3723:(1866)
3712:Romola
3707:(1861)
3699:(1860)
3691:(1859)
3680:Novels
3583:, and
3403:
3378:
3364:
3349:
3324:
3309:
3294:
3279:
3257:
3235:
3172:about
3152:
3128:
3110:
3076:
2921:
2896:
2737:(29).
2498:
2351:
2190:
2153:
2132:
2065:
2036:
2009:
1982:
1958:
1942:p. 82
1938:
1918:
1898:
1754:26 May
1646:
1593:(1865)
1574:(1856)
1568:(1856)
1562:(1855)
1549:(1879)
1541:(1879)
1533:(1879)
1525:(1878)
1517:(1874)
1509:(1874)
1501:(1873)
1493:(1873)
1485:(1870)
1477:(1869)
1469:(1869)
1461:(1868)
1458:Agatha
1453:(1868)
1445:(1867)
1437:(1866)
1429:(1865)
1421:(1865)
1413:(1840)
1403:Poetry
1398:(1856)
1386:(1854)
1374:(1846)
1352:(1879)
1344:(1864)
1336:(1859)
1296:(1876)
1272:(1866)
1264:(1863)
1261:Romola
1256:(1861)
1248:(1860)
1240:(1859)
1230:Novels
1164:Romola
1159:Ethics
1140:Ethics
1109:Romola
1033:, 1864
883:Venice
855:Witley
829:Romola
685:parson
657:Review
621:Ethics
616:Ethics
601:Weimar
550:Review
518:Geneva
475:, and
287:Romola
256:Marian
223:
208:Spouse
203:(1876)
179:Romola
136:Period
90:London
3920:Other
3858:Films
2461:. In
2420:, by
2130:S2CID
2110:(PDF)
2063:JSTOR
1498:Arion
1225:Works
1120:. In
749:Union
454:near
227:)
219:(
215:
3401:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3255:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3023:2017
2997:2017
2990:Time
2919:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2875:2023
2850:link
2820:2023
2794:link
2780:2007
2676:2021
2615:2009
2496:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2321:2022
2188:ISBN
2094:348.
2034:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1879:2023
1796:2018
1756:2012
1678:2023
1644:ISBN
1213:Time
1061:and
1049:and
920:and
483:and
394:and
352:Life
336:and
312:and
225:1880
76:Died
50:Born
3847:'s
3629:at
3610:at
3601:at
3592:at
3142:doi
3100:doi
3066:doi
2868:HS2
2739:doi
2665:doi
2634:hdl
2165:doi
2122:doi
1582:in
1394:by
1382:by
1370:by
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