Gateway Arch - Knowledge

545: 2093:. After landing the wind blew him to the side, and he slid down the north leg to his death. The accident was witnessed by several people, including Swyers' wife, also a parachutist. She said her husband "was not a hot dog, daredevil skydiver" and that he had prepared for the jump two weeks in advance. Swyers, who had made over 1,600 jumps before the incident, was reported by one witness to have "landed very well" on the top of the arch, but "had no footing." Swyers was reportedly blown to the top of the arch by the wind and was unable to save himself when his reserve parachute failed to deploy. The Federal Aviation Administration said the jump was unauthorized and investigated the pilot involved in the incident. 1797:

and expand onto the East St. Louis riverfront," as well as to attract visitors. The contest consisted of three stages—portfolio assessment (narrowed down to 8–10 teams), team interviews (narrowed down to 4–5 teams), and review of design proposals. The competition received 49 applicants, which were narrowed down to five in the first two stages. On August 17, 2010, the designs of the five finalists were revealed to the public and exhibited at the theater below the arch. On August 26, the finalists made their cases to an eight-member jury, and on September 21, the winner was revealed—

1104:, his longest and most noted assignment. He visited the construction site frequently from 1963 to 1967 recording of every stage of progress. With assistant Renyold Ferguson, he crawled along the catwalks with the construction workers up to 190m above the ground. He was the only news photographer on permanent assignment at the construction, with complete access. He primarily worked with slide film but also used the only Panox camera in St. Louis to create panoramic photographs covering 140 degrees. Witman's pictures of the construction are now housed in the 2640: 1338:. The arch is resistant to earthquakes and is designed to sway up to 18 inches (46 cm) in either direction, while withstanding winds up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h). The structure weighs 42,878 short tons (38,898 t), of which concrete composes 25,980 short tons (23,570 t); structural steel interior, 2,157 short tons (1,957 t); and the 6.3mm thick grade 304 stainless steel panels that cover the exterior of the arch, 886 short tons (804 t). This amount of stainless steel is the most used in any one project in history. 1957: 788:(a) an architectural memorial or memorials to Jefferson; dealing (b) with preservation of the site of Old St. Louis—landscaping, provision of an open-air campfire theater, reerection or reproduction of a few typical old buildings, provision of a Museum interpreting the Westward movement; (c) a living memorial to Jefferson's 'vision of greater opportunities for men of all races and creeds;' (d) recreational facilities, both sides of the river; and (e) parking facilities, access, relocation of railroads, placement of an interstate highway. 337: 1916: 1710: 312: 2014:

about one hour to manually pull the tram to the top, and the 40 trapped passengers were able to return down on the south tram, which had previously not been operating that day because there was not an abundance of visitors. An additional 120 people were at the observation deck at the time of the outage and also exited via the south tram. During the outage, visitors were stuck in the tram with neither lighting nor air conditioning. No one was seriously injured in the incident, but one visitor lost consciousness after suffering a

1936: 1699: 362: 1994: 31: 1157:, on February 4, 1966, but the department later called off the charges. The 1966 lawsuit was an attempt by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC) to desegregate building-trade unions nationwide. Many technical building unions had little or no African-American representation into the mid-1960s. During Lyndon Johnson's presidency, the federal government recognized the need for more integration in all levels of society and started enforcing equal employment opportunity through federally funded job contracts. 830:

second bottle of champagne' to toast his son." They proceeded to the second stage, and each was given a $ 10,069 prize (about $ 107,900 in 2023 dollars). Saarinen changed the height of the arch from 580 feet to 630 feet (190 m) and wrote that the arch symbolized "the gateway to the West, the national expansion, and whatnot." He wanted the landscape surrounding the arch to "be so densely covered with trees that it will be a forest-like park, a green retreat from the tension of the downtown city," according to

1141:, climbed 125 feet (38 m) up the north leg of the arch to "expose the fact that federal funds were being used to build a national monument that was racially discriminating against black contractors and skilled black workers." As the pair disregarded demands to get off, protesters on the ground demanded that at least 10% of the skilled jobs belong to African Americans. Four hours later, Green and Daly dismounted from the arch to charges of "trespassing, peace disturbance, and resisting arrest." This incident 666:

John Cochran wanted to ask Congress to approve more funds, Geaslin believed the association should "keep a low profile, maintaining its current position during this session of Congress". He advised the association to "get a good strong editorial in one of the papers to the effect that a small group of tenants ... is soliciting funds the proposed improvement, and stating that these efforts do not represent the consensus of opinion in St. Louis ... , and pointing out that such obstructions should be condemned".

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months because Saarinen had yet to designate the arch's height, projected between 590 and 630 feet (180 and 190 m). By October, Mayor Tucker and Director Wirth resolved to restrict the height of buildings opposite the arch to 275 feet (84 m) (about 27 levels), and the city stated that plans for buildings opposite the arch would require its endorsement. Kitchen then decreased the height of his buildings, while Saarinen increased that of the arch.

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peak. Due to the heavy security, he instead decided to climb up the arch's exterior using suction cups, which he had used before to scale shorter buildings. Dressed in black, Vincent began crawling up the arch around 3:30 a.m. CST on September 14 and arrived undetected at the top around 5:45 a.m., taking an additional 75 minutes to rest and take photos before finally jumping. During this time, he was seen by two traffic reporters inside the

1209: 1659:. A chain that supports only its own weight forms a catenary; the chain is purely in tension. Likewise, an inverted catenary arch that supports only its own weight is purely in compression, with no shear. The catenary arch is the stablest of all arches since the thrust passes through the legs and is absorbed in the foundations, instead of forcing the legs apart. The Gateway Arch itself is not a common catenary, but a more general curve of the form 825:, to five finalists, and announced the corresponding numbers to the media on September 27. Eero Saarinen's design (#144) was among the finalists, and comments written on it included "relevant, beautiful, perhaps inspired would be the right word" (Roland Wank) and "an abstract form peculiarly happy in its symbolism" (Charles Nagel). Hare questioned the feasibility of the design but appreciated the thoughtfulness behind it. Local St. Louis architect 1279:, a 30-story hotel, several office towers, four parking garages, and an apartment complex. The idea of a Disneyland amusement park that included "synthetic riverboat attractions" was considered but later abandoned. The developers hoped to use the arch as a commercial catalyst, attracting visitors who would use their services. One estimate found that since the 1960s, the arch has incited almost $ 503 million worth of construction. 2159:. The two were also charged with two misdemeanors: disorderly conduct and commercial photography in a national park. Vincent later turned himself in and initially pleaded not guilty to the charges against him. However, he eventually accepted a guilty plea deal in which he testified against Carroll and Weinzetl, revealing that the two consented to record the jump during a meeting of all three on the day before his stunt occurred. 1008: 2626: 670:

what "one Executive Order does, another can undo". In March 1936, Representative Cochran commented during a House meeting that he "would not vote for any measure providing for building the memorial or allotting funds to it". Geaslin found Cochran's statements to be a greater hindrance to the project than Paul Peters' opposition, for Congress might have Cochran's opinions as representative of public opinion.

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to wait an additional hour before being able to travel back down. An arch official said the visitors, most of whom stayed calm during the ordeal, were not in any danger and were later given refunds. The incident occurred while visitors in the arch were watching a fireworks display, and no one was seriously injured in the event. However, two people received medical treatment; one person needed

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ugly, whatever is waste, whatever is false, will be measured and condemned" in comparison to the Gateway Arch. About 250,000 people were expected to attend, but rain canceled the outdoor activities. The ceremony had to be transferred into the visitor center. After the dedication, Humphrey crouched beneath an exit as he waited for the rain to subside so he could walk to his vehicle.

1793:, became the one-millionth person to reach the observation area; the ten-millionth person ascended to the top on August 24, 1979. In 1974, the arch was ranked fourth on a list of "most-visited man-made attraction". In 2010, the Gateway Arch had over four million visitors, of which around one million traveled to the top. In 2022, an estimated 1.62 million people visited the Arch. 8149: 7734: 7627: 7414: 7295: 7209: 7175: 5886: 5787: 5709: 5405: 4008: 959:

where a "grand staircase" rose from the levee to the Arch. At the north and south ends of the park, 150-foot tunnels spanned the tracks, and led to the overlook museum, restaurant, and stairways down to the levee. Saarinen designed a subterranean visitor center the length of the distance between the legs, to include two theaters and an entrance by inward-sloping ramps.

2327:, architectural critic David Dillon opined that the arch exists not as a functional edifice but as a symbol of "boundless American optimism". He articulates the arch's multiple "moods"—"reflective in sunlight, soft and pewterish in mist; crisp as a line drawing one moment, chimerical the next"—as a way the arch has "paid for itself many times over in wonder". 931:(TRRA) proceeding through a tunnel not longer than 3,000 feet. The tunnel would be approximately fifty feet west of the current elevated line." It would also have an overhead clearance of 18 feet (5.5 m), lower than the regular requirement of 22 feet (6.7 m). Chapman approved the document on December 22, 1949, and JNEMA garnered the approval of the 1161:

promotional and violated federal law with regards to advertising on national monuments. Although Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel initially refused to pursue what it considered a precarious venture, the company relented after discovering that leaving the initials would cost $ 225,000 and after that, $ 42,000 per month, and the NPS dropped its lawsuit.

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acts, of reaching dreamed-of heights and for coursing dangerous adventures," but added that other places are designed for "the exhilaration of mere observation and for the appreciation of the imaginings and the works of others. The St. Louis Arch and the grounds of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial are in the latter category."

2067:, and while such feats are generally forbidden, several people have parachuted to or from the arch regardless. In June 1980, the National Park Service declined a request by television producers to have a performer jump from the arch; a similar appeal by stuntman Dan Koko was also turned away in February 1986. Koko, who was a 5443: 2450:' (AIA) Twenty-Five Year Award for its "enduring significance that has withstood the test of time." It was declared "a symbolic bridge between East and West, past and future, engineering and art" that "embodies the boundless optimism of a growing nation." In 2007, the arch was ranked fourteenth on the AIA's " 527:, who on December 15, 1933, raised it in a meeting with city leaders. They sanctioned the proposal, and the nonprofit Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association (JNEMA—pronounced "Jenny May") was formed. Smith was appointed chairman and Dickmann vice chairman. The association's goal was to create: 1804:

Ground broke on the "Park over the Highway" project, the first component of the CityArchRiver project, on August 2, 2013. This project features a landscaped structure over Interstate 70 and rerouted surface traffic that had previously formed a moat separating the Gateway Arch from the Old Courthouse.

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The first proposal to illuminate the arch at night was announced on May 18, 1966, but the plan never came to fruition. In July 1998, funding for an arch lighting system was approved by St. Louis's Gateway Foundation, which agreed to take responsibility for the cost of the equipment, its installation,

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The bidding date, originally December 20, 1961, was postponed to January 22, 1962, to clarify the details of the arch construction. About 50 companies that had requested the construction requirements received bidding invitations. Extending from $ 11,923,163 to $ 12,765,078, all four bids exceeded the

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did not include funding national memorials. In 1956, Congress appropriated $ 2.64 million to be used to move the railroad tracks. The remainder of the authorized appropriation was requested via six congressional bills, introduced on July 1, 1958, that revised Public Law 361 to encompass the cost

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By January 1951, Saarinen created 21 "drawings, including profiles of the Arch, scale drawings of the museums and restaurants, various parking proposals, the effect of the levee-tunnel railroad plan on the Arch footings, the Arch foundations, the Third Street Expressway, and the internal and external

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obstructed views of the riverfront from the memorial site. When Ickes declared that the railway must be removed before he would allocate funds for the memorial, President of the St. Louis Board of Public Service Baxter Brown suggested that "a new tunnel ... conceal the relocated tracks and re-grading

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Led by Paul Peters, adversaries of the memorial delivered to Congress a leaflet titled "Public Necessity or Just Plain Pork". The JNEMA's lawyer, Bon Geaslin, believed that the flyers did not taint the project, but motivated members of Congress to find out more about the same. Although Representative

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in 1947, and construction began on February 12, 1963 and was completed on October 28, 1965, at an overall cost of $ 13 million (equivalent to $ 95.9 million in 2023). The monument opened to the public on June 10, 1967. It is located at the 1764 site of the founding of St. Louis on the west

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Vincent was also spotted mid-air by Deryl Stone, a Chief Ranger for the National Park Service. Stone reported seeing Vincent grab his parachute after landing and run to a nearby car, which quickly drove away. However, authorities were able to detain two men on the ground who had been videotaping the

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said no calls were received about the jump until after it was broadcast on the news, and the Federal Aviation Administration said the two calls it had received were very similar. One caller also left an out-of-service phone number, while the other never followed up with investigators. Arch officials

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On the morning of February 9, 2011, a National Park Service worker was injured while performing repairs on the south tram. The 55-year-old was working on the tram's electrical system when he was trapped between it and the arch wall for around 30 seconds, until being saved by other workers. Emergency

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to blow. The north tram was temporarily affected by the power outage as well, but some passengers were able to exit the arch through the emergency stairs and elevator. It was about two hours until all the tram riders safely descended, while those in the observation area at the time of the outage had

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The arch was dedicated by Humphrey on May 25, 1968. He declared that the arch was "a soaring curve in the sky that links the rich heritage of yesterday with the richer future of tomorrow" and brings a "new purpose" and a "new sense of urgency to wipe out every slum." "Whatever is shoddy, whatever is

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had constricted the 8.5-foot (2.6 m) gap at the top by 5 inches (13 cm). To mitigate this, workers used fire hoses to spray water on the surface of the south leg to cool it down and make it contract. The keystone was inserted in 13 minutes with only 6 inches (15 cm) remaining. For the

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The NPS acquired the $ 500,000 in escrow and transferred it to MacDonald to begin building the new tracks. In August, demolition of the Old Rock House was complete, with workers beginning to excavate the tunnel. In November, they began shaping the tunnel's walls with concrete. Twenty-nine percent of

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buildings near the arch. In April 1959, real estate developer Lewis Kitchen decided to construct two 40-level edifices across from the arch. In July, after the plan was condemned for its potential obstruction of the arch, Kitchen discussed the issue with officials. A decision was delayed for several

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and promised new jobs. The project was expected to create 5,000 jobs for three to four years. Committee members began to raise public awareness by organizing fundraisers and writing pamphlets. They also engaged Congress by planning budgets and preparing bills, in addition to researching ownership of

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I know you're thinking that there are considerable differences between T.S. Eliot and me. Yes, it is true that he was from St. Louis, which started calling itself the Gateway to the West after Eero Saarinen's Gateway Arch was erected, and I'm from Kansas City, where people think of St. Louis not as

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would later (when consolidating all athletic programs under a single banner) name its sports teams "Archers". Robert S. Chandler, an NPS superintendent, said, "Most are awed by the size and scale of the Arch, but they don't understand what it's all about ... Too many people see it as just a symbol

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costume when he jumped off an airplane around 8:00 a.m. CST, parachuted onto the arch, grasped the monument's beacon, and used the same parachute to glide down unharmed. KTVI said it was told the feat was done as an act of homage to Swyers, and "apparently was a combination of a dare, a drunk,

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On March 24, 2011, around one hundred visitors were stranded in the observation area for 45 minutes after the doors of the south tram refused to close. The tourists were safely brought down the arch in the north tram, which had been closed that week so officials could upgrade it with a new computer

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and has operated the tram system since. The tram in the north leg entered operation in June 1967, but visitors were forced to endure three-hour-long waits until April 21, 1976, when a reservation system was put in place. The south tram was completed by March 1968. Commemorative pins were awarded to

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decided on a date for the topping-out ceremony, but the arch had not been completed by then. The ceremony date was reset to October 17, 1965; workers strained to meet the deadline, taking double shifts, but by October 17, the arch was still not complete. The chairman of the ceremony anticipated the

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Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a 30-foot (9.1 m) tower for spectators and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking. In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into

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advised Saarinen to change the bases of each leg to triangles instead of squares. Saarinen said that he "worked at first with mathematical shapes, but finally adjusted it according to the eye." At submission, Saarinen's plans laid out the arch at 569 feet (173 m) tall and 592 feet (180 m)

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proposed the establishment of a federal commission to develop the memorial. Although the proposal aimed for only authorization, the bill incurred opposition because people suspected that JNEMA would later seek appropriation. On March 28 the Senate bill was reported out, and on April 5 it was turned

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Around 2:15 p.m. local time on June 16, 2011, the arch's north tram stalled due to a power outage. The tram became stuck about 200 feet (61 m) from the observation deck, and passengers eventually were told to climb the stairs to the observation area. It took National Park Service workers

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Near the top of the Arch, passengers exit the tram compartment and climb a slight grade to enter the observation area. This arched deck, which is over 65 feet (20 m) long and 7 feet (2.1 m) wide, can hold up to about 160 people, equivalent to the number of people from four trams. Sixteen

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and two theaters displaying films about the arch. The older theater opened in May 1972; the newer theater, called the Odyssey Theatre, was constructed in the 1990s and features a four-story-tall screen. Its construction required the expansion of the underground complex, and workers had to excavate

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On December 8, 2009, sponsored by nonprofit CityArchRiver2015, the international design competition "Framing a Modern Masterpiece: The City + The Arch + The River 2015" commenced. It aimed to "design a plan to improve the riverfront park landscape, ease access for pedestrians across Memorial Drive

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from New York wrote that "The use of a common form is not plagiarism ... his particular accusation amounts to the filthiest smear that has been attempted by a man highly placed in the architectural profession in our generation." Wurster and the jury refuted the charges, arguing that "the arch form

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was also one of the finalists. The secretary who sent out the telegrams informing finalists of their advancement mistakenly sent one to Eliel rather than Eero. The family celebrated with champagne, and two hours later, a competition representative called to correct the mistake. Eliel "'broke out a

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The idea of an architectural competition to determine the design of the memorial was favored at the JNEMA's inaugural meeting. They planned to award cash for the best design. In January 1945, the JNEMA officially announced a two-stage design competition that would cost $ 225,000 to organize. Smith

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Congress's reduction in spending made it impossible for the allocated funds to be obtained. NPS responded that the city would reduce its contribution if the federal government did. It also asserted that the funds were sanctioned by an executive order, but superintendent John Nagle pointed out that

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signed the bill into law, instituting the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission. The commission comprised 15 members, chosen by Roosevelt, the House, the Senate, and JNEMA. It first convened on December 19 in St. Louis, where members examined the project and its planned location.

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and was guilty of both misdemeanor charges; the charges against Weinzetl were dropped by federal prosecutors. In his decision, Noce stated, "There are places in our country where the sufficiently skilled can savor the exhilaration and personal satisfaction of accomplishing courageous and intrepid

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in May 1991. He said that scaling the arch "wasn't that hard" and that he had considered a jump off the monument for a few months. In an interview, Vincent said he visited the arch's observation area a month before the stunt, to see if he could use a maintenance hatch for accessing the monument's

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had championed the cause. One employee said that the arch would be a "beacon ... for the importance of prevention and finding a cure." While the National Park Service took issue with the plan due to the precedent it would set for prospective uses of the arch, it yielded due to a realization

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In 1964, the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company of Warren, Pennsylvania, sued MacDonald for $ 665,317 for tax concerns. In 1965, NPS requested that Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel remove the prominent letters "P-D-M" (its initials) from a creeper derrick used for construction, contending that it was

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the five sets of railroad tracks into a shortened tunnel 100 feet west of the trestle, with the tracks being lowered sixteen feet. This did not mean that the memorial would be cut off from the river, however, for Saarinen provided a 960-foot-long (290 m) tunnel to be placed over the railroad

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declared that the Department of the Interior and the railroads should finalize the agreement on the new route. In October, NPS and the TRRA decided that the TRRA would employ a surveyor endorsed by Spotts "to survey, design, estimate, and report on" the expenses of shifting the tracks. They chose

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and the Old Rock House, because of their historical significance, were the only buildings retained within the historic site. The Old Rock House was later dismantled in 1959 with the intention of reassembling it at a new location, but pieces of the building went missing. Part of the house has been

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Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, the arch typifies "the pioneer spirit of the men and women who won the West, and those of a latter day to strive on other frontiers." The arch has become the iconic image of St. Louis, appearing in many parts of city culture. In

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In June 1976, the memorial was finalized by federal allocations—"the statue of Thomas Jefferson was unveiled, the Museum of Westward Expansion was previewed, a theater under the Arch was dedicated in honor of Mayor Raymond Tucker and the catenary-like curving staircases from the Arch down to the

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The Gateway Arch packs a significant symbolic wallop just by standing there. But the Arch has a mission greater than being visually affecting. Its shape and monumental size suggest movement through time and space, and invite inquiry into the complex, fascinating story of our national expansion.

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program. The 70,000-square-foot (6,500 m) center is located directly below the arch, between its legs. Although construction on the visitor center began at the same time as construction for the arch itself, it did not conclude until 1976 because of insufficient funding; however, the center

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Moving the railroad tracks was the first stage of the project. On May 6, 1959, after an official conference, the Public Service Commission called for ventilation to accompany the tunnel's construction, which entailed "placing 3,000 feet of dual tracks into a tunnel 105 feet west of the elevated

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proposed that they drop "the tunnel idea in favor of open cuts roofed with concrete slabs," which would cost $ 2.684 million, $ 1.5 million less than the cost of the approved plan. On May 12, 1958, Tucker, TRRA president Armstrong Chinn, and Missouri Pacific Railroad president Russell

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determine the validity of the bids in light of the government's conditions. Following a meeting with the bidders, the committee affirmed the bids' reasonableness, and Wirth awarded the lowest bidder, MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis, the contract for the construction of the arch and the

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A suitable and permanent public memorial to the men who made possible the western territorial expansion of the United States, particularly President Jefferson, his aides Livingston and Monroe, the great explorers, Lewis and Clark, and the hardy hunters, trappers, frontiersmen and pioneers who

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paddling a boat on the Missouri River upon returning to St. Louis" with the arch as the backdrop. Holden said that the arch was "a symbol for the entire state ... Four million visitors each year see the Arch. will help make it even more loved worldwide." A special license plate designed by

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As part of the CityArchRiver project, the visitor center and museum underwent a $ 176 million expansion and renovation that was completed in July 2018. The renovation includes a 46,000-square-foot underground addition featuring interactive story galleries, video walls, a fountain and a cafe.

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architectural critic Aline Bernstein Louchheim. The deadline for the second stage arrived on February 10, 1948, and on February 18, the jury chose Saarinen's design unanimously, praising its "profoundly evocative and truly monumental expression." The following day, during a formal dinner at

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On July 21, 2007, a broken cable forced the south tram to be shut down, leaving only the north tram in service until repairs were completed in March 2008. Around 200 tourists were stuck inside the arch for about three hours because the severed cable contacted a high-voltage rail, causing a

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1968, three years after the monument's opening, the St. Louis phone directory contained 65 corporations with "Gateway" in their title and 17 with "Arch". Arches also appeared over gas stations and drive-in restaurants. In the 1970s, a local sports team adopted the name "Fighting Arches";

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On September 1, 1947, submissions for the first stage were received by the jury. The submissions were labeled by numbers only, and the names of the designers were kept anonymous. Upon four days of deliberation, the jury narrowed down the 172 submissions, which included Saarinen's father

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railroad, along with filling, grading, and trestle work." Eight bids for the work were reviewed on June 8 in the Old Courthouse, and the MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis won with a bid of $ 2,426,115, less than NPS's estimate of the cost. At 10:30 a.m. on June 23, 1959, the

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had drawn up competition guidelines by January 1935. On April 13, 1935, the commission certified JNEMA's project proposals, including memorial perimeters, the "historical significance" of the memorial, the competition, and the $ 30 million budget. Between February and April, the

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visitor center. On March 14, 1962, he signed the contract and received from Tucker $ 2.5 million, the city's subsidy for the phase. MacDonald reduced its bid $ 500,000 to $ 11,442,418. The Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company served as the subcontractor for the shell of the arch.

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contributed to the territorial expansion and development of these United States, and thereby to bring before the public of this and future generations the history of our development and induce familiarity with the patriotic accomplishments of these great builders of our country.

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proposed that it issue revenue bonds to obtain the required funds. The Department of the Interior and Bi-State entered into an agreement where Bi-State would construct and operate the tram. Bi-State would have to raise $ 1,977,750 for the construction of the tram system. It

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Each tram is a chain of eight cylindrical, five-seat compartments with glass doors. As each tram has a capacity of 40 passengers and there are two trams, 80 passengers can be transported at one time, with trams departing from the ground every 10 minutes. The cars swing like

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that the finalists and the media attended, Wurster pronounced Saarinen the winner of the competition and awarded the checks—$ 40,000 to his team and $ 50,000 to Saarinen. The competition was the first major architectural design that Saarinen developed unaided by his father.

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that it and Congress were "on the same team" and because the illumination was legally obligatory; on October 25, the plan was carried out. The previous time the arch was illuminated for promotional purposes was on September 12, 1995, under the management of local companies

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was not inherently fascist but was indeed part of the entire history of architecture." Saarinen considered the opposition absurd, asserting, "It's just preposterous to think that a basic form, based on a completely natural figure, should have any ideological connection."

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On March 10, 1959, Regional Director Howard Baker received $ 888,000 as the city's first subsidy for the project. On December 1, 1961, $ 23,003,150 in total had been authorized, with $ 19,657,483 already appropriated—$ 3,345,667 remained not yet appropriated.

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endorsed the bill, and both houses of Congress unanimously passed the bill. Eisenhower signed it into law on September 7. The NPS held off on appropriating the additional funds, as it planned to use the already-appropriated funds to initiate the railroad work.

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delayed work to ascertain that the arch was safe. After NPS director Kenneth Chapman gave his word that conditions were "perfectly safe," construction resumed on October 27. After the discovery of 16 defects, the tram was also delayed from running. The

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Because the Mississippi River played an essential role in establishing St. Louis's identity as the gateway to the west, it was felt that a memorial commemorating it should be near the river. Railroad tracks that had been constructed in the 1930s on the

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The association expected that $ 30 million would be needed to undertake the construction of such a monument (about $ 561 million in 2023 dollars). It called upon the federal government to foot three-quarters of the bill ($ 22.5 million).

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firm predicted thirteen workers would die while building the arch, no workers were killed during the monument's construction. However, construction of the arch was still often delayed by safety checks, funding uncertainties, and legal disputes.

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in an environment that often causes rain to enter the skin of the structure. Maintenance workers use mops and a temporary setup of water containers to ease the problem. According to NPS documents, the corrosion and rust pose no safety concerns.

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Dearmont entered a written agreement: "The TRRA would place $ 500,000 in escrow for the project, and the city sell $ 980,000 of the 1935 bonds to match the Federal contribution." Director Wirth and Secretary Seaton approved the plan on June 2.

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Hill-Tunnel. Supported by Saarinen and NPS engineer Julian Spotts, it would route the tracks in a tunnel below Second and First Streets. Saarinen further said that if the tracks passed between the memorial and the river, he would withdraw his

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had to pry apart the legs six feet (1.8 m). The last section was left only 2.5 feet (0.76 m). By noon, the keystone was secured. Some filmmakers, in hope that the two legs would not meet, had chronicled every phase of construction.

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article, Louchheim praised the arch's design as "a modern monument, fitting, beautiful and impressive." Some local residents likened it to a "stupendous hairpin and a stainless steel hitching post." The most aggressive criticism emerged from

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the remaining $ 40,000 in May 1946. By June, Smith found others to assume portions of his underwriting, with $ 17,000 remaining under his sponsorship. In February 1947, the underwriters were compensated, and the fund stood at over $ 231,199.

1037: 1726:. Since November 2001, the arch has been bathed in white light between 10 p.m. and 1 a.m. via a system of floodlights. Designed by Randy Burkett, it comprises 44 lighting fixtures situated in four pits just below ground level. 1111:

The project manager of MacDonald Construction Co., Stan Wolf, said that a 62-story building was easier to build than the arch: "In a building, everything is straight up, one thing on top of another. In this arch, everything is curved."

1680:, as is often stated. Instead it is a catenary curve—the curve of a hanging chain—a curve in which the forces of thrust are continuously kept within the center of the legs of the arch." William V. Thayer, a professor of mathematics at 1274:

The project did not provide 5,000 jobs as expected—as of June 1964, workers numbered fewer than 100. The project did, however, incentivize other riverfront restoration efforts, totaling $ 150 million. Building projects included a

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Many locals did not approve of depleting public funds for the cause. Smith's daughter SaLees related that when "people would tell him we needed more practical things", he would respond that "spiritual things" were equally important.

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The Gateway Arch was expected to open to the public by 1964, but in 1967 the public relations agency stopped forecasting the opening date. The arch's visitor center opened on June 10, 1967, and the tram began operating on July 24.

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were installed to impede terrorist attacks on the arch. Later that year, it was announced that these walls were to be replaced by concrete posts encased in metal to be more harmonious with the steel color of the arch. The movable

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Alfred Benesch and Associates, which released its final report on May 3, 1957. The firm estimated that the two proposals would cost more than expected: more than $ 11 million and $ 14 million, respectively. NPS director

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The associate art editor of this newspaper wrote of him in 1953 that his contribution was 'in giving form or visual order ... ' The words were written a year before the writer, Aline Bernstein Louchheim, became the architect's

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On July 8, 1970, a six-year-old boy, his mother, and two of her friends were trapped in a tram in the arch's south leg after the monument closed. According to the boy's mother, the group went up the arch around 9:30 p.m.

1184:(CIU), which represented black plumbers. A representative of AFL–CIO said, "This policy has nothing to do with race. Our experience is that these CIU members have in the past worked for substandard wages." CIU applied to the 1911:

cars as they ascend and descend the arch. This fashion of movement gave rise to the idea of the tram as "half-Ferris wheel and half-elevator." The trip to the top takes four minutes, and the trip down takes three minutes.

1990:. Almost immediately after the tram returned to service in 2008, however, it was closed again for new repairs after an electrical switch broke. The incident, which occurred on March 14, was billed as a "bad coincidence." 1367: 1675:

Saarinen chose a weighted catenary over a normal catenary curve because it looked less pointed and less steep. In 1959, he caused some confusion about the actual shape of the arch when he wrote, "This arch is not a true

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introduced H.R. 6549, a bill authorizing the allocation of no more than $ 5 million to build the arch. After much negotiation, both houses of Congress approved the bill in May 1954, and on May 18, 1954, President

2547:

The first act of vandalism was committed in June 1968: the vandals etched their names on various parts of the arch. In all, $ 10,000 was spent that year to repair damage from vandalism. The arch was first targeted by

1136:

Civil rights activists regarded the construction of the arch as a token of racial discrimination. On July 14, 1964, during the workers' lunchtime, civil rights protesters Percy Green and Richard Daly, both members of

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A more comprehensive study of the corrosion had been suggested as early as 2006 by architectural specialists studying the Arch, and reiterated in a 2010 Historic Structure Report. In September 2010, the NPS granted

1619: 6002: 637:. The order also appropriated $ 3.3 million through the WPA and $ 3.45 million through the PWA ($ 6.75 million in total). The motivation of the project was two-fold—commemorating westward expansion and 3907:

In 1947, Armstrong was among five finalists in the design competition for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial on the St. Louis riverfront ... Armstrong was the only St. Louis architect to be selected as a

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After his guilty plea, Vincent was sentenced to a $ 1,000 fine, 25 hours of community service, and a year's probation. In December 1992, Vincent was sentenced to ninety days in jail for violating his probation.

2010:

system. The National Park Service later attributed the malfunction to a computer glitch associated with the new system, which had already been implemented with the south tram. No one was hurt in the occurrence.

661:

ruled that condemnation was valid. A total of $ 6.2 million was distributed to land owners on June 14. Demolition commenced on October 9, 1939, when Dickmann extracted three bricks from a vacant warehouse.

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observed from a helicopter. A Catholic priest and a rabbi prayed over the keystone, a 10-short-ton (9.1 t), eight-foot-long (2.4 m) triangular section. It was slated to be inserted at 10:00 a.m.

2555:

In 2010, signs of corrosion were reported at the upper regions of the stainless steel surface. Carbon steel in the north leg has been rusting, possibly a result of water accumulation, a side effect of leaky

2155:

jump. Stone said 37-year-old Ronald Carroll and 27-year-old Robert Weinzetl, both St. Louis residents, were found with a wireless communication headset and a video camera, as well as a still camera with a

6435: 911:'s office, city officials chose the Levee-Tunnel plan, rousing JNEMA members who held that the decision had been pressed through when Smith was away on vacation. Darst notified Secretary of the Interior 1788:

In April 1965, three million tourists were expected to visit the arch annually after completion; 619,763 tourists visited the top of the arch in its first year open. On January 15, 1969, a visitor from

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was placed between them at 530 feet (160 m), later removed as the derricks were taken down. The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial.

626:(NPS) would manage the memorial. A local bond issue election granting $ 7.5 million (about $ 140 million in 2023 dollars) for the memorial's development was held on September 10 and passed. 1559: 784:, and S. Herbert Hare. The competition comprised two stages—the first to narrow down the designers to five and the second to single out one architect and his design. The design intended to include: 4925: 2754:, discussed the story of the arch, an African American person rose and hollered, "ou're all racists ... we want jobs, not arches." Behind him, a man wearing a veteran's hat jostled him, and 1225:

ceremony to be held on October 30, a Saturday, to allow 1,500 schoolchildren, whose signatures were to be placed in a time capsule, to attend. Ultimately, PDM set the ceremony date to October 28.

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There are three modes of transportation up the arch: two sets of 1,076-step emergency stairs (one per leg), a 12-passenger elevator to the 372-foot (113 m) height, and a tram in each leg.

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altered Jackson's design to make it less "off balance," however, with three people in the canoe instead of just Lewis and Clark. A Mint representative said the third person was Clark's slave,

919:, rescheduled the meeting for December 5 in Washington with delegates from the city government, JNEMA, railroad officials, and Federal government. A day after the conference, they ratified a 6310: 4519:

Gilbert Bailon. (2015). Book and special section commemorate 50 years of the Gateway Arch. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, MO), pp. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, MO), Oct 25, 2015.

2389:, promising a technological future of a new accessible frontier. This outlook has seen continuation, lending the Gateway Arch's iconic shape and meaning to the name and logo of the future 2673: 963:

On November 29, involved interests signed another memorandum of understanding approving Saarinen's rework; implementing it would cost about $ 5.053 million. On March 10, 1959, mayor

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rather than purchase—and demolished them. By September 1938, condemnation was complete. The condemnation was subject to many legal disputes which culminated on January 27, 1939, when the

1200:. By February 11, AFL–CIO resumed work on the arch, and an AFL–CIO contractor declared that ten African Americans were apprenticed for arch labor. The standstill in work lasted a month. 552:

The suggestion to renew the riverfront was not original, as previous projects were attempted but lacked popularity. The Jefferson memorial idea emerged amid the economic disarray of the

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design. Each leg is embedded in 25,980 short tons (23,570 t) of concrete 44 feet (13 m) thick and 60 feet (18 m) deep. Twenty feet (6.1 m) of the foundation is in

696:

of the site to elevate it over the tunnel. These modifications would eliminate the elevated and surface tracks and open up the views to the river." Although rejected by NPS architect

677:. Smith impugned their motives, accusing them of being "opposed to anything that is ever advanced in behalf of the city." In February 1936, an editorial written by Paul W. Ward in 5747: 8837: 1181: 2100:

reported receiving calls from supposed witnesses of another stunt landing. The alleged parachutist, who claimed to be a retired professional stuntman, was said to be wearing a

523:, saw the St. Louis riverfront area and envisioned that building a memorial there would both revive the riverfront and stimulate the economy. He communicated his idea to mayor 5855: 4865: 2227:, testing the park's security system, increasing security awareness of other employees, and working with other government agencies to improve the arch's security procedures. 2060:

festivities, and since then, numerous skydiving exhibition teams have legally jumped onto the Arch grounds, after having flown their parachutes through the legs of the Arch.

1648:= 299.2239 ft (91.20344 m) is the half width of centroid at the base. The triangular cross sectional area varies linearly with the vertical height of its centroid. 1304:

Both the width and height of the arch are 630 feet (192 m). The arch is the tallest memorial in the United States and the tallest stainless steel monument in the world.

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Levee-Tunnel. Proposed by Frank J. McDevitt, president of the St. Louis Board of Public Service, it would lower the tracks into a tunnel concealed by walls and landscaping.

1040:

received from St. Louis legislators a request for $ 2.4911 million, of which it granted only $ 133,000. Wirth recommended that they reseek the funds in January 1960.

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cautioned that aviators who flew through the arch would be fined and their licenses revoked. At least ten pilots have disobeyed this order, beginning on June 22, 1966.

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signed the bill into law as Public Law 361. Congress could not afford to appropriate the funds in 1955, so association president William Crowdus resorted to asking the

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a contract for a structural study that would "gather data about the condition of the Arch to enable experts to develop and implement the right long-term solutions."

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in 2001, security efforts became more prominent and security checkpoints moved to the entrance of the visitor center. At the checkpoints, visitors are screened by

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denounced the project. Smith was infuriated, fearing the impact of attacks from a prestigious magazine, and wanted "to jump on it strong with hammer and tongs".

574:

over to the House Library Committee, which later reported favorably on the bills. On June 8, both the Senate and House bills were passed. On June 15, President

2517:

visit the Arch during their trip to California to recover the Master Bolt. Percy faces the Chimera, jumps out of the Arch, and falls into the Mississippi River.

2138:

Stephen Higgins called the act a "great stunt" but said it was "something the Park Service doesn't take lightly." Vincent, a construction worker and diver from

1923:

Because of a lack of funds in March 1962, the NPS did not accept bids for the arch's internal train system and considered discarding the idea. In May 1962, the

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feared that the lack of public support would lead officials to abandon hope in the project. The passage of a year brought little success, and Smith frantically

8306: 4340:"St. Louis's Arch Is Near Its 'Topping Out' Stage; 630-Foot-High Memorial Is to Honor the West's Pioneers Saarinen-Designed Monument Has Stainless Steel Shell" 1033:

the construction was completed by March and 95% by November. On November 17, trains began to use the new tracks. June 1962 was the projected date of fruition.

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the land they had chosen, "approximately one-half mile in length ... from Third Street east to the present elevated railroad." In January 1934, Senator

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With renovations in the 2010s of the visitor center, the message of the arch has been more inclusive in its historic perspective, highlighting the impact of

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Stain samples were taken from the west face of the Arch on October 21, 2014, to determine the best way to clean it. The cleaning will cost about $ 340,000.

653:

Using the 1935 grant of $ 6.75 million and $ 2.25 million in city bonds, the NPS acquired the historic buildings within the historic site—through

8500: 4842: 2588: 6843: 6755: 2367:. Furthermore exhibiting the urban history of the site and the struggle of its people, as well as of its construction workers for more rights, during the 1838:

solid rock while keeping the disruption to a minimum so the museum could remain open. The museum houses several hundred exhibits about the United States'

845:

On May 25, the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission endorsed the design. Later, in June, the NPS approved the proposal. Representative

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

3202: 2479:. Since Schat did not ascend the arch due to his fear of heights, he used his creativity to depict in music someone riding a tram to the top of the arch. 569:

seeking $ 30 million for the memorial, but the bill failed to garner support due to the large amount of money solicited. In March of the same year,

2543:

Welds on the arch's skin seal gaps between 4-by-8-foot sheets of stainless steel. Graffiti is scratched on the lower five to seven feet of the monument.

6218: 6028: 5101: 1473:{\displaystyle y=A\left(\cosh {\frac {Cx}{L}}-1\right)\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad x={\frac {L}{C}}\operatorname {arcosh} \left(1+{\frac {y}{A}}\right)} 764:

was chosen to coordinate the competition. On May 30, 1947, the contest officially opened. The seven-member jury that would judge the designs comprised

7087: 6997: 2089:, parachuted onto the top of the arch. His plan was to release his main parachute and then jump off the arch using his reserve parachute to perform a 4809: 4350: 8119: 7143: 2223:

In 2006, arch officials hired a "physical security specialist," replacing a law enforcement officer. The responsibilities of the specialist include

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the first 100,000 passengers. As of 2007, the trams have traveled 250,000 miles (400,000 km), conveying more than 25 million passengers.

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windows per side, each measuring 7 by 27 inches (180 mm × 690 mm), offer views up to 30 miles (48 km) to the east across the

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program. Park officials were trained to note the activity of tourists, and inconspicuous electronic detection devices were installed. After the

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Meanwhile, in December, the JNEMA discussed organizing an architectural competition to determine the design of the monument. Local architect

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LaBeaume-Terminal. Opposed by Saarinen and the NPS, it would lay "three tracks on a contained fill along the lines of the elevated tracks."

516: 8574: 8206: 3880: 3435: 1798: 6729: 2645: 2506: 7478: 6279: 5758: 1826:

opened with several exhibits on June 10, 1967. Access to the visitor center is provided through ramps adjacent to each leg of the arch.

915:

of the city's selection. Krug planned to meet with Smith and JNEMA but canceled the meeting and resigned on November 11. His successor,

7531:"Protecting the Arch; Barriers Are Considered Temporary Solution; Concrete Barricades Do the Job Until More Attractive Design Is Found" 6627: 4596:"Between Civil Rights and Black Power in the Gateway City: The Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes (ACTION), 1964–75" 2809: 928: 8822: 7115: 1154: 4873: 3111: 8782: 7826: 5754: 2956: 2410: 2106: 1764: 6874: 4211: 3420:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

5530: 5362: 5240: 3008: 2751: 865:, rendering the arch a fascist symbol. This allegation of plagiarism ignited fierce debates among architects about its validity. 634: 461: 8659: 6489: 5939: 3062: 2526:, a science fiction television series. The apex is used as a radio station studio, with the arch itself acting as the station's 1311:, narrowing from 54 feet (16 m) per side at the bases to 17 feet (5.2 m) per side at the top. Each wall consists of a 94: 8651: 6789: 4719: 2663: 2566: 1742: 993:

of the entire memorial, increasing federal funds by $ 12.25 million. A month later the Department of the Interior and the

8407: 8376: 7958: 6817: 6257: 6196: 6165: 6062: 4650:"Showdown Under the Arch: The Construction Trades and the First 'Pattern or Practice' Equal Employment Opportunity Suit, 1966" 1488: 7911: 7717: 7610: 6950: 6415: 6348: 5177: 4703: 4621: 4505: 4322: 3982: 3761: 3580: 2989: 2360: 704: 453: 361: 7774: 1150: 8743: 8552: 6515: 5163: 4270: 1323:

to the peak. The arch is hollow to accommodate a unique tram system that takes visitors to an observation deck at the top.

1105: 284: 8621: 7934:"Perspective - 50 years later, St. Louis's Gateway Arch emerges with a new name and a skeptical view of western expansion" 6128: 311: 5235: 2418: 1237: 1146: 838: 6683: 622:). On August 7, both Ickes and Hopkins assented to the funding requests, each promising $ 10 million, and said that the 336: 8807: 8637: 8514: 6375: 4905: 4649: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2451: 2143: 989: 932: 8797: 6847: 6759: 5573: 4376: 1750: 1245: 464:

and officially dedicated to "the American people", the Arch, commonly referred to as "The Gateway to the West", is a

8649: 8316: 8244: 8157: 7744: 7669: 7643: 7568: 7546: 7422: 7360: 7303: 7217: 7183: 5894: 5833: 5795: 5725: 5687: 5421: 4024: 3854: 3678: 3305: 2105:

and a tribute." On the day after the alleged incident, authorities declared the jump a hoax. A spokesperson for the

7056: 5618: 2447: 954:

enjoined Saarinen to make small modifications to the design. In October, Saarinen redrafted the plans, suggesting:

2912: 744:

and the JNEMA struggled to raise the funds, garnering only a third of the required total by June 1945. Then mayor

5127: 3040: 2887: 2862: 2737:

This deferral delayed the construction's ultimate completion, which had been slated for St. Louis' bicentennial.

2211:

celebrations. In 2003, 10-foot-long (3.0 m), 32-inch-high (81 cm), 4,100-pound (1,900 kg) movable

2035: 2003: 1722:

arranged a temporary lighting system for the arch so the monument could be used as the background for a visit by

994: 658: 630: 4992:

Dillon, David (August 8, 2001). "Big Bend; Gateway Arch Remains One of America's Most Inspirational Monuments".

2413:

for being "an outstanding achievement in technology and aesthetics." On February 9, 1967, the arch received the

544: 7833: 5484: 3974: 2941: 2283: 2160: 2046: 1185: 501: 2306:." Profits earned from selling the plates would fund the museum and other educational components of the arch. 7325: 6226: 5279: 4768: 3158: 2276: 1703: 615: 596: 8762: 2317:

Louchheim wrote that although the arch "has a simplicity which should guarantee timeliness", it is entirely

673:

Peters and other opponents asked Roosevelt to rescind Executive Order 7253 and to redirect the money to the

8750: 8180: 8016:"Special Award For Excellence: The Gateway Arch, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial St. Louis, Missouri" 7445: 5980: 5916: 3427: 3407: 2755: 2472: 2364: 2018:, and a park ranger was taken away with minor injuries. The cause of the outage was not immediately known. 1834: 87: 3717: 8842: 8700: 8127: 8059: 7501: 7267: 7025: 6599: 6571: 6542: 5637: 5169: 5061: 4654: 4468: 4440: 4046: 3920: 3568: 3232: 2256: 1924: 1681: 1170: 1138: 920: 607: 8097: 7863: 6085: 5480: 4412: 2697:

Once he revisited a generous sponsor, requesting more money: "Now you have to protect your investment".

8787: 8433: 8092: 6713: 4913: 2579:

that the Arch could stand "considerably less than a thousand years" before collapsing in a wind storm.

2294: 2142:, said he did it "just for the excitement, just for the thrill," and had previously parachuted off the 1884: 1073:

stainless steel sections. Once in place, each section had its double-walled skin filled with concrete,

737: 469: 465: 293: 8739: 2110:

said they did not witness any such jump, and photos provided by the alleged parachutist were unclear.

8705: 7804: 7391: 5353: 4600: 3828: 3532: 3035: 2653: 2383: 1644:= 125.1406 sq ft (11.62594 m) is the minimum cross sectional area of arch at top, and 1637:= 1,262.6651 sq ft (117.30543 m) is the maximum cross sectional area of arch at base, 924: 765: 641:. Some taxpayers began to file suits to block the construction of the monument, which they called a " 588: 3855:

Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates & Alvine and Associates (2010)

3679:

Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates & Alvine and Associates (2010)

3306:

Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates & Alvine and Associates (2010)

1746: 1362:. Bruce Detmers and other architects expressed the geometric form in blueprints with this equation: 1029:

ceremony occurred; Tucker spaded the first portion of earth. Wirth and Dickmann delivered speeches.

938:

Efforts to appropriate congressional funds began in January 1950 but were delayed until 1953 by the

8827: 6336: 5457: 4194: 4190: 4155: 4130: 3795: 3695: 3634: 3601: 3282: 2435: 7985: 5091:"Architecture: Fitting Site; American Institute of Architects Meets in St. Louis, a Changing City" 1758:

and Technical Productions when a rainbow spectrum was shone on the arch to publicize the debut of

1354:

The geometric form of the structure was set by mathematical equations provided to Saarinen by the

923:

about the plan: "The five tracks on the levee would be replaced by three tracks, one owned by the

8283: 6576: 6370: 5066: 4994: 4804: 4695: 3940: 3480: 3116: 2768: 2592: 2323: 2245: 2148: 1686: 1229: 1092: 761: 472:

and has become a popular tourist destination, as well as an internationally recognized symbol of

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On September 14, 1992, 25-year-old John C. Vincent climbed to the top of the Gateway Arch using

1821:

The underground visitor center for the arch was designed as part of the National Park Service's

1228:

The time capsule, containing the signatures of 762,000 students and others, was welded into the

8582: 8218: 7244: 7061: 5674: 3902: 3418: 3398: 2272: 2135: 1276: 981: 67: 7895: 7703: 6405: 4595: 2330:

Some have questioned whether St. Louis really was—as Saarinen said—the "Gateway to the West".

2271:

The arch has also appeared as a symbol of the State of Missouri. On November 22, 2002, at the

8617: 7868: 7709: 7600: 7573: 7272: 7092: 6934: 6604: 6287: 5642: 5348: 5197: 4274: 3753: 3528: 2979: 2368: 2331: 2290: 2181: 1970: 1872: 1054: 805: 623: 575: 4689: 3572: 3562: 3558: 2817: 654: 7739: 7602:

Homeland Security: Actions Needed to Improve Security Practices at National Icons and Parks

7506: 7148: 6632: 5947: 5029: 4962: 4473: 3237: 2728:, it was St. Louis' oldest standing building when Roosevelt approved the memorial in 1935. 2522: 2476: 2431: 2189: 2073: 1790: 1730: 1308: 1221: 1074: 977: 858: 800:

Saarinen's team included himself as designer, J. Henderson Barr as associate designer, and

642: 638: 5863: 1180:

deserted their work on the visitor center, refusing to work with plumbers affiliated with

861:, whose February 26, 1948, letter compared Saarinen's arch to an arch imagined by fascist 8: 7002: 6688: 2631: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2204: 1652: 1316: 697: 684: 558: 434: 79: 7837: 792: 8494: 8064: 7900: 7770: 6942: 6547: 5670:"Monument Soon Will Light Up The Night Sky; Arch Illumination Project Gets Green Light" 5555: 4727: 4627: 4303: 3945: 3925: 3746: 2781: 2164: 2086: 1839: 1193: 946: 832: 674: 599: 566: 520: 457: 235: 3012: 392: 7907: 7713: 7677: 7635: 7606: 7538: 6946: 6519: 6493: 6471: 6411: 6344: 5825: 5717: 5679: 5587: 5578: 5547: 5505: 5413: 5366: 5211: 5173: 4917: 4732: 4699: 4631: 4617: 4540: 4501: 4390: 4318: 4016: 3978: 3894: 3757: 3576: 3066: 2985: 2678: 2614:. The Brickline Greenway was known as the Chouteau Greenway prior to March 10, 2020. 2423: 2139: 1960:

A young boy is looking out one of the observation windows at the city of St. Louis.

1956: 1864: 1723: 1249: 1217: 1197: 745: 489: 442: 8683:

Administrative History: Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site

4529:

Johnson, Christopher (April 15, 2008). "The Gateway Arch: A Reflection of America".

1915: 1709: 988:

for $ 10 million. The foundations denied the request because their function as

8287: 4609: 4445: 3885: 3824: 3720:, The Museum Gazette, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service. 3414: 3394: 2658: 2510: 2352: 2299: 2282:

uncovered the winning design for a Missouri coin design competition as part of the

2185: 1769: 1755: 1698: 1359: 1173:

assessed that it suffered losses of $ 2,000 for each day the trains were stagnant.

916: 862: 826: 809: 570: 553: 524: 512: 480: 8274:

Twiddy, Iain (2006). "Grief Brought to Numbers: Paul Muldoon's Circular Elegies".

2220:

can be manipulated from the park's dispatch center, which has also been upgraded.

2002:

officials treated the injured NPS employee at the arch's top before taking him to

1993: 30: 8766: 8291: 8037: 8015: 5606: 5202: 4531: 3968: 3197: 2785: 2599: 2549: 2527: 2379: 2224: 2085:

On November 22, 1980, at about 8:45 a.m. CST, 33-year-old Kenneth Swyers of

2064: 2042: 1978: 1830: 1355: 1327: 1312: 1240: 985: 972: 951: 866: 777: 733: 611: 603: 562: 438: 8252: 7176:"Innocent Plea In Arch Climb – Defendant Had Said That He Pulled Off Stunt" 6158:"Latest Arch plan has $ 578 million price tag, calls for closing Memorial Drive" 4284: 2843: 2026: 1997:

A view of the Mississippi River from the observation room of the St. Louis Arch.

7891: 7120: 7030: 4417: 2848: 2607: 2539: 2514: 2386: 2335: 2321:

as well because of the innovative design and its scientific considerations. In

2318: 2212: 2208: 2156: 2057: 1939:

A view of the city of St. Louis from the observation room of the St. Louis Arch

1935: 1876: 1813: 1254: 1070: 1062: 1026: 964: 849:, however, opposed the allocation of federal funds for the arch's development. 822: 769: 757: 592: 583: 6025:"International Design Competition to Invigorate the Gateway Arch Starts Today" 5245: 1780: 1741:, approved a bill permitting the illumination in pink of the arch in honor of 1120: 8776: 7681: 7639: 7542: 6475: 5829: 5721: 5683: 5591: 5551: 5509: 5417: 5370: 5215: 4921: 4544: 4394: 4051: 4020: 3898: 3741: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361:

Corrigan, Patricia (October 27, 1985). "The Triumph of the Arch: 1965–1986".

2488: 2390: 2287: 2193: 2163:

David D. Noce ruled on January 28, 1993, that Carroll had been involved in a

2130:

and proceeded to parachute back to the ground. He was later charged with two

1961: 1929: 1833:, and waiting areas for the arch trams, as well as its main attractions: the 1331: 1097: 781: 619: 484: 445: 217: 109: 96: 8522: 8430:"National Park Service Awards Contract For Structural Study on Gateway Arch" 4663: 2758:

personnel removed him from the room. Udall resumed his speech, unperturbed.

1300:

The windows of the observation deck are located around the apex of the arch.

6462: 6027:. National Parks Conservation Association. December 8, 2009. Archived from 4381: 4047:"Monument Completed: 'Gateway to West' Portrays St. Louis' Role in History" 3692:"Jefferson National Expansion Memorial: Administrative History (Chapter 3)" 2747: 2482: 2443: 2068: 2056:

exhibition skydiving team was permitted to fly through the arch as part of

2015: 1944: 1908: 1320: 1192:

that required the AFL–CIO laborers to return to work. On February 7, Judge

908: 875: 749: 6655: 4613: 2602:

to the Gateway Arch grounds. Among the partners leading this project are

2430:

s unofficial rankings for the most-visited attraction in the world, after

1690:

calling attention to the fact that the structure was a weighted catenary.

1350:

The arch is a weighted catenary—its legs are wider than its upper section.

886:

Several proposals were offered for moving the railroad tracks, including:

6436:"Gateway Arch museum, visitors center to open in time for Fair St. Louis" 2725: 2464: 2356: 2348: 2309: 2263: 2131: 2127: 2101: 1233: 1177: 912: 846: 813: 773: 8545:"WashU a partner in greenway project to connect Forest Park to the Arch" 6998:"'I Knew He Was Dead': Parachutist Dies After Landing On St. Louis Arch" 5144:

McGuire, John (October 27, 1975). "Gateway Arch Now Spanning 10 Years".

2118: 1895: 1854: 1630:= 625.0925 ft (190.5282 m) is the maximum height of centroid, 1346: 890:

Bates-Ross. Tracks would cross the memorial site diagonally in a tunnel.

6311:"Arch's park-over-highway bridge completed, ready for landscaping work" 6055:"Revised riverfront plan, including gondolas, to be unveiled Wednesday" 3656: 2439: 2279: 1822: 1734: 1296: 1189: 939: 679: 633:

7253 to approve the memorial, allocating the 82-acre area as the first

1614:{\displaystyle C=\operatorname {arcosh} {\frac {Q_{b}}{Q_{t}}}=3.0022} 1208: 5514: 3819: 3473:"Poky Pump Primer: St. Louis' Depression Project Nears End in a Boom" 2090: 2053: 1880: 1232:

before the final piece was set in place. On October 28, the arch was

801: 473: 5574:"The Incredible Gateway Arch: America's Mightiest National Monument" 4009:"Gateway Arch Is a Monument to Smith's Good Idea, Saarinen's Design" 2674:

National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis, Missouri

2409:

In 1966, the arch was given a Special Award for Excellence from the

602:

signed it into law. Dickmann and Smith applied for funding from two

7986:"NASA Reveals New Gateway Logo for Artemis Lunar Orbit Way Station" 6660: 4310: 2591:

Project is a major public-private partnership that aims to connect

2134:: climbing a national monument and parachuting in a national park. 1987: 1868: 1738: 1677: 1656: 1081:. In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors 430: 1100:

documented the construction for the newspaper's Sunday supplement

456:. Some sources consider it the tallest human-made monument in the 8759: 8475:"Engineers versus the eons, or How long will our monuments last?" 6785: 6090: 6003:"Gateway Arch National Park Sees 41% Attendance Increase in 2022" 5943: 4691:

Discovering African American St. Louis: A Guide to Historic Sites

3151:"Gleaming $ 11 Million Arch at St. Louis to Mark Gateway to West" 2557: 2375: 2217: 2077:, wanted to perform the leap during Fourth of July celebrations. 1335: 1129: 1066: 700:, Brown's proposal formed the basis for the ultimate settlement. 6992: 6990: 6988: 2203:

The Arch also became one of several U.S. monuments placed under

8701:"The Arch at 25: Gateway Gave St. Louis a Much-Needed Identity" 4797:"The St. Louis Blues: Will They Ever Finish That Gateway Arch?" 4731:. Associated Press. August 25, 1965. p. 16. Archived from 3433: 2706:

He would also change the width of the arch to match its height.

1983: 1053:

engineer estimate of $ 8,067,000. Wirth had a committee led by

1017: 1007: 760:

prepared a set of specifications for the design, and architect

256: 8731: 7471:"Government Restricts Airspace At 3 U.S. Landmarks for July 4" 7082: 7080: 2625: 1319:

in the middle from ground level to 300 feet (91 m), with

8609: 8307:"St. Louis Arch to play a pivotal role in a new Disney+ show" 7051: 7049: 6985: 6250:"Archscape design competitors take their visions to the jury" 5973:"After 8 months, tram in St. Louis Gateway Arch moving again" 5022:"Lofty Gateway Arch Dedicated And Hailed by HHH in St. Louis" 2197: 1719: 1082: 1078: 692: 3665: 2788:. The finalized coin entered circulation on August 4, 2003. 2184:, a little over $ 1 million was granted to institute a 2041:

In 1973, Nikki Caplan was granted an FAA exception to fly a

8432:. National Park Service. September 21, 2010. Archived from 8311: 7077: 4089: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 2984:(2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 73. 2398: 2394: 2097: 449: 7864:"Group unveils license plate for Gateway Arch fund-raiser" 7046: 6543:"The Ups & Downs Of Jefferson Expansion Memorial Park" 6341:

Mission 66 Visitor Centers: The History of a Building Type

6189:"Plans for Arch grounds attract curious crowds and praise" 1919:

North stairs and tram descending from observation platform

1069:. The arch was assembled of 142 12-foot-long (3.7 m) 852:

The design drew varied responses. In a February 29, 1948,

687:, a renowned newspaper editor, advised Smith not to fret. 7065:. Montreal. United Press International. November 24, 1980 4441:"St. Louis' Huge Gateway Arch Already Tourist Attraction" 4280: 8245:"Program Notes: Arch Music for St. Louis, Op. 44 (1997)" 8207:"Choice Concerts: Soloists, Duos, and Trios in New York" 3740: 3723: 2200:

equipment, devices which have been in place since 1997.

1554:{\displaystyle A={\frac {f_{c}}{Q_{b}/Q_{t}-1}}=68.7672} 1315:

skin covering a sandwich of two carbon-steel walls with

8048:. Associated General Contractors of America: 182. 1967. 7797:"Arnold Worldwide to design Gateway Arch license plate" 4271:"Gateway Arch in St. Louis Celebrates 30th Anniversary" 2374:

Its futuristic style has been seen as a symbol for the

8838:

National Register of Historic Places in national parks

8340:"'Defiance' imagines aliens, humans in 2046 St. Louis" 7705:

Watercraft on World Coins: America and Asia, 1800–2008

7415:"On Guard: Metal Detectors Make Debut at Gateway Arch" 4866:"Wow! At 40, shining Arch still is beacon to visitors" 2343:

the Gateway to the West but as the Exit from the East.

16:

U.S. National Historic Landmark in St. Louis, Missouri

8549:

Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis

7959:"As Gateway Arch Turns 50, Its Message Gets Reframed" 7735:"Missouri's Gateway Arch to become coin of the realm" 7502:"Barricades around Arch grounds draw some complaints" 6600:"St. Louis Arch Train System Opens After Many Delays" 5638:"St. Louis Gateway Arch will be illuminated at night" 2911:. National Historic Landmarks Program. Archived from 1568: 1491: 1370: 708:

reconstructed in the basement of the Old Courthouse.

5862:. Associated Press. October 24, 2004. Archived from 5632: 5630: 5628: 5198:"St. Louis' Two-Legged Tower: Tallest U.S. Monument" 2621: 1784:

Southern entrance to the subterranean visitor center

506: 7268:"Photographer of arch jumper guilty of misdemeanor" 5967: 5965: 5940:"Gateway Arch draws the most visitors in St. Louis" 5856:"St. Louis Arch to Glow Pink for Anti-Cancer Cause" 5340: 5315:"Spectacle in Steel: St. Louis' Giant Gateway Arch" 4305:

Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats

3881:"Ten Things You Should Know About Harris Armstrong" 2909:"National Historic Landmarks Program: Gateway Arch" 2096:On December 27, 1980, St. Louis television station 1842:in the 19th century and opened on August 10, 1977. 812:as painter. In the first stage of the competition, 8088:"St. Louis Gateway Arch 5th in Appeal to Tourists" 7983: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7899: 7384:"Gateway Arch will close if alert raised to 'red'" 7248:. Nashua, NH. Associated Press. September 15, 1992 7169: 7167: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6086:"Proposal unveiled for revamped Gateway Arch park" 5979:. Associated Press. March 18, 2008. Archived from 4302: 4296: 4294: 3798:on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 3745: 3637:on February 25, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011. 3285:on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 2841: 2520:A damaged Gateway Arch is prominently featured in 1613: 1553: 1472: 817:wide from center to center of the triangle bases. 183:$ 13 million (c. $ 95.9 million in 2023) 8833:National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis 8068:. Associated Press. February 10, 1967. p. 4B 8026:. American Institute of Steel Construction. 1966. 7670:"Commemorative Coin? Artist Finds It Forgettable" 7569:"Better-looking Barriers To Protect Gateway Arch" 7088:"'Santa' parachutes onto arch to honor stunt man" 5625: 3929:. Associated Press. September 2, 1961. p. 1. 3744:; Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa; Albrecht, Donald (2006). 3564:St. Louis Plans: The Ideal and the Real St. Louis 3106: 3104: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2837: 2835: 2575:In 1984, structural engineer Tibor Szegezdy told 1196:ruled that AFL–CIO workers had participated in a 1001: 881: 796:Saarinen working with a model of the arch in 1957 711: 8774: 8499:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6968:"Column 1: Hot air fans meet, shoot the breezes" 6782:"Group trapped at top of Arch after malfunction" 5962: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 4413:"St. Louis' Gateway Arch To Be Tallest Monument" 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 2313:The Arch viewed from one of two reflecting pools 1899:Interior of the tram capsule in the Gateway Arch 1016:Saarinen and city functionaries collaborated to 8156:. February 25, 1990. p. 2B. Archived from 7920: 7164: 7096:. United Press International. December 28, 1980 6844:"St. Louis Arch tram stalls, trapping visitors" 6656:"Tram out of service after Gateway Arch mishap" 6390: 4571:. October 29, 1965. p. D19. Archived from 4495: 4370: 4368: 4300: 4291: 3921:"Eero Saarinen: Widely Known Detroit Architect" 3512: 3510: 3388: 3386: 3384: 2842:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 2669:List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri 2415:Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award 648: 8644:Eero Saarinen - Gateway to the West, 1947–1965 8481:. Archived from the original on March 19, 2002 8238: 8236: 7353:"Security tightened at St. Louis Gateway Arch" 7203: 7201: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6460:Selbert, Pamela (April 2004). "Gateway Arch". 6407:Underground Buildings: More Than Meets the Eye 6151: 6149: 5887:"'Oz On Ice' Promotion Will Light Up the Arch" 5646:. Associated Press. August 9, 2011. p. 5A 4966:. October 29, 1965. p. 22. Archived from 4767:. October 28, 1965. p. 50. Archived from 4720:"Cost Higher Than High Sign, So It Comes Down" 4477:. Associated Press. August 6, 1963. p. 18 2927: 2832: 2446:. On February 22, 1990, the arch received the 7951: 6717:. United Press International. March 15, 2008. 6608:. Associated Press. July 24, 1967. p. 1B 5391: 4841:. January 12, 1966. p. 3. Archived from 4301:Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). 4101: 4099: 4072: 4070: 3497: 3495: 3081: 2802: 1805:This project was completed in December 2014. 1760:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus 1203: 595:to facilitate the project. On April 15, then 8646:, "Casabella", 850, June 2015, 4-27, 94-95 . 8096:. August 3, 1973. p. 23. Archived from 7977: 6901:"St. Louis' Stainless Steel Streamline Baby" 6730:"Worker injured by tram inside Gateway Arch" 5818:"Pink may light Arch in breast cancer fight" 5539:Notices of the American Mathematical Society 4906:"Gateway Arch Marks 20 Years Over St. Louis" 4365: 4133:on March 30, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2011. 4079:"For a Modern Monument: An Audacious Design" 3850: 3848: 3846: 3507: 3381: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3233:"Curving Gateway Arch: Memorial To Pioneers" 3162:. August 31, 1962. p. 6. Archived from 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 878:made calculations for the arch's structure. 517:George Rogers Clark National Historical Park 8367:Pistor, Nicholas J.C. (September 9, 2010). 8233: 7198: 6804: 6146: 5710:"Visitors Take A Shine To Illuminated Arch" 5056: 5054: 5052: 4406: 4404: 4238:"Gateway Arch: The New Spirit of St. Louis" 4231: 4229: 3962: 3960: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 2646:National Register of Historic Places portal 1858:Observation area on top of the Gateway Arch 1291: 629:On December 21, President Roosevelt signed 8813:Buildings and structures completed in 1967 8398:Pistor, Nicholas J. C. (August 22, 2010). 8362: 8360: 8337: 7628:"Car Tag Sales Will Help Tell Arch's Tale" 7499: 7444:Locy, Toni; Watson, Traci (July 7, 2002). 7443: 6756:"Arch trams shut down, stranding visitors" 6711:"Gateway Arch tram reopens, breaks down". 6364:Kimbell, Becky Yaeger (October 12, 2003). 6247: 6186: 6155: 6052: 5781: 5779: 5265: 5263: 5139: 5137: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4832:"Union Dispute Stops Work on Gateway Arch" 4562:"630-foot High Gateway Arch Is Topped Out" 4556: 4554: 4158:on April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011. 4096: 4067: 3718:"Whatever Happened to The Old Rock House?" 3492: 2475:. It premiered on January 8, 1999, at the 2404: 2293:, the coin portrays "three members of the 2267:The Gateway Arch as seen from southern leg 1307:The cross-sections of the arch's legs are 945:In August 1953, Secretary of the Interior 929:Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis 703:By May 1942, demolition was complete. The 8456:"Worker scales west face of Gateway Arch" 8304: 7984:Robert Z. Pearlman (September 18, 2019). 7931: 7598: 6965: 6871:"Arch tram loses power, passengers stuck" 6684:"200 Trapped in Gateway Arch for 2 Hours" 6534: 6492:. Gateway Arch Riverfront. Archived from 5663: 5661: 5472: 5346: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5191: 5189: 5115:Huxtable, Ada Louise (February 4, 1968). 4987: 4985: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4864:Leonard, Mary Delach (October 19, 2005). 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4077:Louchheim, Aline B. (February 29, 1948). 4076: 3843: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3518:"Luther Ely Smith: Founder of a Memorial" 3288: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3183: 3181: 3136: 3011:. Gateway Arch Riverfront. Archived from 1702:The arch illuminated in pink in honor of 1155:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 548:The St. Louis riverfront after demolition 502:History of the Gateway Arch National Park 285:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 8689: 7663: 7661: 7605:. Diane Publishing Co. pp. 19, 36. 6894: 6892: 6572:"Gateway Arch Worth A Trip To St. Louis" 6540: 6429: 6427: 6357: 6337:"Appendix I: Mission 66 Visitor Centers" 6334: 5755:United States Government Printing Office 5598: 5528: 5272:"St. Louis Gateway Arch—a sweeping view" 5229: 5227: 5225: 5195: 5114: 5088: 5049: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4643: 4641: 4410: 4401: 4337: 4331: 4235: 4226: 4197:on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2011. 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3966: 3957: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3413: 3393: 3360: 3311: 2957:American Institute of Steel Construction 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2538: 2411:American Institute of Steel Construction 2308: 2262: 2230: 2117: 2107:St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department 2025: 1992: 1955: 1934: 1932:by setting a $ 1 riding fee to the top. 1914: 1894: 1853: 1812: 1779: 1708: 1697: 1345: 1341: 1295: 1207: 1166:International Association of Ironworkers 1119: 1005: 791: 543: 495: 8803:National Historic Landmarks in Missouri 8740:"Gateway Arch Construction photographs" 8698: 8658:. National Park Service. Archived from 8357: 8267: 8178: 7890: 7733:Bengali, Shashank (November 23, 2002). 7732: 7594: 7592: 7500:Wittenauer, Cheryl (February 7, 2003). 7412: 7375: 6815: 6727: 6563: 6518:. National Park Service. Archived from 6459: 6363: 6110: 5785: 5776: 5604: 5481:"Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" 5363:National Parks Conservation Association 5269: 5260: 5157: 5155: 5143: 5134: 4940: 4863: 4857: 4551: 4528: 4210:. National Park Service. Archived from 3878: 3860: 3436:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3003: 3001: 2977: 2393:, with its purpose as a gateway to the 2359:on the environment, land and people of 2284:Fifty States Commemorative Coin Program 2045:between the arch's legs as part of the 2021: 732:In November 1944, Smith discussed with 462:westward expansion of the United States 454:Missouri's tallest accessible structure 8775: 8751:St. Louis Gateway Arch Grounds Project 8472: 8397: 8366: 8273: 8204: 7381: 7344: 7173: 7152:. Associated Press. September 17, 1992 6935:"The Beginning of Flight in St. Louis" 6868: 6569: 6077: 6005:. National Park Servie. March 10, 2023 5884: 5658: 5347:La Pierre, Yvette (July–August 1998). 5312: 5299: 5186: 5089:Huxtable, Ada Louise (June 18, 1964). 4991: 4982: 4903: 4888: 4687: 4374: 4161: 4136: 4111: 4007:Duffy, Robert W. (December 14, 2003). 3975:Bowling Green University Popular Press 3815:"St. Louis' Arch to Ring in 40th Year" 3812: 3801: 3770: 3672: 3607: 3556: 3253: 3187: 3178: 3033: 2880:"National Register Information System" 2664:List of tallest buildings in St. Louis 2567:Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. 2457: 2063:The arch has been a target of various 1248:but was done 30 minutes early because 1115: 893:Bowen. Similar to Bates-Ross proposal. 659:United States Circuit Court of Appeals 8793:Buildings and structures in St. Louis 8699:Tackett, Michael (October 26, 1990). 8680: 8654:; Alvine and Associates (June 2010). 8608: 8400:"Gateway Arch showing rust and decay" 7701: 7658: 7625: 7529:Duffy, Robert W. (February 6, 2003). 7528: 7350: 7296:"Guilty: Man Who Filmed Arch Climber" 7210:"Climber Parachutes From Top Of Arch" 7207: 7006:. Associated Press. November 24, 1980 6889: 6628:"Four Spend Shaky Hour in High Train" 6424: 6098:from the original on January 31, 2011 6083: 5937: 5667: 5571: 5504: 5478: 5270:Freeman, Mary T. (November 4, 1967). 5233: 5222: 5019: 5002: 4794: 4783: 4683: 4681: 4647: 4638: 4338:Franklin, Ben A. (October 24, 1965). 4186: 4147: 4122: 4105: 4006: 3991: 3866: 3787: 3626: 3501: 3470: 3449: 3434:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3274: 3027: 2894: 2715:In 1954, Louchheim married Saarinen. 2582: 7861: 7667: 7626:Duffy, Robert W. (October 4, 2003). 7589: 7446:"USA engages in guarded celebration" 7276:. Associated Press. January 24, 1993 7057:"Wife sees 'chutist plunge to death" 6966:Oppenheim, Carol (August 12, 1976). 6898: 6873:. St. Louis: KMOV-TV. Archived from 6846:. St. Louis: KSDK-TV. Archived from 6841: 6758:. St. Louis: KSDK-TV. Archived from 6753: 6541:Nofziger, Fred (December 27, 1987). 6403: 5572:Hicks, Clifford B. (December 1963). 5161: 5152: 4928:from the original on October 7, 2012 4593: 4411:Brinkman, Grover (August 30, 1964). 3646: 3230: 3217: 3124:from the original on January 5, 2020 3036:"Gateway Arch to celebrate its 45th" 3034:Ledden, Nicholas (October 6, 2010). 2998: 2884:National Register of Historic Places 1106:State Historical Society of Missouri 368: 343: 318: 8818:Monuments and memorials in Missouri 8694:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8369:"Arch corrosion continues unabated" 8338:Pennington, Gail (April 14, 2013). 7932:Kennicott, Philip (June 26, 2018). 6932: 6818:"Arch tram stalls with 40 on board" 6728:Currier, Joel (February 10, 2011). 6570:Schatt, Steve (December 28, 1975). 6410:. Quill Driver Books. p. 121. 5885:Berger, Jerry (September 7, 1995). 5668:Duffy, Robert W. (August 9, 2001). 5313:Sutton, Horace (December 5, 1965). 5236:"How Things Work: The Gateway Arch" 4955:"Completion of Gateway Arch Hailed" 4498:The Gateway Arch : a biography 3647:Ward, Paul W. (February 23, 1936). 3471:James, Richard D. (June 19, 1964). 2872: 2419:American Society of Civil Engineers 2275:, Lori Hauser Holden, wife of then 1943:Bi-State put in $ 3.3 million 1849: 1269: 1147:United States Department of Justice 804:as landscape architect, as well as 13: 8551:. October 11, 2017. Archived from 8179:Frangos, Alex (February 7, 2007). 8126:. October 28, 1990. Archived from 8020:Architectural Awards of Excellence 7996:from the original on June 28, 2020 7413:Hopgood, Mei-Ling (May 21, 1997). 7357:St. Charles County Business Record 7302:. January 29, 1993. Archived from 7208:Smith, Bill (September 15, 1992). 7174:Bryant, Tim (September 22, 1992). 5786:Jonsson, Greg (October 26, 2004). 5529:Osserman, Robert (February 2010). 4795:Hauck, Philip C. (July 14, 1967). 4678: 4236:Borcover, Alfred (June 14, 1969). 3813:Taylor, Betsy (October 20, 2005). 3055: 2612:Washington University in St. Louis 2606:, the Arch to Park Collaborative, 2597:Washington University in St. Louis 1890: 1799:Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates 1286: 1038:Senate appropriations subcommittee 933:Missouri Public Service Commission 591:passed an act allowing the use of 515:, returning to St. Louis from the 14: 8854: 8723: 8650:Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects; 8242: 7240:"Man parachutes off Gateway Arch" 6692:. Associated Press. July 22, 2007 6664:. Associated Press. July 22, 2007 6636:. Associated Press. July 10, 1970 6225:. August 17, 2010. Archived from 6084:Olson, Bruce (January 27, 2011). 5716:. November 23, 2001. p. A1. 5605:Crosbie, Michael J. (June 1983). 5531:"Mathematics of the Gateway Arch" 5234:Mogin, Sarah (October 30, 2006). 5117:"St. Louis Success; Architecture" 3970:The Gateway Arch: Fact and Symbol 3748:Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future 3569:Missouri Historical Society Press 3063:"Arch Frequently Asked Questions" 2767:Some locals wrote letters to the 2302:featured the arch, labeled with " 1879:and to the west over the city of 1808: 1718:and its upkeep. In January 1999, 725:Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future 507:Inception and funding (1933–1935) 8823:Tourist attractions in St. Louis 8744:University of Missouri–St. Louis 8652:Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates 8567: 8537: 8507: 8466: 8448: 8422: 8391: 8331: 8305:Millitzer, Joe (June 29, 2021). 8298: 8198: 8172: 8142: 8112: 8080: 8052: 8030: 8008: 7884: 7855: 7819: 7789: 7767:"State Quarter Release Schedule" 7759: 7726: 7695: 7619: 7561: 7522: 7493: 7463: 7437: 7406: 7318: 7288: 7260: 7232: 7136: 7108: 7018: 6959: 6926: 6862: 6835: 6788:. March 24, 2011. Archived from 6774: 6747: 6721: 6704: 6676: 6648: 6620: 6592: 6508: 6482: 6453: 6433: 6366:"Enter the Gateway of St. Louis" 6328: 6308: 6302: 6272: 6241: 6211: 6180: 6156:O'Neil, Tim (January 26, 2011). 6053:O'Neil, Tim (January 26, 2011). 6046: 6017: 5995: 5931: 5909: 5878: 5848: 5619:American Institute of Architects 5196:Remsberg, Charles (April 1964). 4904:Bryant, Tim (October 28, 1985). 4469:"St. Louis Builds 630-Foot Arch" 2774: 2771:accusing Bi-State of "gouging". 2761: 2638: 2624: 2448:American Institute of Architects 1775: 429:is a 630-foot-tall (192 m) 367: 360: 342: 335: 317: 310: 29: 8783:1967 establishments in Missouri 8760:Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park 8758:of the Gateway Arch Taken from 8601: 8515:"Chouteau Greenway Master Plan" 8473:Chiles, James R. (March 1984). 8205:Eisler, Edith (May–June 1999). 8181:"Americans' Favorite Buildings" 7803:. June 10, 2003. Archived from 7668:Bell, Kim (November 23, 2002). 7577:. November 30, 2003. p. 6H 7477:. June 27, 2002. Archived from 7382:Miller, Beth (March 20, 2003). 6816:Currier, Joel (June 16, 2011). 6470:(4). TL Enterprises, Inc.: 64. 6248:O'Neil, Tim (August 27, 2010). 6187:O'Neil, Tim (August 18, 2010). 5824:. October 6, 2004. p. B1. 5810: 5740: 5702: 5565: 5522: 5498: 5450: 5436: 5377: 5108: 5082: 4824: 4750: 4712: 4587: 4522: 4513: 4489: 4461: 4433: 4375:Hannon, Robert E. (June 1963). 4263: 4200: 4039: 3933: 3913: 3872: 3710: 3684: 3664:(3687): 267–268. Archived from 3640: 3589: 3550: 3231:Wick, Temple (April 25, 1965). 3065:. July 25, 2006. Archived from 2863:Gross Domestic Product deflator 2740: 2731: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2452:America's Favorite Architecture 2036:Federal Aviation Administration 2004:Saint Louis University Hospital 1964:can be seen through the window. 1421: 1417: 1176:On January 7, 1966, members of 1047: 1006: 942:'s depletion of federal funds. 511:Around late 1933, civic leader 294:U.S. National Historic Landmark 8681:Brown, Sharon A. (June 1984). 8642:Baglione, Chiara (June 2015), 7902:Quite Enough of Calvin Trillin 7834:Missouri Department of Revenue 7510:. Associated Press. p. 4A 7326:"St. Louis, MO Arch Base Jump" 7144:"Gateway Arch climber charged" 6754:Held, Kevin (March 24, 2011). 6219:"Arch 2015: A citizen's guide" 5921:Lighting Dimensions Associates 5485:Wolfram Demonstrations Project 5165:The History of Stainless Steel 4377:"Soaring Symbol for St. Louis" 3879:Raimist, Andrew (April 2006). 3190:"St. Louis Arch Going Up, Up!" 3188:Soroka, Leo (March 15, 1964). 2971: 2886:. May 28, 1987. Archived from 2534: 2047:Great Forest Park Balloon Race 1733:, at the pressing of Senators 1418: 1186:National Labor Relations Board 1124:Arch construction in June 1965 1002:Final preparations (1959–1968) 882:Railroad agreement (1949–1958) 738:National Park Service Director 712:Design competition (1945–1948) 387: 204:630 ft (192 m) width 1: 8692:The Gateway Arch: A Biography 7872:. Associated Press. p. 5 7116:"Gateway Arch leap seen hoax" 6910:. p. I28. Archived from 6869:Chiodo, Joe (June 16, 2011). 6842:Held, Kevin (June 16, 2011). 6374:. p. T.2. Archived from 5938:Glaus, Heidi (July 8, 2010). 5324:. p. J21. Archived from 5280:The Christian Science Monitor 5126:. p. D33. Archived from 5033:. p. 12A. Archived from 4449:. August 11, 1963. p. 24 4055:. October 29, 1965. p. 3 3159:The Christian Science Monitor 2844:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 2795: 1743:breast cancer awareness month 1704:Breast Cancer Awareness Month 1182:Congress of Industrial Unions 971:In July 1953, Representative 616:Works Progress Administration 479:The Arch was designed by the 460:. Built as a monument to the 376:Show map of the United States 7743:. p. A1. Archived from 7351:Nixon, Mike (May 31, 2002). 6899:Wolf, Jacob (May 12, 1968). 6516:"Frequently Asked Questions" 6284:cityarchrivercompetition.org 6125:cityarchrivercompetition.org 5893:. p. 1G. Archived from 5794:. p. A1. Archived from 5479:Kabai, Sándor; Tóth, János. 5444:"The Gateway Arch, St Louis" 5412:. May 24, 2007. p. 23. 5283:. p. 15. Archived from 5100:. p. 32. Archived from 5020:Offer, Dave (May 26, 1968). 4349:. p. 51. Archived from 4247:. p. G1. Archived from 4088:. p. X8. Archived from 3967:Mehrhoff, W. Arthur (1992). 3531:. March 2001. Archived from 3428:American Antiquarian Society 3408:American Antiquarian Society 3279:Chpt 1 (1933–1935: The Idea) 3201:. p. A3. Archived from 2473:St. Louis Symphony Orchestra 1951: 1835:Museum of Westward Expansion 649:Initial planning (1936–1939) 448:, it is the world's tallest 227:Eero Saarinen and Associates 7: 8656:"Historic Structure Report" 8614:"Cultural Landscape Report" 7827:"License Plate Sample Book" 7599:Goldstein, Mark L. (2010). 6977:. p. 1. Archived from 5349:"On the Trail of Discovery" 5070:. May 26, 1968. p. 10A 5062:"A Little Sun For Humphrey" 4808:. p. 1. Archived from 4758:"Gateway Arch Work Resumed" 4688:Wright, John Aaron (2002). 3484:. p. 8. Archived from 2617: 2260:of the city of St. Louis." 2257:St. Louis Community College 2175: 1925:Bi-State Development Agency 1829:The center houses offices, 1693: 1682:St. Louis Community College 1673:inverted weighted catenary. 1171:Bi-State Development Agency 1153:case against AFL–CIO under 1139:Congress of Racial Equality 921:memorandum of understanding 608:Public Works Administration 441:and built in the form of a 10: 8859: 8292:10.1093/english/55.212.181 8150:"St. Louis' Pride And Joy" 8093:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 7862:Suhr, Jim (June 4, 2004). 7801:St. Louis Business Journal 7388:St. Louis Business Journal 6933:Cox, Jeremy R. C. (2011). 4914:United Press International 4662:(3): 30–43. Archived from 3041:St. Louis Business Journal 2421:. The arch was once among 2295:Lewis and Clark expedition 2030:The arch in September 2007 1713:The arch's lighting system 1653:hyperbolic cosine function 1277:50,000-seat sports stadium 1204:Topping out and dedication 907:On July 7, 1949, in Mayor 589:Missouri State Legislature 565:introduced to Congress an 499: 470:Gateway Arch National Park 466:National Historic Landmark 245:MacDonald Construction Co. 8808:Metro Transit (St. Louis) 8706:Moscow-Pullman Daily News 8060:"Gateway Arch Wins Award" 6490:"Top of the Gateway Arch" 6343:. National Park Service. 5172:. pp. 170–174, 308. 4648:Moore, Robert J. (1994). 4601:Journal of Social History 4500:, Yale University Press, 3604: (8th Cir. 1939). 3597:Barnidge v. United States 2949:Modern Steel Construction 2752:Secretary of the Interior 2654:Architecture of St. Louis 2180:Two years after the 1995 1817:Inside the visitor center 1655:describes the shape of a 1164:On October 26, 1965, the 925:Missouri Pacific Railroad 437:, United States. Clad in 419: 411: 403: 398: 386:NRHP reference 385: 304: 300: 291: 282: 275: 271: 267: 254: 249: 241: 231: 223: 213: 208: 200: 195: 187: 179: 161: 143: 125: 86: 73: 63: 58: 41: 37: 28: 23: 8798:Eero Saarinen structures 8690:Campbell, Tracy (2013). 8685:. National Park Service. 7026:"Gateway Arch stunt off" 5162:Cobb, Harold M. (2010). 4496:Campbell, Tracy (2013), 2684: 2469:Arch Music for St. Louis 2380:automobile centric urban 2243:—Robert W. Duffy of the 2161:Federal magistrate judge 2006:in a serious condition. 1751:May Department Store Co. 1729:On October 5, 2004, the 1292:Physical characteristics 874:structure of the Arch." 191:630 ft (192 m) 68:Structural expressionism 8460:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 8404:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 8373:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 8344:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 8284:Oxford University Press 8185:The Wall Street Journal 8154:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 8124:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 8120:"A History of the Arch" 7674:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 7632:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 7535:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 7419:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 7300:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 7214:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 7180:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 6822:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 6734:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 6577:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 6434:Hahn, Valerie Schremp. 6371:The Cincinnati Enquirer 6335:Allaback, Sara (2000). 6254:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 6223:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 6193:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 6162:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 6059:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5891:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5822:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5792:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5714:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5460:. National Park Service 5458:"Mathematical Equation" 5410:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5146:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5067:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 4995:The Dallas Morning News 4870:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 4805:The Wall Street Journal 4696:Missouri History Museum 4594:Lang, Clarence (2004). 4013:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 3525:Experience Your America 3481:The Wall Street Journal 3363:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 3117:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2978:Lohraff, Kevin (2009). 2769:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2499:in the Gateway Arch in 2405:Awards and recognitions 2324:The Dallas Morning News 2246:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2149:One Metropolitan Square 2122:Aerial shot of the arch 1687:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1093:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 209:Design and construction 8765:July 22, 2011, at the 6981:on September 15, 2011. 6404:Hall, Loretta (2004). 5675:St Louis Post-Dispatch 5168:. Materials Park, OH: 5130:on September 15, 2011. 5104:on September 15, 2011. 4092:on September 20, 2011. 3668:on September 19, 2011. 3488:on September 14, 2011. 2544: 2345: 2334:-born "deadline poet" 2314: 2273:Missouri State Capitol 2268: 2240: 2123: 2034:On June 16, 1965, the 2031: 1998: 1965: 1940: 1920: 1900: 1859: 1818: 1785: 1714: 1706: 1615: 1555: 1474: 1351: 1301: 1213: 1125: 1013: 961: 797: 790: 720: 635:National Historic Site 549: 534: 167:; 57 years ago 149:; 58 years ago 131:; 61 years ago 129:February 12, 1963 8618:National Park Service 8585:on September 24, 2020 8579:Great Rivers Greenway 8519:Great Rivers Greenway 7869:The Nevada Daily Mail 7710:Sussex Academic Press 7702:Dotan, Yossi (2010). 7574:San Jose Mercury News 7481:on September 24, 2011 7273:The Nevada Daily Mail 7093:Eugene Register-Guard 6914:on September 14, 2011 6605:St. Joseph News-Press 5917:"Lighting Dimensions" 5788:"Reflections of Hope" 5643:The Nevada Daily Mail 5328:on September 14, 2011 5287:on September 14, 2011 5037:on September 14, 2011 4970:on September 14, 2011 4845:on September 14, 2011 4812:on September 14, 2011 4771:on September 14, 2011 4614:10.1353/jsh.2004.0013 4575:on September 14, 2011 4418:Youngstown Vindicator 4353:on September 14, 2011 4309:. Santa Barbara, CA: 4276:All Things Considered 4251:on September 14, 2011 3973:. Bowling Green, OH: 3949:. September 3, 1961. 3754:Yale University Press 3557:Tranel, Mark (2007). 3529:National Park Service 3205:on September 14, 2011 3166:on September 14, 2011 2890:on February 20, 2013. 2604:Great Rivers Greenway 2542: 2507:television adaptation 2369:civil rights movement 2340: 2312: 2266: 2235: 2231:Symbolism and culture 2182:Oklahoma City bombing 2121: 2029: 1996: 1959: 1938: 1918: 1898: 1873:Mississippian culture 1857: 1816: 1783: 1712: 1701: 1684:, later wrote to the 1616: 1556: 1475: 1349: 1342:Mathematical elements 1309:equilateral triangles 1299: 1212:The dedication plaque 1211: 1123: 1036:On May 16, 1959, the 1012:3-D model of the Arch 1011: 956: 927:(MPR) and two by the 795: 786: 716: 624:National Park Service 576:Franklin D. Roosevelt 547: 529: 496:Historical background 326:Show map of St. Louis 147:October 28, 1965 77:100 Washington Avenue 8769:, East St. Louis, IL 8575:"Brickline Greenway" 8479:Smithsonian Magazine 8379:on December 13, 2010 8217:(78). Archived from 7896:"T. S. Eliot and Me" 7777:on December 24, 2010 7740:The Kansas City Star 7507:Southeast Missourian 6850:on September 4, 2012 6633:The Spokesman-Review 6260:on November 30, 2010 6199:on November 21, 2010 6118:"Competition Manual" 5561:on October 23, 2012. 5248:on December 31, 2010 5030:The Hartford Courant 4963:The Hartford Courant 4876:on December 14, 2010 4738:on November 11, 2011 4666:on December 26, 2010 4474:The Spokesman-Review 4287:on November 5, 2012. 4279:. October 27, 1995. 3756:. pp. 222–229. 3716:Hoppe, Nancy Marie. 3602:101 F.2d 295 3238:St. Petersburg Times 3120:. October 17, 2005. 3069:on February 28, 2011 3009:"Gateway Arch Facts" 2577:Smithsonian Magazine 2477:Powell Symphony Hall 2378:and the surrounding 2190:September 11 attacks 2022:Stunts and accidents 1791:Nashville, Tennessee 1671:). This makes it an 1566: 1489: 1368: 1222:Alfonso J. Cervantes 995:Bureau of the Budget 978:Dwight D. Eisenhower 351:Show map of Missouri 126:Construction started 8756:360 Degree Panorama 8665:on November 7, 2012 8627:on November 7, 2012 8462:. October 21, 2014. 8410:on January 17, 2011 8130:on October 11, 2012 7124:. December 29, 1980 7034:. February 13, 1986 7003:Evening Independent 6762:on January 27, 2013 6689:The Washington Post 6378:on November 5, 2012 6290:on January 31, 2011 6229:on October 10, 2012 6168:on January 28, 2011 6065:on January 29, 2011 5983:on February 5, 2013 5950:on January 27, 2013 5764:on November 7, 2012 5607:"Is It a Catenary?" 3905:on April 24, 2014. 3698:on November 1, 2009 3649:"Washington Weekly" 3538:on October 29, 2011 2865:figures follow the 2632:Architecture portal 2502:The Lightning Thief 2467:wrote a 1997 work, 2458:Cultural references 2304:Gateway to the West 2205:restricted airspace 1871:with its prominent 1765:Wizard of Oz on Ice 1483:with the constants 1317:reinforced concrete 1283:levee were built." 1151:pattern or practice 1116:Delays and lawsuits 990:private foundations 935:on August 7, 1952. 806:Lily Swann Saarinen 685:William Allen White 561:and Representative 559:Bennett Champ Clark 435:St. Louis, Missouri 412:Designated NHL 232:Structural engineer 110:38.6245°N 90.1847°W 106: / 80:St. Louis, Missouri 64:Architectural style 59:General information 48:Gateway to the West 8843:Downtown St. Louis 8221:on January 5, 2007 8065:St. Joseph Gazette 7965:. October 28, 2015 7771:United States Mint 7549:on January 8, 2020 7475:The New York Times 7363:on January 5, 2020 6943:Arcadia Publishing 6941:. Charleston, SC: 6939:St. Louis Aviation 6034:on August 20, 2010 5866:on January 8, 2020 5860:The New York Times 5836:on January 8, 2020 5690:on January 8, 2020 5406:"The Gateway Arch" 5124:The New York Times 5098:The New York Times 4765:The New York Times 4728:The Salina Journal 4347:The New York Times 4214:on August 27, 2007 4191:Chpt 7 (1959–1968) 4152:Chpt 6 (1953–1958) 4127:Chpt 5 (1949–1952) 4086:The New York Times 3977:. pp. 17–18. 3946:The New York Times 3792:Chpt 4 (1945–1948) 3631:Chpt 2 (1936–1939) 2814:GreatBuildings.com 2589:Brickline Greenway 2583:Brickline Greenway 2552:on March 5, 1969. 2545: 2471:, Op. 44. for the 2315: 2269: 2144:World Trade Center 2136:Federal prosecutor 2124: 2087:Overland, Missouri 2032: 1999: 1986:and the other was 1966: 1941: 1921: 1901: 1860: 1840:westward expansion 1819: 1786: 1715: 1707: 1611: 1551: 1470: 1352: 1330:is supported by a 1302: 1214: 1194:John Keating Regan 1149:to file the first 1126: 1061:In 1959 and 1960, 1014: 854:The New York Times 833:The New York Times 798: 675:American Red Cross 567:appropriation bill 550: 521:Vincennes, Indiana 458:Western Hemisphere 236:Severud Associates 165:June 10, 1967 8788:Arches and vaults 8555:on August 3, 2019 8525:on August 3, 2019 8319:on August 7, 2022 7913:978-1-4000-6982-8 7843:on August 9, 2011 7807:on August 9, 2011 7719:978-1-898595-50-2 7612:978-1-4379-2332-2 7394:on August 9, 2011 7332:. January 3, 2004 6952:978-0-7385-8410-2 6792:on March 26, 2011 6417:978-1-884956-27-0 6350:978-0-16-050446-4 5579:Popular Mechanics 5385:"Plan Your Visit" 5179:978-1-61503-010-1 5170:ASM International 4705:978-1-883982-45-4 4623:978-0-252-07648-0 4507:978-0-300-16988-1 4324:978-1-57607-112-0 4108:, pp. 39–40. 3984:978-0-87972-568-6 3857:, pp. 29–31. 3763:978-0-9724881-2-9 3582:978-1-883982-61-4 3504:, pp. 26–27. 3308:, pp. 25–27. 2991:978-0-7360-7588-6 2915:on August 4, 2009 2724:Built in 1818 by 2679:Zhivopisny Bridge 2417:of 1967 from the 2351:and particularly 2249:, October 4, 2003 2140:Harvey, Louisiana 1930:retired the bonds 1865:Mississippi River 1756:Fleishman-Hillard 1724:Pope John Paul II 1603: 1543: 1463: 1436: 1404: 1250:thermal expansion 1218:Lyndon B. Johnson 1198:secondary boycott 1063:ground was broken 859:Gilmore D. Clarke 766:Charles Nagel Jr. 604:New Deal agencies 571:joint resolutions 490:Mississippi River 443:weighted catenary 423: 422: 399:Significant dates 224:Architecture firm 115:38.6245; -90.1847 42:Alternative names 8850: 8747: 8735: 8734: 8732:Official website 8718: 8716: 8714: 8695: 8686: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8626: 8620:. Archived from 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8581:. Archived from 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8521:. Archived from 8511: 8505: 8504: 8498: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8436:on June 28, 2011 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8406:. Archived from 8395: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8375:. Archived from 8364: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8315:. Archived from 8302: 8296: 8295: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8255:on July 24, 2011 8251:. Archived from 8240: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8100:on July 13, 2012 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7929: 7918: 7917: 7906:. Random House. 7905: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7842: 7836:. Archived from 7831: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7773:. Archived from 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7642:. Archived from 7623: 7617: 7616: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7545:. Archived from 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7421:. Archived from 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7390:. Archived from 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7359:. Archived from 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7216:. Archived from 7205: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7182:. Archived from 7171: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7053: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6994: 6983: 6982: 6972: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6877:on June 18, 2011 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6813: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6422: 6421: 6401: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6286:. Archived from 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6256:. 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Archived from 5535: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5420:. Archived from 5402: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5319: 5310: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5244:. Archived from 5231: 5220: 5219: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5058: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5026: 5017: 5000: 4999: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4959: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4901: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4872:. Archived from 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4801: 4792: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4737: 4724: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4655:Gateway Heritage 4645: 4636: 4635: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4566: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4446:Pittsburgh Press 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4308: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4283:. Archived from 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4208:"Old Rock House" 4204: 4198: 4193:. Archived from 4184: 4159: 4154:. Archived from 4145: 4134: 4129:. Archived from 4120: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4023:. Archived from 4004: 3989: 3988: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3901:. Archived from 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3827:. Archived from 3825:Associated Press 3810: 3799: 3794:. Archived from 3785: 3768: 3767: 3751: 3738: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3694:. Archived from 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3633:. Archived from 3624: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3537: 3522: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3477: 3468: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3431: 3425: 3411: 3405: 3390: 3379: 3378: 3358: 3309: 3303: 3286: 3281:. Archived from 3272: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3155: 3147: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3108: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2946: 2942:"St. Louis Arch" 2938: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2905: 2892: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2820:on April 6, 2011 2816:. Archived from 2806: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2759: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2659:Fair Saint Louis 2648: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2550:graffiti artists 2511:Grover Underwood 2429: 2424:Travel + Leisure 2353:Manifest Destiny 2305: 2300:Arnold Worldwide 2250: 2186:counterterrorism 2065:stunt performers 1885:St. Louis County 1850:Observation area 1831:mechanical rooms 1620: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1582: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1534: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1456: 1437: 1429: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1392: 1360:Hannskarl Bandel 1270:After completion 1253:next section, a 1010: 986:Ford Foundations 917:Oscar L. Chapman 863:Benito Mussolini 827:Harris Armstrong 810:Alexander Girard 808:as sculptor and 756:Local architect 728: 698:Charles Peterson 554:Great Depression 525:Bernard Dickmann 513:Luther Ely Smith 481:Finnish-American 389: 377: 371: 370: 364: 352: 346: 345: 339: 327: 321: 320: 314: 263: 260: 258: 201:Other dimensions 175: 173: 168: 157: 155: 150: 139: 137: 132: 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 33: 21: 20: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8828:1965 sculptures 8773: 8772: 8767:Wayback Machine 8738: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8721: 8712: 8710: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8604: 8599: 8598: 8588: 8586: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8492: 8491: 8484: 8482: 8471: 8467: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8439: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8396: 8392: 8382: 8380: 8365: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8303: 8299: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8241: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8160:on July 7, 2019 8148: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8103: 8101: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8014: 8013: 8009: 7999: 7997: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7938:Washington Post 7930: 7921: 7914: 7892:Trillin, Calvin 7889: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7747:on July 7, 2019 7731: 7727: 7720: 7712:. p. 231. 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7666: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7646:on July 7, 2019 7624: 7620: 7613: 7597: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7425:on July 7, 2019 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7306:on July 7, 2019 7294: 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7220:on July 7, 2019 7206: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7186:on July 7, 2019 7172: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6996: 6995: 6986: 6975:Chicago Tribune 6970: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6908:Chicago Tribune 6903: 6897: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6814: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6726: 6722: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6522:on May 30, 2010 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6402: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6047: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5936: 5932: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5897:on July 7, 2019 5883: 5879: 5869: 5867: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5798:on July 7, 2019 5784: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5728:on July 7, 2019 5708: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5666: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5636: 5635: 5626: 5603: 5599: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5506:Weisstein, Eric 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5446:. July 6, 2015. 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5424:on July 7, 2019 5404: 5403: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5322:Chicago Tribune 5317: 5311: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5274: 5268: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5232: 5223: 5203:Popular Science 5194: 5187: 5180: 5160: 5153: 5142: 5135: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5060: 5059: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5024: 5018: 5003: 4990: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4910:Chicago Tribune 4902: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4839:Chicago Tribune 4834: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4799: 4793: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4694:. Saint Louis: 4686: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4646: 4639: 4624: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4569:Chicago Tribune 4564: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4532:Library Journal 4527: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4409: 4402: 4373: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4299: 4292: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4245:Chicago Tribune 4240: 4234: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4185: 4162: 4146: 4137: 4121: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4027:on July 7, 2019 4005: 3992: 3985: 3965: 3958: 3941:"Eero Saarinen" 3939: 3938: 3934: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3831:on May 21, 2007 3811: 3802: 3786: 3771: 3764: 3739: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3625: 3608: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3475: 3469: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3415:McCusker, J. J. 3403: 3395:McCusker, J. J. 3391: 3382: 3359: 3312: 3304: 3289: 3273: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3229: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3198:Chicago Tribune 3192: 3186: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3112:"Arch Timeline" 3110: 3109: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2981:Hiking Missouri 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2895: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2854: 2852: 2840: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2762: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2600:Danforth Campus 2585: 2537: 2463:Dutch composer 2460: 2427: 2407: 2365:Native Mexicans 2361:First Americans 2303: 2252: 2242: 2233: 2225:risk assessment 2213:Jersey barriers 2178: 2043:hot air balloon 2024: 1954: 1893: 1891:Modes of ascent 1852: 1811: 1778: 1696: 1642: 1635: 1628: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1455: 1448: 1444: 1428: 1393: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1356:German-American 1344: 1328:structural load 1313:stainless steel 1294: 1289: 1287:Characteristics 1272: 1241:Hubert Humphrey 1206: 1118: 1050: 1004: 973:Leonor Sullivan 884: 867:Douglas Haskell 778:William Wurster 730: 722: 714: 651: 631:Executive Order 509: 504: 498: 439:stainless steel 381: 380: 379: 378: 375: 374: 373: 372: 355: 354: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 330: 329: 328: 325: 324: 323: 322: 296: 287: 278: 255: 242:Main contractor 171: 169: 166: 153: 151: 148: 135: 133: 130: 114: 112: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 78: 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8856: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8771: 8770: 8753: 8748: 8736: 8725: 8724:External links 8722: 8720: 8719: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8647: 8640: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8566: 8536: 8506: 8465: 8447: 8421: 8390: 8356: 8330: 8297: 8266: 8243:Schat, Peter. 8232: 8197: 8171: 8141: 8111: 8079: 8051: 8038:"Gateway Arch" 8029: 8007: 7976: 7950: 7919: 7912: 7883: 7854: 7818: 7788: 7758: 7725: 7718: 7694: 7676:. p. 12. 7657: 7618: 7611: 7588: 7560: 7537:. p. B1. 7521: 7492: 7462: 7436: 7405: 7374: 7343: 7317: 7287: 7259: 7231: 7197: 7163: 7135: 7121:Record-Journal 7107: 7076: 7045: 7017: 6984: 6958: 6951: 6945:. p. 31. 6925: 6888: 6861: 6834: 6803: 6773: 6746: 6720: 6703: 6675: 6647: 6619: 6591: 6562: 6533: 6507: 6496:on May 1, 2011 6481: 6452: 6423: 6416: 6389: 6356: 6349: 6327: 6301: 6271: 6240: 6210: 6179: 6145: 6109: 6076: 6045: 6016: 5994: 5961: 5930: 5908: 5877: 5847: 5809: 5775: 5748:"Bill S. 2895" 5739: 5701: 5678:. p. A1. 5657: 5624: 5597: 5564: 5546:(2): 220–229. 5521: 5497: 5471: 5449: 5435: 5390: 5376: 5354:National Parks 5339: 5298: 5259: 5221: 5185: 5178: 5151: 5133: 5107: 5081: 5048: 5001: 4998:. p. 12C. 4981: 4939: 4916:. p. 12. 4887: 4856: 4823: 4782: 4749: 4711: 4704: 4677: 4637: 4622: 4608:(3): 725–754. 4586: 4550: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4488: 4460: 4432: 4400: 4364: 4330: 4323: 4290: 4262: 4225: 4199: 4160: 4135: 4110: 4095: 4066: 4038: 4015:. p. 30. 3990: 3983: 3956: 3932: 3912: 3871: 3869:, pp. 32. 3859: 3842: 3800: 3769: 3762: 3742:Saarinen, Eero 3722: 3709: 3683: 3681:, pp. 19. 3671: 3639: 3606: 3588: 3581: 3559:"Introduction" 3549: 3506: 3491: 3448: 3432:1800–present: 3380: 3310: 3287: 3252: 3216: 3177: 3135: 3080: 3054: 3026: 3015:on May 1, 2011 2997: 2990: 2970: 2926: 2893: 2871: 2867:MeasuringWorth 2861:United States 2849:MeasuringWorth 2831: 2810:"Gateway Arch" 2800: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2773: 2760: 2756:Secret Service 2739: 2730: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2635: 2619: 2616: 2608:St. Louis City 2584: 2581: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2518: 2515:Annabeth Chase 2486: 2480: 2459: 2456: 2406: 2403: 2387:infrastructure 2376:automobile age 2336:Calvin Trillin 2286:. Designed by 2234: 2232: 2229: 2209:Fourth of July 2177: 2174: 2157:telephoto lens 2058:Fourth of July 2023: 2020: 1953: 1950: 1892: 1889: 1877:Cahokia Mounds 1851: 1848: 1810: 1809:Visitor center 1807: 1777: 1774: 1695: 1692: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1610: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1343: 1340: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1271: 1268: 1255:hydraulic jack 1238:Vice President 1205: 1202: 1188:(NLRB) for an 1117: 1114: 1055:George Hartzog 1049: 1046: 1027:groundbreaking 1003: 1000: 965:Raymond Tucker 947:Fred A. Seaton 905: 904: 901: 898: 897:participation. 894: 891: 883: 880: 770:Richard Neutra 758:Louis LaBeaume 746:Aloys Kaufmann 715: 713: 710: 650: 647: 584:Louis LaBeaume 508: 505: 497: 494: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 409: 408: 405: 401: 400: 396: 395: 390: 383: 382: 366: 365: 359: 358: 357: 356: 341: 340: 334: 333: 332: 331: 316: 315: 309: 308: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 292: 289: 288: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 252: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 163: 159: 158: 145: 141: 140: 127: 123: 122: 90: 84: 83: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 56: 55: 53: 52: 51:St. Louis Arch 49: 45: 43: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8855: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8727: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8679: 8677: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8502: 8496: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8363: 8361: 8345: 8341: 8334: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8254: 8250: 8249:peterschat.nl 8246: 8239: 8237: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8201: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8083: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8011: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7980: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7915: 7909: 7904: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7858: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7822: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7698: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7662: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7634:. p. 8. 7633: 7629: 7622: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7595: 7593: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7564: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7247: 7246: 7245:The Telegraph 7241: 7235: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7202: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7168: 7151: 7150: 7149:Press-Courier 7145: 7139: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6893: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6791: 6787: 6784:. 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