Andrew Jackson - Knowledge

3241: 3619: 2797: 3411: 2944:, which Congress had narrowly passed. It gave the president the right to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the eastern part of the United States in exchange for lands set aside for Native Americans west of the Mississippi, as well as broad discretion on how to use the federal funds allocated to the negotiations. The law was supposed to be a voluntary relocation program, but it was not implemented as one. Jackson's administration often achieved agreement to relocate through bribes, fraud and intimidation, and the leaders who signed the treaties often did not represent the entire tribe. The relocations could be a source of misery too: the Choctaw relocation was rife with corruption, theft, and mismanagement that brought great suffering to that people. 3356: 3466:, and Spain, but he had difficulty collecting spoliation claims from France, which was unwilling to pay an indemnity agreed to in an earlier treaty. Jackson asked Congress in 1834 to authorize reprisals against French property if the country failed to make payment, as well as to arm for defense. In response, France put its Caribbean fleet on a wartime footing. Both sides wanted to avoid a conflict, but the French wanted an apology for Jackson's belligerence. In his 1835 Annual Message to the Congress, Jackson asserted that he refused to apologize, but stated that he did not intend to "menace or insult the Government of France". The French were assuaged and agreed to pay $ 5,000,000 (equivalent to $ 147,677,400 in 2023) to settle the claims. 1469: 75: 2873: 3169: 3065:, declaring both tariffs null and void and threatening to secede from the United States if the federal government tried to use force to collect the duties. In response, Jackson sent warships to Charleston harbor, and threatened to hang any man who worked to support nullification or secession. On December 10, he issued a proclamation against the "nullifiers", condemning nullification as contrary to the Constitution's letter and spirit, rejecting the right of secession, and declaring that South Carolina stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason". On December 28, Calhoun, who had been elected to the U.S. Senate, resigned as vice president. 1087: 3704: 3481:. During the conflict, Jackson covertly allowed the settlers to obtain weapons and money from the United States. They defeated the Mexican military in April 1836 and declared the region an independent country, the Republic of Texas. The new Republic asked Jackson to recognize and annex it. Although Jackson wanted to do so, he was hesitant because he was unsure it could maintain independence from Mexico. He also was concerned because Texas had legalized slavery, which was an issue that could divide the Democrats during the 1836 election. Jackson recognized the Republic of Texas on the last full day of his presidency, March 3, 1837. 2889: 1377: 3535: 3017: 1836: 2620: 2494: 3002:

because of the unsanitary conditions and epidemics arising from their dislocation, as well as their resistance to expulsion. Jackson's implementation of the Indian Removal Act contributed to his popularity with his constituency. He added over 170,000 square miles of land to the public domain, which primarily benefited the United States' agricultural interests. The act also benefited small farmers, as Jackson allowed them to purchase moderate plots at low prices and offered squatters on land formerly belonging to Native Americans the option to purchase it before it was offered for sale to others.

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convinced to take open action by Henry Clay, who had decided to run for president against Jackson in the 1832 election. Biddle would agree to seek renewal of the charter two years earlier than scheduled. Clay argued that Jackson was in a bind. If he vetoed the charter, he would lose the votes of his pro-Bank constituents in Pennsylvania; but if he signed the charter, he would lose his anti-Bank constituents. After the recharter bill was passed, Jackson vetoed it on July 10, 1832, arguing that the country should not surrender the will of the majority to the desires of the wealthy.

3112: 2698: 19426: 3347:. The act was intended to stabilize the economy by reducing speculation on credit, but it caused a drain of gold and silver from the Eastern banks to the Western banks to address the needs of financing land transactions. The other was the Deposit and Distribution Act, which transferred federal monies from eastern to western state banks. Together, they left Eastern banks unable to pay specie to the British when they recalled their loans to address their economic problems in international trade. The panic drove the U.S. economy into a depression that lasted until 1841. 18415: 2257: 1662: 1926: 1990: 3320: 1905: 1886: 625: 2565:. In 1824, most of the Democratic-Republicans in Congress boycotted the caucus, and the power to choose nominees was shifting to state nominating committees and legislatures. Jackson was nominated by a Pennsylvania convention, making him not merely a regional candidate but the leading national contender. When Jackson won the Pennsylvania nomination, Calhoun dropped out of the presidential race. Afterwards, Jackson won the nomination in six other states and had a strong second-place finish in three others. 2478: 1919: 1867: 1964: 1950: 1971: 1938: 1983: 1898: 3145:

press, and that it had ties with foreign creditors. Biddle responded to Jackson's challenge in early 1830 by using the Bank's vast financial holding to ensure the Bank's reputation, and his supporters argued that the Bank was the key to prosperity and stable commerce. By the time of the 1832 election, Biddle had spent over $ 250,000 (equivalent to $ 7,630,000 in 2023) in printing pamphlets, lobbying for pro-Bank legislation, hiring agents and giving loans to editors and congressmen.

22074: 13403: 2344: 22062: 1815: 22050: 1822: 21994: 20934: 15119: 14033: 1848: 1874: 1860: 1594: 19772: 3397:. The act provoked riots in Charleston, and pro-slavery Southerners demanded that the postal service ban distribution of the materials. To address the issue, Jackson authorized that the tracts could be sent only to subscribers, whose names could be made publicly accountable. That December, Jackson called on Congress to prohibit the circulation through the South of "incendiary publications intended to instigate the slaves to insurrection". 3076:. Jackson saw it as an effective way to end the confrontation but insisted on the passage of the Force Bill before he signed. On March 2, he signed into law the Force Bill and the Tariff of 1833. The South Carolina Convention then met and rescinded its nullification ordinance but nullified the Force Bill in a final act of defiance. Two months later, Jackson reflected on South Carolina's nullification: "the tariff was only the pretext, and 20954: 20944: 15129: 2329:. Though the Treaty of Ghent had been signed in December 1814 before the Battle of New Orleans was fought, Jackson's victory assured that the United States control of the region between Mobile and New Orleans would not be effectively contested by European powers. This control allowed the American government to ignore one of the articles in the treaty, which would have returned the Creek lands taken in the Treaty of Fort Jackson. 20160: 13422: 2778:, an 1820 law that limited office tenure, authorized the president to remove current office holders, and appoint new ones. During his first year in office, he removed about 10% of all federal employees and replaced them with loyal Democrats. Jackson argued that rotation in office reduced corruption by making officeholders responsible to the popular will, but it functioned as political patronage and became known as the 807: 3769:: the use of force, terror and violence to make an area ethnically homogeneous. To achieve the goal of separating Native Americans from the whites, coercive force such as threats and bribes were used to effect removal and unauthorized military force was used when there was resistance, as in the case of the Second Seminole War. The act has been discussed in the context of genocide, and its role in the long-term 22004: 3570:, won the election using a campaign style similar to that of the Democrats: Van Buren was depicted as an uncaring aristocrat, while Harrison's war record was glorified, and he was portrayed as a man of the people. Harrison won the 1840 election and the Whigs captured majorities in both houses of Congress, but Harrison died a month into his term, and was replaced by his vice president, former Democrat 3133:

as a fourth branch of government run by an elite, what he called the "money power" that sought to control the labor and earnings of the "real people", who depend on their own efforts to succeed: the planters, farmers, mechanics, and laborers. Additionally, Jackson's own near bankruptcy in 1804 due to credit-fuelled land speculation had biased him against paper money and toward a policy favorable to

2911:—the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminoles— began to adopt white culture, including education, agricultural techniques, a road system, and rudimentary manufacturing. In the case of the tensions between the state of Georgia and the Cherokee, Adams had tried to address the issue encouraging Cherokee emigration west of the Mississippi through financial incentives, but most refused. 22038: 1709:

who disobeyed or ran away. For example, in an 1804 advertisement to recover a runaway slave, he offered "ten dollars extra, for every hundred lashes any person will give him" up to three hundred lashes—a number that would likely have been deadly. Over time, his accumulation of wealth in both slaves and land placed him among the elite families of Tennessee.

1721:. They had an argument over a horse race, and Dickinson allegedly uttered a slur against Rachel. During the duel, Dickinson fired first, and the bullet hit Jackson in the chest. The wound was not life-threatening because the bullet had shattered against his breastbone. Jackson returned fire and killed Dickinson. The killing tarnished Jackson's reputation. 2509:, the United States' first prolonged financial depression, caused Congress to reduce the military's size and abolish Jackson's generalship. In compensation, Monroe made him the first territorial governor of Florida in 1821. He served as the governor for two months, returning to the Hermitage in ill health. During his convalescence, Jackson, who had been a 3301:

government had an unprecedented spike in land sales: At its peak in 1836, the profits from land sales were eight to twelve times higher than a typical year. During Jackson's presidency, 63 million acres of public land—about the size of the state of Oklahoma—was sold. After Jackson's term expired in 1837, a Democrat-majority Senate

1581:, and the two were separated by 1789. After the separation, Jackson and Rachel became romantically involved, living together as husband and wife. Robards petitioned for divorce, which was granted in 1793 on the basis of Rachel's infidelity. The couple legally married in January 1794. In 1796, they acquired their first plantation, 3585:. Tyler signed a treaty of annexation in April 1844, but it became associated with the expansion of slavery and was not ratified. Van Buren, who had been Jackson's preferred candidate for the Democratic Party in the 1844 presidential election, had opposed annexation. Disappointed by Van Buren, Jackson convinced fellow Tennessean 2300:

to be discharged from the militia due to their foreign nationality. Jackson then ordered all French citizens to leave the city within three days, and had a member of the Louisiana legislature, Louis Louaillier, arrested when he wrote a newspaper article criticizing Jackson's continuation of martial law. U.S. District Court Judge

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because Congress blocked his proposals. In his First Annual Message to Congress, Adams stated that "we are palsied by the will of our constituents", which was interpreted as his being against representative democracy. Jackson responded by championing the needs of ordinary citizens and declaring that "the voice of the people

3589:, who was then set to be Van Buren's running mate, to run as the Democratic Party's presidential nominee instead. Polk defeated Van Buren for the nomination and won the general election against Jackson's old enemy, Henry Clay. Meanwhile, the Senate passed a bill to annex Texas, and it was signed on March 1, 1845. 3339:. Jackson's transfer of federal monies to state banks in 1833 caused western banks to relax their lending standards; the Indian Removal Act made large amounts of former Native American lands available for purchase and speculation. Two of Jackson's acts in 1836 contributed to the Panic of 1837. One was the 3477:. As early as 1824, Jackson had supported acquiring the region for the United States. In 1829, he attempted to purchase it, but Mexico did not want to sell. By 1830, there were twice as many settlers from the United States as from Mexico, leading to tensions with the Mexican government that started the 3368:, an unemployed house painter from England, aimed a pistol at him, which misfired. Lawrence pulled out a second pistol, which also misfired. Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane until others intervened to restrain Lawrence, who was later found not guilty by reason of insanity and institutionalized. 3209:

In addition to the votes Jackson would lose because of the bank veto, Clay hoped that Jackson's Indian Removal Act would alienate voters in the East; but Jackson's losses were offset by the Act's popularity in the West and Southwest. Clay had also expected that Jackson would lose votes because of his

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Jackson believed that Adams's administration had been corrupt and he initiated investigations into all executive departments. These investigations revealed that $ 280,000 (equivalent to $ 8,000,000 in 2023) was stolen from the Treasury. They also resulted in a reduction in costs to the Department

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In 1822, Jackson agreed to run in the 1824 presidential election, and he was nominated by the Tennessee legislature in July. At the time, the Federalist Party had collapsed, and there were four major contenders for the Democratic-Republican Party nomination: William Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry

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The British decamped from New Orleans at the end of January, but they still remained a threat. Jackson refused to lift martial law and kept the militia under arms. He approved the execution of six militiamen for desertion. Some Creoles registered as French citizens with the French consul and demanded

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for allegedly removing Democratic-Republicans from public office, and joined several other Democratic-Republican congressmen in voting against a resolution of thanks for Washington. He advocated for the right of Tennesseans to militarily oppose Native American interests. The state legislature elected

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He had the tendency to take things personally. If someone crossed him, he would often become obsessed with crushing them. For example, on the last day of his presidency, Jackson declared he had only two regrets: that he had not hanged Henry Clay or shot John C. Calhoun. He also had a strong sense of

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Jackson for inappropriately taking authority for the Treasury Department when it was the responsibility of Congress and refused to confirm Taney's appointment as secretary of the treasury. In April, however, the House declared that the bank should not be rechartered. By July 1836, the Bank no longer

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Clay's strategy failed. Jackson was able to mobilize the Democratic Party's strong political networks. The Northeast supported Jackson because he was in favor of maintaining a stiff tariff; the West supported him because the Indian Removal Act reduced the number of Native Americans in the region and

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told Biddle that Jackson was open to chartering a modified version of the Bank, but Biddle did not consult Jackson directly. Privately, Jackson expressed opposition to the Bank; publicly, he announced that he would leave the decision concerning the Bank in the hands of the people. Biddle was finally

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as the Bank's executive. The Bank was a repository for the country's public monies which also serviced the national debt; it was formed as a for-profit entity that looked after the concerns of its shareholders. In 1828, the country was prosperous and the currency was stable, but Jackson saw the Bank

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Jackson suspected Calhoun of writing the Exposition and Protest and opposed his interpretation. Jackson argued that Congress had full authority to enact tariffs and that a dissenting state was denying the will of the majority. He also needed the tariff, which generated 90% of the federal revenue, to

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accused him of having murdered 18 white men, including the soldiers he had executed for desertion and alleging that he stabbed a man in the back with his cane. They stated that he had intentionally massacred Native American women and children at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, ate the bodies of Native

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After the election, Jackson's supporters formed a new party to undermine Adams and ensure he served only one term. Adams's presidency went poorly, and Adams's behavior undermined it. He was perceived as an intellectual elite who ignored the needs of the populace. He was unable to accomplish anything

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candidate to prevent Tennessee's electoral votes from going to Crawford, who was seen as a Washington insider. Jackson unexpectedly garnered popular support outside of Tennessee and became a serious candidate. He benefited from the expansion of suffrage among white males that followed the conclusion

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Jackson's exact birthplace is unclear. Jackson's father died at the age of 29 in a logging accident while clearing land in February 1767, three weeks before his son Andrew was born. Afterwards, Elizabeth and her three sons moved in with her sister and brother-in-law, Jane and James Crawford. Jackson

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Jackson was self-confident, without projecting a sense of self-importance. This self-confidence gave him the ability to persevere in the face of adversity. Once he decided on a plan of action, he would adhere to it. His reputation for being both quick-tempered and confident worked to his advantage;

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was sent to the U.S. Senate. This document, which had been anonymously written by John C. Calhoun, asserted that the constitution was a compact of individual states and when the federal government went beyond its delegated duties, such as enacting a protective tariff, a state had a right to declare

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During his administration, he made about 70 treaties with American Indian tribes. He had removed almost all the Native Americans east of the Mississippi and south of Lake Michigan, about 70,000 people, from the United States; though it was done at the cost of thousands of Native American lives lost

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Jackson and Rachel were accused of adultery for living together before her divorce was finalized, and Rachel heard about the accusation. She had been under stress throughout the election, and just as Jackson was preparing to head to Washington for his inauguration, she fell ill. She did not live to

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Jackson was nominated for president by the Tennessee legislature in October 1825, more than three years before the 1828 election. He gained powerful supporters in both the South and North, including Calhoun, who became Jackson's vice-presidential running mate, and New York Senator Martin Van Buren.

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but avoided debate or initiating legislation. He used his time in the Senate to form alliances and make peace with old adversaries. Eaton continued to campaign for Jackson's presidency, updating his biography and writing a series of widely circulated pseudonymous letters that portrayed Jackson as a

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commanded the army of 10,000 soldiers, many of whom had served in the Napoleonic Wars. As the British advanced up the east bank of the Mississippi River, Jackson constructed a fortified position to block them. The climactic battle took place on January 8 when the British launched a frontal assault.

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Two new states were admitted into the Union during Jackson's presidency: Arkansas (June 15, 1836) and Michigan (January 26, 1837). Both states increased Democratic power in Congress and helped Van Buren win the presidency in 1836, as new states tended to support the party that had done the most to

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in December 1829, Jackson openly challenged the Bank by questioning its constitutionality and the soundness of its money. Jackson's supporters further alleged that it gave preferential loans to speculators and merchants over artisans and farmers, that it used its money to bribe congressmen and the

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Jackson had to confront another challenge that had been building up since the beginning of his first term. The Tariff of 1828, which had been passed in the last year of Adams' administration, set a protective tariff at a very high rate to prevent the manufacturing industries in the Northern states

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that some of the people involved in the adventure might be intending to break away from the United States. In December, Jefferson ordered Burr to be arrested for treason. Jackson, safe from arrest because of his extensive paper trail, organized the militia to capture the conspirators. He testified

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idea of slavery, which claimed that slave ownership was morally acceptable as long as slaves were treated with humanity and their basic needs were cared for. In practice, slaves were treated as a form of wealth whose productivity needed to be protected. Jackson directed harsh punishment for slaves

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marked the beginning of a national policy of Native American removal. Before Jackson took office, the relationship between the southern states and the Native American tribes who lived within their boundaries was strained. The states felt that they had full jurisdiction over their territories; the

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Jackson was the first president to be subjected to both a physical assault and an assassination attempt. On May 6, 1833, Robert B. Randolph struck Jackson in the face with his hand because Jackson had ordered Randolph's dismissal from the navy for embezzlement. Jackson declined to press charges.

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On the surface, Jackson's and Biddle's positions did not appear irreconcilable. Jackson seemed open to keeping the Bank if it could include some degree of Federal oversight, limit its real estate holdings, and have its property subject to taxation by the states. Many of Jackson's cabinet members

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and presided over the election's resolution, saw a Jackson presidency as a disaster for the country. Clay threw his support behind Adams, who won the contingent election on the first ballot. Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State, leading supporters of Jackson to accuse Clay and Adams of

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In the 1920s, Jackson's rise to power became associated with the idea of the "common man". This idea defined the age as a populist rejection of social elites and a vindication of every person's value independent of class and status. Jackson was seen as its personification, an individual free of

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Jackson had a reputation for being short-tempered and violent, which terrified his opponents. He was able to use his temper strategically to accomplish what he wanted. He could keep it in check when necessary: his behavior was friendly and urbane when he went to Washington as senator during the

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In January 1835, Jackson paid off the national debt, the only time in U.S. history that it had been accomplished. It was paid down through tariff revenues, carefully managing federal funding of internal improvements like roads and canals, and the sale of public lands. Between 1834 and 1836, the

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as acting secretary, who implemented Jackson's policy. With the loss of federal deposits, the Bank had to contract its credit. Biddle used this contraction to create an economic downturn in an attempt to get Jackson to compromise. Biddle wrote, "Nothing but the evidence of suffering abroad will

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Jackson saw his victory as a mandate to continue his war on the Bank's control over the national economy. In 1833, Jackson signed an executive order ending the deposit of Treasury receipts in the bank. When Secretary of the Treasury McLane refused to execute the order, Jackson replaced him with

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Andrew and Robert were captured in April 1781 when the British occupied the home of a Crawford relative. A British officer demanded to have his boots polished. Andrew refused, and the officer slashed him with a sword, leaving him with scars on his left hand and head. Robert also refused and was

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referenced Jackson's ideas when negotiating the challenges to the Union that he faced during 1861, including Jackson's understanding of the constitution during the nullification crisis and the president's right to interpret the constitution. Franklin D. Roosevelt used Jackson to redefine the

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that the United States "can conquer not only , but all Spanish North America". He informed the Tennessee militia that it should be ready to march at a moment's notice "when the government and constituted authority of our country require it", and agreed to provide boats and provisions for the

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was married to Andrew Jackson Donelson (who acted as Jackson's private secretary) and served as hostess at the White House. The president and Emily became estranged for over a year during the Petticoat affair, but they eventually reconciled and she resumed her duties as White House hostess.

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Following the war, Jackson remained in command of troops in the southern half of the United States and was permitted to make his headquarters at the Hermitage. Jackson continued to displace the Native Americans in areas under his command. Despite resistance from Secretary of the Treasury

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from having to compete with lower-priced imports from Britain. The tariff reduced the income of southern cotton planters: it propped up consumer prices, but not the price of cotton which had severely declined in the previous decade. Immediately after the tariff's passage, the

1685:. He had to sell Hunter's Hill, as well as 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) of land he bought for speculation and bought a smaller 420-acre (170 ha) plantation near Nashville that he would call the Hermitage. He focused on recovering from his losses by becoming a successful 3054:'s birthday on April 13, 1830, the attendees gave after-dinner toasts. Jackson toasted: "Our federal Union: It must be preserved!" – a clear challenge to nullification. Calhoun, whose toast immediately followed, rebutted: "The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear!" 2748:. In his inaugural address, he promised to protect the sovereignty of the states, respect the limits of the presidency, reform the government by removing disloyal or incompetent appointees, and observe a fair policy toward Native Americans. Jackson invited the public to the 2672:

see her husband become president, dying of a stroke or heart attack a few days later. Jackson believed that the abuse from Adams' supporters had hastened her death, stating at her funeral: "May God Almighty forgive her murderers, as I know she forgave them. I never can."

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When Jackson was young, Elizabeth thought he might become a minister and paid to have him schooled by a local clergyman. He learned to read, write, and work with numbers, and was exposed to Greek and Latin, but he was too strong-willed and hot-tempered for the ministry.

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at 78 years of age on June 8, 1845. His deathbed was surrounded by family, friends, and slaves, and he was recorded to have said, "Do not cry; I hope to meet you all in Heaven—yes, all in Heaven, white and black." He was buried in the same tomb as his wife Rachel.

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In the spring of 1831, Jackson demanded the resignations of all the cabinet members except Barry, who would resign in 1835 when a Congressional investigation revealed his mismanagement of the Post Office. Jackson tried to compensate Van Buren by appointing him the

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A few weeks after his inauguration, Jackson started looking into how he could replace the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank had been chartered by President Madison in 1816 to restore the United States economy after the War of 1812. Monroe had appointed

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of the War of 1812. He was a popular war hero whose reputation suggested he had the decisiveness and independence to bring reform to Washington. He also was promoted as an outsider who stood for all the people, blaming banks for the country's depression.

1273:, displaced tens of thousands of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands east of the Mississippi and resulted in thousands of deaths. Jackson faced a challenge to the integrity of the federal union when South Carolina threatened to nullify a high 3226:, the South supported Jackson for implementing the Indian Removal Act, as well as for his willingness to compromise by signing the Tariff of 1832. Jackson won the election by a landslide, receiving 55 percent of the popular vote and 219 electoral votes. 3688:

in Nashville. Both his mother and his wife had been devout Presbyterians all their lives, but Jackson stated that he had postponed officially entering the church until after his retirement to avoid accusations that he had done so for political reasons.

2230:, of arming the Red Sticks, and threatened to attack. The governor responded by inviting the British to land at Pensacola to defend it, which violated Spanish neutrality. The British attempted to capture Mobile, but their invasion fleet was repulsed at 2936:

alleges that when Jackson heard the ruling, he said, "Well, John Marshall has made his decision, but now let him enforce it." Although the quote may be apocryphal, Jackson made it clear he would not use the federal government to enforce the ruling.

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in 1831, Jackson ordered them withdrawn immediately afterwards despite the petition of local citizens for them to remain for protection. Jackson considered the issue too divisive to the nation and to the delicate alliances of the Democratic Party.

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In the first days of Jackson's presidency, some southern states passed legislation extending state jurisdiction to Native American lands. Jackson supported the states' right to do so. His position was later made clear in the 1832 Supreme Court

2101:, stating that his volunteers were not needed, and that they were to hand over any supplies to Wilkinson and disband. Jackson refused to disband his troops; instead, he led them on the difficult march back to Nashville, earning the nickname " 3643:, Rachel's orphaned grand nephew, and the orphaned children of a friend, Edward Butler – Caroline, Eliza, Edward, and Anthony – who lived with the Jacksons after their father died. Jackson also had three Creek children living with them: 2413:

by ordering Jackson to lead a campaign "with full power to conduct the war as he may think best". Jackson believed the best way to do this was to seize Florida from Spain once and for all. Before departing, Jackson wrote to President

2640:, which was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by opponents, into law. Jackson's victory in the presidential race was overwhelming. He won 56 percent of the popular vote and 68 percent of the electoral vote. The election ended the 8475: 2829:

and refused to socialize with the Eatons. Though Jackson defended Margaret, her presence split the cabinet, which had been so ineffective that he rarely called it into session, and the ongoing disagreement led to its dissolution.

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by sending anti-slavery tracts through the postal system into the South in 1835. Jackson condemned these agitators as "monsters" who should atone with their lives because they were attempting to destroy the Union by encouraging

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Feller, Daniel; Coens, Thomas; Moss, Laura-Eve; Moser, Harold D.; Alexander, Erik B.; Smith, Sam B.; Owsley, Harriet C.; Hoth, David R; Hoemann, George H.; McPherson, Sharon; Clift, J. Clint; Wells, Wyatt C., eds. (1980–2019).

3730:, depicted him as the spokesperson of the majority and their passions. He has been variously described as a frontiersman personifying the independence of the American West, a slave-owning member of the Southern gentry, and a 2394:, and various indigenous peoples. It had become a magnet for escapees and was seen as a threat to the property rights of American enslavers, even a potential source of insurrection by enslaved people. Jackson ordered Colonel 4819: 3495:

Jackson appointed six justices to the Supreme Court. Most were undistinguished. Jackson nominated Roger B. Taney in January 1835 to the Court in reward for his services, but the nomination failed to win Senate approval.

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made available more public land. Except for South Carolina, which passed the Ordinance of Nullification during the election month and refused to support any party by giving its votes to the future Governor of Virginia

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as Postmaster General. Jackson was inaugurated on March 4, 1829; Adams, who was embittered by his defeat, refused to attend. Jackson was the first president-elect to take the oath of office on the East Portico of the

1316:. Jackson's legacy remains controversial, and opinions on his legacy are frequently polarized. Supporters characterize him as a defender of democracy and the Constitution, while critics point to his reputation as a 17478: 17473: 2816:

Jackson spent much of his time during his first two and a half years in office dealing with what came to be known as the "Petticoat Affair" or "Eaton Affair". The affair focused on Secretary of War Eaton's wife,

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of the Navy, saving $ 1 million (equivalent to $ 28,600,000 in 2023). Jackson asked Congress to tighten laws on embezzlement and tax evasion, and he pushed for an improved government accounting system.

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Jackson's presidency ended on March 4, 1837. Jackson left Washington, D.C., three days later, retiring to the Hermitage in Nashville, where he remained influential in national and state politics. To reduce the

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used Jackson's legacy to present himself as the president of the common man, praising Jackson for saving the country from a rising aristocracy and protecting American workers with a tariff. In 2016, President

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Jackson and Rachel had no children together but adopted Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's deceased brother Severn Donelson. The Jacksons acted as guardians for Donelson's other children: John Samuel,

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with the British. Jackson's actions polarized Monroe's cabinet. The occupied territories were returned to Spain. Calhoun wanted him censured for violating the Constitution, since the United States had not

9459: 3285:. The number of these state banks more than doubled during Jackson's administration, and investment patterns changed. The Bank, which had been the federal government's fiscal agent, invested heavily in 22159: 2296:

Their troops made easy targets for the Americans protected by their parapets, and the attack ended in disaster. The British suffered over 2,000 casualties (including Pakenham) to the Americans' 60.

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in 1690. Jackson had two older brothers who came with his parents from Ireland, Hugh (born 1763) and Robert (born 1764). Elizabeth had a strong hatred of the British that she passed on to her sons.

2093:, they were ordered to halt by General Wilkinson, the commander at New Orleans and the man Jackson accused of treason after the Burr adventure. A little later, Jackson received a letter from the 11724: 2284:'s smugglers and raising units of free African Americans and Creek, paying non-white volunteers the same salary as whites. This gave Jackson a force of about 5,000 men when the British arrived. 9424: 3061:, which reduced the duties from the Tariff of 1828 by almost half. The bill was signed on July 9, but failed to satisfy extremists on either side. On November 24, South Carolina had passed the 2238:

on November 7. Afterwards, the Spanish surrendered, and the British withdrew. Weeks later, Jackson learned that the British were planning an attack on New Orleans, which was the gateway to the

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too. A military court ordered Louaillier's release, but Jackson kept him in prison and evicted Hall from the city. Although Jackson lifted martial law when he received official word that the

1649:, a position that was determined by a vote of the militia's officers. The vote was tied between Jackson and Sevier, a popular Revolutionary War veteran and former governor, but the governor, 8467: 2955:, which stipulated that the Seminoles would move west and become part of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy if they found the new land suitable. Most Seminoles refused to move, leading to the 3734:

who promoted faith in the wisdom of the ordinary citizen. He has been represented as a statesman who substantially advanced the spirit of democracy and upheld the foundations of American

2169:

By January 1814, the expiration of enlistments and desertion had reduced Jackson's force by about 1,000 volunteers, but he continued the offensive. The Red Sticks counterattacked at the

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results in which Jackson received a plurality of Electoral College votes. Subsequently, John Quincy Adams was elected the sixth president of the United States in a contingent election.

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as his supply base. He sent his cavalry under General Coffee ahead of the main force, destroying Red Stick villages and capturing supplies. Coffee defeated a band of Red Sticks at the

1996: 20346: 17934: 17769: 17516: 3813:. A 2014 survey of political scientists rated Jackson as the ninth-highest rated president but the third-most polarizing. He was also ranked the third-most overrated president. In a 2835: 1324:

historically rated Jackson's presidency as above average. Since the late 20th century, his reputation declined, and in the 21st century his placement in rankings of presidents fell.

9310: 2375:, he signed five treaties between 1816 and 1820 in which the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee and Chickasaw ceded tens of millions of acres of land to the United States. These included the 2418:, "Let it be signified to me through any channel ... that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." 1487:

After the American Revolutionary War, Jackson worked as a saddler, briefly returned to school, and taught reading and writing to children. In 1784, he left the Waxhaws region for

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achieve another of his presidential goals, eliminating the national debt. The issue developed into a personal rivalry between the two men. For example, during a celebration of

2825:

died, and they married nine months after his death. With the exception of Barry's wife Catherine, the cabinet members' wives followed the lead of Vice-president Calhoun's wife

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chief who was fighting with the British against the United States, killed about 250 militia men and civilians at Fort Mims in retaliation for an ambush by American militia at

16961: 2592:. The amendment specifies that only the top three electoral vote-winners are eligible to be elected by the House, so Clay was eliminated from contention. Clay, who was also 2963:

of 1832. Their private ownership of the land was to be protected, but the federal government did not enforce this. The government did encourage voluntary removal until the

3574:. Jackson was encouraged because Tyler was not bound to party loyalties and praised him when he vetoed two Whig-sponsored bills to establish a new national bank in 1841. 22234: 16244: 16191: 16187: 15231: 14402: 8650: 2659:

The political campaign was dominated by the personal abuse that partisans flung at both candidates. Jackson was accused of being the son of an English prostitute and a

22359: 20990: 15165: 3419: 2173:. Jackson repelled them but was forced to withdraw to Fort Strother. Jackson's army was reinforced by further recruitment and the addition of a regular army unit, the 22384: 19219: 9482: 11669: 3770: 2390:, which became known to Americans as "the Negro fort", remained occupied by more than a thousand former soldiers of the British Royal and Colonial Marines, escaped 22379: 17468: 17463: 9342: 3962: 8094: 2398:

to capture the fort in July 1816. He destroyed it and killed many of the garrison. Some survivors were enslaved while others fled into the wilderness of Florida.

2207:

with command of the Seventh Military District, which included Tennessee, Louisiana, the Mississippi Territory, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy. With President

13986: 1547: 9467: 9372: 22254: 21678: 20937: 20339: 17927: 17762: 17509: 15250: 14224: 13821: 3810: 1321: 2925:. Georgia had arrested a group of missionaries for entering Cherokee territory without a permit; the Cherokee declared these arrests illegal. The court under 1435:. Robert died two days after arriving home, but Elizabeth was able to nurse Andrew back to health. Once he recovered, Elizabeth volunteered to nurse American 22299: 22124: 18863: 18647: 10145:

Cheathem, Mark R. (2013). ""The Shape of Democracy": Historical Interpretations of Jacksonian Democracy". In McKnight, Brian D.; Humphreys, James S. (eds.).

3659:, the wife of Andrew Jackson Jr., became co-hostess of the White House in 1834, and took over all hostess duties after Emily died from tuberculosis in 1836. 2593: 2576:, receiving 99 votes from states in the South, West, and Mid-Atlantic. He was the only candidate to win states outside of his regional base: Adams dominated 17726: 22284: 17138: 14092: 13525: 13257: 2821:. She had a reputation for being promiscuous, and like Rachel Jackson, she was accused of adultery. She and Eaton had been close before her first husband 2215:. The treaty required all Creek, including those who had remained allies, to surrender 23,000,000 acres (9,300,000 ha) of land to the United States. 1704:

slaves; by 1820, he had over 100; and by his death in 1845, he had over 150. Over his lifetime, he owned a total of 300 slaves. Jackson subscribed to the

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Democratic Party, describing him as a defender of the exploited and downtrodden and as a fighter for social justice and human rights. The members of the

3503:

as Chief Justice until 1864. He was regarded with respect during his career on the bench, but he is most remembered for his widely condemned decision in

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Jackson's actions led those who disagreed with him to form the Whig Party. They claimed to oppose Jackson's expansion of executive power, calling him "

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of 1819. In February 1819, a congressional investigation exonerated Jackson, and his victory was instrumental in convincing the Seminoles to sign the

20635: 20631: 20627: 20587: 20332: 17920: 17755: 17502: 8965: 2774:". The previous custom had been for the president to leave the existing appointees in office, replacing them through attrition. Jackson enforced the 1451:

and died soon afterwards. The war made Jackson an orphan at age 14 and increased his hatred for the values he associated with Britain, in particular

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campaign leading up to the 1824 election. According to Van Buren, he remained calm in times of difficulty and made his decisions deliberatively.

1111: 331: 14733: 2553:, who opposed him. The legislature elected Jackson in October 1823. He was attentive to his senatorial duties. He was appointed chairman of the 22369: 22319: 22304: 22119: 20983: 19733: 18217: 17263: 16310: 15158: 15009: 14097: 13529: 12819:"Presidential Greatness and Political Science: Assessing the 2014 APSA Presidents and Executive Politics Section Presidential Greatness Survey" 3566:, Jackson campaigned for Van Buren in Tennessee, but Van Buren had become unpopular during the continuing depression. The Whig Party nominee, 3218:

in Clay's state of Kentucky; Jackson had argued it was unconstitutional to fund internal improvements using national funds for local projects.

3182:

demonstrated the rapid development of political parties during Jackson's presidency. The Democratic Party's first national convention, held in

2422: 1198:

slaves during his lifetime. In 1801, he was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander. He led troops during the

380: 8250: 5661: 3072:" authorizing the military to enforce the tariff. It was attacked by Calhoun as despotism. Meanwhile, Calhoun and Clay began to work on a new 1230:

of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in

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Jackson was historically rated highly as a president, but his reputation began to decline in the 1960s. His contradictory legacy is shown in

1255: 4453: 3297:, to control them, the pet banks expanded their loans, helping to create a speculative boom in the final years of Jackson's administration. 2940:

Jackson used the power of the federal government to enforce the separation of Indigenous tribes and whites. In May 1830, Jackson signed the

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Americans he killed in battle, and threatened to cut off the ears of congressmen who questioned his behavior during the First Seminole War.

22309: 22214: 22174: 20843: 18198: 17901: 17736: 16114: 16094: 16074: 16054: 16034: 16014: 15994: 15974: 15954: 15934: 15914: 15894: 15874: 15854: 15829: 15809: 15789: 15769: 15749: 15729: 15709: 15689: 15669: 15649: 15629: 15609: 15589: 15569: 15549: 15079: 15054: 15019: 14994: 3782: 2752:, which was promptly overrun by well-wishers who caused minor damage to its furnishings. The spectacle earned him the nickname "King Mob". 1740:, stayed with the Jacksons at the Hermitage in 1805. He eventually persuaded Jackson to join his adventure. In October 1806, Jackson wrote 1677:

Jackson resigned his judgeship in 1804. He had almost gone bankrupt when the land and mercantile speculations he had made on the basis of

22169: 20607: 20547: 17375: 17350: 17238: 14999: 3439:, the first East Asian country to form a trade agreement with the U.S. The administration also made trade agreements with Great Britain, 2998:

by trying to cross back to the east side of the Mississippi, the peace treaties ratified after their defeat reduced their lands further.

2311: 2055: 10865:

I have not heard whether Genl Coffee has taken on to him little Lyncoya-I have got another Pett-given to me by the chief Jame Fife, ...

3198:, with a platform built around opposition to Freemasonry, supported neither Jackson nor Clay, who both were Masons. The party nominated 2450:

John Quincy Adams defended him as he thought Jackson's occupation of Pensacola would lead Spain to sell Florida, which Spain did in the

22109: 20903: 20833: 20793: 20783: 20773: 20645: 20557: 15049: 15039: 15024: 10232:

Before Tennessee: the Southwest Territory, 1790–1796: a narrative history of the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio

4737: 2967:, after which almost all Creek were removed to Oklahoma territory. In 1836, Cherokee leaders ceded their land to the government by the 2850:, an unofficial, varying group of advisors that Jackson turned to for decision making even after he had formed a new official cabinet. 1897: 1415:

in May 1780, Elizabeth encouraged Andrew and Robert to participate in militia drills. They served as couriers, and were present at the

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and merchant. The Hermitage grew to 1,000 acres (400 ha), making it one of the largest cotton-growing plantations in the state.

1577:, Jackson became acquainted with their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. The younger Rachel was in an unhappy marriage with Captain 907: 2947:

In 1830, Jackson personally negotiated with the Chickasaw, who quickly agreed to move. In the same year, Choctaw leaders signed the

2521:

for 1822–1823. Around this time, he also completed negotiations for Tennessee to purchase Chickasaw lands. This became known as the

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The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-64. Its Causes, Incidents and Results

3685: 3650:

For the only time in U.S. history, two women acted simultaneously as unofficial first lady for the widower Jackson. Rachel's niece

3563: 3179: 3172: 3163: 2610: 2498: 2472: 2177:. The combined force of 3,000 men—including Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek allies—attacked a Red Stick fort at Horseshoe Bend on the 2170: 1970: 1963: 1507:

of North Carolina, which would later become the state of Tennessee. While traveling to assume his new position, Jackson stopped in

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and financed interregional and international trade. State banks were more responsive to state governments and invested heavily in

2541:

During his presidential candidacy, Jackson reluctantly ran for one of Tennessee's U.S. Senate seats. Jackson's political managers

2242:

and control of the American West. He evacuated Pensacola, strengthened the garrison at Mobile, and led his troops to New Orleans.

2077:

Jackson immediately offered to raise volunteers for the war, but he was not called to duty until after the United States military

1885: 1530:

for the militia the following year. He also got involved in land speculation, eventually forming a partnership with fellow lawyer

1511:. While there, he bought his first slave, a woman who was around his age. He also fought his first duel, accusing another lawyer, 22249: 22239: 22144: 21864: 20947: 20913: 20813: 20168: 18996: 17401: 16126: 15132: 15099: 15094: 15084: 15069: 14492: 14074: 13813: 13498: 13319: 3085: 2443: 405: 18717: 5962: 20893: 20883: 20803: 19457: 18434: 18269: 17248: 15064: 14140: 14065: 6519: 3499:

When Chief Justice Marshall died in 1835, Jackson again nominated Taney for Chief Justice; he was confirmed by the new Senate,

1622: 1297:. He survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president. In one of his final presidential acts, he recognized the 1175: 373: 17: 13187:

Wright, J. Leitch Jr. (1968). "A note on the First Seminole War as seen by the Indians, negroes, and their British advisors".

3581:. He was concerned that the British could use it as a base to threaten the United States and insisted that it was part of the 3190:, which had held its first convention in Baltimore earlier in December 1831, nominated Clay, now a senator from Kentucky, and 21798: 21549: 20873: 19305: 17453: 17118: 13752: 11607:"Funding the Bank War: Nicholas Biddle and the public relations campaign to recharter the second bank of the U.S., 1828–1832" 11283: 11198: 11078: 11020: 10970: 10943: 10668: 10606: 10552: 10469: 10381: 10239: 10007: 9976: 9953: 9922: 9822: 9788: 9757: 9726: 9692: 9658: 9625: 9598: 9016: 8642: 8394: 7876: 4305: 3510: 3258:

produce any effect in Congress." The attempt did not succeed: the economy recovered and Biddle was blamed for the recession.

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Murphy, Sharon A. (2013). "The Myth and Reality of andrew Jackson's Rise in the Election of 1824". In Adams, Sean P. (ed.).

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native tribes saw themselves as autonomous nations that had a right to the land they lived on. Significant portions of the

2692: 2550: 2174: 1477: 1191: 1069: 919: 489: 203: 13233: 1431:, where they became malnourished and contracted smallpox. In late spring, the brothers were released to their mother in a 22129: 22114: 20853: 20695: 20324: 20292: 19700: 19143: 18504: 17128: 16101: 16081: 16061: 16041: 16021: 16001: 15981: 15961: 15941: 15921: 15901: 15881: 15861: 15836: 15816: 15796: 15776: 15756: 15736: 15716: 15696: 15676: 15656: 15636: 15616: 15596: 15576: 15556: 15536: 15523: 15510: 15497: 15484: 15471: 15458: 15445: 15432: 15419: 15406: 15393: 15380: 15341: 15328: 15315: 15302: 15289: 15276: 15263: 14833: 13808: 13742: 13343: 12630:

Perkins, Edwin J. (1987). "Lost opportunities for compromise in the Bank War: A reassessment of jackson's veto message".

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in 1835 that lasted six years. Members of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy ceded their land to the state of Alabama in the

1526:, one of the most powerful men in the territory. Jackson was appointed attorney general of the Mero District in 1791 and 1504: 1104: 1059: 115: 8006: 3240: 2525:. Jackson, Overton, and another colleague had speculated in some of the land and used their portion to form the town of 22139: 21902: 21859: 21698: 20863: 19726: 14853: 11567:

Brogdon, Matthew S. (2011). "Defending the Union: Andrew Jackson's Nullifaction Proclamation and American federalism".

10850: 10831: 4803: 3647:, a Creek orphan Jackson had adopted after the Battle of Tallushatchee, and two boys they called Theodore and Charley. 3365: 2926: 1496: 1294: 3672:

loyalty. He considered threats to his friends as threats to himself, but he demanded unquestioning loyalty in return.

2318:, which ended the war with the British, had been signed, his previous behavior tainted his reputation in New Orleans. 2185:

campaign of burning villages, destroying supplies, and starving Red Stick women and children. The campaign ended when

22194: 21813: 21673: 20256: 19844: 17203: 14783: 14703: 13364: 12252:

Jackson, Carlton (1967). "--Another Time, Another Place--: The attempted assassination of President Andrew Jackson".

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Parins, James W.; Littlefield, Daniel F. (2011). "Introduction". In Parins, James W.; Littlefield, Daniel F. (eds.).

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Jackson had Federal funds deposited into state banks friendly to the administration's policies, which critics called

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Ratcliffe, Donald J. (2000). "The Nullification Crisis, Southern discontents, and the American political process".

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Knodell, Jane (2006). "Rethinking the Jacksonian economy: The impact of the 1832 bank veto on commercial banking".

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in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.

3922: 3911: 3795: 3762:, describing the common man as a member of the working class struggling against exploitation by business concerns. 3440: 3427: 3423: 2771: 2649: 2447: 2434: 2355: 1551: 1361: 1286: 624: 499: 13340:"Supplemental account of some of the bloody deeds of General Jackson, being a supplement to the "Coffin handbill"" 11732:

Carson, James T. (2008). ""The obituary of nations": Ethnic cleansing, memory, and the origins of the Old South".

3676:

it misled opponents to see him as simple and direct, leading them to often understimate his political shrewdness.

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Parsons, Lynn Hudson (1973). ""A perpetual harrow upon my feelings": John Quincy Adams and the American indian".

3514: 3377: 3266: 3199: 3141: 2838:, but Calhoun blocked the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it. Van Buren—along with newspaper editors 2663:, and he was accurately labeled a slave trader who trafficked in human flesh. A series of pamphlets known as the 2562: 2113: 956: 31: 18414: 11713:"Frontiersman or Southern Gentleman? Newspaper Coverage of Andrew Jackson during the 1828 Presidential Campaign" 3376:

During Jackson's presidency, slavery remained a minor political issue. Though federal troops were used to crush

3116: 778: 22339: 22184: 20236: 20211: 20110: 19100: 19039: 18692: 17243: 17208: 17123: 17113: 17073: 16764: 16144: 15224: 14763: 14693: 14643: 14593: 14543: 14501: 14292: 13695: 13501: 12089: 11167: 11051: 10812: 10739: 10521: 10100: 9569: 3335:

Despite the economic boom following Jackson's victory in the Bank War, land speculation in the west caused the

3077: 2948: 2094: 1132: 1097: 1079: 96: 13443: 9112: 4798: 1535: 1254:" between Adams and Clay and began creating their own political organization that would eventually become the 22189: 22154: 21608: 21146: 20090: 19719: 19582: 19151: 18967: 18374: 17912: 17747: 17494: 17213: 17173: 17163: 17158: 16681: 16203: 16197: 16156: 14863: 14843: 14813: 14673: 14653: 13958: 13894: 13712: 12495:

Miles, Edwin A. (1992). "After John Marshall's Decision: Worcester v. Georgia and the Nullification Crisis".

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Meanwhile, Adams's support from the Southern states was eroded when he signed a tax on European imports, the

2204: 2062:

by maritime issues, it provided white American settlers on the southern frontier the opportunity to overcome

1396: 653: 13158:

Wood, Kirsten E. (1997). ""One woman so dangerous to public morals": Gender and power in the Eaton Affair".

9394: 3458:

claims, demands of compensation for the capture of American ships and sailors by foreign nations during the

2085:. After these defeats, in January 1813, Jackson enlisted over 2,000 volunteers, who were ordered to head to 1364:, but second-hand evidence suggests that he might have been born at another uncle's home in North Carolina. 22334: 22329: 22244: 22007: 20106: 19742: 18932: 17391: 17198: 17088: 17033: 16988: 16912: 16180: 16168: 16162: 16138: 14943: 14823: 14793: 14683: 14663: 14583: 14263: 13872: 13647: 13552: 13517: 13470: 9140: 8941: 2952: 2899: 2893: 2681: 1697: 1582: 1473: 1136: 897: 257: 10422:

As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock

2601:". After the Congressional session concluded, Jackson resigned his Senate seat and returned to Tennessee. 2437:, who had been working with the Seminoles. After a brief trial, Jackson executed both of them, causing an 22134: 21979: 21808: 21757: 21727: 21719: 20391: 18909: 18697: 18656: 17544: 17018: 16993: 16150: 16130: 14913: 14883: 14623: 14553: 14485: 14438: 14360: 13660: 11923:

Ericson, David F. (1995). "The nullification crisis, American republicanism, and the Force Bill debate".

11468:

Anderson, Gary Clayton (2016). "The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?".

3470: 2951:; the majority did not want the treaty but complied with its terms. In 1832, Seminole leaders signed the 2775: 1614: 1187: 515: 9508: 9346: 8973: 2401:

White American settlers were in constant conflict with Native American people collectively known as the

1821: 22219: 22028: 21907: 21892: 21884: 21803: 21630: 21600: 21281: 19879: 19157: 18702: 18055: 17418: 17178: 17153: 17058: 17023: 16854: 16227: 16221: 16215: 14963: 14953: 14933: 14903: 14713: 14563: 13996: 13981: 13767: 13592: 5554: 3355: 3191: 3062: 3025: 2653: 2235: 2059: 1937: 1814: 1799: 1741: 1444: 1163: 756: 717: 458: 454: 14633: 13299: 12128:

Heidler, David S. (1993). "The politics of national aggression: Congress and the First Seminole War".

3703: 3469:

Since the early 1820s, large numbers of Americans had been immigrating into Texas, a territory of the

2227: 1736:

and drive the Spanish from Texas. Burr, who was touring what was then the Western United States after

21897: 21767: 21752: 21660: 21542: 21221: 21216: 20148: 19442: 19163: 19022: 18667: 18029: 17847: 17556: 17483: 17411: 17148: 17103: 17093: 17078: 17068: 17053: 17008: 16998: 15401: 14893: 14249: 13850: 13842: 13705: 12989:

Thomas, Robert C. (1976). "Andrew Jackson versus France: American policy towards France, 1834–1836".

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Portrait of President Andrew Jackson, c. 1830–1832 by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl now housed at the

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The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations

3410: 3359:

An 1835 lithograph of the attempted assassination of Andrew Jackson, published by Endicott & Co.

2888: 2580:, Crawford won Virginia and Georgia, and Clay took three western states. Because no candidate had a 1332:

Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaws region of the Carolinas. His parents were

21973: 21732: 21635: 21620: 21406: 21096: 20083: 19924: 18569: 18354: 17280: 17233: 17218: 17193: 17098: 17038: 17013: 16983: 16973: 16941: 16501: 14613: 14533: 14329: 13582: 5657: 3293:, land speculation, and state public works projects. In spite of the efforts of Taney's successor, 3129: 2518: 2455: 2326: 2078: 1949: 1400: 1203: 744: 660: 605: 20075: 9227: 5559: 3935: 2932:

decided in favor of the Cherokee: imposition of Georgia law on the Cherokee was unconstitutional.

2876:

The Indian Removal Act and treaties involving Jackson before his presidency displaced most of the

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Gatell, Frank O. (1964). "Spoils of the Bank War: Political Bias in the Selection of Pet Banks".

8468:"Removing a slavery defender's statue: Roger B. Taney wrote one of Supreme Court's worst rulings" 3636: 2724: 2546: 2277: 2239: 2159: 2151: 1989: 1757: 1753: 1646: 1642: 1508: 1238:

of the popular and electoral vote, but no candidate won the electoral majority. With the help of

422: 303: 250: 22230:

Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee

12474:

Morgan, William G. (1969). "The origin and development of the congressional nominating caucus".

3115:

An 1833 lithograph cartoon of Jackson destroying the Second Bank of the United States with his "

2410: 2338: 2025: 1223: 874: 768: 21839: 21471: 21401: 21316: 20623: 20583: 20473: 19395: 19265: 19120: 18979: 18682: 18494: 18299: 18014: 17327: 17322: 17183: 17063: 17028: 16694: 15527: 15501: 15488: 15440: 15436: 15323: 15284: 14599: 14478: 14325: 14202: 13587: 13547: 11438: 3567: 3505: 3474: 2872: 2637: 2542: 2514: 2438: 2212: 1737: 1693: 1682: 1518:

Jackson began his new career in the frontier town of Nashville in 1788 and quickly moved up in

1499:, and was admitted to the North Carolina bar in September 1787. Shortly thereafter, his friend 1428: 1416: 1333: 1274: 1207: 1144: 722: 9878: 9645: 9411: 9324: 9320: 9288: 9198: 9122: 8899: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 3534: 3462:. Using a combination of bluster and tact, he successfully settled these claims with Denmark, 1411:

in June 1779. After anti-British sentiment intensified in the Southern Colonies following the

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Cave, Alfred A. (2003). "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830".

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Traitor to his Class: The Privileged Life and radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

9304: 9296: 9206: 9026: 8400: 8016: 5039:"General orders .... Andrew Jackson. Major-General 2d Division, Tennessee. November 24, 1812" 3836:(11 volumes to date; 17 volumes projected). Ongoing project to print all of Jackson's papers. 3755: 3727: 3720: 3632: 3262: 3244:

An 1832 lithograph cartoon, "King Andrew the First" by an anonymous artist, depicting Jackson

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Jackson also expressed uncertainty about the enterprise. He warned the Governor of Louisiana

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from its northern terminus to Chickasaw Crossing where it leaves the state is shaded in gray.

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side against British forces during the American Revolutionary War. Hugh served under Colonel

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Cole, Donald P. (1997). "A yankee in Kentucky: The early years of Amos Kendall, 1789–1828".

11324: 9965: 9911: 9587: 9150: 9090: 8951: 6383: 4745: 3917: 3906: 3024:-era lithograph cartoon of Calhoun bowing before Jackson during the nullification crisis by 2405:, who straddled the border between the U.S. and Florida. In December 1817, Secretary of War 2116:. Nobody was killed, but Jackson received a gunshot in the shoulder that nearly killed him. 22104: 22099: 22078: 21997: 21747: 21737: 21535: 21451: 21361: 21341: 21286: 21176: 20661: 19994: 19894: 19839: 19625: 19477: 19340: 18873: 18687: 17797: 17615: 16824: 16565: 15366: 15349: 14849: 14317: 14115: 13757: 13637: 12796:

Rousseau, Peter L. (2002). "Jacksonian money policy, specie flows, and the panic of 1837".

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Adams, Sean P. (2013). "Introduction: The President and his Era". In Adams, Sean P. (ed.).

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resistance to settlement, undermine British support of the Native American tribes, and pry

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Sellers, Charles G. Jr. (1954). "Banking and politics in Jackson's Tennessee, 1817–1827".

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McLoughlin, William G. (1986). "Georgia's role in instigating compulsory Indian removal".

8384: 2429:. Seminole and Spanish resistance was effectively ended by May 1818. He also captured two 1214:

population to surrender vast tracts of present-day Alabama and Georgia. In the concurrent

1151:, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of 8: 22279: 21777: 21703: 21625: 21466: 21436: 21346: 21321: 21261: 21201: 21151: 21136: 20651: 20543: 20435: 20014: 19934: 19929: 19630: 19620: 19320: 19077: 19028: 18840: 17672: 17406: 16699: 16689: 16523: 16428: 16416: 16386: 16380: 15453: 15427: 15388: 15384: 15362: 15202: 15192: 14779: 14699: 14380: 14082: 13991: 13952: 13885: 13747: 13717: 13572: 13254:

Andrew Jackson – National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the U.S. Senate

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Tregle, Joseph G. Jr. (1981). "Andrew Jackson and the continuing Battle of New Orleans".

11873:

Davis, Karl (2002). ""Remember Fort Mims": Reinterpreting the origins of the Creek War".

11042:

Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812-1815

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poll of historians, Jackson was ranked the 13th in 2009, 18th in 2017, and 22nd in 2021.

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in 1837; Jackson is symbolized by "glory" in the sky with top hat, spectacles, and pipe.

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the use of military force to enforce the tariff, but the crisis was defused when it was

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A digital archive providing access to manuscript images of many of Jackson's documents.

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Latner, Richard B. (1978). "The Kitchen Cabinet and Andrew Jackson's advisory system".

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Gullan, Harold I. (2004). "Dramatic Departure: Andrew Jackson Sr., Abraham Van Buren".

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Jackson's victory made him a national hero, and on February 27, 1815, he was given the

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Moser, Harold D.; Hoth, David R.; Macpherson, Sharon; Reinbold, John H., eds. (1991).

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Vice President Calhoun resigned from office. As this was prior to the adoption of the

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This article is about the seventh president of the United States. For other uses, see

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Kanon, Thomas (1999). ""A slow, laborious slaughter": The battle of Horseshoe Bend".

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Ely, James W Jr. (1981). "Andrew Jackson as Tennessee state court judge, 1798–1804".

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The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis

10260: 10235: 10218: 10208: 10187: 10177: 10160: 10150: 10133: 10123: 10106: 10096: 10075: 10065: 10058: 10044: 10034: 10013: 10003: 9996: 9982: 9972: 9949: 9928: 9918: 9897: 9887: 9864: 9854: 9828: 9818: 9794: 9784: 9763: 9753: 9732: 9722: 9698: 9688: 9664: 9654: 9631: 9621: 9604: 9594: 8390: 5958: 4820:"Hunting down runaway slaves: The cruel ads of Andrew Jackson and 'the master class'" 3735: 3708: 3328: 2964: 2960: 2881: 2805: 2561:

Democratic-Republican presidential nominees had historically been chosen by informal

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Jackson then turned his attention to the British and Spanish. He moved his forces to

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Stenberg, Richard R. (1934). "The Texas schemes of Jackson and Houston, 1829–1836".

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McFaul, John M. (1975). "Expediency vs. morality: Jacksonian politics and slavery".

12244: 11376: 11156: 9715: 6515: 1786: 22042: 21296: 21251: 21186: 21116: 21031: 20603: 20573: 20493: 20371: 20312: 20275: 20188: 20176: 20130: 20004: 19979: 19974: 19959: 19854: 19567: 19532: 19502: 19487: 19467: 19415: 19380: 19370: 19365: 19355: 19108: 18955: 18949: 18757: 18744: 18731: 18549: 18514: 18499: 18484: 18449: 18404: 18364: 17989: 17396: 17253: 16869: 16849: 16839: 16829: 16809: 16625: 16613: 16589: 16577: 16553: 16535: 16404: 16356: 16268: 15724: 15684: 15604: 15475: 15466: 15462: 15449: 15423: 15310: 15293: 15280: 15271: 14759: 14749: 14729: 14689: 14639: 14589: 14539: 14419: 14302: 14022: 13670: 13632: 13407: 13394: 13250:"Expunged Senate censure motion against President Andrew Jackson, January 16, 1837" 13196: 13167: 13137:

Whapples, Robert (2014). "Were Andrew Jackson's policies "Good for the Economy"?".

13075: 13023: 13012:"Harriet Tubman and Andrew Jackson on the Twenty-Dollar Bill: A Monstrous Intimacy" 12927: 12898: 12861: 12830: 12762: 12742: 12705: 12676: 12639: 12589: 12539: 12504: 12433: 12404: 12332: 12303: 12224: 12187: 12137: 12048: 12019: 11961: 11932: 11882: 11853: 11803: 11741: 11684: 11648: 11619: 11576: 11539: 11477: 11241: 10510: 9710: 6516:"Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States: Some Precedents and Notable Events" 5038: 3766: 3578: 3478: 3290: 3250: 3051: 2791: 2740: 2728: 2720: 2664: 2522: 2178: 1746: 1678: 1555: 1384: 1313: 1305: 1270: 1064: 1017: 934: 168: 14470: 12039:

Gilman, Stuart C. (1995). "Presidential Ethics and the Ethics of the Presidency".

11623: 11528:"The Cherokee Cases: The Fight to Save the Supreme Court and the Cherokee Indians" 10932: 9811: 9425:"Remarks by the President on the 250th anniversary of the Birth of Andrew Jackson" 7880: 4301: 1661: 22054: 21957: 21854: 21516: 21511: 21496: 21431: 21381: 21366: 21276: 21256: 21091: 21076: 21041: 20899: 20829: 20789: 20779: 20769: 20731: 20721: 20641: 20593: 20553: 20244: 20009: 19904: 19874: 19849: 19813: 19803: 19645: 19635: 19615: 19577: 19527: 19522: 19512: 19507: 19462: 19452: 19405: 19315: 19300: 19126: 19089: 19004: 18879: 18844: 18835: 18826: 18672: 18609: 18564: 18539: 18534: 18509: 18379: 18359: 18344: 18329: 18071: 17830: 17701: 17680: 17640: 17593: 16926: 16794: 16789: 16724: 16709: 16601: 16482: 16344: 16065: 15925: 15848: 15844: 15840: 15820: 15804: 15780: 15720: 15704: 15514: 15397: 15336: 15332: 15258: 14859: 14839: 14809: 14669: 14649: 13940: 13879: 13722: 13675: 13617: 13335: 12865: 12307: 11345: 9373:"Franklin Roosevelt: Jackson Day Dinner Address, Washington D.C., January 8 1936" 3777: 3712: 3644: 3640: 3459: 3340: 3120: 2916: 2847: 2826: 2736: 2598: 2430: 2406: 2386:

Jackson soon became embroiled in conflict in Florida. The former British post at

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him to be a U.S. senator in 1797, but he resigned after serving only six months.

1617:, the dominant party in Tennessee. He was elected as a delegate to the Tennessee 1436: 1404: 1376: 1337: 1251: 1002: 887: 572: 462: 125: 13229: 12052: 11952:

Friedrich, Carl Joachim (1937). "The rise and decline of the spoils tradition".

10628:

A Nation Wholly Free: The Elimination of the National Debt in the Age of Jackson

10341:

Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836

10060:

The Land Shall be Deluged in Blood : A New History of the Nat Turner Revolt

9483:"Andrew Jackson at 250: President's Legacy isn't Pretty, but Neither is History" 8725: 8404: 3765:

In the twenty-first century, Jackson's Indian Removal Act has been described as

2234:. Jackson then invaded Florida, defeating the Spanish and British forces at the 74: 21869: 21506: 21501: 21461: 21426: 21371: 21326: 21161: 21156: 21086: 21071: 20819: 20701: 20563: 20513: 20405: 20250: 20194: 19954: 19949: 19884: 19869: 19808: 19655: 19592: 19497: 19482: 19447: 19310: 19175: 19053: 19047: 18897: 18853: 18787: 18599: 18574: 18544: 18529: 18429: 18334: 18319: 18314: 17706: 17600: 16951: 16874: 16844: 16779: 16774: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16719: 16704: 16637: 16619: 16571: 16547: 16452: 16398: 15905: 15889: 15869: 15764: 15560: 15540: 15518: 15414: 15410: 15345: 14939: 14819: 14789: 14679: 14659: 14629: 14001: 13946: 13922: 13777: 13762: 13690: 13680: 13431: 13045:

Timberlake, Richard H. (1965). "The Specie Circular and Sales of public land".

12374:

Mahon, John K. (1998). "The First Seminole War: November 21, 1817-May24,1818".

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Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian

10572:

The American West and the Nazi East: A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective

9543:"Total Scores/Overall Rankings | C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021 | C-SPAN.org" 9428: 9224:

United Nations: Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect

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in 1836, depicting Jackson's cabinet during the Petticoat Affair; "Celeste" is

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in 1796. When Tennessee achieved statehood that year, he was elected to be its

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Jackson, Carlton (1966). "The internal improvement vetoes of Andrew Jackson".

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The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery

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The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House

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Phillips, Kim T. (1976). "The Pennsylvania origins of the Jackson movement".

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and Spanish inhabitants. He augmented his force by forming an alliance with

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Porter, Kenneth Wiggins (1951). "Negroes and the Seminole War, 1817-1818".

9913:

The Half has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism

9806: 9582: 3791: 3786: 3716: 3597: 3394: 3344: 3150: 2839: 2486: 2415: 2281: 2223: 2190: 1500: 280: 12773:(4). Hattiesburg, Mississippi: University of Southern Mississippi: 35–42. 7851:"When the U.S. paid off the entire national debt (and why it didn't last)" 3942:. Vol. III. Bureau of National Literature and Art. pp. 996–1359. 3435:

The Jackson administration successfully negotiated a trade agreement with

3111: 2697: 1147:. Often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in 21834: 21558: 21481: 21386: 21306: 21066: 21021: 20889: 20879: 20799: 20300: 19818: 19690: 19680: 19670: 19660: 19610: 19557: 16931: 16894: 16655: 16643: 16446: 16434: 16392: 16298: 15370: 14889: 11844:

Davis, Ethan (2010). "An administrative Trail of Tears: Indian removal".

11481: 10989: 9676: 4738:"Enslaved Families: Understanding the Enslaved Families at the Hermitage" 3500: 3454:

In his First Annual Message to Congress, Jackson addressed the issues of

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While Jackson was leaving the United States Capitol on January 30, 1835,

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on November 3, and Jackson defeated another band later that month at the

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Sellers, Charles G. Jr. (1958). "Andrew Jackson versus the Historians".

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Henig, Gerald S. (1969). "The Jacksonian attitude toward Abolitionism".

11915: 11836: 11782: 11753: 11588: 11559: 11518: 11497: 10718: 5074:"Journal of trip down the Mississippi River, January 1813 to March 1813" 3794:'s administration announced it was removing Jackson's portrait from the 2272:

Jackson arrived in New Orleans on December 1, 1814. There he instituted

2150:

Jackson's objective was to destroy the Red Sticks. He headed south from

1765:

who was guilty of treason, not Burr. Burr was acquitted of the charges.

1645:. In 1802, he also became major general, or commander, of the Tennessee 1387:

lithograph depicting a young Andrew Jackson defending himself against a

1222:

in 1815 made him a national hero. He later commanded U.S. forces in the

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Schmidt, Louis Bernard (1955). "Andrew Jackson and the Agrarian West".

12809: 12717: 12688: 12651: 12551: 12526: 12516: 12445: 12416: 12344: 12236: 12191: 12170: 12149: 12060: 12031: 11973: 11944: 11894: 11865: 11815: 11745: 11660: 9653:(3 ed.). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 106–127. 7315: 5148: 3802:. Though the plan was put on hold during Trump's presidency, President 3571: 3319: 3186:, nominated Jackson's choice for vice president, Martin Van Buren. The 3069: 2387: 2128: 1904: 1725: 1626: 1278: 1239: 22290:

Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves

20356:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

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Koenig, Louis W. (1964). "American Politics: The First Half-Century".

2189:, the Red Stick leader, surrendered, although some Red Sticks fled to 1593: 1360:

later stated that he was born on the Crawford plantation, which is in

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Warshauer, Matthew (2006). "Andrew Jackson: Chivalric slave master".

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Bergeron, Paul H. (1976). "The nullification controversy revisited".

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by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, now housed at Hermitage in Nashville

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and the various groups who did not support him eventually formed the

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territory to North Carolina's white residents. Jackson also became a

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Owsley, Harriet Chappel (1977). "The marriages of Rachel Donelson".

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Clifton, Frances (1952). "John Overton as Andrew Jackson's friend".

11652: 3726:

Jackson's legacy is controversial and polarizing. His contemporary,

3343:, which mandated western lands only be purchased by money backed by 3273:

the British monarchy in the 17th century. In March 1834, the Senate

1573:

While boarding at the home of Rachel Stockly Donelson, the widow of

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before a grand jury in 1807, implying that it was Burr's associate

1749:

telling him that Tennessee was ready to defend the nation's honor.

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

11954:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

10991:

The Reign of Andrew Jackson; Vol. 20, Chronicles of America Series

10491:

Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War

9345:. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Archived from 9266: 6609: 1724:

Later that year, Jackson became involved in former vice president

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from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as

44:"President Jackson" redirects here. For the attack transport, see 22160:

American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain

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Howell, William Huntting (2010). ""Read, Pause, and Reflect!!"".

9156: 5959:"Jackson Purchase, Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture" 4145: 3455: 3274: 2660: 2477: 2343: 2140: 2112:, got into a street brawl over honor with the brothers Jesse and 2102: 2067: 1448: 1159: 806: 450: 9967:

Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush

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in 1934 on display in front of the Jackson County Courthouse in

3513:, which created two new Supreme Court seats and reorganized the 10543:

What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848

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thought a compromise was possible. In 1831, Treasury Secretary

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After returning to Nashville, Jackson and one of his colonels,

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to defend against a British attack. When his forces arrived at

1395:

Jackson and his older brothers, Hugh and Robert, served on the

1341: 21527: 20998: 13316:"South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832" 12110:

The Removal of the Creek Indians from the Southeast, 1825–1838

12080:

The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States

9779:

Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845

9523: 8538: 7879:. Bureau of the Public Debt. November 18, 2013. Archived from 6837: 5712: 3776:

Jackson's legacy has been variously used by later presidents.

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called out the militia in September 1813 following the August

2119:

Jackson had not fully recovered from his wounds when Governor

1712: 13390:

Scholarly coverage of Jackson at Miller Center, U of Virginia

13230:"Some account of some of the bloody deeds of General Jackson" 12527:"The Mississippi Valley and the federal judiciary, 1807-1837" 10705:

Mahon, John K. (1962). "The Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823".

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of the popular vote. More importantly, he won a plurality of

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under attorney Spruce Macay. He completed his training under

1289:, arguing that it was a corrupt institution. After a lengthy 13436: 12947:

Somit, Albert (1948). "Andrew Jackson: Legend and Reality".

12765:(1991). "Andrew Jackson's Adventures on the Natchez Trace". 9748:

Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832

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societal constraints who can achieve great things. In 1945,

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of 131 electoral votes, the House of Representatives held a

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The British arrived in New Orleans in mid-December. Admiral

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After leaving office, Jackson supported the presidencies of

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Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821

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Candidates in the 1832 United States presidential election

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Candidates in the 1828 United States presidential election

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Candidates in the 1824 United States presidential election

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in 1823, which surrendered much of their land in Florida.

2058:, launching the War of 1812. Though the war was primarily 1534:. Their partnership mainly dealt with claims made under a 1503:

helped him get appointed as a prosecuting attorney in the

18239: 13256:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 9460:"Effort to put Tubman on $ 20 bill restarted under Biden" 8853: 8805: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8150: 8148: 8133: 8022: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7498: 7428: 7426: 7363: 7303: 7231: 7171: 7013: 7011: 6921: 6873: 6825: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6684: 6672: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6244: 6205: 6181: 5904: 5902: 5859: 5835: 5741: 5739: 5638: 5530: 5506: 5212: 5176: 4947: 4677: 4607: 4459: 4419: 3990: 2154:, Tennessee, in October with 2,500 militia, establishing 1265:, defeating Adams in a landslide. In 1830, he signed the 10680:

Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism

10307:

From Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential Succession

10147:

Interpreting American History: The Age of Andrew Jackson

9998:

Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America

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Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents

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of 1948 to 1955 saw themselves as the heirs to Jackson.

3555:

system that would restrict the government from printing

3509:. On the last day of his presidency, Jackson signed the 3119:" by Zachariah Downing, published by Henry R. Robinson; 3084:

the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or

2200:

in the United States Army, and 10 days later was made a

2054:

On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on the

1423:

struck a blow on the head. The brothers were taken to a

1127:(March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, 10659:

Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877

10234:. Piney Flats, TN: Rocky Mount Historical Association. 9056: 8980: 8957: 8917: 8817: 8665: 8172: 8034: 7943: 7794: 7719: 7707: 7671: 7594: 7582: 7570: 7558: 7474: 7411: 7183: 6981: 6945: 6933: 6897: 6773: 6364: 6316: 5938: 5847: 5823: 5292: 5290: 5248: 5224: 5200: 5136: 4571: 4559: 4431: 4221: 4185: 4022: 4020: 3742:

who crushed political opposition and trampled the law.

2568:

In the presidential election, Jackson won a 42-percent

2533:

Clay and John C. Calhoun. Jackson was intended to be a

22225:

Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees

14462: 13095:

Watson, Harry L. (2017). "Andrew Jackson's Populism".

12609:

Perdue, Theda (2012). "The Legacy of Indian Removal".

11409:

The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians

10599:

U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide

9618:

The First Populist: The Defiant Life of Andrew Jackson

9100: 9068: 9032: 8929: 8841: 8761: 8701: 8677: 8610: 8574: 8562: 8526: 8423: 8386:

Jackson's judges: Six appointments who shaped a nation

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Jackson invaded Florida, captured the Spanish fort of

2222:, Alabama, in August, accused the Spanish governor of 22026: 11460: 8905: 8877: 8829: 8793: 8749: 8304: 8277: 8109: 8082: 7979: 7734: 7399: 7339: 7219: 7119: 6993: 6861: 6457: 6430: 6256: 6229: 6133: 6061: 5326: 5272: 5188: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4692: 4646: 4634: 4619: 4583: 4407: 4368: 4356: 4197: 4161: 4097: 4007: 4005: 3559:

and require it to hold its money in silver and gold.

1585:, on 640 acres (260 ha) of land near Nashville. 1043: 1007: 13359:. Translated by Lawrence, George. Harper & Row. 11011:

Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America

11007:

Olson, James Stuart (2002). Robert L. Shadle (ed.).

10803:

The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict

10257:

Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct

10120:

Sharp Knife: Andrew Jackson and the American Indians

9044: 8502: 8389:(PhD dissertation). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. 8292: 8160: 8070: 8046: 7907: 7830: 7782: 7770: 7695: 7351: 7243: 7083: 7047: 6696: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6582: 6534: 5926: 5799: 5287: 5260: 5164: 4971: 4959: 4799:"The Enslaved Household of President Andrew Jackson" 4535: 4523: 4511: 4471: 4395: 4383: 4332: 4320: 4281: 4269: 4245: 4233: 4209: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4073: 4061: 4032: 4017: 2623:

The 1828 United States presidential election results

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was the overall commander of the operation; General

1012: 379: 14500: 13275:"Andrew Jackson's First Annual Message to Congress" 11825:

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society

10934:

John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography

10852:

The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume III, 1814–1815

10830:Moser, Harold D.; Macpherson, Sharon, eds. (1984). 10203:

The Old Southwest, 1765–1830: Frontiers in conflict

6849: 6761: 4085: 4044: 3529: 2276:because he worried about the loyalty of the city's 1336:colonists Andrew Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, 1194:, becoming a wealthy planter who owned hundreds of 1131:, general, and statesman who served as the seventh 22235:Democratic-Republican Party United States senators 13793:List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson 13352: 12525: 12077: 11990: 11605: 11437: 11406: 11375: 11344: 11323: 11302: 11271: 11240: 11217: 11186: 11184: 11155: 11124: 11039: 11008: 10931: 10900: 10833:The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume II, 1804–1813 10800: 10779: 10758: 10727: 10656: 10625: 10596: 10540: 10509: 10488: 10462:First fathers: the men who inspired our Presidents 10448: 10400: 10369: 10338: 10317: 10304: 10273: 10250: 10200: 10088: 10057: 10026: 9995: 9964: 9941: 9910: 9877: 9810: 9783:. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. 9776: 9752:. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. 9745: 9721:. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. 9714: 9680: 9644: 9593:. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 9586: 9511:. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 9300: 9212: 6615: 6352: 5811: 5236: 4002: 3684:In 1838, Jackson became an official member of the 3551:caused by the Panic of 1837, Jackson supported an 3491:List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson 3229: 2975:, was enforced by Jackson's successor, Van Buren. 22360:United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars 13009: 12816: 12476:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 11095: 9529: 9445: 9365: 8012: 5950: 3422:Engraved portrait of Jackson as president by the 2755: 2549:convinced him that he needed to defeat incumbent 1673:in 1865, now housed at The Hermitage in Nashville 1605:in green, and Native American lands in red. The 1344:, Ireland, in 1765. Jackson's father was born in 1250:. Jackson's supporters alleged that there was a " 1186:. After resigning, he served as a justice on the 22385:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 22086: 19230:United States Senate Committee on Armed Services 13613:United States Senate Committee on Armed Services 12817:Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (2017). 10782:The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics & Belief 9683:American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House 8970:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 5650: 4293: 3091: 2846:—would become regular participants in Jackson's 997: 27:President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 22380:United States Army personnel of the War of 1812 18655: 10829: 10597:Kalaitzidis, Akis; Streich, Gregory W. (2011). 9687:. New York, NY: Random House Publishing Group. 9334: 8719: 8634: 5660:. Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. 3754:redefined Jackson's legacy through the lens of 3520: 2978:Jackson also applied the removal policy in the 2880:from their traditional territories east of the 2481:Painting of Jackson based on an 1824 portrait, 1745:expedition. Jackson sent a letter to President 1669:, two slaves owned by Jackson, photographed by 1601:1810. The eastern counties shaded in blue, the 14166:United States Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee 14132:United States Senator (Class 1) from Tennessee 13010:Thompson, Sheneese; Barchiesi, Franco (2018). 12076:Hall, Kermit (1992). "Judiciary Act of 1837". 10798: 10663:. Vol. 10. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 10655:Lansford, Tom; Woods, Thomas E., eds. (2008). 10149:. Kent State University Press. pp. 1–21. 9886:. International Publishers. pp. 293–394. 9272: 7065: 5793: 5781: 5769: 3944:Reprints Jackson's major messages and reports. 3214:, which funded an upgrade of a section of the 1738:mortally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel 1656: 1022: 843: 395:December 4, 1796 – September 26, 1797 22255:Grand masters of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee 21543: 20984: 20340: 20091: 19727: 19213: 18641: 18225: 17928: 17763: 17510: 15159: 14486: 13471: 10654: 10495:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10419: 9879:"The Turner Cataclysm and Some Repercussions" 9500: 9292: 8643:"The Health Of The President: Andrew Jackson" 8544: 8232: 1391:officer during the American Revolutionary War 1105: 838: 22300:People from Lancaster County, South Carolina 22125:19th-century presidents of the United States 14363:nominee for President of the United States¹ 14053: 12365:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 11220:American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era 10963:The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler 10199:Clark, Thomas D.; Guice, John D. W. (1996). 4793: 3773:and their cultures continues to be debated. 3210:stand on internal improvements. Jackson had 2605:Election of 1828 and death of Rachel Jackson 1463: 22285:Members of the American Antiquarian Society 17376:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 17351:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 14098:Tennessee's at-large congressional district 13350: 11238: 10855:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 35 10376:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 9944:Young Hickory: The Making of Andrew Jackson 8998: 8093:. American Heritage Project. Archived from 7752: 5995: 5550:"Battle of New Orleans Facts & Summary" 3253:, who also refused. Jackson then appointed 2770:Jackson implemented a principle he called " 2648:as Jackson's supporters coalesced into the 2461: 2105:" (later "Old Hickory") for his toughness. 1713:Duel with Dickinson and adventure with Burr 1472:Portrait of Jackson's wife Rachel, 1823 by 1327: 270:March 10, 1821 – December 31, 1821 228:September 26, 1797 – April 1, 1798 22260:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees 21550: 21536: 20991: 20977: 20953: 20943: 20347: 20333: 20098: 20084: 19734: 19720: 19220: 19206: 18648: 18634: 18232: 18218: 17935: 17921: 17770: 17756: 17517: 17503: 15166: 15152: 15128: 14493: 14479: 13478: 13464: 13334: 13044: 12452: 11373: 11189:American Government: Continuity and Change 10311:. New York City: Fordham University Press. 10198: 9535: 9457: 9343:"Abraham Lincoln and Jacksonian Democracy" 7937: 7665: 6843: 6803: 6370: 5718: 3351:Physical assault and assassination attempt 2986:in New York, but when some members of the 1785: 1625:. In Congress, Jackson argued against the 1112: 1098: 73: 51:. For the class of attack transports, see 17361:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 13825:(Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues) 13628:Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign 13248: 13115: 13027: 12970:The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 12834: 12732: 11951: 11670:"Andrew Jackson, Slavery, and Historians" 11278:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 10799:Missall, John; Missall, Mary Lou (2004). 10725: 10336: 10171: 9971:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 9022: 7973: 7689: 7309: 7189: 6714: 6678: 6630: 6310: 4766: 2675: 2615:Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign 2489:now housed at the U. S. Senate Collection 557: 374:U.S. House of Representatives 193:March 4, 1823 – October 14, 1825 19741: 17949:1832 United States presidential election 17784:1828 United States presidential election 17531:1824 United States presidential election 17371:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 17366:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 17346:Democratic Attorneys General Association 13738:1832 United States presidential election 13623:1828 United States presidential election 13608:1824 United States presidential election 13578:Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek 13518:Federal Military Commissioner of Florida 13136: 12967: 12795: 12666: 12532:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 12116:(PhD). Auburn University. Archived from 12084:. Oxford University Press. p. 475. 11710: 11667: 11603: 11504: 11467: 11269: 11098:Encyclopedia of American Indian Removal 10994:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 10874:A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson 10367: 10144: 10086: 9993: 9875: 9851:A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson 9817:. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. 9340: 9186: 9178: 9162: 8823: 8453: 8382: 8346: 8127: 8040: 8000: 7925: 7552: 7528: 7456: 7297: 7165: 6322: 6127: 6019: 5944: 4778: 4437: 3771:destruction of Native American societies 3702: 3617: 3533: 3354: 3318: 3239: 3167: 3164:1832 United States presidential election 3110: 3015: 2982:. He was not successful in removing the 2887: 2871: 2795: 2696: 2618: 2611:1828 United States presidential election 2492: 2476: 2473:1824 United States presidential election 2435:Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot 2342: 2255: 2245: 2171:Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek 1717:In May 1806, Jackson fought a duel with 1660: 1592: 1467: 1375: 1320:who ignored the law when it suited him. 1269:. This act, which has been described as 740:Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek 553: 258:Federal Military Commissioner of Florida 22375:United States senators who owned slaves 22275:Left-wing populism in the United States 22270:Justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court 22180:American people of Scotch-Irish descent 18080: 18038: 17856: 17806: 17663: 17623: 17564: 17402:National Federation of Democratic Women 13293: 13272: 12917: 12888: 12851: 12629: 12579: 12523: 12322: 12251: 12214: 12127: 12106: 11922: 11768: 11566: 11525: 11404: 11185:Sabato, Larry; O'Connor, Karen (2002). 10965:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing. 10903:The Age of Jackson and the Art of Power 10756: 10547:. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. 10486: 10446: 10302: 9948:. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing. 9939: 9908: 9805: 9675: 9474: 9458:Crutsinger, Martin (January 25, 2021). 9062: 8986: 8923: 8847: 8787: 8779: 8743: 8671: 8628: 8604: 8496: 8076: 8028: 7949: 7824: 7800: 7728: 7713: 7677: 7636: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7540: 7516: 7504: 7480: 7432: 7417: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7237: 7213: 7201: 7177: 7077: 6975: 6951: 6939: 6915: 6903: 6831: 6819: 6779: 6690: 6552: 6540: 6250: 6199: 6187: 6175: 6151: 6115: 6079: 6031: 5908: 5853: 5841: 5730: 5682: 5644: 5536: 5512: 5452: 5404: 5356: 5320: 5130: 5118: 5094: 5059: 4881: 4840: 4671: 4655: 4628: 4553: 4489: 4413: 4377: 4362: 4350: 4263: 4239: 4203: 4179: 4167: 4151: 4103: 4079: 4038: 3384:Jackson's view was challenged when the 3057:As a compromise, Jackson supported the 3005: 2339:Seminole Wars § First Seminole War 1641:appointed Jackson to be a judge of the 1550:, transporting enslaved people for the 1242:, the House of Representatives elected 332:Justice of the Tennessee Superior Court 14: 22265:Infectious disease deaths in Tennessee 22087: 13281:from the original on February 26, 2008 13186: 13094: 13065: 12988: 12761: 12695: 12608: 12558: 12473: 12423: 12394: 12293: 12177: 12038: 12009: 11988: 11731: 11727:from the original on January 12, 2015. 11444:The Reconstruction of American History 11321: 11122: 11068: 11037: 10960: 10898: 10871: 10777: 10507: 10464:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 10459: 10398: 10229: 10024: 9962: 9774: 9743: 9709: 9642: 9620:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. 9581: 9506: 9480: 9359: 9328: 9316: 9244: 9240: 9182: 9118: 9074: 9050: 9038: 9010: 8963: 8935: 8871: 8783: 8767: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8653:from the original on December 22, 2017 8616: 8592: 8580: 8568: 8556: 8532: 8520: 8441: 8429: 8322: 8310: 8286: 8271: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8154: 8115: 8091:"Trying to Assassinate Andrew Jackson" 8064: 8052: 7961: 7812: 7740: 7653: 7624: 7612: 7492: 7444: 7405: 7345: 7285: 7273: 7137: 7101: 7041: 7029: 7017: 6963: 6891: 6791: 6755: 6743: 6576: 6564: 6490: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6412: 6346: 6334: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6223: 6163: 6103: 6091: 6067: 6055: 6043: 5983: 5932: 5920: 5757: 5745: 5706: 5694: 5664:from the original on December 18, 2013 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5524: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5344: 5332: 5308: 5296: 5266: 5254: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5142: 5106: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4864: 4852: 4698: 4686: 4640: 4613: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4477: 4465: 4449: 4425: 4401: 4389: 4338: 4326: 4287: 4275: 4251: 4227: 4215: 4191: 4155: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4091: 4067: 4055: 4026: 4011: 3996: 3984: 3806:'s administration resumed it in 2021. 2310:for Louaillier's release. Jackson had 1588: 109:March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837 22370:United States senators from Tennessee 22320:Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee 22305:People from pre-statehood Mississippi 22120:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis 21531: 20972: 20328: 20079: 19715: 19201: 18629: 18241:United States senators from Tennessee 18213: 17916: 17751: 17498: 17479:2018 House Caucus leadership election 17474:2006 House Caucus leadership election 15147: 14474: 14461: 14052: 13753:Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson 13459: 13260:from the original on November 3, 2014 13236:from the original on January 16, 2014 13224: 12946: 12494: 12373: 12272: 12156: 11872: 11846:The American Journal of Legal History 11843: 11342: 11300: 11153: 11006: 10929: 10704: 10569: 10512:The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict 10271: 10248: 10055: 9848: 9615: 9407: 9194: 9146: 9086: 8947: 8911: 8895: 8883: 8859: 8835: 8811: 8799: 8755: 8478:from the original on January 10, 2018 8465: 8178: 8166: 8139: 7988: 7848: 7788: 7776: 7701: 7249: 7225: 7125: 6987: 6927: 6879: 6807: 6654: 6642: 6588: 6502: 6439: 6358: 6262: 6238: 6211: 6139: 5865: 5829: 5805: 5281: 5242: 5154: 4817: 4789: 4787: 3039:South Carolina Exposition and Protest 2853: 2332: 1139:, he gained fame as a general in the 22003: 15173: 14445:, fielding four separate candidates. 13656:First inauguration of Andrew Jackson 13322:from the original on August 19, 2016 13298:. The Avalon Project. Archived from 13157: 12920:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 12891:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 12823:PS: Political Science & Politics 12075: 11997:(Thesis). Johns Hopkins University. 11822: 11789: 11638: 11435: 11215: 11131:. Louisiana State University Press. 10677: 10623: 10538: 10320:The Rise of the Common Man 1830–1850 10315: 10117: 9507:Feller, Daniel (February 24, 2012). 9395:"Progressive Party Platform of 1948" 9341:Willentz, Sean (February 24, 2012). 9284: 9260: 9256: 9202: 9190: 9166: 9134: 9106: 9094: 8964:Feller, Daniel (February 24, 2012). 8508: 8466:Brown, DeNeen L. (August 18, 2017). 8370: 8358: 8334: 8298: 8088: 7913: 7901: 7842: 7836: 7764: 7468: 7333: 7261: 7113: 7089: 7053: 7002: 6867: 6855: 6767: 6726: 6702: 6666: 6603: 6424: 6007: 4712:"Andrew Jackson's Enslaved Laborers" 4667: 4501: 4299: 3426:. This portrait has appeared on the 3265:", and naming their party after the 2804:, by Albert A. Hoffay, published by 2693:First inauguration of Andrew Jackson 1371: 971: 22310:People from pre-statehood Tennessee 22215:Congressional Gold Medal recipients 22175:American people of Scottish descent 21908:Military Society of the War of 1812 17585:(eliminated in contingent election) 14405:for President of the United States 14256:as Governor of Spanish East Florida 13809:List of memorials to Andrew Jackson 13743:1832 Democratic National Convention 13346:from the original on June 28, 2017. 13277:. The American Presidency Project. 12735:American Nineteenth Century History 11901: 11612:American Nineteenth Century History 11476:(4). Oxford University Press: 416. 11239:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1945). 11038:Owsley, Frank Lawrence Jr. (1981). 10987: 10403:The Jacksonians and the Money Power 10345:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9651:The Presidents: A Reference History 8411:from the original on March 30, 2016 6394:from the original on March 23, 2016 5965:from the original on August 7, 2016 5817: 5071: 4797:; Mullin, Marsha (August 1, 2019). 4601: 4304:. State Library of North Carolina. 3893:Bassett, John S., ed. (1926–1935). 3699:List of memorials to Andrew Jackson 3157: 2785: 2466: 2196:On June 8, Jackson was appointed a 24: 22170:American people of English descent 21903:General Society of the War of 1812 14463:Articles related to Andrew Jackson 13485: 13439:, home of President Andrew Jackson 13217: 11461:Journal articles and dissertations 11322:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). 9589:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times 9509:"Andrew Jackson's Shifting Legacy" 8966:"Andrew Jackson's Shifting Legacy" 5956: 5886:U.S. Government Publication Office 4804:White House Historical Association 4784: 4308:from the original on June 18, 2017 3934:Richardson, James D., ed. (1897). 3679: 3400: 3173:1832 presidential election results 3068:Jackson asked Congress to pass a " 3046:within the borders of that state. 2701:Engraving of President Jackson by 1768: 1277:set by the federal government. He 894:7th President of the United States 853: 25: 22396: 22110:18th-century American politicians 21674:Assassination of Spencer Perceval 14193:Senate Military Affairs Committee 13383: 11993:The Presidential Campaign of 1832 11790:Cole, Donald B. (1986). "Review: 11046:. University Presses of Florida. 11015:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 6522:from the original on July 1, 2016 6384:"The Tsunami of Slime Circa 1828" 3711:of Jackson commissioned by Judge 3042:this action unconstitutional and 2563:congressional nominating caucuses 2211:'s approval, Jackson imposed the 1158:Jackson was born in the colonial 1143:and served in both houses of the 848: 22365:United States military governors 22350:Tuberculosis deaths in Tennessee 22072: 22060: 22048: 22036: 22002: 21993: 21992: 21000:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 20952: 20942: 20933: 20932: 20158: 19770: 19424: 18413: 17424:High School Democrats of America 17356:Democratic Governors Association 17313:Congressional Progressive Caucus 16082:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 15127: 15118: 15117: 14032: 14031: 13420: 13404:Works by or about Andrew Jackson 13351:de Tocqueville, Alexis (1969) . 12455:The Georgia Historical Quarterly 12107:Haveman, Christopher D. (2009). 11689:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00763.x 11326:The Frontier in American History 10707:The Florida Historical Quarterly 10516:. University of Illinois Press. 10207:. University of Oklahoma Press. 9451: 9431:. March 15, 2017. Archived from 9417: 9387: 8640: 8459: 8376: 7869: 7849:Smith, Robert (April 15, 2011). 6508: 6376: 5961:. Tennessee Historical Society. 5871: 4818:Brown, DeNeen L. (May 1, 2017). 3899:(7 volumes; 2 available online). 3895:Correspondence of Andrew Jackson 3608: 3530:Later life and death (1837–1845) 3424:Bureau of Engraving and Printing 3409: 3308: 2558:champion of republican liberty. 2513:since at least 1798, became the 2364:Pictorial Life of Andrew Jackson 1988: 1981: 1969: 1962: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1917: 1903: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1637:In the spring of 1798, Governor 1362:Lancaster County, South Carolina 1322:Scholarly rankings of presidents 1287:Second Bank of the United States 1085: 805: 623: 22325:Presidents of the United States 21968:Opposition in the United States 21913:United States Daughters of 1812 21557: 19170:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 17291:Steering and Outreach Committee 14502:Presidents of the United States 13733:1830 State of the Union Address 13728:1829 State of the Union Address 13189:The Journal of Southern History 12798:The Journal of Economic History 12426:The Journal of American History 12397:The Journal of American History 11405:Wallace, Anthony F. C. (1993). 11374:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1963). 10836:. University of Tennessee Press 10807:. University Press of Florida. 10765:. University of Chicago Press. 9563: 9377:The American Presidency Project 8383:Jacobson, John Gregory (2004). 8247:U.S. Currency Education Program 7322:Ordinance of Nullification 1832 5065: 5031: 4811: 4730: 4714:. The Hermitage. Archived from 3639:. They were also guardians for 3230:Removal of deposits and censure 2686: 2499:1824 U.S. presidential election 1613:Jackson became a member of the 1458: 1013:Reaction to anti-slavery tracts 549: 32:Andrew Jackson (disambiguation) 22250:Governors of Florida Territory 22240:Florida Democratic-Republicans 22145:19th-century American planters 18693:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 14293:President of the United States 13696:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 13502:President of the United States 13118:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 13097:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 13047:The American Historical Review 12991:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 12949:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 12561:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 12275:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 12254:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 12217:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 12159:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 12012:The American Historical Review 11904:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 11771:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 11507:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 11274:A History of the Supreme Court 10938:. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. 10255:. In Woodward, C. Vann (ed.). 10091:The Passions of Andrew Jackson 10002:. New York, NY: Random House. 9574: 9570:Bibliography of Andrew Jackson 9301:Kalaitzidis & Streich 2011 3955: 3662: 3622:Jackson depicted in 1831 as a 3212:vetoed the Maysville Road bill 2971:. Their removal, known as the 2949:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 2907:in the area then known as the 2756:Reforms and rotation in office 2038: 1149:preserving the union of states 1133:president of the United States 344:June 1798 – June 1804 97:President of the United States 13: 1: 14093:U.S. House of Representatives 14066:U.S. House of Representatives 13713:Banking in the Jacksonian Era 13160:Journal of the Early Republic 13068:Journal of the Early Republic 12180:Journal of the Early Republic 12130:Journal of the Early Republic 11875:Journal of the Early Republic 11624:10.1080/14664658.2016.1230930 11604:Campbell, Stephen W. (2016). 11446:. Hutchison. pp. 82–97. 11378:The Jacksonian Era, 1828-1848 11247:. Little, Brown and Company. 11193:. New York: Pearson Longman. 10988:Ogg, Frederic Austin (1919). 10757:McGrane, Reginald C. (1965). 9917:. New York, NY: Basic Books. 9530:Rottinghaus & Vaughn 2017 9446:Thompson & Barchiesi 2018 8240:"$ 20 Note: Issued 1914–1990" 8013:Parins & Littlefield 2011 3972: 3798:and replacing it with one of 3386:American Anti-Slavery Society 3102:Banking in the Jacksonian Era 3092:Bank War and Election of 1832 2878:major tribes of the Southeast 2710: 2555:Committee on Military Affairs 2482: 2348: 2261: 2135:faction that had allied with 1681:fell apart in the wake of an 1598: 1210:that required the indigenous 1176:U.S. House of Representatives 80: 17392:College Democrats of America 13873:Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson 13428:The Papers of Andrew Jackson 12866:10.1525/curh.1955.28.166.321 12376:Florida Historical Quarterly 12308:10.1525/curh.1964.47.278.193 11470:Western Historical Quarterly 10539:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 10420:Gilo-Whitaker, Dina (2019). 10368:Garrison, Tim Allen (2002). 9994:Borneman, Walter R. (2008). 9963:Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2004). 9884:American Negro Slave Revolts 6388:New York News & Politics 5879:"Andrew Jackson (1767–1845)" 3831:The Papers of Andrew Jackson 3521:States admitted to the Union 3484: 3378:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 3323:A lithograph cartoon of the 3106: 2894:North Carolina Museum of Art 2682:Presidency of Andrew Jackson 2268:of the Battle of New Orleans 2043: 1700:. In 1804, Jackson had nine 1474:Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl 1381:The Brave Boy of the Waxhaws 7: 22355:United States Army generals 22345:Trail of Tears perpetrators 22165:American shooting survivors 21980:Timeline of the War of 1812 20938:All presidential candidates 19237:Military Affairs Committee 18698:Presidency of James Madison 18657:Democratic-Republican Party 15355:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 14439:Democratic-Republican Party 13661:Tenure of Office Act (1820) 13419:(public domain audiobooks) 12669:Political Science Quarterly 12611:Journal of Southern History 12497:Journal of Southern History 12325:Journal of Economic History 12053:10.1177/0002716295537000006 11925:Journal of Southern History 11796:Reviews in American History 11526:Berutti, Ronald A. (1992). 11439:"The Age of the Common Man" 10899:Nester, William R. (2013). 10876:. Wiley. pp. 260–279. 10726:Marszalek, John F. (1997). 10399:Gatell, Frank Otto (1967). 10337:Freehling, William (1966). 10280:. Oxford University Press. 10172:Cheathem, Mark R. (2014a). 10064:. Oxford University Press. 9909:Baptist, Edward E. (2016). 9876:Aptheker, Herbert (1974) . 9643:Latner, Richard B. (2002). 8720:Moser & Macpherson 1984 3820: 3738:, as well as an autocratic 3278:held any federal deposits. 2644:that had formed during the 2175:39th U.S. Infantry Regiment 1657:Planting career and slavery 1615:Democratic-Republican Party 1218:, Jackson's victory at the 1174:. He briefly served in the 1054: 10: 22401: 22130:1830s in the United States 22115:18th-century Presbyterians 21631:Non-Intercourse Act (1809) 21282:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 18703:Presidency of James Monroe 17469:2017 chairmanship election 17464:2005 chairmanship election 17419:Young Democrats of America 14081:as U.S. Delegate from the 13768:Ordinance of Nullification 13593:Battle of Pensacola (1814) 12339:(inactive July 24, 2024). 11989:Gammon, Samuel G. (1922). 11966:10.1177/000271623718900103 11668:Cheathem, Mark R. (2011). 11532:American Indian Law Review 11270:Schwartz, Bernard (1993). 11224:. University of Nebraska. 11154:Rogin, Michael P. (1975). 11123:Remini, Robert V. (1990). 10961:Nowlan, Robert A. (2012). 10508:Hickey, Donald R. (1989). 10272:Ellis, Richard E. (1989). 10252:"Andrew Jackson:1829-1837" 10249:Ellis, Richard E. (1974). 10230:Durham, Walter T. (1990). 10174:Andrew Jackson: Southerner 10056:Breen, Patrick H. (2015). 9775:Remini, Robert V. (1984). 9744:Remini, Robert V. (1981). 9567: 9273:Missall & Missall 2004 7066:Missall & Missall 2004 6616:Sabato & O'Connor 2002 5794:Missall & Missall 2004 5782:Missall & Missall 2004 5770:Missall & Missall 2004 5555:American Battlefield Trust 3834:. University of Tennessee. 3696: 3564:1840 presidential election 3488: 3371: 3312: 3233: 3180:1832 presidential election 3161: 3123:is portrayed as the devil. 3095: 3063:Ordinance of Nullification 3044:make the act null and void 3009: 2857: 2789: 2759: 2731:as Secretary of Treasury, 2690: 2679: 2608: 2470: 2354:engraving of the trial of 2336: 2249: 2047: 1800:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1692:Like most planters in the 1554:between Nashville and the 1552:interregional slave market 1445:Charleston, South Carolina 1202:of 1813–1814, winning the 1164:American Revolutionary War 1135:from 1829 to 1837. Before 718:American Revolutionary War 43: 36: 29: 22140:American militia generals 21988: 21926: 21898:Laura Secord Legacy Trail 21883: 21827: 21791: 21717: 21687: 21599: 21565: 21222:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 21217:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 21007: 20928: 20366: 20362: 20291: 20266: 20235: 20210: 20169:Secretary of the Treasury 20167: 20156: 20121: 19827: 19779: 19768: 19749: 19602:Armed Services Committee 19601: 19433: 19422: 19236: 19142: 19099: 19038: 18995: 18940: 18931: 18862: 18716: 18668:Anti-Administration Party 18663: 18422: 18411: 18247: 18185: 18149: 18122: 18111: 18069: 18030:National Republican Party 18027: 17999: 17971: 17960: 17888: 17848:National Republican Party 17845: 17795: 17719: 17694: 17654: 17614: 17555: 17542: 17484:Weekly Democratic Address 17436: 17412:Stonewall Young Democrats 17384: 17338: 17273: 17262: 16960: 16677: 16492: 16243: 16125: 15223: 15183: 15113: 14985: 14508: 14468: 14435: 14426: 14416: 14397: 14392: 14358: 14350: 14345: 14337: 14322: 14314: 14309: 14299: 14290: 14282: 14272: 14261: 14246: 14241: 14231: 14222: 14214: 14209: 14199: 14189: 14179: 14163: 14155: 14145: 14129: 14121: 14114: 14104: 14089: 14071: 14064: 14059: 14010: 13974: 13915: 13801: 13646: 13540: 13493: 13029:10.1515/culture-2018-0038 12836:10.1017/S1049096517000671 12747:10.1080/14664650008567014 12582:The New England Quarterly 12337:10.1017/S0022050706000258 11581:10.1017/S0034670511000064 11442:. In Higham, John (ed.). 11343:Unger, Harlow G. (2012). 11073:. Yale University Press. 10682:. Yale University Press. 10455:. O. D. Case and Company. 10407:. Chicago, Rand McNally. 10303:Feerick, John D. (1965). 10259:. Dell. pp. 51–656. 10087:Burstein, Andrew (2003). 10025:Brands, Henry W. (2008). 9940:Booraem, Hendrik (2001). 9649:. In Graff, Henry (ed.). 8545:Lansford & Woods 2008 3748:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 3692: 3686:First Presbyterian Church 3613: 3236:Censure of Andrew Jackson 3188:National Republican Party 2953:Treaty of Payne's Landing 2836:Minister to Great Britain 2739:as Attorney General, and 1807: 1784: 1775: 1619:constitutional convention 1522:. He became a protégé of 1489:Salisbury, North Carolina 1464:Legal career and marriage 1455:and political privilege. 844:Revolutionary War service 792: 698: 677: 646: 636: 631: 619: 598: 578: 567: 531: 506: 495: 485: 468: 437: 432: 428: 416: 399: 388: 370: 358: 348: 337: 330: 325:(as Territorial Governor) 315: 286: 274: 263: 256: 244: 232: 221: 209: 197: 186: 174: 162: 150: 113: 102: 94: 90: 72: 65: 22195:Family of Andrew Jackson 21974:The Star-Spangled Banner 21918:War of 1812 Bicentennial 21621:Orders in Council (1807) 21407:William Tecumseh Sherman 21097:George Washington Carver 20257:Benjamin Franklin Butler 19434:Naval Affairs Committee 17239:Northern Mariana Islands 14346:Party political offices 14330:Grand Lodge of Tennessee 14054:Offices and distinctions 13583:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 13294:Jackson, Andrew (1832). 13273:Jackson, Andrew (1829). 12698:Journal of Negro History 12524:Nettels, Curtis (1925). 11216:Satz, Ronald N. (1974). 11069:Ostler, Jeffrey (2019). 10447:Greeley, Horace (1864). 10118:Cave, Alfred A. (2017). 9853:. Wiley. pp. 1–11. 9841: 9616:Brown, David S. (2022). 6034:, pp. 41–42, 45–46. 3948: 3577:Jackson lobbied for the 2519:Grand Lodge of Tennessee 2462:Presidential aspirations 2456:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 2327:Congressional Gold Medal 1643:Tennessee Superior Court 1401:William Richardson Davie 1328:Early life and education 1204:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1188:Tennessee Superior Court 998:Payment of national debt 814:This article is part of 745:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 606:Congressional Gold Medal 37:Not to be confused with 22315:People of the Creek War 21952:The Hunters of Kentucky 21487:John Greenleaf Whittier 21102:William Ellery Channing 17449:Presidential candidates 14108:William C. C. Claiborne 13987:Jackson as slave trader 13929:Andrew Jackson Donelson 13444:"Andrew Jackson Papers" 13413:Works by Andrew Jackson 13395:Works by Andrew Jackson 13342:. Library of Congress. 13232:. Library of Congress. 12632:Business History Review 11711:Cheathem, Mark (2014). 11436:Ward, John. W. (1962). 10778:Meyers, Marvin (1960). 10570:Kakel, Carroll (2011). 6518:. Library of Congress. 3897:. Carnegie Institution. 3026:Pendleton's Lithography 2588:under the terms of the 2240:Lower Mississippi River 2228:Mateo González Manrique 2160:Battle of Tallushatchee 2079:was repeatedly defeated 1683:earlier financial panic 1536:"land grab" act of 1783 1340:who had emigrated from 1216:war against the British 1172:Rachel Donelson Robards 779:Siege of Fort Barrancas 423:William C. C. Claiborne 56:-class attack transport 22295:North Carolina lawyers 22150:American Presbyterians 21840:William Henry Harrison 21472:James McNeill Whistler 21402:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 21317:Matthew Fontaine Maury 20958:Third-party candidates 20584:Winfield Scott Hancock 20474:William Henry Harrison 19121:Caesar Augustus Rodney 18683:Jeffersonian democracy 17328:Problem Solvers Caucus 17323:New Democrat Coalition 16177:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 14600:William Henry Harrison 14203:William Henry Harrison 13588:Treaty of Fort Jackson 13548:Battle of Hanging Rock 13512:(1797–1798, 1823–1825) 13510:Senator from Tennessee 13318:. The Avalon Project. 13139:The Independent Review 12123:on September 26, 2022. 11794:: After Forty Years". 10678:Lynn, John A. (2019). 10574:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10487:Hammond, Bray (1957). 10316:Fish, Carl R. (1927). 9481:Brands, H. W. (2017). 6804:Clark & Guice 1996 5719:Clark & Guice 1996 3963:Twenty-fifth Amendment 3723: 3627: 3568:William Henry Harrison 3543: 3515:federal circuit courts 3506:Dred Scott v. Sandford 3360: 3332: 3245: 3175: 3124: 3033: 2896: 2885: 2813: 2802:The Celeste-al Cabinet 2800:A lithograph cartoon, 2735:as Secretary of Navy, 2716: 2676:Presidency (1829–1837) 2624: 2543:William Berkeley Lewis 2502: 2490: 2439:international incident 2381:Treaty of Doak's Stand 2367: 2269: 2213:Treaty of Fort Jackson 1794:, an 1819 portrait by 1792:General Andrew Jackson 1756:and Tennessee Senator 1694:Southern United States 1674: 1610: 1484: 1429:Camden, South Carolina 1417:Battle of Hanging Rock 1392: 1208:Treaty of Fort Jackson 1008:Assassination attempts 957:Nat Turner's rebellion 723:Battle of Hanging Rock 682:South Carolina Militia 307:(Spanish West Florida) 299:(Spanish East Florida) 18:General Andrew Jackson 22340:Tennessee Jacksonians 22185:Battle of New Orleans 21963:Opposition in Britain 21661:Monroe–Pinkney Treaty 21636:Macon's Bill Number 2 21422:Harriet Beecher Stowe 21392:Franklin D. Roosevelt 21122:James Fenimore Cooper 21082:William Cullen Bryant 21057:Alexander Graham Bell 20293:Secretary of the Navy 18886:Joseph Bradley Varnum 17724:Other 1824 elections: 17545:Democratic-Republican 14830:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14361:Democratic-Republican 13935:Daniel Smith Donelson 13866:The Remarkable Andrew 13817:(U.S. Capitol statue) 13598:Battle of New Orleans 13016:Open Cultural Studies 11301:Temin, Peter (1969). 9568:Further information: 9435:on December 19, 2017. 9230:on February 28, 2019. 5076:. Jackson Papers, LOC 5041:. Jackson Papers, LOC 4718:on September 12, 2014 4300:Case, Steven (2009). 3923:registration required 3912:registration required 3907:Vol III, (1820–1828) 3852:Vol. III, (1814–1815) 3756:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3728:Alexis de Tocqueville 3721:Kansas City, Missouri 3706: 3697:Further information: 3621: 3537: 3511:Judiciary Act of 1837 3489:Further information: 3358: 3322: 3263:King Andrew the First 3243: 3234:Further information: 3171: 3114: 3019: 2919:of this legislation, 2891: 2875: 2858:Further information: 2844:Francis Preston Blair 2799: 2760:Further information: 2727:as Secretary of War, 2700: 2622: 2496: 2480: 2346: 2266:Frederick Coffay Yohn 2260:Print of a painting ( 2259: 2252:Battle of New Orleans 2246:Battle of New Orleans 1664: 1596: 1471: 1409:Battle of Stono Ferry 1379: 1220:Battle of New Orleans 1033:Judicial appointments 870:Battle of New Orleans 762:Battle of New Orleans 516:Democratic-Republican 176:United States Senator 22190:Burials in Tennessee 22155:American prosecutors 21452:Booker T. Washington 21362:Alice Freeman Palmer 21342:William T. G. Morton 21287:James Russell Lowell 20662:Charles Evans Hughes 19743:Governors of Florida 18874:Frederick Muhlenberg 18688:Era of Good Feelings 18190:Other 1832 elections 17893:Other 1828 elections 17229:District of Columbia 15902:1984 (San Francisco) 15797:1964 (Atlantic City) 15577:1920 (San Francisco) 14850:Dwight D. Eisenhower 14429:Notes and references 14340:Wilkins F. Tannehill 14318:Wilkins F. Tannehill 14250:José María Coppinger 13836:The President's Lady 13758:Nullification crisis 13638:Jacksonian democracy 13355:Democracy in America 11706:on October 12, 2022. 11382:. Harper & Row. 10930:Niven, John (1988). 10176:(Ebook). LSU Press. 9470:on January 25, 2021. 8976:on November 3, 2014. 8746:, pp. 109, 315. 8722:, p. 444, fn 5. 8256:on February 4, 2020. 7459:, pp. 273, 277. 7396:, p. 253, fn14. 7080:, pp. 1–5, 129. 6806:, pp. 233–243; 5895:on January 13, 2019. 5503:, pp. 134, 136. 5157:, pp. 631–632; 4266:, pp. 133, 136. 3999:, pp. xii, 308. 3918:Vol IV, (1829–1832) 3864:Vol. VI, (1825–1828) 3856:Vol. IV, (1816–1820) 3848:Vol. II, (1804–1813) 3553:Independent Treasury 3194:of Pennsylvania. An 3142:First Annual Address 3082:southern confederacy 3012:Nullification crisis 3006:Nullification crisis 2984:Iroquois Confederacy 2969:Treaty of New Echota 2922:Worcester v. Georgia 2900:Jackson's presidency 2776:Tenure of Office Act 2707:Dennis Malone Carter 2646:Era of Good Feelings 2632:... must be heard". 2594:Speaker of the House 2377:Treaty of Tuscaloosa 1560:Spanish West Florida 1425:prisoner-of-war camp 1206:and negotiating the 1044:Later life and death 1023:Exploring expedition 967:Nullification crisis 925:Jacksonian democracy 774:Capture of St. Marks 556:; died 479:Nashville, Tennessee 296:José María Coppinger 22335:Tennessee Democrats 22330:Second Party System 22245:American Freemasons 21626:Embargo Act of 1807 21467:George Westinghouse 21437:Henry David Thoreau 21347:John Lothrop Motley 21322:Albert A. Michelson 21202:Nathaniel Hawthorne 21152:Ralph Waldo Emerson 21137:James Buchanan Eads 20652:William Howard Taft 20544:George B. McClellan 20436:William H. Crawford 20392:Charles C. Pinckney 19078:William H. Crawford 19072:Alexander J. Dallas 19029:William H. Crawford 19017:Alexander J. Dallas 17727:Contingent election 17673:William H. Crawford 17407:Stonewall Democrats 16062:2016 (Philadelphia) 15717:1948 (Philadelphia) 15657:1936 (Philadelphia) 15203:Fourth Party System 15193:Second Party System 14780:William Howard Taft 14700:Rutherford B. Hayes 14394:New political party 14381:William H. Crawford 14264:Governor of Florida 14083:Southwest Territory 14016:← John Quincy Adams 13982:Jackson and slavery 13955:(acting First Lady) 13953:Sarah Yorke Jackson 13949:(acting First Lady) 13748:Maysville Road veto 13573:Battle of Talladega 13526:U.S. Representative 13448:Library of Congress 10624:Lane, Carl (2014). 9001:, pp. 392–394. 8874:, p. 178– 179. 8862:, pp. 299–300. 8734:, p. 60, fn 3. 8631:, pp. 162–163. 8607:, pp. 161–163. 8559:, pp. 462–470. 8523:, pp. 375–376. 8499:, pp. 225–226. 8472:The Washington Post 8444:, pp. 266–268. 8373:, pp. 670–671. 8361:, pp. 659–669. 8337:, pp. 658–659. 8217:, pp. 258–260. 8097:on October 24, 2008 8003:, pp. 459–460. 7928:, pp. 460–461. 7904:, pp. 358–360. 7827:, pp. 562–563. 7767:, pp. 391–392. 7639:, pp. 261–268. 7615:, pp. 112–113. 7543:, pp. 534–535. 7531:, pp. 274–278. 7519:, pp. 532–533. 7471:, pp. 375–376. 7384:, pp. 239–240. 7336:, pp. 404–406. 7288:, pp. 358–360. 7276:, pp. 445–446. 7264:, pp. 121–122. 7204:, pp. 245–273. 7168:, pp. 546–548. 6930:, pp. 527–528. 6918:, pp. 305–306. 6882:, pp. 212–213. 6846:, pp. 611–612. 6822:, pp. 353–358. 6810:, pp. 350–354. 6794:, pp. 380–385. 6758:, pp. 240–243. 6729:, pp. 239–241. 6606:, pp. 332–333. 6579:, pp. 186–187. 6454:, pp. 404–405. 6427:, pp. 277–278. 6415:, pp. 295–297. 6349:, pp. 294–295. 6277:, pp. 197–198. 6214:, pp. 245–248. 6058:, pp. 376–377. 6010:, pp. 489–492. 5923:, pp. 356–357. 5868:, pp. 350–354. 5760:, pp. 261–262. 5721:, pp. 233–243. 5697:, pp. 178–179. 5527:, pp. 268–269. 5431:, pp. 244–245. 5395:, pp. 116–117. 5371:, pp. 236–237. 5221:, pp. 196–197. 5185:, pp. 192–193. 4824:The Washington Post 4689:, pp. 131–132. 4616:, pp. 104–105. 4604:, pp. 144–145. 4468:, pp. 481–482. 4428:, pp. 218–219. 4353:, pp. 190–191. 3860:Vol. V, (1821–1824) 3844:Vol. I, (1770–1803) 3657:Sarah Yorke Jackson 3624:Tennessee Gentleman 3579:annexation of Texas 3305:Jackson's censure. 2957:Second Seminole War 2719:Jackson arrived in 2586:contingent election 2485:1857 attributed to 2236:Battle of Pensacola 2187:William Weatherford 2164:Battle of Talladega 1623:U.S. representative 1589:Early public career 1354:Battle of the Boyne 1314:annexation of Texas 1248:contingent election 1226:, which led to the 1170:lawyer and married 1075:Second Party System 757:Battle of Pensacola 735:Battle of Talladega 410:Southwest Territory 408:(Delegate from the 22135:American duellists 21799:Illinois Territory 21679:Declaration of war 21397:Theodore Roosevelt 21337:Samuel F. B. Morse 21197:Alexander Hamilton 21142:Thomas Alva Edison 21052:Henry Ward Beecher 21037:John James Audubon 20534:Stephen A. Douglas 20268:Postmaster General 20123:Secretary of State 19182:Samuel L. Southard 19060:John Armstrong Jr. 19011:George W. Campbell 18678:First Party System 18114:Anti-Masonic Party 18015:Richard M. Johnson 17616:Jacksonian faction 17557:Adams-Clay faction 17308:Blue Dog Coalition 15982:2000 (Los Angeles) 15837:1972 (Miami Beach) 15777:1960 (Los Angeles) 15557:1916 (Saint Louis) 15511:1904 (Saint Louis) 15498:1900 (Kansas City) 15459:1888 (Saint Louis) 15420:1876 (Saint Louis) 15213:Sixth Party System 15208:Fifth Party System 15198:Third Party System 14770:Theodore Roosevelt 14370:Served alongside: 14276:William Pope Duval 14242:Political offices 14225:Baby of the Senate 14172:Served alongside: 14138:Served alongside: 14023:Martin Van Buren → 13859:The Gorgeous Hussy 13686:Indian Removal Act 13530:Tennessee at-large 13302:on August 24, 2006 12767:Southern Quarterly 12192:10.1353/jer.0.0149 11792:The Age of Jackson 11746:10.1353/scu.0.0026 11569:Review of Politics 11482:10.1093/whq/whw126 11305:Jacksonian Economy 11243:The Age of Jackson 11071:Surviving Genocide 9362:, p. 449–450. 9293:Gilo-Whitaker 2019 9275:, p. xv–xvii. 9220:"Ethnic Cleansing" 9137:, p. 337-338. 9013:, p. 252–254. 8814:, p. 297–300. 8698:, p. 180–161. 8647:healthguidance.org 8595:, p. 475–476. 8142:, p. 105–106. 7116:, p. 418–419. 6505:, p. 256–257. 5635:, p. 378–379. 5611:, p. 377–378. 4956:, p. 127–128. 4830:on April 11, 2017. 4781:, p. 328–329. 3724: 3628: 3583:Louisiana Purchase 3544: 3542:of Jackson in 1845 3361: 3333: 3246: 3196:Anti-Masonic Party 3176: 3125: 3034: 3030:L. Prang & Co. 2942:Indian Removal Act 2897: 2886: 2864:Indian Removal Act 2854:Indian Removal Act 2814: 2772:rotation in office 2717: 2625: 2503: 2491: 2448:Secretary of State 2411:First Seminole War 2368: 2333:First Seminole War 2323:Thanks of Congress 2289:Alexander Cochrane 2270: 2125:Fort Mims Massacre 2114:Thomas Hart Benton 2083:American Northwest 2026:First Seminole War 1796:John Wesley Jarvis 1777:Military campaigns 1675: 1611: 1485: 1439:housed in British 1393: 1267:Indian Removal Act 1261:Jackson ran again 1224:First Seminole War 875:First Seminole War 769:First Seminole War 692:United States Army 641:United States Army 611:Thanks of Congress 322:William Pope Duval 304:José María Callava 22220:Deaths from edema 22024: 22023: 22018: 22017: 21940:The Bold Canadian 21804:Indiana Territory 21728:Queenston Heights 21525: 21524: 21457:George Washington 21412:John Philip Sousa 21247:Thomas J. Jackson 21237:Washington Irving 21182:William C. Gorgas 21167:Benjamin Franklin 21132:Charlotte Cushman 21017:John Quincy Adams 20966: 20965: 20924: 20923: 20840:George H. W. Bush 20614:Benjamin Harrison 20484:Hugh Lawson White 20464:John Quincy Adams 20322: 20321: 20137:Edward Livingston 20073: 20072: 19832: 19785: 19784:(1822–1845) 19754: 19709: 19708: 19195: 19194: 19191: 19190: 19115:John Breckinridge 18986:John Quincy Adams 18916:Philip P. Barbour 18623: 18622: 18207: 18206: 18181: 18180: 18160:John Quincy Adams 18107: 18106: 18065: 18064: 18023: 18022: 18010:Philip P. Barbour 17910: 17909: 17884: 17883: 17866:John Quincy Adams 17841: 17840: 17745: 17744: 17715: 17714: 17690: 17689: 17650: 17649: 17610: 17609: 17586: 17574:John Quincy Adams 17492: 17491: 17432: 17431: 17318:Justice Democrats 16942:Wasserman Schultz 15433:1880 (Cincinnati) 15342:1856 (Cincinnati) 15141: 15140: 14920:George H. W. Bush 14870:Lyndon B. Johnson 14800:Warren G. Harding 14740:Benjamin Harrison 14720:Chester A. Arthur 14710:James A. Garfield 14570:John Quincy Adams 14520:George Washington 14455: 14454: 14450: 14449: 14446: 14431: 14417:Succeeded by 14373:John Quincy Adams 14338:Succeeded by 14300:Succeeded by 14286:John Quincy Adams 14273:Succeeded by 14259: 14232:Succeeded by 14200:Succeeded by 14183:Hugh Lawson White 14180:Succeeded by 14170:1823–1825 14146:Succeeded by 14136:1797–1798 14105:Succeeded by 14087: 14046: 14045: 13906:President Jackson 13399:Project Gutenberg 12763:Remini, Robert V. 11717:The Readex Report 11413:. Hill and Wang. 11347:John Quincy Adams 11285:978-0-19-509387-2 11200:978-0-321-31711-7 11080:978-0-300-24526-4 11022:978-0-313-30830-7 10972:978-0-7864-6336-7 10945:978-0-8071-1858-0 10907:. Potomac Books. 10786:. Vintage Books. 10761:The Panic of 1837 10670:978-0-7614-7758-7 10608:978-0-313-38375-5 10554:978-0-19-974379-7 10471:978-0-471-46597-3 10383:978-0-8203-3417-2 10241:978-0-9678-3071-1 10009:978-1-4000-6560-8 9978:978-0-19516-716-0 9955:978-0-8783-3263-2 9924:978-0-465-00296-2 9824:978-0-8050-6925-9 9790:978-0-8018-5913-7 9759:978-0-8018-5913-7 9728:978-0-8018-5912-0 9711:Remini, Robert V. 9694:978-0-8129-7346-4 9660:978-0-684-31226-2 9627:978-1-9821-9109-2 9600:978-1-4000-3072-9 9383:on June 29, 2019. 9247:, pp. 56–59. 9185:, pp. 9–10; 9109:, pp. 82–83. 8732:Moser et al. 1991 8456:, pp. 73–74. 8396:978-0-496-13089-4 8031:, pp. 60–62. 7815:, pp. 35–37. 7627:, pp. 55–56. 7372:, pp. 85–86. 7240:, pp. 64–65. 7180:, pp. 63–64. 7068:, pp. 83–85. 6990:, pp. 54–55. 6834:, pp. 58–62. 6717:, pp. 53–55. 6693:, pp. 66–67. 6390:. June 15, 2012. 6253:, pp. 50–51. 6190:, pp. 45–48. 6166:, pp. 81–83. 6094:, pp. 75–77. 6046:, pp. 51–52. 5998:, pp. 36–38. 5986:, pp. 48–49. 5844:, pp. 38–39. 5832:, pp. 65–67. 5796:, pp. 32–33. 5784:, pp. 28–30. 5647:, pp. 29–33. 5539:, pp. 31–32. 5515:, pp. 29–30. 5257:, pp. 75–76. 5233:, pp. 72–73. 5209:, pp. 63–64. 5161:, pp. 38–39. 5145:, pp. 61–62. 5097:, pp. 22–23. 5072:Jackson, Andrew. 5062:, pp. 23–25. 4674:, pp. 76–77. 4580:, pp. 79–81. 4568:, pp. 92–94. 4556:, pp. 18–19. 4492:, pp. 22–23. 4230:, pp. 30–31. 4194:, pp. 23–24. 3987:, pp. 11–15. 3872:Vol. VIII, (1830) 3783:Progressive Party 3736:constitutionalism 3715:and developed by 3709:equestrian statue 3471:newly independent 3329:Henry R. Robinson 3206:of Pennsylvania. 3074:compromise tariff 3028:and published by 2965:Creek War of 1836 2961:Treaty of Cusseta 2905:five major tribes 2882:Mississippi River 2806:Henry R. Robinson 2597:having struck a " 2590:Twelfth Amendment 2452:Adams–Onís Treaty 2304:signed a writ of 2198:brigadier general 2133:Creek Confederacy 2036: 2035: 1779:of Andrew Jackson 1754:William Claiborne 1719:Charles Dickinson 1671:Theodore Schleier 1631:George Washington 1564:Mississippi River 1513:Waightstill Avery 1447:. She contracted 1443:in the harbor of 1433:prisoner exchange 1413:Battle of Waxhaws 1372:Revolutionary War 1312:, as well as the 1299:Republic of Texas 1275:protective tariff 1244:John Quincy Adams 1122: 1121: 831: 830: 796: 795: 687:Tennessee Militia 668:Tennessee militia 451:Waxhaw Settlement 378:from Tennessee's 216:Hugh Lawson White 157:John Quincy Adams 54:President Jackson 48:President Jackson 16:(Redirected from 22392: 22077: 22076: 22075: 22065: 22064: 22053: 22052: 22041: 22040: 22039: 22032: 22006: 22005: 21996: 21995: 21552: 21545: 21538: 21529: 21528: 21297:Edward MacDowell 21252:Thomas Jefferson 21187:Ulysses S. Grant 21147:Jonathan Edwards 21117:Grover Cleveland 21032:Susan B. Anthony 20993: 20986: 20979: 20970: 20969: 20956: 20955: 20946: 20945: 20936: 20935: 20624:William J. Bryan 20604:Grover Cleveland 20574:Samuel J. Tilden 20494:Martin Van Buren 20372:Thomas Jefferson 20364: 20363: 20349: 20342: 20335: 20326: 20325: 20313:Mahlon Dickerson 20276:William T. Barry 20237:Attorney General 20212:Secretary of War 20189:William J. Duane 20177:Samuel D. Ingham 20162: 20161: 20131:Martin Van Buren 20100: 20093: 20086: 20077: 20076: 19833: 19830: 19786: 19783: 19774: 19773: 19755: 19752: 19736: 19729: 19722: 19713: 19712: 19428: 19228:Chairmen of the 19222: 19215: 19208: 19199: 19198: 19109:Levi Lincoln Sr. 19101:Attorney General 18956:Levi Lincoln Sr. 18950:Thomas Jefferson 18938: 18937: 18650: 18643: 18636: 18627: 18626: 18417: 18234: 18227: 18220: 18211: 18210: 18150:Other candidates 18138:Vice President: 18120: 18119: 18096:Vice President: 18078: 18077: 18054:Vice President: 18036: 18035: 18000:Other candidates 17990:Martin Van Buren 17988:Vice President: 17969: 17968: 17963:Democratic Party 17937: 17930: 17923: 17914: 17913: 17873:Vice President: 17854: 17853: 17829:Vice President: 17804: 17803: 17798:Jacksonian Party 17772: 17765: 17758: 17749: 17748: 17695:Other candidates 17679:Vice President: 17661: 17660: 17639:Vice President: 17621: 17620: 17592:Vice President: 17584: 17562: 17561: 17553: 17552: 17519: 17512: 17505: 17496: 17495: 17397:Democrats Abroad 17286:Policy Committee 17271: 17270: 17254:Democrats Abroad 16042:2012 (Charlotte) 15537:1912 (Baltimore) 15407:1872 (Baltimore) 15329:1852 (Baltimore) 15316:1848 (Baltimore) 15303:1844 (Baltimore) 15290:1840 (Baltimore) 15277:1835 (Baltimore) 15264:1832 (Baltimore) 15177: 15176:Democratic Party 15168: 15161: 15154: 15145: 15144: 15131: 15130: 15121: 15120: 14760:William McKinley 14750:Grover Cleveland 14730:Grover Cleveland 14690:Ulysses S. Grant 14640:Millard Fillmore 14590:Martin Van Buren 14540:Thomas Jefferson 14495: 14488: 14481: 14472: 14471: 14459: 14458: 14436: 14427: 14420:Martin Van Buren 14387:Party dissolved 14351:Preceded by 14332: 14315:Preceded by 14310:Masonic offices 14303:Martin Van Buren 14283:Preceded by 14253: 14247:Preceded by 14218:Richard Stockton 14215:Preceded by 14210:Honorary titles 14156:Preceded by 14122:Preceded by 14078: 14072:Preceded by 14062: 14061: 14050: 14049: 14035: 14034: 13830:Black Jack stamp 13671:Petticoat affair 13633:Coffin Handbills 13533: 13521: 13513: 13505: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13457: 13456: 13451: 13424: 13423: 13408:Internet Archive 13378: 13358: 13347: 13336:Taliaferro, John 13331: 13329: 13327: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13212: 13183: 13154: 13133: 13112: 13091: 13062: 13041: 13031: 13006: 12985: 12964: 12943: 12914: 12885: 12860:(166): 321–330. 12848: 12838: 12813: 12790: 12758: 12729: 12692: 12663: 12626: 12605: 12576: 12555: 12529: 12520: 12491: 12470: 12449: 12420: 12391: 12370: 12364: 12356: 12319: 12302:(278): 193–198. 12290: 12269: 12248: 12211: 12174: 12153: 12124: 12122: 12115: 12103: 12083: 12072: 12035: 12006: 11996: 11985: 11948: 11919: 11898: 11869: 11852:(1): 1330–1353. 11840: 11827:. Third Series. 11819: 11786: 11765: 11734:Southern Culture 11728: 11707: 11705: 11699:. Archived from 11674: 11664: 11647:(6): 1330–1353. 11635: 11609: 11600: 11563: 11544:10.2307/20068726 11522: 11501: 11455: 11441: 11432: 11412: 11401: 11381: 11370: 11350: 11339: 11329: 11318: 11308: 11297: 11277: 11266: 11246: 11235: 11223: 11212: 11192: 11181: 11161: 11150: 11130: 11119: 11092: 11065: 11045: 11034: 11014: 11003: 10984: 10957: 10937: 10926: 10906: 10895: 10867: 10862: 10860: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10826: 10806: 10795: 10785: 10774: 10764: 10753: 10733: 10722: 10701: 10674: 10662: 10651: 10631: 10620: 10593: 10566: 10546: 10535: 10515: 10504: 10494: 10483: 10456: 10454: 10443: 10424:. Beacon Press. 10416: 10406: 10395: 10375: 10364: 10344: 10333: 10323: 10312: 10310: 10299: 10279: 10268: 10254: 10245: 10226: 10206: 10195: 10168: 10141: 10114: 10094: 10083: 10063: 10052: 10032: 10021: 10001: 9990: 9970: 9959: 9947: 9936: 9916: 9905: 9881: 9872: 9836: 9816: 9802: 9782: 9771: 9751: 9740: 9720: 9706: 9686: 9672: 9648: 9646:"Andrew Jackson" 9639: 9612: 9592: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9539: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9466:. Archived from 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9421: 9415: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9379:. Archived from 9369: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9349:on May 11, 2015. 9338: 9332: 9314: 9308: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9259:, p. 1337; 9254: 9248: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9226:. Archived from 9216: 9210: 9189:, pp. 2–3; 9176: 9170: 9160: 9154: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9027:Introduction, §9 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8999:Tocqueville 1840 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8972:. Archived from 8961: 8955: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8275: 8269: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8249:. Archived from 8244: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8181:, p. 43–44. 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8067:, p. 60–61. 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7883:on March 6, 2016 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7753:Schlesinger 1945 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7692:, p. 10–14. 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7507:, p. 61–84. 7502: 7496: 7495:, p. 20–24. 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7006: 7000: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6567:, p. 64–65. 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6337:, p. 45–46. 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5996:Schlesinger 1945 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5957:Semmer, Blythe. 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5888:. Archived from 5883: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5658:"Andrew Jackson" 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5562:on July 8, 2018. 5558:. Archived from 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5285: 5279: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4826:. Archived from 4815: 4809: 4808: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4748:on June 18, 2022 4744:. Archived from 4742:thehermitage.com 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4675: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4302:"Andrew Jackson" 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4015: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3966: 3959: 3943: 3936:"Andrew Jackson" 3926: 3915: 3898: 3868:Vol. VII, (1829) 3835: 3767:ethnic cleansing 3592:Jackson died of 3479:Texas Revolution 3413: 3366:Richard Lawrence 3291:land development 3251:William J. Duane 3202:of Maryland and 3158:Election of 1832 3052:Thomas Jefferson 2792:Petticoat affair 2786:Petticoat affair 2741:William T. Barry 2729:Samuel D. Ingham 2721:Washington, D.C. 2715: 2712: 2665:Coffin Handbills 2650:Democratic Party 2642:one-party system 2631: 2523:Jackson Purchase 2484: 2467:Election of 1824 2431:British subjects 2373:William Crawford 2356:Robert Ambrister 2353: 2350: 2263: 2179:Tallapoosa River 2145:Burnt Corn Creek 2095:Secretary of War 2023: 2014: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1958:Enotachopo Creek 1952: 1945: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1802:in New York City 1789: 1773: 1772: 1747:Thomas Jefferson 1742:James Winchester 1702:African-American 1679:promissory notes 1600: 1556:Natchez District 1505:Western District 1437:prisoners of war 1419:in August 1780. 1385:Currier and Ives 1306:Martin Van Buren 1271:ethnic cleansing 1256:Democratic Party 1196:African-American 1153:Native Americans 1114: 1107: 1100: 1089: 1088: 1065:Manifest destiny 1018:Texas Revolution 988:2nd inauguration 935:Petticoat affair 920:1st inauguration 827: 826: 824: 817: 809: 802: 801: 798: 797: 709: 632:Military service 627: 561: 559: 555: 551: 475: 447: 445: 433:Personal details 419: 402: 393: 383: 376: 361: 351: 342: 326: 318: 308: 300: 289: 277: 268: 247: 235: 226: 212: 200: 191: 169:Martin Van Buren 165: 153: 140:Martin Van Buren 118: 107: 85: 82: 77: 63: 62: 21: 22400: 22399: 22395: 22394: 22393: 22391: 22390: 22389: 22085: 22084: 22083: 22073: 22071: 22059: 22047: 22037: 22035: 22027: 22025: 22020: 22019: 22014: 21984: 21958:Napoleonic Wars 21922: 21879: 21855:Edward Pakenham 21823: 21787: 21713: 21689: 21683: 21595: 21594: 21561: 21556: 21526: 21521: 21497:Frances Willard 21432:Sylvanus Thayer 21382:Edgar Allan Poe 21367:Francis Parkman 21277:Abraham Lincoln 21257:John Paul Jones 21177:Josiah W. Gibbs 21092:Andrew Carnegie 21077:Phillips Brooks 21042:George Bancroft 21003: 20997: 20967: 20962: 20920: 20919: 20900:Hillary Clinton 20830:Michael Dukakis 20790:George McGovern 20780:Hubert Humphrey 20770:Barry Goldwater 20746:Adlai Stevenson 20732:Thomas E. Dewey 20722:Wendell Willkie 20642:Alton B. Parker 20594:James G. Blaine 20554:Horatio Seymour 20524:John C. Frémont 20358: 20353: 20323: 20318: 20287: 20262: 20245:John M. Berrien 20231: 20206: 20163: 20159: 20154: 20117: 20104: 20074: 20069: 19829: 19823: 19782: 19775: 19771: 19766: 19751: 19745: 19740: 19710: 19705: 19603: 19597: 19435: 19429: 19420: 19238: 19232: 19226: 19196: 19187: 19138: 19127:William Pinkney 19095: 19090:John C. Calhoun 19034: 19005:Albert Gallatin 18991: 18927: 18880:Nathaniel Macon 18865: 18858: 18719: 18712: 18673:Anti-Federalism 18659: 18654: 18624: 18619: 18418: 18409: 18243: 18238: 18208: 18203: 18177: 18173:John C. Spencer 18170:Vice President: 18145: 18103: 18072:Nullifier Party 18061: 18019: 18007:Vice President: 17995: 17956: 17941: 17911: 17906: 17880: 17837: 17831:John C. Calhoun 17791: 17776: 17746: 17741: 17711: 17702:John C. Calhoun 17686: 17681:Nathaniel Macon 17646: 17641:John C. Calhoun 17606: 17594:John C. Calhoun 17546: 17538: 17523: 17493: 17488: 17428: 17380: 17334: 17265: 17258: 16965: 16963: 16956: 16679: 16673: 16566:C. A. Culberson 16512:J. W. Stevenson 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16488: 16375:D. B. Culberson 16260: 16257: 16255: 16250: 16246: 16239: 16131:administrations 16129: 16121: 15942:1992 (New York) 15882:1980 (New York) 15862:1976 (New York) 15597:1924 (New York) 15394:1868 (New York) 15242: 15239: 15237: 15233: 15230: 15226: 15219: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15142: 15137: 15109: 15035:F. D. Roosevelt 14987: 14981: 14980: 14979: 14860:John F. Kennedy 14840:Harry S. Truman 14810:Calvin Coolidge 14670:Abraham Lincoln 14650:Franklin Pierce 14510: 14504: 14499: 14464: 14456: 14451: 14422: 14407: 14369: 14365: 14356: 14341: 14334: 14324: 14320: 14305: 14296: 14288: 14278: 14269: 14266: 14252: 14237: 14228: 14220: 14205: 14196: 14185: 14171: 14169: 14161: 14151: 14141:Joseph Anderson 14137: 14135: 14127: 14110: 14101: 14095: 14077: 14055: 14047: 14042: 14006: 13970: 13941:Lyncoya Jackson 13911: 13880:Man of Conquest 13797: 13723:Specie Circular 13676:Kitchen Cabinet 13642: 13618:Corrupt bargain 13536: 13524: 13516: 13508: 13497: 13489: 13484: 13442: 13421: 13386: 13381: 13367: 13325: 13323: 13305: 13303: 13284: 13282: 13263: 13261: 13239: 13237: 13220: 13218:Primary sources 13215: 13201:10.2307/2204387 13172:10.2307/3124447 13080:10.2307/3122827 12932:10.2307/1898150 12903:10.2307/1886599 12854:Current History 12710:10.2307/2715671 12681:10.2307/2148938 12644:10.2307/3115344 12544:10.2307/1886513 12509:10.2307/2205966 12438:10.2307/1901307 12409:10.2307/1894085 12358: 12357: 12296:Current History 12229:10.2307/3115344 12142:10.2307/3124558 12120: 12113: 12092: 12024:10.2307/1842097 11937:10.2307/2211577 11887:10.2307/3124760 11858:10.2307/2205966 11808:10.2307/2702131 11703: 11677:History Compass 11672: 11653:10.2307/2205966 11463: 11458: 11421: 11390: 11359: 11286: 11255: 11232: 11201: 11170: 11139: 11108: 11081: 11054: 11023: 10973: 10946: 10915: 10884: 10858: 10856: 10839: 10837: 10815: 10742: 10690: 10671: 10640: 10609: 10582: 10555: 10524: 10472: 10432: 10384: 10353: 10288: 10242: 10215: 10184: 10157: 10130: 10103: 10072: 10041: 10010: 9979: 9956: 9925: 9894: 9861: 9844: 9839: 9825: 9791: 9760: 9729: 9695: 9661: 9628: 9601: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9561: 9551: 9549: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9528: 9524: 9514: 9512: 9505: 9501: 9491: 9489: 9479: 9475: 9456: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9406: 9402: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9358: 9354: 9339: 9335: 9315: 9311: 9283: 9279: 9271: 9267: 9255: 9251: 9239: 9235: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9193:, p. 423; 9181:, p. 416; 9177: 9173: 9161: 9157: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9117: 9113: 9105: 9101: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9037: 9033: 9021: 9017: 9009: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8962: 8958: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8778: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8656: 8654: 8641:Marx, Rudolph. 8639: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8603: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8547:, p. 1046. 8543: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8519: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8285: 8278: 8270: 8261: 8253: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8089:Grinspan, Jon. 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8011: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7938:Timberlake 1965 7936: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7858: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7666:Van Deusen 1963 7664: 7660: 7652: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7567:, pp. 285. 7563: 7559: 7555:, pp. 285. 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7447:, pp. 111. 7443: 7439: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7312:, pp. 1–2. 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7009: 7005:, p. 1337. 7001: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6870:, p. 1332. 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6844:McLoughlin 1986 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705:, pp. 336. 6701: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6371:Taliaferro 1828 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5288: 5284:, p. 4–10. 5280: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4816: 4812: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4678: 4670:, p. 375; 4666: 4662: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504:, p. 277; 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070:, pp. 4–5. 4066: 4062: 4054: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3933: 3920: 3909: 3892: 3884:Vol. XI, (1833) 3876:Vol. IX, (1831) 3826: 3823: 3778:Abraham Lincoln 3750:'s influential 3713:Harry S. Truman 3701: 3695: 3682: 3680:Religious faith 3665: 3641:A. J. Hutchings 3616: 3611: 3532: 3523: 3493: 3487: 3460:Napoleonic Wars 3433: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3401:Foreign affairs 3374: 3353: 3341:Specie Circular 3317: 3311: 3238: 3232: 3166: 3160: 3130:Nicholas Biddle 3121:Nicholas Biddle 3109: 3104: 3096:Main articles: 3094: 3014: 3008: 2870: 2856: 2848:Kitchen Cabinet 2823:John Timberlake 2794: 2788: 2764: 2758: 2737:John M. Berrien 2713: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2629: 2617: 2609:Main articles: 2607: 2599:corrupt bargain 2574:electoral votes 2475: 2469: 2464: 2425:, and occupied 2407:John C. Calhoun 2351: 2341: 2335: 2316:Treaty of Ghent 2302:Dominic A. Hall 2293:Edward Pakenham 2254: 2248: 2064:Native American 2052: 2046: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2012: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1803: 1780: 1778: 1771: 1769:Military career 1763:James Wilkinson 1734:Spanish Florida 1715: 1696:, Jackson used 1659: 1651:Archibald Roane 1591: 1466: 1461: 1405:heat exhaustion 1374: 1330: 1252:corrupt bargain 1182:, representing 1118: 1086: 1084: 1051: 1048: 1040: 1039:Post-presidency 1037: 1003:Specie Circular 979: 976: 972:Foreign affairs 904: 901: 900: 895: 892: 888:Corrupt bargain 879: 861: 860:Military career 858: 822: 820: 819: 818: 815: 813: 788: 785: 711: 710: 705: 690: 685: 673: 666:Major general ( 661:U.S. Volunteers 659:Major general ( 615: 594: 563: 547: 543: 540: 538:Rachel Donelson 527: 508: 507:Other political 496:Political party 481:, United States 477: 473: 463:British America 449: 443: 441: 417: 400: 394: 389: 377: 372: 359: 349: 343: 338: 324: 316: 311: 306: 298: 287: 275: 269: 264: 245: 233: 227: 222: 210: 198: 192: 187: 178: 163: 151: 146: 143: 141: 130: 128: 126:John C. Calhoun 114: 108: 103: 86: 83: 68: 59: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22398: 22388: 22387: 22382: 22377: 22372: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22302: 22297: 22292: 22287: 22282: 22277: 22272: 22267: 22262: 22257: 22252: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22177: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22097: 22095:Andrew Jackson 22082: 22081: 22069: 22057: 22045: 22022: 22021: 22016: 22015: 22013: 22012: 22000: 21989: 21986: 21985: 21983: 21982: 21977: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21948: 21943: 21936: 21930: 21928: 21927:Related topics 21924: 21923: 21921: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21889: 21887: 21881: 21880: 21878: 21877: 21872: 21870:Winfield Scott 21867: 21865:Lord Liverpool 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21845:Andrew Jackson 21842: 21837: 21831: 21829: 21825: 21824: 21822: 21821: 21816: 21814:North Carolina 21811: 21806: 21801: 21795: 21793: 21789: 21788: 21786: 21785: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21758:Crysler's Farm 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21724: 21722: 21715: 21714: 21712: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21695: 21693: 21685: 21684: 21682: 21681: 21676: 21671: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21641:Tecumseh's War 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21605: 21603: 21597: 21596: 21593: 21592: 21591:Related topics 21589: 21586: 21583: 21580: 21577: 21574: 21571: 21567: 21566: 21563: 21562: 21555: 21554: 21547: 21540: 21532: 21523: 21522: 21520: 21519: 21514: 21512:Orville Wright 21509: 21507:Woodrow Wilson 21504: 21502:Roger Williams 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21462:Daniel Webster 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21427:Gilbert Stuart 21424: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21372:George Peabody 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21327:Maria Mitchell 21324: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21242:Andrew Jackson 21239: 21234: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21184: 21179: 21174: 21169: 21164: 21162:Stephen Foster 21159: 21157:David Farragut 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21087:Luther Burbank 21084: 21079: 21074: 21072:Louis Brandeis 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21008: 21005: 21004: 20996: 20995: 20988: 20981: 20973: 20964: 20963: 20961: 20960: 20950: 20940: 20929: 20926: 20925: 20922: 20921: 20918: 20917: 20907: 20897: 20887: 20877: 20867: 20857: 20847: 20837: 20827: 20820:Walter Mondale 20817: 20807: 20797: 20787: 20777: 20767: 20757: 20743: 20729: 20719: 20709: 20702:Herbert Hoover 20699: 20689: 20679: 20669: 20659: 20649: 20639: 20621: 20611: 20601: 20591: 20581: 20571: 20564:Horace Greeley 20561: 20551: 20541: 20531: 20521: 20514:Winfield Scott 20511: 20501: 20491: 20481: 20471: 20461: 20443: 20433: 20426:Andrew Jackson 20423: 20413: 20406:DeWitt Clinton 20403: 20389: 20379: 20368: 20367: 20360: 20359: 20352: 20351: 20344: 20337: 20329: 20320: 20319: 20317: 20316: 20310: 20304: 20297: 20295: 20289: 20288: 20286: 20285: 20279: 20272: 20270: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20260: 20254: 20251:Roger B. Taney 20248: 20241: 20239: 20233: 20232: 20230: 20229: 20223: 20216: 20214: 20208: 20207: 20205: 20204: 20198: 20195:Roger B. Taney 20192: 20186: 20180: 20173: 20171: 20165: 20164: 20157: 20155: 20153: 20152: 20146: 20140: 20134: 20127: 20125: 20119: 20118: 20114:Andrew Jackson 20103: 20102: 20095: 20088: 20080: 20071: 20070: 20068: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19836: 19834: 19825: 19824: 19822: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19790: 19788: 19777: 19776: 19769: 19767: 19765: 19764: 19758: 19756: 19747: 19746: 19739: 19738: 19731: 19724: 19716: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19607: 19605: 19604:(1947–present) 19599: 19598: 19596: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19480: 19475: 19470: 19465: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19439: 19437: 19431: 19430: 19423: 19421: 19419: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19242: 19240: 19234: 19233: 19225: 19224: 19217: 19210: 19202: 19193: 19192: 19189: 19188: 19186: 19185: 19179: 19176:Smith Thompson 19173: 19167: 19161: 19155: 19148: 19146: 19140: 19139: 19137: 19136: 19130: 19124: 19118: 19112: 19105: 19103: 19097: 19096: 19094: 19093: 19087: 19081: 19075: 19069: 19063: 19057: 19054:William Eustis 19051: 19048:Henry Dearborn 19044: 19042: 19036: 19035: 19033: 19032: 19026: 19020: 19014: 19008: 19001: 18999: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18989: 18983: 18977: 18971: 18965: 18959: 18953: 18946: 18944: 18935: 18929: 18928: 18926: 18925: 18919: 18913: 18910:John W. Taylor 18907: 18901: 18898:Langdon Cheves 18895: 18889: 18883: 18877: 18870: 18868: 18860: 18859: 18857: 18856: 18847: 18838: 18829: 18816: 18803: 18790: 18777: 18764: 18751: 18738: 18724: 18722: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18670: 18664: 18661: 18660: 18653: 18652: 18645: 18638: 18630: 18621: 18620: 18618: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18426: 18424: 18420: 18419: 18412: 18410: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18251: 18249: 18245: 18244: 18237: 18236: 18229: 18222: 18214: 18205: 18204: 18202: 18201: 18196: 18186: 18183: 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Bush 14937: 14927: 14917: 14907: 14897: 14887: 14877: 14867: 14857: 14847: 14837: 14827: 14820:Herbert Hoover 14817: 14807: 14797: 14790:Woodrow Wilson 14787: 14777: 14767: 14757: 14747: 14737: 14727: 14717: 14707: 14697: 14687: 14680:Andrew Johnson 14677: 14667: 14660:James Buchanan 14657: 14647: 14637: 14630:Zachary Taylor 14627: 14617: 14607: 14597: 14587: 14580:Andrew Jackson 14577: 14567: 14557: 14547: 14537: 14527: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14509:Presidents and 14506: 14505: 14498: 14497: 14490: 14483: 14475: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14453: 14452: 14448: 14447: 14433: 14432: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14415: 14396: 14390: 14389: 14384: 14357: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14339: 14336: 14321: 14316: 14312: 14311: 14307: 14306: 14301: 14298: 14289: 14284: 14280: 14279: 14274: 14271: 14260: 14248: 14244: 14243: 14239: 14238: 14233: 14230: 14221: 14216: 14212: 14211: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14198: 14187: 14186: 14181: 14178: 14162: 14157: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14144: 14128: 14123: 14119: 14118: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14103: 14091:Member of the 14088: 14073: 14069: 14068: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14040: 14027: 14026: 14019: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14004: 14002:Hannah Jackson 13999: 13997:Alfred Jackson 13994: 13989: 13984: 13978: 13976: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13962: 13959:John Hutchings 13956: 13950: 13947:Emily Donelson 13944: 13938: 13932: 13926: 13923:Rachel Jackson 13919: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13909: 13901: 13897:Andrew Jackson 13892: 13883: 13876: 13869: 13862: 13855: 13847: 13839: 13832: 13827: 13823:Andrew Jackson 13819: 13815:Andrew Jackson 13811: 13805: 13803: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13778:Tariff of 1833 13775: 13770: 13765: 13763:Tariff of 1832 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13709: 13708: 13706:Senate censure 13698: 13693: 13691:Trail of Tears 13688: 13683: 13681:Indian removal 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13652: 13650: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13544: 13542: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13534: 13522: 13514: 13506: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13487:Andrew Jackson 13483: 13482: 13475: 13468: 13460: 13454: 13453: 13440: 13434: 13432:Avalon Project 13425: 13410: 13401: 13392: 13385: 13384:External links 13382: 13380: 13379: 13365: 13348: 13332: 13312: 13291: 13270: 13246: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13213: 13195:(4): 565–576. 13184: 13166:(2): 237–275. 13155: 13145:(4): 545–558. 13134: 13124:(3): 203–229. 13113: 13103:(3): 236–237. 13092: 13074:(4): 373–393. 13063: 13053:(3): 414–416. 13042: 13007: 12997:(1): 457–488. 12986: 12976:(3): 229–250. 12965: 12955:(4): 291–313. 12944: 12915: 12897:(4): 615–634. 12886: 12849: 12829:(3): 824–830. 12814: 12804:(2): 457–488. 12793: 12792: 12791: 12730: 12704:(3): 249–280. 12693: 12675:(3): 489–501. 12664: 12638:(4): 531–550. 12627: 12606: 12594:10.2307/364198 12588:(3): 339–379. 12577: 12567:(4): 479–492. 12556: 12538:(2): 202–226. 12521: 12503:(4): 519–544. 12492: 12482:(2): 184–196. 12471: 12461:(4): 605–632. 12450: 12421: 12403:(2): 367–388. 12392: 12371: 12331:(3): 641–574. 12320: 12291: 12270: 12260:(2): 184–190. 12249: 12223:(3): 531–550. 12212: 12186:(2): 293–300. 12175: 12154: 12136:(4): 501–530. 12125: 12104: 12090: 12073: 12036: 12007: 11986: 11949: 11931:(2): 249–270. 11920: 11910:(2): 144–157. 11899: 11881:(4): 611–636. 11870: 11841: 11820: 11802:(1): 149–159. 11787: 11766: 11729: 11708: 11683:(4): 326–338. 11665: 11636: 11618:(3): 279–299. 11601: 11575:(2): 245–273. 11564: 11538:(1): 291–308. 11523: 11513:(3): 263–275. 11502: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11433: 11419: 11402: 11388: 11371: 11357: 11340: 11330:. Henry Holt. 11319: 11298: 11284: 11267: 11253: 11236: 11230: 11213: 11199: 11182: 11168: 11151: 11137: 11120: 11106: 11093: 11079: 11066: 11052: 11035: 11021: 11004: 10985: 10971: 10958: 10944: 10927: 10913: 10896: 10882: 10869: 10846: 10827: 10813: 10796: 10775: 10754: 10740: 10734:. Free Press. 10723: 10713:(4): 350–372. 10702: 10688: 10675: 10669: 10652: 10638: 10621: 10607: 10594: 10580: 10567: 10553: 10536: 10522: 10505: 10484: 10470: 10457: 10444: 10430: 10417: 10396: 10382: 10365: 10351: 10334: 10324:. MacMillian. 10313: 10300: 10286: 10269: 10246: 10240: 10227: 10213: 10196: 10182: 10169: 10155: 10142: 10128: 10115: 10101: 10084: 10070: 10053: 10039: 10022: 10008: 9991: 9977: 9960: 9954: 9937: 9923: 9906: 9892: 9873: 9859: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9823: 9813:Andrew Jackson 9803: 9789: 9772: 9758: 9741: 9727: 9707: 9693: 9673: 9659: 9640: 9626: 9613: 9599: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9547:www.c-span.org 9534: 9522: 9499: 9487:The Tennessean 9473: 9450: 9438: 9429:whitehouse.gov 9416: 9400: 9386: 9364: 9352: 9333: 9309: 9277: 9265: 9263:, p. 348. 9249: 9233: 9211: 9171: 9169:, p. 151. 9155: 9139: 9127: 9111: 9099: 9079: 9077:, p. 2–3. 9067: 9065:, p. 273. 9055: 9043: 9041:, p. 218. 9031: 9023:Cheathem 2014a 9015: 9003: 8991: 8989:, p. 615. 8979: 8956: 8940: 8938:, p. 444. 8928: 8926:, p. 160. 8916: 8914:, p. 304. 8904: 8888: 8886:, p. 312. 8876: 8864: 8852: 8840: 8838:, p. 306. 8828: 8816: 8804: 8802:, p. 302. 8792: 8782:, p. 37; 8772: 8770:, p. 297. 8760: 8758:, p. 295. 8748: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8710:, p. 194. 8700: 8688: 8686:, p. 526. 8676: 8674:, p. 345. 8664: 8633: 8621: 8619:, p. 492. 8609: 8597: 8585: 8583:, p. 470. 8573: 8571:, p. 475. 8561: 8549: 8537: 8535:, p. 121. 8525: 8513: 8511:, p. 475. 8501: 8489: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8432:, p. 266. 8422: 8395: 8375: 8363: 8351: 8349:, p. 229. 8339: 8327: 8325:, p. 288. 8315: 8303: 8301:, p. 263. 8291: 8276: 8274:, p. 120. 8259: 8231: 8229:, p. 261. 8219: 8207: 8205:, p. 554. 8195: 8193:, p. 260. 8183: 8171: 8159: 8157:, p. 117. 8144: 8132: 8130:, p. 300. 8120: 8108: 8081: 8069: 8057: 8045: 8033: 8021: 8005: 7993: 7991:, p. 190. 7978: 7974:US Senate 1837 7966: 7964:, p. 377. 7954: 7952:, p. 325. 7942: 7940:, p. 412. 7930: 7918: 7916:, p. 395. 7906: 7894: 7868: 7841: 7839:, p. 393. 7829: 7817: 7805: 7803:, p. 566. 7793: 7781: 7769: 7757: 7755:, p. 103. 7745: 7733: 7731:, p. 328. 7718: 7716:, p. 542. 7706: 7694: 7690:Ratcliffe 2000 7682: 7680:, p. 259. 7670: 7658: 7656:, p. 113. 7641: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7603:, p. 420. 7593: 7591:, p. 218. 7581: 7579:, p. 260. 7569: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7521: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7483:, p. 374. 7473: 7461: 7449: 7437: 7422: 7420:, p. 247. 7410: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7310:Freehling 1966 7302: 7300:, p. 263. 7290: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7228:, p. 7–8. 7218: 7206: 7194: 7190:Freehling 1966 7182: 7170: 7158: 7130: 7128:, p. 206. 7118: 7106: 7104:, p. 536. 7094: 7092:, p. 415. 7082: 7070: 7058: 7056:, p. 353. 7046: 7044:, p. 271. 7034: 7032:, p. 273. 7022: 7020:, p. 110. 7007: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6966:, p. 109. 6956: 6954:, p. 360. 6944: 6942:, p. 141. 6932: 6920: 6908: 6906:, p. 106. 6896: 6894:, p. 276. 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6796: 6784: 6782:, p. 165. 6772: 6760: 6748: 6746:, p. 108. 6731: 6719: 6715:Marszalek 1997 6707: 6695: 6683: 6681:, p. vii. 6679:Marszalek 1997 6671: 6669:, p. 238. 6659: 6647: 6635: 6631:Friedrich 1937 6620: 6618:, p. 278. 6608: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6507: 6495: 6493:, p. 105. 6480: 6478:, p. 150. 6468: 6456: 6444: 6442:, p. 256. 6429: 6417: 6405: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6315: 6311:Marszalek 1997 6303: 6301:, p. 134. 6291: 6289:, p. 197. 6279: 6267: 6265:, p. 126. 6255: 6243: 6241:, p. 246. 6228: 6226:, p. 110. 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6142:, p. 101. 6132: 6130:, p. 490. 6120: 6108: 6106:, p. 195. 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6036: 6024: 6022:, p. 501. 6012: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5898: 5870: 5858: 5856:, p. 518. 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5748:, p. 569. 5735: 5723: 5711: 5709:, p. 321. 5699: 5687: 5675: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5623:, p. 312. 5613: 5601: 5599:, p. 309. 5589: 5587:, p. 337. 5577: 5575:, p. 169. 5565: 5541: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5491:, p. 138. 5481: 5479:, p. 274. 5469: 5467:, p. 254. 5457: 5445: 5443:, p. 247. 5433: 5421: 5419:, p. 118. 5409: 5397: 5385: 5383:, p. 238. 5373: 5361: 5349: 5347:, p. 222. 5337: 5325: 5323:, pp. 27. 5313: 5311:, p. 220. 5301: 5286: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5197:, p. 197. 5187: 5175: 5163: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5109:, p. 184. 5099: 5087: 5064: 5052: 5030: 5028:, p. 179. 5018: 5016:, p. 173. 5006: 5004:, p. 166. 4994: 4992:, p. 175. 4982: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4944:, p. 153. 4934: 4932:, p. 151. 4922: 4920:, p. 120. 4910: 4908:, p. 148. 4898: 4896:, p. 149. 4886: 4869: 4867:, p. 143. 4857: 4855:, p. 138. 4845: 4833: 4810: 4795:Feller, Daniel 4783: 4771: 4769:, p. 224. 4767:Warshauer 2006 4759: 4729: 4703: 4701:, p. 379. 4691: 4676: 4660: 4645: 4643:, p. 123. 4633: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4592:, p. 112. 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4442: 4440:, p. 327. 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4218:, pp. 24. 4208: 4196: 4184: 4182:, p. 104. 4172: 4160: 4154:, p. 12; 4144: 4132: 4120: 4118:, pp. 15. 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4043: 4031: 4029:, p. 257. 4016: 4001: 3989: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3901: 3900: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3880:Vol. X, (1832) 3838: 3837: 3822: 3819: 3800:Harriet Tubman 3752:Age of Jackson 3694: 3691: 3681: 3678: 3664: 3661: 3652:Emily Donelson 3637:Andrew Jackson 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3486: 3483: 3449:Ottoman Empire 3418: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3373: 3370: 3352: 3349: 3313:Main article: 3310: 3307: 3255:Roger B. Taney 3231: 3228: 3162:Main article: 3159: 3156: 3117:Removal Notice 3108: 3105: 3093: 3090: 3059:Tariff of 1832 3010:Main article: 3007: 3004: 2996:Black Hawk War 2994:triggered the 2990:(Fox) and the 2973:Trail of Tears 2934:Horace Greeley 2868:Trail of Tears 2860:Indian removal 2855: 2852: 2810:Margaret Eaton 2790:Main article: 2787: 2784: 2757: 2754: 2691:Main article: 2688: 2685: 2680:Main article: 2677: 2674: 2638:Tariff of 1828 2606: 2603: 2535:stalking horse 2471:Main article: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2409:initiated the 2388:Prospect Bluff 2360:William Croome 2337:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2325:and awarded a 2250:Main article: 2247: 2244: 2183:scorched-earth 2099:John Armstrong 2072:Spanish Empire 2056:United Kingdom 2048:Main article: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2020: 2011: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1944:Horseshoe Bend 1942: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1798:now housed at 1790: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1714: 1711: 1667:Hannah Jackson 1658: 1655: 1590: 1587: 1528:judge-advocate 1524:William Blount 1476:now housed at 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1373: 1370: 1329: 1326: 1166:. He became a 1137:his presidency 1125:Andrew Jackson 1120: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 993:Senate censure 990: 985: 977: 975: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 953: 952: 950:Trail of Tears 945:Indian Removal 942: 940:Maysville veto 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 916: 915: 902: 896: 893: 891: 890: 885: 878: 877: 872: 867: 859: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823:Andrew Jackson 816:a series about 812: 810: 794: 793: 790: 789: 787: 786: 784: 783: 782: 781: 776: 766: 765: 764: 759: 749: 748: 747: 742: 737: 727: 726: 725: 714: 704: 703: 702: 700: 696: 695: 679: 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 650: 648: 644: 643: 638: 637:Branch/service 634: 633: 629: 628: 621: 617: 616: 614: 613: 608: 602: 600: 596: 595: 593: 592: 589: 586: 582: 580: 576: 575: 569: 565: 564: 545: 541: 536: 535: 533: 529: 528: 526: 525: 519: 512: 510: 504: 503: 497: 493: 492: 487: 483: 482: 476:(aged 78) 470: 466: 465: 459:South Carolina 455:North Carolina 448:March 15, 1767 439: 435: 434: 430: 429: 426: 425: 420: 414: 413: 403: 397: 396: 386: 385: 371:Member of the 368: 367: 362: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 335: 334: 328: 327: 319: 313: 312: 310: 309: 301: 292: 290: 284: 283: 278: 272: 271: 261: 260: 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 219: 218: 213: 207: 206: 201: 195: 194: 184: 183: 172: 171: 166: 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 145: 144: 139: 137: 131: 124: 121: 119: 116:Vice President 111: 110: 100: 99: 92: 91: 88: 87: 78: 70: 69: 67:Andrew Jackson 66: 39:Andrew Johnson 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22397: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22301: 22298: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22286: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22276: 22273: 22271: 22268: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22093: 22092: 22090: 22080: 22079:United States 22070: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22056: 22051: 22046: 22044: 22034: 22033: 22030: 22011: 22010: 22001: 21999: 21991: 21990: 21987: 21981: 21978: 21975: 21971: 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21953: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21941: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21931: 21929: 21925: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21890: 21888: 21886: 21882: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21850:James Madison 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21832: 21830: 21826: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21807: 21805: 21802: 21800: 21797: 21796: 21794: 21790: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21733:Spur's Defeat 21731: 21729: 21726: 21725: 21723: 21721: 21716: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21696: 21694: 21692: 21686: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21668: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21646:Henry letters 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21615: 21611: 21607: 21606: 21604: 21602: 21598: 21590: 21587: 21584: 21581: 21578: 21575: 21572: 21569: 21568: 21564: 21560: 21553: 21548: 21546: 21541: 21539: 21534: 21533: 21530: 21518: 21517:Wilbur Wright 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21352:Simon Newcomb 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21312:John Marshall 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21302:James Madison 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21272:Robert E. Lee 21270: 21268: 21267:Sidney Lanier 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21212:Patrick Henry 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21173: 21172:Robert Fulton 21170: 21168: 21165: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21027:Louis Agassiz 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21009: 21006: 21001: 20994: 20989: 20987: 20982: 20980: 20975: 20974: 20971: 20959: 20951: 20949: 20941: 20939: 20931: 20930: 20927: 20915: 20911: 20908: 20905: 20901: 20898: 20895: 20891: 20888: 20885: 20881: 20878: 20875: 20871: 20868: 20865: 20861: 20858: 20855: 20851: 20848: 20845: 20841: 20838: 20835: 20831: 20828: 20825: 20821: 20818: 20815: 20811: 20808: 20805: 20801: 20798: 20795: 20791: 20788: 20785: 20781: 20778: 20775: 20771: 20768: 20765: 20761: 20760:Richard Nixon 20758: 20755: 20751: 20747: 20744: 20741: 20737: 20733: 20730: 20727: 20723: 20720: 20717: 20713: 20710: 20707: 20703: 20700: 20697: 20693: 20690: 20687: 20683: 20682:John W. Davis 20680: 20677: 20673: 20670: 20667: 20663: 20660: 20657: 20653: 20650: 20647: 20643: 20640: 20637: 20633: 20629: 20625: 20622: 20619: 20615: 20612: 20609: 20605: 20602: 20599: 20595: 20592: 20589: 20585: 20582: 20579: 20575: 20572: 20569: 20565: 20562: 20559: 20555: 20552: 20549: 20545: 20542: 20539: 20535: 20532: 20529: 20525: 20522: 20519: 20515: 20512: 20509: 20505: 20502: 20499: 20495: 20492: 20489: 20485: 20482: 20479: 20475: 20472: 20469: 20465: 20462: 20459: 20455: 20451: 20447: 20444: 20441: 20437: 20434: 20431: 20427: 20424: 20421: 20417: 20414: 20411: 20407: 20404: 20401: 20397: 20393: 20390: 20387: 20383: 20380: 20377: 20373: 20370: 20369: 20365: 20361: 20357: 20350: 20345: 20343: 20338: 20336: 20331: 20330: 20327: 20314: 20311: 20308: 20307:Levi Woodbury 20305: 20302: 20299: 20298: 20296: 20294: 20290: 20283: 20280: 20277: 20274: 20273: 20271: 20269: 20265: 20258: 20255: 20252: 20249: 20246: 20243: 20242: 20240: 20238: 20234: 20227: 20224: 20221: 20218: 20217: 20215: 20213: 20209: 20202: 20201:Levi Woodbury 20199: 20196: 20193: 20190: 20187: 20184: 20181: 20178: 20175: 20174: 20172: 20170: 20166: 20150: 20147: 20144: 20141: 20138: 20135: 20132: 20129: 20128: 20126: 20124: 20120: 20115: 20112: 20108: 20101: 20096: 20094: 20089: 20087: 20082: 20081: 20078: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19837: 19835: 19826: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19789: 19787: 19778: 19763: 19760: 19759: 19757: 19748: 19744: 19737: 19732: 19730: 19725: 19723: 19718: 19717: 19714: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19608: 19606: 19600: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19440: 19438: 19432: 19427: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19243: 19241: 19235: 19231: 19223: 19218: 19216: 19211: 19209: 19204: 19203: 19200: 19183: 19180: 19177: 19174: 19171: 19168: 19165: 19164:William Jones 19162: 19159: 19158:Paul Hamilton 19156: 19153: 19150: 19149: 19147: 19145: 19141: 19134: 19131: 19128: 19125: 19122: 19119: 19116: 19113: 19110: 19107: 19106: 19104: 19102: 19098: 19091: 19088: 19085: 19084:George Graham 19082: 19079: 19076: 19073: 19070: 19067: 19064: 19061: 19058: 19055: 19052: 19049: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19041: 19037: 19030: 19027: 19024: 19023:William Jones 19021: 19018: 19015: 19012: 19009: 19006: 19003: 19002: 19000: 18998: 18994: 18987: 18984: 18981: 18978: 18975: 18972: 18969: 18966: 18963: 18962:James Madison 18960: 18957: 18954: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18943: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18930: 18923: 18920: 18917: 18914: 18911: 18908: 18905: 18902: 18899: 18896: 18893: 18890: 18887: 18884: 18881: 18878: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18869: 18867: 18861: 18855: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18824: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18811: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18798: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18785: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18772: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18746: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18733: 18729: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18721: 18715: 18709: 18708:Tertium quids 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18665: 18662: 18658: 18651: 18646: 18644: 18639: 18637: 18632: 18631: 18628: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18421: 18416: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18252: 18250: 18246: 18242: 18235: 18230: 18228: 18223: 18221: 18216: 18215: 18212: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18184: 18174: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18152: 18148: 18142: 18141: 18140:Amos Ellmaker 18136: 18134: 18133: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18115: 18110: 18100: 18099: 18094: 18092: 18091: 18086: 18085: 18083: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18073: 18068: 18058: 18057: 18056:John Sergeant 18052: 18050: 18049: 18044: 18043: 18041: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18031: 18026: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18005: 18004: 18002: 17998: 17992: 17991: 17986: 17983: 17982: 17977: 17976: 17974: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17950: 17946: 17938: 17933: 17931: 17926: 17924: 17919: 17918: 17915: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17887: 17877: 17876: 17871: 17868: 17867: 17862: 17861: 17859: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17849: 17844: 17833: 17832: 17827: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17818: 17817: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17773: 17768: 17766: 17761: 17759: 17754: 17753: 17750: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17718: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17699: 17697: 17693: 17683: 17682: 17677: 17675: 17674: 17669: 17668: 17666: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17656:Tertium quids 17653: 17643: 17642: 17637: 17635: 17634: 17629: 17628: 17626: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17613: 17603: 17602: 17598: 17596: 17595: 17590: 17589: 17583: 17582: 17578: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17548: 17541: 17536: 17532: 17528: 17520: 17515: 17513: 17508: 17506: 17501: 17500: 17497: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17459:Superdelegate 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17435: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17413: 17410: 17409: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17389: 17387: 17383: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17343: 17341: 17337: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17305: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17283: 17282: 17281:Senate Caucus 17279: 17278: 17276: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17261: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17209:West Virginia 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17114:New Hampshire 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17074:Massachusetts 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16967: 16959: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16687: 16685: 16683: 16676: 16669: 16666: 16663: 16660: 16657: 16654: 16651: 16648: 16645: 16642: 16639: 16636: 16633: 16630: 16627: 16624: 16621: 16618: 16615: 16612: 16609: 16606: 16603: 16600: 16597: 16594: 16591: 16588: 16585: 16582: 16579: 16576: 16573: 16570: 16567: 16564: 16561: 16558: 16555: 16552: 16549: 16546: 16543: 16540: 16537: 16534: 16531: 16528: 16525: 16522: 16519: 16516: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16507: 16505: 16497: 16491: 16484: 16481: 16478: 16475: 16472: 16469: 16466: 16463: 16460: 16457: 16454: 16451: 16448: 16445: 16442: 16439: 16436: 16433: 16430: 16427: 16424: 16421: 16418: 16415: 16412: 16409: 16406: 16403: 16400: 16397: 16394: 16391: 16388: 16385: 16382: 16379: 16376: 16373: 16370: 16367: 16364: 16361: 16358: 16355: 16352: 16349: 16346: 16343: 16340: 16337: 16334: 16330: 16327: 16324: 16321: 16318: 16315: 16312: 16309: 16306: 16303: 16300: 16297: 16294: 16291: 16288: 16285: 16282: 16279: 16276: 16273: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16262: 16253: 16248: 16242: 16235: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16223: 16220: 16217: 16214: 16211: 16210:L. B. Johnson 16208: 16205: 16202: 16199: 16196: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16182: 16179: 16176: 16173: 16170: 16167: 16164: 16161: 16158: 16155: 16152: 16149: 16146: 16143: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16116: 16113: 16112: 16111: 16107: 16103: 16100: 16096: 16093: 16092: 16091: 16087: 16083: 16080: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16056: 16053: 16052: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16031: 16027: 16023: 16022:2008 (Denver) 16020: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16007: 16003: 16002:2004 (Boston) 16000: 15996: 15993: 15992: 15991: 15987: 15983: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15960: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15951: 15947: 15943: 15940: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15931: 15927: 15923: 15920: 15916: 15913: 15912: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15900: 15896: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15876: 15873: 15872: 15871: 15867: 15863: 15860: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15827: 15826: 15822: 15818: 15815: 15811: 15808: 15807: 15806: 15802: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15782: 15778: 15775: 15771: 15768: 15767: 15766: 15762: 15758: 15755: 15751: 15748: 15747: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15735: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15726: 15722: 15718: 15715: 15711: 15708: 15707: 15706: 15702: 15698: 15695: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15682: 15678: 15675: 15671: 15668: 15667: 15666: 15662: 15658: 15655: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15615: 15611: 15608: 15607: 15606: 15602: 15598: 15595: 15591: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15555: 15551: 15548: 15547: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15524:1908 (Denver) 15522: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15425: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15412: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15379: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15334: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15295: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15282: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15244: 15235: 15228: 15222: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15189: 15186: 15185: 15182: 15178: 15169: 15164: 15162: 15157: 15155: 15150: 15149: 15146: 15134: 15126: 15124: 15116: 15115: 15112: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15080:G. H. W. Bush 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15055:L. B. Johnson 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14992: 14990: 14984: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14965: 14961: 14958: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14928: 14925: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14911: 14910:Ronald Reagan 14908: 14905: 14901: 14898: 14895: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14881: 14880:Richard Nixon 14878: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14851: 14848: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14805: 14801: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14785: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14771: 14768: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14741: 14738: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14715: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14671: 14668: 14665: 14661: 14658: 14655: 14651: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14625: 14621: 14620:James K. Polk 14618: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14605: 14601: 14598: 14595: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14571: 14568: 14565: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14551: 14550:James Madison 14548: 14545: 14541: 14538: 14535: 14531: 14528: 14525: 14521: 14518: 14517: 14513: 14507: 14503: 14496: 14491: 14489: 14484: 14482: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14467: 14460: 14444: 14443:1824 election 14441:split in the 14440: 14434: 14430: 14425: 14421: 14414: 14410: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14395: 14391: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14382: 14378: 14374: 14368: 14364: 14362: 14355: 14349: 14344: 14333: 14331: 14327: 14319: 14313: 14308: 14304: 14295: 14294: 14287: 14281: 14277: 14268: 14265: 14258: 14257: 14251: 14245: 14240: 14236: 14227: 14226: 14219: 14213: 14208: 14204: 14195: 14194: 14191:Chair of the 14188: 14184: 14177: 14176: 14168: 14167: 14160: 14159:John Williams 14154: 14150: 14143: 14142: 14134: 14133: 14126: 14125:William Cocke 14120: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14100: 14099: 14094: 14086: 14085: 14084: 14076: 14070: 14067: 14063: 14058: 14051: 14039: 14038: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14020: 14018: 14017: 14013: 14012: 14009: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13973: 13966: 13963: 13960: 13957: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13943:(adopted son) 13942: 13939: 13937:(adopted son) 13936: 13933: 13931:(adopted son) 13930: 13927: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13908: 13907: 13902: 13900: 13898: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13884: 13882: 13881: 13877: 13875: 13874: 13870: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13861: 13860: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13851:The Buccaneer 13848: 13845: 13844: 13843:The Buccaneer 13840: 13838: 13837: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13820: 13818: 13816: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13788:Panic of 1837 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13666:Spoils system 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13645: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13603:Seminole Wars 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13568:Fort Strother 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13558:The Hermitage 13556: 13554: 13553:Hunter's Hill 13551: 13549: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13539: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13496: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13481: 13476: 13474: 13469: 13467: 13462: 13461: 13458: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13437:The Hermitage 13435: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13418: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13366:9780385081702 13362: 13357: 13356: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13301: 13297: 13292: 13280: 13276: 13271: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13222: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12916: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12794: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12557: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12528: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12372: 12368: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12111: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11995: 11994: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11671: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11641:The Historian 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11420:9780809066315 11416: 11411: 11410: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11389:9780061330285 11385: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11358:9780306822650 11354: 11349: 11348: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11327: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11307: 11306: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11276: 11275: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11254:9780316773430 11250: 11245: 11244: 11237: 11233: 11231:9780803208230 11227: 11222: 11221: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11196: 11191: 11190: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11138:9780807116425 11134: 11129: 11128: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11107:9780313360428 11103: 11099: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11044: 11043: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11018: 11013: 11012: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10964: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10936: 10935: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10914:9781612346052 10910: 10905: 10904: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10883:9781444335415 10879: 10875: 10870: 10866: 10854: 10853: 10847: 10835: 10834: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10805: 10804: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10783: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10732: 10731: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10689:9780300189988 10685: 10681: 10676: 10672: 10666: 10661: 10660: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10639:9781594162091 10635: 10632:. Westholme. 10630: 10629: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10604: 10600: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10581:9780230307063 10577: 10573: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10545: 10544: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10514: 10513: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10493: 10492: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10431:9780807073780 10427: 10423: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10405: 10404: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10352:9780195076813 10348: 10343: 10342: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10322: 10321: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10287:9780195345155 10283: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10233: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10214:9780806128368 10210: 10205: 10204: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10183:9780807151006 10179: 10175: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10156:9781606350980 10152: 10148: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10129:9781440860409 10125: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10093: 10092: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10071:9780199828005 10067: 10062: 10061: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10040:9780385519588 10036: 10033:. Doubleday. 10031: 10030: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10000: 9999: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9969: 9968: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9946: 9945: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9915: 9914: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9893:9780717800032 9889: 9885: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9860:9781444335415 9856: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9808: 9807:Wilentz, Sean 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9781: 9780: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9750: 9749: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9719: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9652: 9647: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9591: 9590: 9584: 9583:Brands, H. W. 9580: 9579: 9571: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9531: 9526: 9510: 9503: 9488: 9484: 9477: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9409: 9404: 9396: 9390: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9368: 9361: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9313: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9281: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9243:, p. 6; 9242: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9187:Garrison 2002 9184: 9180: 9179:Anderson 2016 9175: 9168: 9165:, p. 5; 9164: 9163:Cheathem 2013 9159: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9097:, p. 82. 9096: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9040: 9035: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9012: 9007: 9000: 8995: 8988: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8885: 8880: 8873: 8868: 8861: 8856: 8850:, p. 19. 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8826:, p. 36. 8825: 8824:Borneman 2008 8820: 8813: 8808: 8801: 8796: 8789: 8786:, p. 7; 8785: 8781: 8776: 8769: 8764: 8757: 8752: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8668: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8625: 8618: 8613: 8606: 8601: 8594: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8565: 8558: 8553: 8546: 8541: 8534: 8529: 8522: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8498: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8454:Schwartz 1993 8450: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8347:Stenberg 1934 8343: 8336: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8313:, p. 63. 8312: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8289:, p. 51. 8288: 8283: 8281: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8169:, p. 43. 8168: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8128:Aptheker 1943 8124: 8118:, p. 25. 8117: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8043:, p. 48. 8042: 8041:Rousseau 2002 8037: 8030: 8025: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8002: 8001:Rousseau 2002 7997: 7990: 7985: 7983: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7939: 7934: 7927: 7926:Rousseau 2002 7922: 7915: 7910: 7903: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7877:"Our History" 7872: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7833: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7791:, p. 54. 7790: 7785: 7779:, p. 62. 7778: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7743:, p. 26. 7742: 7737: 7730: 7725: 7723: 7715: 7710: 7704:, p. 63. 7703: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7674: 7668:, p. 54. 7667: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7633: 7626: 7621: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7553:Campbell 2016 7549: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7529:Campbell 2016 7525: 7518: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7457:Campbell 2016 7453: 7446: 7441: 7435:, p. 74. 7434: 7429: 7427: 7419: 7414: 7408:, p. 42. 7407: 7402: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7348:, p. 22. 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7298:Bergeron 1976 7294: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7252:, p. 29. 7251: 7246: 7239: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7216:, p. 64. 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7166:Whapples 2014 7162: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7004: 6999: 6997: 6989: 6984: 6978:, p. 66. 6977: 6972: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6858:, p. 12. 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6770:, p. 24. 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6668: 6663: 6657:, p. 61. 6656: 6651: 6645:, p. 51. 6644: 6639: 6633:, p. 14. 6632: 6627: 6625: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6598: 6591:, p. 56. 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6555:, p. 55. 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6472: 6466:, p. 46. 6465: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6323:Cheathem 2014 6319: 6313:, p. 16. 6312: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6202:, p. 49. 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6178:, p. 47. 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6154:, p. 46. 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6128:Phillips 1976 6124: 6118:, p. 45. 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6082:, p. 38. 6081: 6076: 6070:, p. 67. 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6028: 6021: 6020:Phillips 1976 6016: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5947:, p. 39. 5946: 5945:Burstein 2003 5941: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5911:, p. 40. 5910: 5905: 5903: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5820:, p. 66. 5819: 5814: 5808:, p. 64. 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5772:, p. 26. 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5733:, p. 36. 5732: 5727: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5685:, p. 32. 5684: 5679: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5455:, p. 29. 5454: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5407:, p. 28. 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5359:, p. 26. 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5335:, p. 87. 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5299:, p. 81. 5298: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5269:, p. 79. 5268: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5173:, p. 40. 5172: 5167: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5133:, p. 23. 5132: 5127: 5121:, p. 23. 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4980:, p. 72. 4979: 4974: 4968:, p. 46. 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4884:, p. 27. 4883: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4843:, p. 35. 4842: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4779:Cheathem 2011 4775: 4768: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4658:, p. 21. 4657: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4631:, p. 25. 4630: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4544:, p. 73. 4543: 4538: 4532:, p. 68. 4531: 4526: 4520:, p. 65. 4519: 4514: 4508:, p. 62. 4507: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4480:, p. 63. 4479: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4438:Cheathem 2011 4434: 4427: 4422: 4416:, p. 24. 4415: 4410: 4404:, p. 87. 4403: 4398: 4392:, p. 53. 4391: 4386: 4380:, p. 19. 4379: 4374: 4372: 4365:, p. 18. 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4341:, p. 37. 4340: 4335: 4329:, p. 34. 4328: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4290:, p. 37. 4289: 4284: 4278:, p. 29. 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4254:, p. 27. 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4206:, p. 17. 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4170:, p. 15. 4169: 4164: 4158:, p. 21. 4157: 4153: 4148: 4142:, p. 17. 4141: 4136: 4130:, p. 24. 4129: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4106:, p. 47. 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4082:, p. 16. 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4058:, p. 16. 4057: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4041:, p. 11. 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4013: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3811:opinion polls 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3690: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3620: 3609:Personal life 3606: 3603: 3602:heart failure 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3587:James K. Polk 3584: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3412: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3388:agitated for 3387: 3382: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3337:Panic of 1837 3330: 3327:published by 3326: 3325:Panic of 1837 3321: 3316: 3315:Panic of 1837 3309:Panic of 1837 3306: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3295:Levi Woodbury 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:English Whigs 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3224:John B. Floyd 3219: 3217: 3216:National Road 3213: 3207: 3205: 3204:Amos Ellmaker 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:John Sergeant 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930:John Marshall 2928: 2927:Chief Justice 2924: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2780:spoils system 2777: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2762:Spoils system 2753: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2709:'s portrait, 2708: 2704: 2703:A. H. Ritchie 2699: 2694: 2683: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2551:John Williams 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Panic of 1819 2500: 2495: 2488: 2479: 2474: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2396:Duncan Clinch 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2366:by John Frost 2365: 2361: 2357: 2345: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2312:Hall arrested 2309: 2308: 2307:habeas corpus 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2258: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2209:James Madison 2206: 2205:major general 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:Fort Strother 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121:Willie Blount 2117: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2027: 2018: 2009: 1997: 1991: 1984: 1972: 1965: 1951: 1939: 1927: 1920: 1906: 1899: 1887: 1880:Ft. Barrancas 1875: 1868: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1774: 1766: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1706:paternalistic 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1629:, criticized 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1607:Natchez Trace 1604: 1603:Mero District 1595: 1586: 1584: 1583:Hunter's Hill 1580: 1579:Lewis Robards 1576: 1575:John Donelson 1571: 1569: 1568:Natchez Trace 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:social status 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1479: 1478:The Hermitage 1475: 1470: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403:, dying from 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350:County Antrim 1347: 1346:Carrickfergus 1343: 1339: 1338:Presbyterians 1335: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:James K. Polk 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295:national debt 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192:the Hermitage 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145:U.S. Congress 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1070:The Hermitage 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1028:Panic of 1837 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 983:1832 election 981: 980: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 951: 948: 947: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 930:Spoils system 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 914: 911: 910: 909: 908:1828 campaign 906: 905: 899: 889: 886: 884: 883:1824 election 881: 880: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 855: 854:Personal life 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 834: 825: 811: 808: 804: 803: 800: 799: 791: 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 770: 767: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 724: 721: 720: 719: 716: 715: 713: 712: 708: 701: 697: 693: 688: 683: 680: 676: 669: 665: 662: 658: 655: 654:Major general 652: 651: 649: 645: 642: 639: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 601: 597: 590: 587: 584: 583: 581: 577: 574: 571:2, including 570: 566: 539: 534: 530: 523: 520: 518:(before 1825) 517: 514: 513: 511: 505: 501: 498: 494: 491: 490:The Hermitage 488: 486:Resting place 484: 480: 471: 467: 464: 460: 456: 452: 440: 436: 431: 427: 424: 421: 415: 411: 407: 404: 398: 392: 387: 382: 375: 369: 366: 363: 357: 353: 347: 341: 336: 333: 329: 323: 320: 314: 305: 302: 297: 294: 293: 291: 285: 282: 279: 273: 267: 262: 259: 255: 252: 249: 243: 240: 239:William Cocke 237: 231: 225: 220: 217: 214: 208: 205: 204:John Williams 202: 196: 190: 185: 182: 177: 173: 170: 167: 161: 158: 155: 149: 138: 135: 132: 127: 123: 122: 120: 117: 112: 106: 101: 98: 93: 89: 76: 71: 64: 61: 57: 55: 50: 49: 40: 33: 19: 22008: 21934:Bibliography 21844: 21768:Lundy's Lane 21699:Northwestern 21688:Theaters and 21666: 21656:Rule of 1756 21613: 21609: 21492:Emma Willard 21477:Walt Whitman 21447:Lillian Wald 21417:Joseph Story 21377:William Penn 21357:Thomas Paine 21332:James Monroe 21241: 21227:Mark Hopkins 21207:Joseph Henry 21127:Peter Cooper 21107:Rufus Choate 21062:Daniel Boone 21047:Clara Barton 20910:Donald Trump 20810:Jimmy Carter 20672:James M. Cox 20425: 20282:Amos Kendall 20183:Louis McLane 20149:John Forsyth 20143:Louis McLane 20113: 19831:(since 1845) 19781:Territorial 19761: 19260: 19152:Robert Smith 19133:William Wirt 19066:James Monroe 18974:James Monroe 18968:Robert Smith 18933:U.S. Cabinet 18831: 18718:Presidential 18469: 18259: 18189: 18169: 18165:Richard Rush 18156: 18137: 18132:William Wirt 18129: 18112: 18095: 18087: 18070: 18053: 18045: 18028: 18006: 17987: 17980: 17978: 17961: 17953:1836 → 17945:← 1828 17892: 17875:Richard Rush 17872: 17863: 17846: 17828: 17815: 17813: 17796: 17788:1832 → 17780:← 1824 17723: 17678: 17670: 17638: 17632: 17630: 17599: 17591: 17579: 17571: 17543: 17535:1828 → 17527:← 1820 17298:House Caucus 17174:South Dakota 17164:Rhode Island 17159:Pennsylvania 17139:North Dakota 16269:A. Stevenson 16127:Presidential 15761:Stevenson II 15741:Stevenson II 15367:Breckinridge 15350:Breckinridge 15297: 15267: 15254: 15241:presidential 15232:presidential 15005:T. Roosevelt 14974:2021–present 14960:Donald Trump 14950:Barack Obama 14930:Bill Clinton 14900:Jimmy Carter 14579: 14560:James Monroe 14511:presidencies 14428: 14398: 14393: 14386: 14371: 14359: 14354:James Monroe 14326:Grand Master 14323: 14291: 14262: 14255: 14254: 14223: 14190: 14173: 14164: 14149:Daniel Smith 14139: 14130: 14090: 14080: 14079: 14030: 14021: 14014: 13905: 13896: 13887: 13878: 13871: 13864: 13857: 13849: 13841: 13834: 13822: 13814: 13802:Public image 13486: 13447: 13354: 13324:. Retrieved 13304:. Retrieved 13300:the original 13283:. Retrieved 13264:February 21, 13262:. Retrieved 13253: 13238:. 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ABC-CLIO. 11097: 11070: 11041: 11010: 10990: 10962: 10933: 10902: 10873: 10864: 10857:. Retrieved 10851: 10838:. Retrieved 10832: 10802: 10781: 10760: 10729: 10710: 10706: 10679: 10658: 10627: 10601:. ABC-CLIO. 10598: 10571: 10542: 10511: 10490: 10461: 10450: 10421: 10402: 10371: 10340: 10319: 10306: 10275: 10256: 10231: 10202: 10173: 10146: 10122:. ABC-CLIO. 10119: 10090: 10059: 10028: 9997: 9966: 9943: 9912: 9883: 9850: 9812: 9778: 9747: 9716: 9682: 9677:Meacham, Jon 9650: 9617: 9588: 9564:Bibliography 9550:. Retrieved 9546: 9537: 9525: 9513:. Retrieved 9502: 9490:. 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Retrieved 7855:Planet Money 7854: 7844: 7832: 7825:Knodell 2006 7820: 7808: 7801:Knodell 2006 7796: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748: 7736: 7729:Schmidt 1955 7714:Knodell 2006 7709: 7697: 7685: 7678:Ericson 1995 7673: 7661: 7637:Jackson 1966 7632: 7620: 7608: 7601:Meacham 2008 7596: 7589:Meacham 2008 7584: 7577:Baptist 2016 7572: 7565:Wilentz 2005 7560: 7548: 7541:Perkins 1987 7536: 7524: 7517:Perkins 1987 7512: 7505:Sellers 1954 7500: 7488: 7481:Hammond 1957 7476: 7464: 7452: 7440: 7433:Wilentz 2005 7418:Meacham 2008 7413: 7401: 7394:Ericson 1995 7389: 7382:Meacham 2008 7377: 7370:Feerick 1965 7365: 7358:Jackson 1832 7353: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7245: 7238:Wilentz 2005 7233: 7221: 7214:Wilentz 2005 7209: 7202:Brogdon 2011 7197: 7192:, p. 6. 7185: 7178:Wilentz 2005 7173: 7161: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7078:Haveman 2009 7073: 7061: 7049: 7037: 7025: 6983: 6976:Wallace 1993 6971: 6959: 6952:Parsons 1973 6947: 6940:Wilentz 2005 6935: 6923: 6916:Berutti 1992 6911: 6904:Greeley 1864 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6832:Wallace 1993 6827: 6820:Parsons 1973 6815: 6799: 6787: 6780:Meacham 2008 6775: 6763: 6751: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6691:Meacham 2008 6686: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6611: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6553:Wilentz 2005 6548: 6541:Jackson 1829 6536: 6524:. 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Retrieved 4295: 4283: 4271: 4264:Booraem 2001 4259: 4247: 4242:, p. 9. 4240:Wilentz 2005 4235: 4223: 4211: 4204:Wilentz 2005 4199: 4187: 4180:Booraem 2001 4175: 4168:Wilentz 2005 4163: 4152:Meacham 2008 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4104:Booraem 2001 4099: 4094:, p. 6. 4087: 4080:Wilentz 2005 4075: 4063: 4039:Meacham 2008 4034: 4014:, p. 2. 3992: 3980: 3957: 3939: 3894: 3830: 3808: 3792:Barack Obama 3787:Donald Trump 3775: 3764: 3751: 3744: 3725: 3717:Charles Keck 3683: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3649: 3633:Daniel Smith 3629: 3623: 3598:tuberculosis 3591: 3576: 3561: 3545: 3526:admit them. 3524: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3468: 3453: 3434: 3430:since 1929. 3395:sectionalism 3383: 3375: 3362: 3334: 3299: 3280: 3260: 3247: 3220: 3208: 3200:William Wirt 3177: 3151:Louis McLane 3147: 3139: 3126: 3067: 3056: 3048: 3035: 3000: 2977: 2946: 2939: 2920: 2913: 2898: 2840:Amos Kendall 2832: 2815: 2801: 2769: 2765: 2746:U.S. Capitol 2718: 2687:Inauguration 2670: 2658: 2634: 2626: 2567: 2560: 2540: 2531: 2515:Grand Master 2504: 2487:Thomas Sully 2444:declared war 2420: 2416:James Monroe 2400: 2385: 2369: 2363: 2320: 2305: 2298: 2286: 2282:Jean Lafitte 2271: 2224:West Florida 2217: 2195: 2191:East Florida 2168: 2152:Fayetteville 2149: 2118: 2107: 2076: 2053: 1956:Emuckfaw and 1791: 1758:Daniel Smith 1751: 1723: 1716: 1691: 1676: 1636: 1612: 1572: 1548:slave trader 1538:that opened 1532:John Overton 1517: 1509:Jonesborough 1501:John McNairy 1486: 1459:Early career 1441:prison ships 1421: 1394: 1380: 1366: 1358: 1331: 1303: 1260: 1157: 1124: 1123: 1080:Bibliography 849:Early career 821: 706: 699:Battles/wars 509:affiliations 474:(1845-06-08) 472:June 8, 1845 418:Succeeded by 390: 365:John Overton 360:Succeeded by 354:Howell Tatum 339: 317:Succeeded by 281:James Monroe 276:Appointed by 265: 251:Daniel Smith 246:Succeeded by 223: 211:Succeeded by 188: 164:Succeeded by 133: 104: 60: 53: 47: 22105:1845 deaths 22100:1767 births 21860:Robert Ross 21835:Isaac Brock 21792:Involvement 21783:New Orleans 21773:Bladensburg 21753:Chateauguay 21743:Beaver Dams 21667:Little Belt 21582:Involvement 21559:War of 1812 21482:Eli Whitney 21387:Walter Reed 21307:Horace Mann 21067:Edwin Booth 21022:Jane Addams 20890:Mitt Romney 20880:John McCain 20800:Gerald Ford 20315:(1834–1837) 20309:(1831–1834) 20303:(1829–1831) 20301:John Branch 20284:(1835–1837) 20278:(1829–1835) 20259:(1833–1837) 20253:(1831–1833) 20247:(1829–1831) 20228:(1831–1836) 20222:(1829–1831) 20203:(1834–1837) 20197:(1833–1834) 20185:(1831–1833) 20179:(1829–1831) 20151:(1834–1837) 20145:(1833–1834) 20139:(1831–1833) 20133:(1829–1831) 20116:(1829–1837) 19626:Saltonstall 19483:R. Williams 19436:(1816–1947) 19391:Chamberlain 19256:J. Williams 19246:J. Williams 19239:(1816–1947) 19184:(1823–1825) 19178:(1819–1823) 19172:(1815–1818) 19166:(1813–1814) 19160:(1809–1813) 19154:(1801–1809) 19135:(1817–1825) 19129:(1811–1814) 19123:(1807–1811) 19117:(1805–1806) 19111:(1801–1805) 19092:(1817–1825) 19086:(1816–1817) 19080:(1815–1816) 19068:(1814–1815) 19062:(1813–1814) 19056:(1809–1813) 19050:(1801–1809) 19031:(1816–1825) 19019:(1814–1816) 19007:(1801–1814) 18988:(1817–1825) 18980:John Graham 18976:(1811–1817) 18970:(1809–1811) 18964:(1801–1809) 18952:(1790–1794) 18924:(1823–1825) 18918:(1821–1823) 18912:(1820–1821) 18906:(1815–1820) 18900:(1814–1815) 18894:(1811–1814) 18888:(1807–1811) 18882:(1801–1807) 18876:(1793–1795) 18480:A. Anderson 18435:J. Anderson 18270:J. Anderson 18130:President: 18088:President: 18046:President: 17984:(incumbent) 17979:President: 17869:(incumbent) 17864:President: 17834:(incumbent) 17814:President: 17671:President: 17631:President: 17572:President: 17339:Fundraising 17244:Puerto Rico 17089:Mississippi 17004:Connecticut 16964:territorial 16664:(2005–2017) 16658:(1995–2005) 16652:(1989–1995) 16646:(1977–1989) 16640:(1961–1977) 16634:(1953–1961) 16628:(1951–1953) 16622:(1949–1951) 16616:(1937–1949) 16610:(1923–1937) 16604:(1920–1923) 16598:(1919–1920) 16592:(1917–1919) 16586:(1913–1917) 16580:(1911–1913) 16574:(1909–1911) 16568:(1907–1909) 16562:(1906–1907) 16556:(1903–1906) 16550:(1899–1903) 16548:J. K. Jones 16544:(1898–1899) 16538:(1890–1898) 16532:(1885–1890) 16526:(1881–1885) 16520:(1877–1881) 16514:(1873–1877) 16494:U.S. Senate 16479:(2003–2023) 16473:(1995–2003) 16467:(1989–1995) 16461:(1987–1989) 16455:(1977–1987) 16449:(1971–1977) 16443:(1962–1971) 16437:(1940–1961) 16431:(1936–1940) 16425:(1935–1936) 16419:(1933–1934) 16413:(1929–1933) 16407:(1923–1929) 16401:(1921–1923) 16395:(1909–1921) 16389:(1903–1909) 16383:(1897–1903) 16377:(1895–1897) 16371:(1891–1895) 16365:(1889–1891) 16359:(1883–1889) 16353:(1876–1881) 16347:(1875–1876) 16341:(1873–1875) 16335:(1869–1871) 16325:(1859–1861) 16319:(1857–1859) 16313:(1855–1857) 16311:G. W. Jones 16307:(1851–1855) 16301:(1849–1851) 16295:(1845–1847) 16289:(1843–1845) 16287:J. W. Jones 16283:(1835–1839) 16277:(1834–1835) 16271:(1827–1834) 16230:(2009–2017) 16224:(1993–2001) 16218:(1977–1981) 16212:(1963–1969) 16206:(1961–1963) 16200:(1945–1953) 16186:Roosevelt ( 16183:(1913–1921) 16171:(1868–1869) 16165:(1857–1861) 16159:(1853–1857) 16153:(1845–1849) 16147:(1837–1841) 16141:(1829–1837) 15506:Stevenson I 15480:Stevenson I 15251:1828 (None) 15227:conventions 14890:Gerald Ford 14116:U.S. Senate 14075:James White 13532:(1796–1797) 13504:(1829–1837) 13240:January 15, 13226:Binns, John 13022:: 417–429. 12741:(2): 1–30. 12617:(1): 3–36. 12281:(1): 2–15. 11740:(4): 6–31. 11351:. De Capo. 9575:Biographies 9492:December 7, 9360:Brands 2008 9329:Perdue 2012 9319:, pp. 9317:Ostler 2019 9295:, pp. 9245:Remini 1990 9241:Perdue 2012 9183:Carson 2008 9149:, pp. 9119:Murphy 2013 9075:Nester 2013 9051:Remini 1990 9039:Watson 2017 9011:Turner 1920 8950:, pp. 8936:Remini 1984 8872:Remini 1977 8784:Remini 1977 8768:Brands 2005 8708:Remini 1977 8696:Remini 1977 8684:Remini 1984 8617:Remini 1984 8593:Remini 1984 8581:Remini 1984 8569:Brands 2005 8557:Remini 1984 8533:Latner 2002 8521:Remini 1984 8442:Remini 1984 8430:Remini 1984 8323:Remini 1984 8311:Thomas 1976 8287:Thomas 1976 8272:Latner 2002 8227:Remini 1984 8215:Remini 1984 8203:Brands 2005 8191:Remini 1984 8155:Latner 2002 8116:McFaul 1975 8065:Remini 1984 8053:Nester 2013 7962:Remini 1984 7861:January 15, 7813:Gatell 1964 7741:Gatell 1967 7654:Latner 2002 7625:Gammon 1922 7613:Latner 2002 7493:Meyers 1960 7445:Latner 2002 7406:Remini 1984 7346:Remini 1984 7286:Remini 1981 7274:Brands 2005 7140:, pp. 7138:Ostler 2019 7102:Brands 2005 7042:Remini 1981 7030:Remini 1981 7018:Latner 2002 6964:Latner 2002 6892:Remini 1981 6792:Latner 1978 6756:Remini 1984 6744:Latner 2002 6577:Remini 1981 6565:Gilman 1995 6491:Latner 2002 6476:Remini 1981 6464:Boller 2004 6452:Brands 2005 6413:Howell 2010 6347:Howell 2010 6335:Boller 2004 6299:Remini 1977 6287:Koenig 1964 6275:Koenig 1964 6224:Remini 1981 6164:Remini 1981 6104:Morgan 1969 6092:Remini 1981 6068:Remini 1981 6056:Brands 2005 6044:Remini 1981 5984:Remini 1981 5933:Remini 1981 5921:Brands 2005 5758:Porter 1951 5746:Wright 1968 5707:Remini 1977 5695:Owsley 1981 5633:Tregle 1981 5621:Remini 1977 5609:Tregle 1981 5597:Remini 1977 5585:Tregle 1981 5573:Owsley 1981 5525:Remini 1977 5501:Owsley 1981 5489:Owsley 1981 5477:Remini 1977 5465:Remini 1977 5441:Remini 1977 5429:Remini 1977 5417:Owsley 1981 5393:Owsley 1981 5381:Remini 1977 5369:Remini 1977 5345:Remini 1977 5333:Owsley 1981 5309:Brands 2005 5297:Owsley 1981 5267:Owsley 1981 5255:Owsley 1981 5231:Owsley 1981 5219:Remini 1977 5207:Owsley 1981 5195:Brands 2005 5183:Remini 1977 5171:Owsley 1981 5159:Owsley 1981 5143:Owsley 1981 5107:Brands 2005 5026:Brands 2005 5014:Remini 1977 5002:Remini 1977 4990:Brands 2005 4978:Hickey 1989 4966:Hickey 1989 4954:Brands 2005 4942:Remini 1977 4930:Remini 1977 4918:Brands 2005 4906:Remini 1977 4894:Remini 1977 4865:Remini 1977 4853:Brands 2005 4699:Remini 1977 4687:Remini 1977 4641:Remini 1977 4614:Brands 2005 4590:Remini 1977 4578:Brands 2005 4566:Remini 1977 4542:Brands 2005 4530:Remini 1977 4518:Brands 2005 4506:Remini 1977 4478:Brands 2005 4466:Owsley 1977 4450:Remini 1991 4426:Durham 1990 4402:Remini 1977 4390:Remini 1977 4339:Remini 1977 4327:Remini 1977 4288:Brands 2005 4276:Remini 1977 4252:Remini 1977 4228:Brands 2005 4216:Remini 1977 4192:Remini 1977 4156:Remini 1977 4140:Remini 1977 4128:Brands 2005 4116:Remini 1977 4092:Remini 1977 4068:Remini 1977 4056:Brands 2005 4027:Nowlan 2012 4012:Remini 1977 3997:Gullan 2004 3985:Brands 2005 3663:Temperament 3562:During the 3557:paper money 3088:question". 2750:White House 2733:John Branch 2714: 1860 2578:New England 2352: 1846 2274:martial law 2232:Fort Bowyer 2110:John Coffee 2087:New Orleans 2039:War of 1812 2017:War of 1812 1732:to conquer 1698:slave labor 1639:John Sevier 1497:John Stokes 1493:studied law 1491:, where he 1453:aristocracy 1334:Scots-Irish 1234:. He won a 1180:U.S. Senate 1162:before the 978:Second term 752:War of 1812 694:(1814-1821) 689:(1792–1821) 656:(U.S. Army) 524:(1825–1828) 502:(1828–1845) 406:James White 401:Preceded by 350:Preceded by 288:Preceded by 234:Preceded by 199:Preceded by 152:Preceded by 142:(1833–1837) 136:(1832–1833) 129:(1829–1832) 84: 1835 22280:Negro Fort 22089:Categories 21893:The Eighth 21738:Frenchtown 21704:Chesapeake 21610:Chesapeake 21442:Mark Twain 21262:James Kent 21232:Elias Howe 21112:Henry Clay 21012:John Adams 20948:Presidents 20870:John Kerry 20712:Alf Landon 20504:Lewis Cass 20446:Henry Clay 20416:Rufus King 20382:John Adams 20226:Lewis Cass 20220:John Eaton 19281:Crittenden 18922:Henry Clay 18904:Henry Clay 18892:Henry Clay 18864:U.S. House 18470:A. Jackson 18355:Whitthorne 18350:H. Jackson 18260:A. Jackson 18157:President: 18090:John Floyd 18048:Henry Clay 17581:Henry Clay 17264:Affiliated 17204:Washington 17124:New Mexico 17119:New Jersey 16994:California 16381:Richardson 16245:U.S. House 16169:A. Johnson 16066:H. Clinton 15966:B. Clinton 15946:B. Clinton 15801:L. Johnson 15785:L. Johnson 15363:H. Johnson 15285:R. Johnson 15090:G. W. Bush 15045:Eisenhower 14995:Washington 14986:Presidency 14610:John Tyler 14530:John Adams 14400:Democratic 14377:Henry Clay 14335:1822–1823 14297:1829–1837 14235:Ray Greene 14229:1797–1798 14197:1823–1825 14175:John Eaton 14102:1796–1797 13899:(SSBN-619) 13773:Force Bill 13718:Hard money 13648:Presidency 13375:1148815334 13326:August 22, 13306:August 10, 12100:1036760206 12091:0195058356 12003:1050835838 11452:1151080132 11429:1150209732 11398:1176180758 11367:1035758771 11336:1045610195 11315:1150111725 11309:. Norton. 11294:1035668728 11263:1024176654 11209:1028046888 11178:1034678255 11169:0394482042 11147:1200479832 11089:1099434736 11062:1151350587 11053:0813006627 11031:1033573148 10954:1035889000 10892:1152040405 10823:1256504949 10814:0813027152 10792:1035884705 10771:1150938709 10741:0684828014 10698:1107042059 10648:1150853554 10532:1036973138 10523:0252060598 10501:1147712456 10440:1044542033 10361:1151067281 10330:1151151619 10265:1036817744 10223:1285743152 10111:1225864865 10102:0375714049 10018:1150943134 9987:1285570008 9933:1302085747 9902:1028031914 9869:1152040405 9799:1285459723 9768:1145807972 9737:1145801830 9703:1145796050 9636:1303813425 9609:1285478081 9410:, p. 9408:Brown 2022 9303:, p. 9287:, p. 9205:, p. 9197:, p. 9195:Kakel 2011 9147:Adams 2013 9121:, p. 9089:, p. 9087:Adams 2013 8948:Adams 2013 8912:Somit 1948 8898:, p. 8896:Brown 2022 8884:Somit 1948 8860:Somit 1948 8836:Somit 1948 8812:Somit 1948 8800:Somit 1948 8756:Somit 1948 8179:Henig 1969 8167:Henig 1969 8140:Breen 2015 8015:, p. 7989:Olson 2002 7789:Ellis 1974 7777:Ellis 1974 7702:Ellis 1974 7250:Temin 1969 7226:Ellis 1989 7126:Rogin 1975 6988:Davis 2010 6928:Miles 1992 6880:Rogin 1975 6808:Mahon 1962 6655:Ellis 1974 6643:Ellis 1974 6589:Ellis 1974 6503:Unger 2012 6440:Unger 2012 6359:Binns 1828 6263:Niven 1988 6239:Unger 2012 6212:Unger 2012 6140:Niven 1988 5866:Mahon 1962 5830:Mahon 1998 5806:Mahon 1998 5282:Kanon 1999 5243:Kanon 1999 5155:Davis 2002 4752:August 23, 4452:, p. 3973:References 3572:John Tyler 3473:nation of 3456:spoliation 3447:, and the 3135:hard money 3070:Force Bill 2725:John Eaton 2654:Whig Party 2547:John Eaton 2446:on Spain. 2129:Red Sticks 1726:Aaron Burr 1665:Aaron and 1627:Jay Treaty 1597:Tennessee 1407:after the 1383:, an 1876 1279:threatened 1240:Henry Clay 1228:annexation 903:First term 898:Presidency 839:Early life 585:Politician 579:Occupation 522:Jacksonian 500:Democratic 444:1767-03-15 22043:Biography 21946:Creek War 21885:Aftermath 21691:campaigns 21651:War hawks 21588:Aftermath 21576:Campaigns 21292:Mary Lyon 21002:inductees 20111:President 19935:Gilchrist 19750:Military 19646:Goldwater 19548:McPherson 19538:McPherson 19498:Fairfield 19453:Pleasants 19396:Wadsworth 18758:Jefferson 18745:Jefferson 18732:Jefferson 18610:Alexander 18495:Nicholson 18450:Whiteside 18405:Blackburn 18385:Brock III 18325:Patterson 18300:Nicholson 18098:Henry Lee 17444:Primaries 17385:Sectional 17214:Wisconsin 17179:Tennessee 17084:Minnesota 17059:Louisiana 16962:State and 16927:McAuliffe 16755:McCormick 16678:Chairs of 16638:Mansfield 16626:McFarland 16602:Underwood 16596:Hitchcock 16560:Blackburn 16524:Pendleton 16441:McCormack 16192:1941–1945 16188:1933–1941 16175:Cleveland 16145:Van Buren 16115:primaries 16095:primaries 16075:primaries 16055:primaries 16035:primaries 16015:primaries 15995:primaries 15990:Lieberman 15975:primaries 15955:primaries 15935:primaries 15915:primaries 15895:primaries 15875:primaries 15855:primaries 15830:primaries 15810:primaries 15790:primaries 15770:primaries 15750:primaries 15730:primaries 15710:primaries 15701:Roosevelt 15690:primaries 15681:Roosevelt 15670:primaries 15661:Roosevelt 15650:primaries 15641:Roosevelt 15630:primaries 15610:primaries 15590:primaries 15585:Roosevelt 15570:primaries 15550:primaries 15476:Cleveland 15463:Cleveland 15454:Hendricks 15450:Cleveland 15428:Hendricks 15389:Pendleton 15385:McClellan 15294:Van Buren 15281:Van Buren 15272:Van Buren 15243:primaries 14988:timelines 14970:Joe Biden 14964:2017–2021 14954:2009–2017 14944:2001–2009 14934:1993–2001 14924:1989–1993 14914:1981–1989 14904:1977–1981 14894:1974–1977 14884:1969–1974 14874:1963–1969 14864:1961–1963 14854:1953–1961 14844:1945–1953 14834:1933–1945 14824:1929–1933 14814:1923–1929 14804:1921–1923 14794:1913–1921 14784:1909–1913 14774:1901–1909 14764:1897–1901 14754:1893–1897 14744:1889–1893 14734:1885–1889 14724:1881–1885 14704:1877–1881 14694:1869–1877 14684:1865–1869 14674:1861–1865 14664:1857–1861 14654:1853–1857 14644:1850–1853 14634:1849–1850 14624:1845–1849 14614:1841–1845 14594:1837–1841 14584:1829–1837 14574:1825–1829 14564:1817–1825 14554:1809–1817 14544:1801–1809 14534:1797–1801 14524:1789–1797 13783:Pet banks 13563:Creek War 13285:March 14, 13038:166210849 12882:249685683 12845:157101605 12779:0038-4496 12755:144242176 12726:150360181 12353:155084029 12208:144448483 12069:143876977 12047:: 58–75. 11982:144735397 11960:: 10–16. 11762:144154298 11697:1478-0542 11632:152280055 11597:145679939 11552:0094-002X 11490:0043-3810 11162:. Knopf. 11116:720586004 11000:928924919 10981:692291434 10923:857769985 10617:759101504 10590:743799760 10563:646814186 10413:651767466 10296:655900280 10192:858995561 10165:700709151 10138:987437631 10095:. Knopf. 10080:929856251 10049:759509803 9833:863515036 9515:August 6, 9285:Cave 2017 9261:Howe 2007 9257:Cave 2003 9203:Lynn 2019 9191:Howe 2007 9167:Cole 1986 9135:Fish 1927 9107:Ward 1962 9095:Ward 1962 8509:Hall 1992 8405:305160669 8371:Howe 2007 8359:Howe 2007 8335:Howe 2007 8299:Howe 2007 7914:Howe 2007 7902:Howe 2007 7837:Howe 2007 7765:Howe 2007 7469:Howe 2007 7334:Howe 2007 7262:Lane 2014 7114:Howe 2007 7090:Howe 2007 7054:Howe 2007 7003:Cave 2003 6868:Cave 2003 6856:Satz 1974 6768:Cole 1997 6727:Wood 1997 6703:Howe 2007 6667:Wood 1997 6604:Howe 2007 6526:April 18, 6425:Howe 2007 6008:Howe 2007 5969:April 12, 5668:April 13, 4722:April 13, 4668:Howe 2007 4502:Howe 2007 3804:Joe Biden 3796:$ 20 bill 3740:demagogue 3549:inflation 3540:mezzotint 3485:Judiciary 3428:$ 20 bill 3390:abolition 3283:pet banks 3184:Baltimore 3107:Bank Veto 3022:Civil War 2980:Northwest 2917:test case 2909:Southwest 2705:based on 2570:plurality 2511:Freemason 2427:Pensacola 2423:St. Marks 2403:Seminoles 2264:1922) by 2070:from the 2050:Creek War 2044:Creek War 2008:Creek War 1977:Talladega 1932:Pensacola 1892:St. Marks 1842:Nashville 1544:Chickasaw 1482:Nashville 1318:demagogue 1236:plurality 1200:Creek War 1184:Tennessee 1160:Carolinas 1141:U.S. Army 1060:Memorials 865:Creek War 730:Creek War 684:(1780–81) 620:Signature 391:In office 340:In office 266:In office 224:In office 189:In office 181:Tennessee 105:In office 79:Portrait 22055:Politics 21998:Category 21875:Tecumseh 21809:Kentucky 21763:Chippawa 21573:Theaters 21192:Asa Gray 20850:Bob Dole 20692:Al Smith 20065:DeSantis 20035:Martinez 19980:Caldwell 19940:Trammell 19925:Jennings 19915:Mitchell 19656:Thurmond 19588:Trammell 19473:Southard 19411:Reynolds 19406:Sheppard 19386:Johnston 19361:Walthall 19341:Randolph 19266:Harrison 18997:Treasury 18866:speakers 18841:Crawford 18814:Tompkins 18801:Tompkins 18605:Thompson 18595:Gore Jr. 18575:Kefauver 18485:Jarnagin 18465:Williams 18455:Campbell 18380:Gore Sr. 18375:McKellar 18330:Brownlow 18275:Campbell 18123:Nominees 18081:Nominees 18039:Nominees 17972:Nominees 17857:Nominees 17822:campaign 17807:Nominees 17664:Nominees 17624:Nominees 17565:Nominees 17303:Factions 17274:Congress 17199:Virginia 17149:Oklahoma 17129:New York 17104:Nebraska 17094:Missouri 17079:Michigan 17069:Maryland 17054:Kentucky 17034:Illinois 17009:Delaware 16999:Colorado 16989:Arkansas 16952:Harrison 16913:Grossman 16855:Westwood 16820:Mitchell 16815:McKinney 16800:Hannegan 16760:Cummings 16650:Mitchell 16608:Robinson 16483:Jeffries 16471:Gephardt 16429:Bankhead 16387:Williams 16357:Carlisle 16252:Speakers 16163:Buchanan 15845:Eagleton 15841:McGovern 15821:Humphrey 15805:Humphrey 15765:Kefauver 15745:Sparkman 15625:Robinson 15605:C. Bryan 15601:J. Davis 15565:Marshall 15545:Marshall 15528:W. Bryan 15519:H. Davis 15502:W. Bryan 15489:W. Bryan 15346:Buchanan 15225:National 15123:Category 15025:Coolidge 15000:McKinley 14037:Category 13961:(nephew) 13701:Bank War 13417:LibriVox 13344:Archived 13338:(1828). 13320:Archived 13279:Archived 13258:Archived 13234:Archived 13228:(1828). 13151:24563169 13130:42627964 13109:26540290 13003:42623553 12982:42879202 12961:42620991 12874:45308841 12660:55379727 12623:23247455 12573:42625784 12467:40581582 12388:30149093 12316:45311183 12287:42627446 12266:42622937 12245:55379727 12200:40662272 11916:42626180 11837:25081127 11783:42621095 11754:26391777 11725:Archived 11589:42623589 11560:20068726 11519:42623589 11498:26782720 10750:36767691 10719:30139875 10480:53090968 10392:53956489 9809:(2005). 9713:(1977). 9679:(2008). 9669:49029341 9585:(2005). 8651:Archived 8476:Archived 8415:July 18, 8409:Archived 8401:ProQuest 6520:Archived 6392:Archived 5963:Archived 5818:Ogg 1919 5662:Archived 5045:June 27, 4602:Ely 1981 4312:July 20, 4306:Archived 3821:Writings 3760:New Deal 3732:populist 3464:Portugal 3303:expunged 3275:censured 3098:Bank War 3078:disunion 2988:Meskwaki 2819:Margaret 2582:majority 2379:and the 2137:Tecumseh 1566:and the 1562:via the 1540:Cherokee 1291:struggle 1178:and the 1168:frontier 962:Bank War 913:election 707:See list 568:Children 453:between 384:district 381:at-large 95:7th 22029:Portals 22009:Commons 21828:Leaders 21778:McHenry 21720:battles 21614:Leopard 21601:Origins 21585:Leaders 21579:Battles 21570:Origins 20860:Al Gore 20107:Cabinet 20000:Collins 19990:McCarty 19975:Holland 19960:Carlton 19930:Broward 19920:Bloxham 19910:Fleming 19900:Bloxham 19890:Stearns 19865:Allison 19840:Moseley 19762:Jackson 19636:Stennis 19631:Russell 19621:Russell 19616:Tydings 19583:F. Hale 19573:Swanson 19568:Tillman 19563:Perkins 19558:E. Hale 19553:Cameron 19543:Cameron 19533:Sargent 19518:J. Hale 19513:Mallory 19448:Sanford 19381:du Pont 19371:Proctor 19336:Spencer 19321:Johnson 19306:Shields 19276:Preston 19261:Jackson 18854:Sanford 18836:Calhoun 18832:Jackson 18827:Calhoun 18784:Madison 18775:Clinton 18771:Madison 18762:Clinton 18720:tickets 18615:Hagerty 18600:Mathews 18580:Walters 18570:Stewart 18560:Bachman 18550:Brock I 18540:Shields 18530:Sanders 18520:Carmack 18460:Wharton 18423:Class 2 18365:Frazier 18335:Johnson 18320:Johnson 18248:Class 1 17454:Debates 17437:Related 17219:Wyoming 17194:Vermont 17099:Montana 17039:Indiana 17019:Georgia 17014:Florida 16984:Arizona 16974:Alabama 16966:parties 16918:Rendell 16890:Wilhelm 16860:Strauss 16850:O'Brien 16840:O'Brien 16830:Jackson 16805:McGrath 16750:McCombs 16740:Taggart 16730:Harrity 16705:Belmont 16700:Smalley 16690:Hallett 16670:(2017–) 16668:Schumer 16656:Daschle 16632:Johnson 16614:Barkley 16518:Wallace 16496:leaders 16485:(2023–) 16453:O'Neill 16435:Rayburn 16405:Garrett 16399:Kitchin 16351:Randall 16339:Niblack 16333:Randall 16329:Niblack 16323:Houston 16247:leaders 16236:(2021–) 16222:Clinton 16204:Kennedy 16139:Jackson 16010:Edwards 15930:Bentsen 15926:Dukakis 15910:Ferraro 15906:Mondale 15890:Mondale 15870:Mondale 15849:Shriver 15781:Kennedy 15725:Barkley 15685:Wallace 15467:Thurman 15441:English 15437:Hancock 15411:Greeley 15398:Seymour 15359:Douglas 15268:Jackson 15259:Calhoun 15255:Jackson 15234:tickets 15188:History 15085:Clinton 15050:Kennedy 15020:Harding 14437:1. 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