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The higher-order (high precision, usually millimeter-to-decimeter on a scale of continents) control points are normally defined in both space and time using global or space techniques, and are used for "lower-order" points to be tied into. The lower-order control points are normally used for
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After a cartographer registers key points in a digital map to the real world coordinates of those points on the ground, the map is then said to be "in control". Having a base map and other data in geodetic control means that they will overlay correctly.
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While these developments have made satellite-based geodetic network surveying more flexible and cost effective than its terrestrial equivalent for areas free of tree canopy or urban canyons, the continued existence of
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instruments became small enough to be used in the field. Instead of using only sparse and much less accurate distance measurements some control networks were established or updated by using
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When map layers are not in control, it requires extra work to adjust them to line up, which introduces additional error. Those real world coordinates are generally in some particular
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networks is still needed for administrative and legal purposes on local and regional scales. Global geodetic networks cannot be defined to be fixed, since
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A geodetic control network consists of stable, identifiable points with published datum values derived from observations that tie the points together.
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Classically, a control is divided into horizontal (X-Y) and vertical (Z) controls (components of the control), however with the advent of
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projects are mainly measured terrestrially, but in many cases incorporated in national and global networks by satellite geodesy.
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up to 1:1 million (1 cm per 10 km; today at least 10 times better), and made surveying less costly.
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more accurate distance measurements than was previously possible and no angle measurements.
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Nowadays, several hundred geospatial satellites are in orbit, including a large number of
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Many organizations contribute information to the geodetic control network.
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by 2 to 20 cm per year. Therefore, modern global networks like
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Terrestrial Reference System (ITRF) reference stations
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606:"8. Theme: Geodetic Control | The Nature of Geographic Information"
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Control point marker placed by the US Coast and
Geodetic Survey
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Worldwide BC-4 camera geometric satellite triangulation network
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Example of triangle network and its application in cartography
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and of some spare distances. The precise orientation to the
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593:"Standards and Specifications for Geodetic Control Networks"
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began around the same time. By using bright satellites like
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In the U.S., there is a national control network called the
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Another important improvement was the introduction of
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519:of their "fixed points", but also their annual
145:, that are measured precisely by techniques of
503:are continuously changing the position of all
346:(EDM) was introduced around 1960, when the
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446:Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
641:Minnesota Geospatial Information Office.
628:Minnesota Geospatial Information Office.
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117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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55:adding citations to reliable sources
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313:, which nowadays are equipped with
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192:National Spatial Reference System
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484:satellites in 2020 and China's
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42:needs additional citations for
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454:Typical GNSS reference station
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66:"Geodetic control network"
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414:and B (1965–70), of the
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157:. It is also known as a
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610:www.e-education.psu.edu
141:is a network, often of
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264:Further information:
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460:Satellite navigation
383:The geodetic use of
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51:improve this article
558:History of geodesy
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62:Find sources:
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613:. Retrieved
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573:Trigonometry
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311:tacheometers
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49:Please help
44:verification
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517:coordinates
501:geodynamics
497:fixed point
307:theodolites
203:engineering
107:August 2016
656:Categories
615:2023-12-31
579:References
521:velocities
505:continents
470:navigation
458:See also:
385:satellites
359:accuracies
337:See also:
319:data bases
211:navigation
77:newspapers
440:technical
436:cadastral
432:Starlette
348:prototype
183:systems,
151:surveying
143:triangles
533:Cadastre
527:See also
418:system (
315:infrared
194:(NSRS).
645:. 1997.
595:. 1984.
482:Galileo
478:Glonass
416:Transit
393:Echo II
215:geodesy
91:scholar
509:ETRS89
486:Beidou
428:LAGEOS
412:Geos A
397:Pageos
389:Echo I
295:angles
93:
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553:GRS80
424:laser
408:radio
98:JSTOR
84:books
543:ED50
513:ITRF
476:and
438:and
395:and
309:and
209:and
70:news
538:Map
511:or
474:GPS
185:GPS
153:or
53:by
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