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273:, governmental policy, and changing agricultural systems. The main factor, however, is the replacement of local varieties of domestic plants and animals by other varieties or species that are non-local. A large number of varieties can also often be dramatically reduced when commercial varieties are introduced into traditional farming systems. Many researchers believe that the main problem related to agro-ecosystem management is the general tendency towards genetic and ecological uniformity imposed by the development of modern agriculture.
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they are dealt over and over. As they begin to inbreed, congenital effects appear, both physical and reproductive. Often abnormal sperm increase; infertility rises; the birthrate falls. Most perilous in the long run, each animal's immune defense system is weakened. Thus, even if an endangered species in a bottleneck can withstand whatever human development may be eating away at its habitat, it still faces the threat of an epidemic that could well be fatal to the entire population.
489:. A new specimen can then be "resurrected" with the help of cloning, so as to give it another chance to breed its genes into the living population of the respective threatened species. Resurrection of dead critically endangered wildlife specimens with the help of cloning is still being perfected, and is still too expensive to be practical, but with time and further advancements in science and methodology it may well become a routine procedure not too far into the future.
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an increasing number of bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and other disease-producing threats. Thus, even if an endangered species in a bottleneck can withstand whatever human development may be eating away at its habitat, it still faces the threat of an epidemic that could be fatal to the entire population."
219:
As specimens begin to inbreed, both physical and reproductive congenital effects and defects appear more often. Abnormal sperm increases, infertility rises, and birthrates decline. "Most perilous are the effects on the immune defense systems, which become weakened and less and less able to fight off
595:
A population bottleneck creates a shrinking gene pool that leaves fewer and fewer mating partners. What are the genetic implications? The animals become part of a high stakes poker game – with a crooked dealer. After beginning with a 52-card deck, the players wind up with, say, five cards that
312:
and to let them live in it as naturally as possible. Complicating matters, the conservation of substantial amounts of genetic diversity often requires the maintenance of multiple independent populations across a species distribution. For example, to conserve at least 90% of the genetic diversity of
144:
Genetic erosion occurs because each individual organism has many unique genes which get lost when it dies without getting a chance to breed. Low genetic diversity in a population of wild animals and plants leads to a further diminishing gene pool – inbreeding and a weakening immune system can
384:
of animals in their registered endangered species breeding programs. These specimens are intended to have a chance to be reintroduced and survive back in the wild. The main objectives of zoos today have changed, and greater resources are being invested in breeding species and subspecies for then
215:
Population bottlenecks create shrinking gene pools, which leave fewer and fewer fertile mating partners. The genetic implications can be illustrated by considering the analogy of a high-stakes poker game with a crooked dealer. Consider that the game begins with a 52-card deck (representing high
307:
With advances in modern bioscience, several techniques and safeguards have emerged to check the relentless advance of genetic erosion and the resulting acceleration of endangered species towards eventual extinction. However, many of these techniques and safeguards are too expensive yet to be
152:
By definition, endangered species suffer varying degrees of genetic erosion. Many species benefit from a human-assisted breeding program to keep their population viable, thereby avoiding extinction over long time-frames. Small populations are more susceptible to genetic erosion than larger
640:
von Takach, Brenton; Cameron, Skye F.; Cremona, Teigan; Eldridge, Mark D. B.; Fisher, Diana O.; Hohnen, Rosemary; Jolly, Chris J.; Kelly, Ella; Phillips, Ben L.; Radford, Ian J.; Rick, Kate; Spencer, Peter B. S.; Trewella, Gavin J.; Umbrello, Linette S.; Banks, Sam C. (2024-03-01).
284:
management, neglect of certain breeds because of a lack of profitability or competitiveness, the intensification of production systems, the effects of diseases and disease management, loss of pastures or other elements of the production environment, and poor control of inbreeding.
216:
genetic diversity). Reduction of the number of breeding pairs with unique genes resembles the situation where the dealer deals only the same five cards over and over, producing only a few limited "hands".
351:
to other locations physically when fragmented wildlife habitats are too far and isolated to be able to link together via a wildlife corridor, or when local extinctions have already occurred.
183:
is the complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of that species or population. A large gene pool indicates extensive
280:, major causes of genetic erosion are reported to include indiscriminate cross-breeding, increased use of exotic breeds, weak policies and institutions in animal
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of specimens, such as tissues, sperm, eggs, etc. – even after the death of a critically endangered animal, or collected from one found freshly dead, in
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techniques, with the expertise of scientifically trained staff, help manage these protected ecosystems and the wildlife found in them. Wild animals are also
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ultimate purpose of assisting conservation efforts in the wild. Zoos do this by maintaining extremely detailed scientific breeding records (
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581:. Posted online by Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory at the Department of Physics, UiO; The University of Oslo in Norway: 136. Archived from
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is the loss of biological genetic diversity – including the loss of individual genes, and the loss of particular
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techniques are used to freeze these living materials and keep them alive in perpetuity by storing them submerged in
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the northern quoll requires the conservation of at least eight populations across the continent of
Australia.
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diminishes even more when reproductive individuals die off before reproducing with others in their endangered
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or genes, as well as being used more broadly, as when referring to the loss of a phenotype or whole species.
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around the world have begun putting dramatically increased emphasis on keeping and breeding wild-sourced
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Stephen J. O'Brien, Chief, Laboratory of Viral
Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute (April 1992).
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643:"Conservation prioritisation of genomic diversity to inform management of a declining mammal species"
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The major driving forces behind genetic erosion in crops are variety replacement, land clearing,
32:
335:) to enable endangered species to travel, meet, and breed with others of their kind. Scientific
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animals or plants that have become adapted to the natural environment in which they originated.
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The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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137:. The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense, such as when describing the loss of particular
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conservation techniques have been given considerable attention, and progress is being made.
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can now be frozen and kept in banks, which are sometimes called "Modern Noah's Arks" or "
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methodologies to protect diversity in the gene pool of critically endangered species.
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2013:
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164: – many endangered species are threatened by habitat loss and (fragmentation)
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of genes (or gene complexes) – such as those manifested in locally adapted
187:, which is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense
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tanks at very low temperatures. Thus, preserved materials can then be used for
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2006:
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1016:
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1344:
1319:
730:
486:
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393:
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204:
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168:. Fragmented habitat create barriers in gene flow between populations.
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practical, and so the best way to protect species is to protect their
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21:
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1971:
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Prevention by human intervention, modern science and safeguards
138:
396:
by attempting to maximize genetic diversity however possible.
4310:
4069:
2075:
699:
424:
411:. by guarding against genetic erosion. Modern concepts like
4654:
1236:
492:
Recently, strategies for finding an integrated approach to
1329:
1324:
373:
3473:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
3399:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
156:Genetic erosion gets compounded and accelerated by
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
407:on our planet, as well as the diversity in local
278:Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
4734:
4527:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
423:have become much more commonplace and valuable.
327:with all the web of species native to the area.
145:then "fast-track" that species towards eventual
224:Loss of agricultural and livestock biodiversity
4425:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
1140:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3430:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
3271:
3257:
2931:
1636:
1252:
715:
331:are created to join fragmented habitats (see
210:
607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3478:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
3581:Climate change and civilizational collapse
3264:
3250:
2938:
2924:
1643:
1629:
1259:
1245:
1197:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
722:
708:
666:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
4584:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
4522:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2877:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1650:
191:. Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see
2945:
1592:List of genetics research organizations
403:techniques aim to increase the genetic
354:
293:
4735:
3231:Index of evolutionary biology articles
3245:
2919:
2640:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
1624:
1240:
703:
399:Costly (and sometimes controversial)
323:have been created to preserve entire
3601:Tipping points in the climate system
1221:
635:
633:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
3596:Extinction risk from climate change
3495:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
1155:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
904:Extinction risk from climate change
621:
13:
4556:List of fictional doomsday devices
2045:Evolutionary developmental biology
14:
4789:
3576:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
693:forum on the integrated approach.
630:
545:Neglected and underutilized crops
125:) is a process where the limited
4692:
4691:
4679:
3837:Decline in amphibian populations
2899:
2890:
2889:
1605:
1604:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1176:Decline in amphibian populations
1145:IUCN Species Survival Commission
798:
20:
4188:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
3685:Land surface effects on climate
3658:Human impact on the environment
3289:Future of an expanding universe
2702:Extended evolutionary synthesis
1891:Gene-centered view of evolution
851:Human impact on the environment
207:of that species or population.
31:needs additional citations for
3031:Constructive neutral evolution
2830:Hologenome theory of evolution
2697:History of molecular evolution
1923:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1812:Last universal common ancestor
831:Climate variability and change
729:
683:
615:
562:
469:It can be possible to save an
1:
4134:Interpretations of Revelation
3936:Cosmological phase transition
3842:Decline in insect populations
3294:Ultimate fate of the universe
2624:Renaissance and Enlightenment
1181:Decline in insect populations
1124:IUCN Red List extinct species
555:
4589:Future of Humanity Institute
3986:Potentially hazardous object
3886:Interplanetary contamination
2981:Fisher's fundamental theorem
2835:Missing heritability problem
2462:Gamete differentiation/sexes
1551:Missing heritability problem
1266:
691:DIVERSEEDS online discussion
668:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110467
7:
4469:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
3618:Global terrestrial stilling
3006:Coefficient of relationship
503:
203:and increase the chance of
10:
4794:
3981:Asteroid impact prediction
3956:Heat death of the universe
3366:Mutual assured destruction
2467:Life cycles/nuclear phases
2019:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
745:Background extinction rate
361:
300:
227:
211:Processes and consequences
4673:
4607:
4599:Nuclear Threat Initiative
4576:
4532:List of apocalyptic films
4509:
4375:2011 end times prediction
4367:
4107:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
4102:Abomination of desolation
4038:
3976:Asteroid impact avoidance
3913:
3824:
3806:List of extinction events
3781:
3774:
3740:
3648:Environmental degradation
3544:
3535:
3450:
3435:Technological singularity
3304:
3279:
3273:Global catastrophic risks
3226:
3161:
3135:
3097:
3072:
3039:
3001:Coefficient of inbreeding
2953:
2885:
2785:
2710:
2614:
2541:
2497:
2352:
2256:
2073:
2032:
1965:Parent–offspring conflict
1901:
1770:Earliest known life forms
1691:
1658:
1600:
1579:
1478:
1429:
1373:
1312:
1274:
1206:
1163:
1132:
1109:
1067:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
994:
946:
937:
889:
823:
807:
796:
737:
267:environmental degradation
230:Agricultural biodiversity
4594:Future of Life Institute
4496:Resurrection of the dead
4489:Post-tribulation rapture
3871:Colony collapse disorder
3179:Evolutionary game theory
2961:Hardy–Weinberg principle
2818:Cultural group selection
2682:The eclipse of Darwinism
2654:On the Origin of Species
2629:Transmutation of species
1119:Lists of extinct species
4768:Hybridisation (biology)
3420:Artificial intelligence
2991:Shifting balance theory
2823:Dual inheritance theory
2662:History of paleontology
647:Biological Conservation
449:artificial insemination
4549:List of disaster films
4390:Apocalyptic literature
3490:Malthusian catastrophe
3416:Synthetic intelligence
2976:Linkage disequilibrium
2511:Punctuated equilibrium
1832:Non-adaptive radiation
1780:Evolutionary arms race
924:Latent extinction risk
197:population bottlenecks
3931:Coronal mass ejection
3393:Electromagnetic pulse
3354:Kinetic energy weapon
3218:Quantitative genetics
3127:Balding–Nichols model
3112:Population bottleneck
3107:Small population size
3011:Selection coefficient
2803:Evolutionary medicine
2677:Mendelian inheritance
2385:Biological complexity
2373:Programmed cell death
2065:Phenotypic plasticity
1785:Evolutionary pressure
1775:Evidence of evolution
1673:Timeline of evolution
1587:List of genetic codes
881:Paradox of enrichment
770:Functional extinction
760:Ecological extinction
333:Habitat fragmentation
162:habitat fragmentation
4778:Evolutionary biology
4748:Conservation biology
4333:War of Gog and Magog
4010:Near-Earth supernova
3760:Human overpopulation
3564:Mass mortality event
3458:Anthropogenic hazard
3089:Background selection
3076:on genomic variation
3074:Effects of selection
3026:Population structure
2777:Teleology in biology
2672:Blending inheritance
2050:Genetic assimilation
1913:Artificial selection
1652:Evolutionary biology
1486:Behavioural genetics
1150:Extinction Rebellion
1092:Pliocene–Pleistocene
974:Cretaceous–Paleogene
919:Hypothetical species
909:Extinction threshold
866:Overabundant species
515:Conservation biology
401:ex-situ conservation
364:Ex situ conservation
317:Wildlife sanctuaries
303:In situ conservation
199:) can cause reduced
40:improve this article
4763:Population genetics
4758:Genetic engineering
4405:Blood moon prophecy
4198:Number of the Beast
3796:Holocene extinction
3742:Earth Overshoot Day
3690:Ocean acidification
3653:Habitat destruction
3643:Ecological collapse
3349:Kinetic bombardment
3284:Future of the Earth
3208:Population genomics
3084:Genetic hitchhiking
2971:Identity by descent
2947:Population genetics
2840:Molecular evolution
2798:Ecological genetics
2667:Transitional fossil
2457:Sexual reproduction
2297:endomembrane system
2226:pollinator-mediated
2182:dolphins and whales
1960:Parental investment
1566:Population genomics
1556:Molecular evolution
1516:Genetic engineering
1077:Cenomanian-Turonian
1022:Cambrian–Ordovician
954:Ordovician–Silurian
861:Mutational meltdown
846:Habitat destruction
765:Extinct in the wild
659:2024BCons.29110467V
579:National Geographic
550:Population genetics
540:Mutational meltdown
477:by preserving only
368:Modern policies of
341:wildlife management
263:population pressure
234:Genetic erosion in
4753:Endangered species
4720:Doomsday scenarios
4286:Beast of the Earth
4178:Book of Revelation
3966:Virtual black hole
3946:False vacuum decay
3896:Pollinator decline
3859:Biological warfare
3849:Biotechnology risk
3700:Resource depletion
3194:Landscape genetics
2813:Cultural evolution
1928:Fisher's principle
1857:Handicap principle
1847:Parallel evolution
1711:Adaptive radiation
1526:Genetic monitoring
585:on 12 October 2007
520:Crop wild relative
471:endangered species
329:Wildlife corridors
201:biological fitness
131:endangered species
4730:
4729:
4561:Zombie apocalypse
4462:Postmillennialism
4257:Great Tribulation
4030:Stellar collision
3991:Near-Earth object
3941:Geomagnetic storm
3909:
3908:
3832:Biodiversity loss
3816:Genetic pollution
3770:
3769:
3559:Biodiversity loss
3522:Societal collapse
3500:Nuclear holocaust
3485:Economic collapse
3468:Doomsday argument
3386:Antimatter weapon
3239:
3238:
3189:Genetic genealogy
3184:Fitness landscape
2913:
2912:
2529:Uniformitarianism
2482:Sex-determination
1987:Sexual dimorphism
1982:Natural selection
1886:Unit of selection
1852:Signalling theory
1618:
1617:
1541:He Jiankui affair
1531:Genetic genealogy
1521:Genetic diversity
1450:the British Isles
1355:Genetic variation
1234:
1233:
1186:Extinction symbol
1105:
1104:
969:Triassic–Jurassic
939:Extinction events
815:Extinction vortex
775:Genetic pollution
571:"GENETIC EROSION
530:Genetic pollution
282:genetic resources
185:genetic diversity
123:genetic depletion
116:
115:
108:
90:
55:"Genetic erosion"
4785:
4695:
4694:
4686:World portal
4684:
4683:
4645:Financial crisis
4474:Nibiru cataclysm
4452:Premillennialism
4296:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
4264:Son of perdition
4252:Olivet Discourse
4228:Whore of Babylon
3854:Biological agent
3801:Human extinction
3791:Extinction event
3779:
3778:
3750:Overexploitation
3680:Land consumption
3675:Land degradation
3542:
3541:
3404:Micro black hole
3312:Chemical warfare
3266:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3148:J. B. S. Haldane
2940:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2692:Modern synthesis
2452:Multicellularity
2447:Mosaic evolution
2332:auditory ossicle
2014:Social selection
1997:Flowering plants
1992:Sexual selection
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1571:Reverse genetics
1546:Medical genetics
1261:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1191:Human extinction
1082:Eocene–Oligocene
964:Permian–Triassic
944:
943:
914:Field of Bullets
871:Overexploitation
856:Muller's ratchet
841:Invasive species
802:
790:Pseudoextinction
785:Local extinction
724:
717:
710:
701:
700:
694:
687:
681:
680:
670:
637:
628:
627:
619:
613:
612:
606:
598:
592:
590:
573:A Global Dilemma
566:
510:Center of origin
441:Cryopreservation
370:zoo associations
259:overexploitation
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4705:Future problems
4678:
4669:
4603:
4572:
4539:Climate fiction
4505:
4380:2012 phenomenon
4363:
4269:Sheep and Goats
4156:2 Thessalonians
4034:
3951:Gamma-ray burst
3905:
3820:
3811:Genetic erosion
3766:
3736:
3727:Water pollution
3695:Ozone depletion
3591:Desertification
3531:
3446:
3381:Doomsday device
3361:Nuclear warfare
3300:
3275:
3270:
3240:
3235:
3222:
3157:
3131:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3035:
2966:Genetic linkage
2949:
2944:
2914:
2909:
2881:
2808:Group selection
2781:
2706:
2610:
2537:
2499:Tempo and modes
2493:
2348:
2252:
2069:
2028:
1904:
1897:
1874:Species complex
1687:
1678:History of life
1654:
1649:
1619:
1614:
1596:
1575:
1474:
1465:the Middle East
1431:Archaeogenetics
1425:
1369:
1308:
1270:
1265:
1235:
1230:
1202:
1159:
1128:
1111:Extinct species
1101:
1057:Carnian Pluvial
1002:Great Oxidation
990:
933:
899:Extinction debt
891:
885:
836:Genetic erosion
819:
803:
794:
733:
728:
698:
697:
688:
684:
638:
631:
620:
616:
600:
599:
588:
586:
567:
563:
558:
506:
460:embryo transfer
445:liquid nitrogen
366:
360:
305:
299:
291:
276:In the case of
232:
226:
213:
121:(also known as
119:Genetic erosion
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:Apocalypticism
4689:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4544:Disaster films
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4517:Alien invasion
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4457:Amillennialism
4454:
4444:
4442:Millenarianism
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Apocalypticism
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Dhu al-Qarnayn
4288:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Great Apostasy
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4084:
4082:Last Judgement
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4044:
4042:
4040:Eschatological
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3755:Overpopulation
3752:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3732:Water scarcity
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3705:Sea level rise
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:on marine life
3665:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Global warming
3620:
3615:
3613:Global dimming
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Cascade effect
3568:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3546:Climate change
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Doomsday Clock
3373:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3327:Cyberterrorism
3324:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3213:Phylogeography
3210:
3205:
3203:Microevolution
3200:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3162:Related topics
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Founder effect
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:Price equation
2993:
2988:
2986:Neutral theory
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2648:Charles Darwin
2645:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Non-ecological
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2337:nervous system
2334:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Origin of life
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Microevolution
1819:
1817:Macroevolution
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Common descent
1752:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1733:Baldwin effect
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Plant genetics
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1501:Genome editing
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1479:Related topics
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Immunogenetics
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1313:Key components
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Middle Miocene
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1052:End-Capitanian
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
991:
989:
988:
987:
986:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
950:
948:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
827:
825:
821:
820:
818:
817:
811:
809:
805:
804:
797:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
739:
735:
734:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
696:
695:
682:
629:
614:
560:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
505:
502:
362:Main article:
359:
353:
321:national parks
301:Main article:
298:
292:
290:
287:
225:
222:
212:
209:
135:low population
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4790:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Risk analysis
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Social crisis
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:Organizations
4575:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4501:World to come
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:Millennialism
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4435:Messianic Age
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:Gog and Magog
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Earth Changes
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:New Jerusalem
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:War in Heaven
4221:
4219:
4218:Two witnesses
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:Second Coming
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Deforestation
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3527:World War III
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3442:Transhumanism
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:Technological
3303:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3153:Sewall Wright
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3099:Genetic drift
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:Phylogenetics
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:Structuralism
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Catastrophism
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Neo-Darwinism
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Reinforcement
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2533:Catastrophism
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Macromutation
2521:
2520:Micromutation
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Immune system
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:symbiogenesis
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:Kin selection
1953:
1951:
1950:Genetic drift
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:Organizations
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Carboniferous
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:End-Ediacaran
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:Late Devonian
957:
955:
952:
951:
949:
945:
942:
940:
936:
930:
929:Living fossil
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
894:
888:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
822:
816:
813:
812:
810:
806:
801:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Lazarus taxon
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:De-extinction
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
740:
736:
732:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
702:
692:
686:
678:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
634:
625:
618:
610:
604:
597:
584:
580:
576:
574:
565:
561:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
501:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
456:fertilization
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
304:
296:
286:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
221:
217:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
153:populations.
150:
148:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
4677:
4620:Cyberwarfare
4338:Third Temple
4193:Lake of fire
4003:Rogue planet
3971:Impact event
3961:Proton decay
3914:Astronomical
3864:Bioterrorism
3810:
3710:Supervolcano
3608:Flood basalt
3554:Anoxic event
3463:Collapsology
3451:Sociological
3322:Cyberwarfare
3169:Biogeography
3143:R. A. Fisher
3021:Heritability
2954:Key concepts
2862:Polymorphism
2845:Astrobiology
2793:Biogeography
2748:Saltationism
2738:Orthogenesis
2723:Alternatives
2652:
2638:
2571:Cospeciation
2566:Cladogenesis
2515:Saltationism
2472:Mating types
2395:Color vision
2380:Avian flight
2302:mitochondria
2040:Canalisation
1918:Biodiversity
1663:Introduction
1511:Genetic code
1445:the Americas
1421:Quantitative
1391:Cytogenetics
1386:Conservation
1279:Introduction
1195:
1171:Anthropocene
1012:End-Botomian
892:and concepts
835:
750:Coextinction
685:
650:
646:
623:
622:FAO (2015).
617:
603:cite journal
594:
587:. Retrieved
583:the original
578:
572:
564:
497:
493:
491:
485:or from the
478:
468:
453:
421:tissue banks
405:biodiversity
398:
386:
367:
358:conservation
355:
349:reintroduced
345:translocated
337:conservation
315:
306:
297:conservation
294:
275:
261:of species,
256:
252:domesticated
244:recombinants
236:agricultural
233:
218:
214:
170:
158:habitat loss
155:
151:
143:
122:
118:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
4696:Categories
4665:Survivalism
4352:Zoroastrian
4208:Seven seals
4203:Seven bowls
4129:Historicism
4025:Solar flare
3901:Overfishing
3876:Defaunation
3663:coral reefs
3425:AI takeover
3344:Nanoweapons
3332:Cybergeddon
3317:Cyberattack
3122:Coalescence
2872:Systematics
2743:Mutationism
2561:Catagenesis
2489:Snake venom
2422:Eusociality
2400:in primates
2390:Cooperation
2318:In animals
2138:butterflies
2111:Cephalopods
2101:Brachiopods
2033:Development
2007:Mate choice
1760:Convergence
1743:Coevolution
1701:Abiogenesis
1491:Epigenetics
1017:Dresbachian
437:Frozen Zoos
417:sperm banks
339:and modern
271:overgrazing
96:August 2007
4737:Categories
4625:Depression
4615:Ransomware
4430:Messianism
4400:Armageddon
4385:Apocalypse
4173:Antichrist
4161:Man of sin
4058:Three Ages
3921:Big Crunch
3783:Extinction
3775:Biological
3537:Ecological
3409:Strangelet
3064:Ecological
3054:Artificial
2733:Lamarckism
2711:Philosophy
2634:David Hume
2596:Peripatric
2591:Parapatric
2576:Ecological
2556:Anagenesis
2551:Allopatric
2543:Speciation
2507:Gradualism
2432:Metabolism
2292:chromosome
2282:Eukaryotes
2060:Modularity
1977:Population
1903:Population
1864:Speciation
1842:Panspermia
1795:Extinction
1790:Exaptation
1765:Divergence
1738:Cladistics
1726:Reciprocal
1706:Adaptation
1496:Geneticist
1470:South Asia
1416:Population
1396:Ecological
1365:Amino acid
1345:Nucleotide
1320:Chromosome
1097:Quaternary
731:Extinction
653:: 110467.
589:20 October
556:References
475:extinction
409:gene pools
394:inbreeding
382:subspecies
325:ecosystems
228:See also:
205:extinction
193:inbreeding
181:population
147:extinction
66:newspapers
4510:Fictional
4357:Saoshyant
4242:New Earth
4213:The Beast
4146:Preterism
4119:Christian
4075:Kali Yuga
4020:Micronova
4015:Hypernova
3881:Dysgenics
3722:Verneshot
3628:Hypercane
3371:Dead Hand
3174:Evolution
3041:Selection
2867:Protocell
2718:Darwinism
2606:Sympatric
2355:processes
2243:Tetrapods
2192:Kangaroos
2118:Dinosaurs
2055:Inversion
2024:Variation
1945:Gene flow
1938:Inclusive
1748:Mutualism
1693:Evolution
1411:Molecular
1406:Microbial
1381:Classical
876:Overshoot
738:Phenomena
677:0006-3207
525:Gene bank
483:captivity
413:seedbanks
390:studbooks
248:landraces
240:livestock
189:selection
173:gene pool
127:gene pool
4773:Breeding
4650:Pandemic
4635:Epidemic
4630:Droughts
4484:Prewrath
4415:End time
4281:Al-Qa'im
4166:Katechon
4151:2 Esdras
4141:Idealism
4124:Futurism
4053:Maitreya
4048:Buddhist
3891:Pandemic
3339:Gray goo
3198:genomics
3136:Founders
2895:Category
2770:Vitalism
2765:Theistic
2758:Spandrel
2442:Morality
2437:Monogamy
2312:plastids
2277:Flagella
2233:Reptiles
2214:sea cows
2197:primates
2106:Molluscs
2084:Bacteria
1972:Mutation
1905:genetics
1881:Taxonomy
1827:Mismatch
1807:Homology
1721:Cheating
1716:Altruism
1610:Category
1536:Heredity
1506:Genomics
1350:Mutation
1340:Heredity
1304:Glossary
1294:Timeline
1268:Genetics
1216:Category
1164:See also
1062:Toarcian
1027:Ireviken
984:Timeline
979:Holocene
890:Theories
535:Genetics
504:See also
454:in vitro
4743:Ecology
4710:Hazards
4608:General
4479:Rapture
4328:Messiah
4316:Sufyani
4306:Israfil
4276:Islamic
4114:Messiah
4092:1 Enoch
3926:Big Rip
3638:Ecocide
3633:Ice age
3049:Natural
3016:Fitness
2786:Related
2616:History
2477:Meiosis
2412:Empathy
2407:Emotion
2307:nucleus
2248:Viruses
2238:Spiders
2150:Mammals
2133:Insects
1933:Fitness
1869:Species
1668:Outline
1289:History
1284:Outline
1226:Commons
1047:Olson's
655:Bibcode
498:ex situ
494:in situ
464:cloning
433:embryos
378:species
356:Ex situ
310:habitat
295:In situ
177:species
166:habitat
139:alleles
80:scholar
4640:Famine
4566:Zombie
4368:Others
4323:Jewish
4301:Dajjal
4183:Events
4097:Daniel
3998:winter
3825:Others
3715:winter
3515:winter
3510:famine
3505:cobalt
3059:Sexual
2905:Portal
2581:Hybrid
2417:Ethics
2259:organs
2221:Plants
2207:lemurs
2202:humans
2187:horses
2177:hyenas
2165:wolves
2160:canids
2094:origin
1455:Europe
1440:Africa
1374:Fields
1360:Allele
1335:Genome
1072:Aptian
824:Causes
808:Models
675:
462:, and
431:, and
419:, and
129:of an
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
4655:Riots
4347:Norse
4311:Mahdi
4070:Kalki
4065:Hindu
3395:(EMP)
2368:Death
2363:Aging
2342:brain
2128:Fungi
2089:Birds
2002:Fungi
1800:Event
1683:Index
1580:Lists
1460:Italy
1299:Index
1032:Mulde
995:Other
947:Major
479:parts
473:from
425:Sperm
179:or a
175:of a
87:JSTOR
73:books
3196:and
2855:Tree
2327:hair
2267:Cell
2170:dogs
2155:cats
2145:Life
2123:Fish
2076:taxa
689:See
673:ISSN
609:link
591:2007
496:and
487:wild
429:eggs
387:i.e.
380:and
374:zoos
372:and
347:and
319:and
238:and
195:and
171:The
160:and
59:news
2353:Of
2322:eye
2272:DNA
2257:Of
2074:Of
1330:RNA
1325:DNA
1037:Lau
663:doi
651:291
439:".
250:of
42:by
4739::
3418:/
1433:of
671:.
661:.
649:.
645:.
632:^
605:}}
601:{{
593:.
577:.
458:,
451:,
427:,
415:,
269:,
265:,
149:.
3265:e
3258:t
3251:v
2939:e
2932:t
2925:v
2531:/
2522:/
2513:/
2509:/
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
1260:e
1253:t
1246:v
723:e
716:t
709:v
679:.
665::
657::
626:.
611:)
575:"
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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