1303:
32:
573:
526:
425:
1972:
1984:
464:. The new law requires grade 1 and 2 leaks to be repaired if the street above a gas pipe is dug up, and requires priority be given to leaks near schools. It provides a mechanism for increased revenue from ratepayers (up to 1.5% without further approval) to cover the cost of repairs and replacement of leak-prone materials (like
411:
In 2017, Rhode Island released an estimated 15.7 million metric tons of greenhouse gases, about a third of which comes from leaks in natural gas pipes. This figure, published in 2019, was calculated based on an assumed leakage rate of 2.7% (as that is the rate of leakage in the nearby city of
512:
concluded that
Massachusetts consumers paid approximately $ 1.5 billion from 2000–2011 for gas which leaked and benefited no one. Markey has also backed legislation that would implement similar requirements at the national level, along with financing provisions for repairs.
105:
or other containment into any area where the gas should not be present. Gas leaks can be hazardous to health as well as the environment. Even a small leak into a building or other confined space may gradually build up an explosive or lethal concentration of gas.
190:
and inside gas piping from the point of entry into the building to the outlet side of the gas meter for gas leaks. This may require entry into private homes by the natural gas companies to check for hazardous conditions.
496:
says it will take 25 years to complete. Leaks, statistics on leak-prone materials, and financial statements are reported annually to the
Department of Public Utilities, which also has responsibility for rate-setting.
274:
is a leak that represents an existing or probable hazard to persons or property, and requires immediate repair or continuous action until the conditions are no longer hazardous. Examples of a Grade 1 leak are:
500:
Additional proposals not included in the law would have required grade 3 leaks to be repaired during road construction, and priority for leaks which are killing trees or which were near hospitals or churches.
321:
Leaks
Requiring Action Ahead of Ground Freezing or Other Adverse Changes in Venting Conditions. Any leak which, under frozen or other adverse soil conditions, would likely migrate to the outside wall of a
1008:
1041:
881:
317:
is a leak that is recognized as being non-hazardous at the time of detection, but justifies scheduled repair based on probable future hazard. Examples of a Grade 2 Leak are:
306:
Any reading of 80% LEL, or greater in small substructures (other than gas associated sub structures) from which gas would likely migrate to the outside wall of a building.
1819:
678:
Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
472:
steel) on an accelerated basis. The law sets a target of 20 years for replacement of pipes made from leak-prone materials if feasible given the revenue cap; as of 2015,
259:. Thus, the release of unburned natural gas produces much stronger effects than the carbon dioxide that would have been released if the gas had been burned as intended.
175:
smell. Persons detecting the odor must evacuate the area and abstain from using open flames or operating electrical equipment, to reduce the risk of fire and explosion.
762:
334:
Any reading less than 80% LEL in small substructures (other than gas associated substructures) from which gas would likely migrate creating a probable future hazard.
286:
179:
504:
An attorney for the
Conservation Law Foundation stated that the leaks were worth $ 38.8 million in lost natural gas, which also contributes 4% of the state's
331:
Any reading of 100% LEL, or greater, under a street in a wall-to-wall paved area that has significant gas migration and does not qualify as a Grade 1 leak.
267:
In the United States, most state and federal agencies have adopted the Gas Piping and
Technology Committee (GPTC) standards for grading natural gas leaks.
906:
1016:
1614:
1049:
984:
211:
in grass, weeds, or trees. In some cases, leaking gas may migrate as far as 100 feet (30 m) from the source of the leak to an affected tree.
949:
621:
42:
365:
Any reading under a street in areas without wall-to-wall paving where it is unlikely the gas could migrate to the out-side wall of a building.
460:
Legislation passed in 2014 requires gas suppliers to make greater efforts to control some of the 20,000 documented leaks in the US state of
1807:
1078:
816:
1422:
784:
1112:
1084:
231:
that are sometimes present with natural gas. The expression "canary in a coal mine" derives from the historical practice of using a
1140:
358:
is non-hazardous at the time of detection and can be reasonably expected to remain non-hazardous. Examples of a Grade 3 Leak are:
2010:
1786:
560:
are well-recognized as problems, but the more-subtle effects of chronic low-level leaks have been slower to gain recognition.
857:
754:
686:
151:
Gas leaks should also not be confused with "gas seepage" from the earth or oceans - either natural or due to human activity.
350:
Any leak which, in the judgment of operating personnel at the scene, is of sufficient magnitude to justify scheduled repair.
1831:
1825:
328:
Any reading of 40% LEL, or greater, under a sidewalk in a wall-to-wall paved area that does not qualify as a Grade 1 leak.
412:
Boston). The study's authors estimated that fixing the leaks would incur an annual cost of $ 1.6 billion to $ 4 billion.
389:
produced a map showing around 4000 leaks reported to the
Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities. In July 2014, the
199:
Gas leaks can damage or kill plants. In addition to leaks from natural gas pipes, methane and other gases migrating from
729:
1327:
631:
408:. This map should help the gas utility to prioritize leak repairs, as well as raising public awareness of the problem.
309:
Any leak that can be seen, heard, or felt, and which is in a location that may endanger the general public or property.
223:
which can reduce the normal oxygen concentration in breathing air. Small animals and birds are also more sensitive to
1702:
404:. This survey differed from the previous studies in that an estimate of leak severity was produced, rather than just
76:
1987:
397:
based on gas sensors attached to three mapping cars which already were being driven along Boston streets to update
341:
292:
Any reading at the outside wall of a building, or where gas would likely migrate to an outside wall of a building.
1463:
1151:
626:
182:
of 2002 passed in the United States, federal safety standards require companies providing natural gas to conduct
659:
1813:
1770:
1442:
1105:
1072:
473:
296:
1931:
381:
professor Nathan
Phillips and his students drove along all 785 miles (1,263 km) of Boston roads with a
1884:
1722:
2020:
1755:
1687:
1504:
1337:
386:
186:
for gas leaks in homes and other buildings receiving natural gas. The gas company is required to inspect
279:
Any leak which, in the judgment of operating personnel at the scene, is regarded as an immediate hazard.
1322:
1262:
390:
137:. Such unintended leaks should not be confused with similar intentional types of gas release, such as:
960:
1837:
1672:
1332:
119:
607:
emergency response, especially if the leaked material is flammable, explosive, corrosive, or toxic.
1975:
1781:
1697:
1677:
1654:
1417:
1182:
1098:
505:
115:
58:
931:
1624:
1589:
1437:
1387:
147:"emergency pressure releases" which are intended to prevent equipment damage and safeguard life.
144:
emissions which are controlled releases, and often practised as a part of routine operations, or
1765:
1644:
1619:
1609:
1317:
1277:
584:
537:
436:
134:
125:
Leaks of gases associated with industrial operations and equipment are also generally known as
711:"Text of H.R. 3609 (107th): Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (Passed Congress version)"
603:
In work with dangerous gases (such as in a lab or industrial setting), a gas leak may require
1952:
1926:
1879:
1494:
1382:
1362:
824:
20:
791:
1649:
1509:
1217:
8:
1692:
1599:
710:
469:
1479:
1407:
1372:
1367:
1222:
126:
102:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1791:
1682:
1664:
1554:
1392:
1302:
1287:
853:
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655:
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378:
183:
107:
1889:
1227:
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509:
50:
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1427:
1402:
1352:
1347:
1161:
1121:
676:
604:
557:
493:
344:
or greater, in a class 3 or 4 location, which does not qualify as a Grade 1 leak.
240:
236:
232:
228:
111:
251:
Methane, the primary constituent of natural gas, is up to 120 times as potent a
2015:
1750:
1727:
1712:
1574:
1514:
1484:
1453:
1397:
1357:
1292:
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1177:
405:
300:
256:
252:
220:
850:
Their Fate is Our Fate: How Birds
Foretell Threats to Our Health and Our World
2004:
1957:
1947:
1745:
1717:
1634:
1252:
1242:
1212:
1156:
696:
461:
285:
Any indication of gas which has migrated into or under a building, or into a
54:
907:"R.I. greenhouse-gas emissions rise 45% in new calculation of methane leaks"
1874:
1760:
1639:
1629:
1564:
1529:
1489:
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1412:
1202:
1197:
1167:
616:
398:
1594:
1549:
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1432:
1377:
1342:
1237:
401:
159:
Pure natural gas is colorless and odorless, and is composed primarily of
141:
130:
98:
572:
525:
424:
1854:
1707:
1207:
1192:
1172:
394:
382:
362:
Any reading of less than 80% LEL in small gas associated substructures.
1776:
1604:
1569:
1559:
1544:
1524:
1499:
1272:
1267:
1232:
1187:
1135:
465:
347:
Any reading of 80% LEL, or greater, in gas associated sub-structures.
224:
204:
187:
164:
1869:
1579:
1534:
1257:
1146:
208:
200:
1090:
932:"Acts of 2014, Chapter 149: AN ACT RELATIVE TO NATURAL GAS LEAKS"
239:
to detect dangerously high concentrations of naturally occurring
160:
489:
1910:
1864:
172:
114:
into the atmosphere are especially harmful, because of their
41:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
16:
Unintended escape of gas from a pipeline or other containment
1042:"With natural gas leaks widespread, lawmakers revisit fixes"
823:. West Virginia University Extension Service. Archived from
337:
Any reading between 20% LEL and 80% LEL in a confined space.
1859:
1820:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
168:
94:
171:
may be perceived as rotting eggs, or a faintly unpleasant
167:
are usually added, to assist in identifying leaks. This
950:"Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs"
790:. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories. Archived from
368:
Any reading of less than 20% LEL in a confined space.
755:"Boston's Leaky Gas Lines May Be Tough On The Trees"
785:"Gas Injury to Trees: Identification and Treatment"
1009:"New Mass. law aims to speed repairs to gas leaks"
882:"Google Earth captures city's leaky gas pipelines"
340:Any reading on a pipeline operating at 30 percent
1615:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2002:
622:List of pipeline accidents in the United States
1087:gas leaks surveyed by mobile detection vehicle
1106:
163:. Unpleasant scents in the form of traces of
39:The examples and perspective in this article
154:
1002:
1000:
998:
852:. Melbourne University Publishing Limited.
246:
1423:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1113:
1099:
1035:
1033:
1808:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
730:"Trust Targets Gas Leaks That Kill Trees"
508:. A federal study prompted by US Senator
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1141:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1006:
995:
875:
873:
871:
869:
776:
325:Leaks requiring action within six months
1787:Listing and approval use and compliance
1039:
1030:
904:
844:
808:
727:
342:specified minimum yield strength (SMYS)
2003:
1081:reported by utilities in Massachusetts
879:
721:
203:garbage disposal sites can also cause
1832:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1094:
866:
782:
649:
194:
1983:
1826:National Fire Protection Association
985:"Gas System Enhancement Plan Orders"
814:
746:
567:
556:Catastrophic gas leaks, such as the
520:
492:say they will meet this target, but
419:
25:
1120:
905:Kuffner, Alex (12 September 2019).
674:
13:
1328:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
632:2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
214:
101:or another gaseous product from a
14:
2032:
1703:Fire alarm notification appliance
1066:
765:from the original on 4 March 2016
752:
563:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1301:
654:. Gulf Professional Publishing.
571:
524:
455:
423:
133:extraction and use are known as
30:
1464:Vehicle fire suppression system
1152:Combustibility and flammability
1007:Ailworth, Erin (July 7, 2014).
977:
942:
924:
898:
728:Lindsay, Jay (March 26, 2007).
627:Merrimack Valley gas explosions
180:Pipeline Safety Improvement Act
2011:Occupational safety and health
1040:Metzger, Andy (Jun 11, 2013).
880:Struck, Doug (July 16, 2014).
838:
703:
668:
643:
385:, identifying 3300 leaks. The
282:Escaping gas that has ignited.
262:
1:
1814:Institution of Fire Engineers
1771:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1443:Personal protective equipment
637:
474:Columbia Gas of Massachusetts
415:
1885:GHS precautionary statements
1723:Manual fire alarm activation
7:
1756:Fire protection engineering
1688:Explosive gas leak detector
1505:Electromagnetic door holder
1338:External water spray system
610:
387:Conservation Law Foundation
53:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2037:
1932:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1323:Automatic fire suppression
1263:K-factor (fire protection)
516:
470:non-cathodically protected
391:Environmental Defense Fund
372:
18:
1966:
1940:
1919:
1847:
1838:Underwriters Laboratories
1800:
1736:
1673:Aspirating smoke detector
1663:
1472:
1333:Detonation flame arrester
1310:
1299:
1128:
761:. National Public Radio.
650:Kletz, Trevor A. (2001).
155:Fire and explosion safety
129:. Natural gas leaks from
120:ozone depletion potential
1782:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1698:Fire alarm control panel
1678:Carbon monoxide detector
1655:Standpipe (firefighting)
1418:Gaseous fire suppression
1183:Enthalpy of vaporization
1085:Somerville and Cambridge
506:greenhouse gas emissions
393:released an interactive
247:Greenhouse gas emissions
116:global warming potential
1625:Pressurisation ductwork
1590:Firewall (construction)
1438:Passive fire protection
1388:Fire suppression system
1046:Wicked Local Marblehead
675:Stocker, Thomas (ed.).
652:Learning from Accidents
1801:Industry organizations
1766:Fire-resistance rating
1645:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1620:Penetration (firestop)
1610:Packing (firestopping)
1318:Active fire protection
1278:Spontaneous combustion
1079:City Maps of Gas Leaks
135:fugitive gas emissions
1953:Template:Firefighting
1927:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1880:GHS hazard statements
1383:Fire sprinkler system
1363:Fire-retardant fabric
287:foreign sub-structure
21:Leak (disambiguation)
1737:Professions, trades,
1650:Smokeproof enclosure
1510:Electromagnetic lock
1218:Flammability diagram
1129:Fundamental concepts
783:Fraedrich, Bruce R.
753:Joyce, Christopher.
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1693:Fire alarm call box
1600:Heat and smoke vent
1073:naturalgaswatch.org
1052:on December 3, 2013
827:on December 3, 2013
734:The Washington Post
480:"), Berkshire Gas,
299:, or greater, in a
295:Any reading of 80%
178:As a result of the
2021:Natural gas safety
1665:Fire alarm systems
1480:Annulus (firestop)
1408:Flashback arrestor
1373:Fire-safe polymers
1368:Fire retardant gel
1223:Flammability limit
911:Providence Journal
815:Baniecki, John F.
583:. You can help by
536:. You can help by
435:. You can help by
195:Harm to vegetation
184:safety inspections
127:fugitive emissions
110:and the escape of
1998:
1997:
1906:Safety data sheet
1901:List of S-phrases
1896:List of R-phrases
1792:Sprinkler fitting
1683:Circuit integrity
1555:Fire extinguisher
1393:Firefighting foam
1288:Thermal radiation
936:malegislature.gov
859:978-1-61519-182-6
688:978-1-10741-532-4
601:
600:
554:
553:
482:Liberty Utilities
476:(formerly named "
453:
452:
379:Boston University
108:Natural gas leaks
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
2028:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1890:Life Safety Code
1495:Compartmentation
1305:
1228:Flammable liquid
1115:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1048:. Archived from
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1028:
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1015:. Archived from
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959:. Archived from
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510:Edward J. Markey
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26:
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1994:
1962:
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1796:
1738:
1732:
1659:
1585:Firestop pillow
1520:Emergency light
1473:Building design
1468:
1459:Tank blanketing
1428:Inerting system
1403:Flame retardant
1353:Fire protection
1348:Fire prevention
1306:
1297:
1162:Dangerous goods
1124:
1122:Fire protection
1119:
1075:(advocacy blog)
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689:
673:
669:
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648:
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581:needs expansion
566:
558:Bhopal disaster
550:
544:
541:
534:needs expansion
519:
458:
449:
443:
440:
433:needs expansion
418:
375:
265:
249:
237:animal sentinel
229:carbon monoxide
217:
215:Harm to animals
197:
157:
112:refrigerant gas
83:
72:
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35:
31:
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1728:Smoke detector
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1713:Flame detector
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1485:Area of refuge
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1454:Spark arrestor
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1398:Flame arrester
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1358:Fire retardant
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1178:Dust explosion
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1067:External links
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846:Doherty, Peter
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406:leak detection
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301:confined space
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257:carbon dioxide
253:greenhouse gas
248:
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221:asphyxiant gas
219:Methane is an
216:
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196:
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153:
149:
148:
145:
85:
84:
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
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29:
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486:National Grid
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1875:Flame spread
1761:Fireproofing
1739:and services
1640:Smoke damper
1630:Safety glass
1565:Fire hydrant
1530:Fire curtain
1490:Booster pump
1449:Relief valve
1413:Fusible link
1247:
1203:Fire loading
1198:Fire control
1168:Deflagration
1054:. Retrieved
1050:the original
1045:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:the original
1013:Boston Globe
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681:. New York.
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617:Gas detector
602:
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585:adding to it
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538:adding to it
533:
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441:
437:adding to it
432:
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399:Google Earth
376:
356:Grade 3 leak
355:
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315:Grade 2 leak
314:
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272:Grade 1 leak
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93:refers to a
90:
88:
73:
64:
40:
1595:Grease duct
1550:Fire escape
1540:Fire damper
1433:Intumescent
1378:Fire safety
1343:Fire bucket
1238:Flash point
715:GovTrack.us
402:Street View
263:Leak grades
142:gas venting
131:fossil fuel
99:natural gas
2005:Categories
1892:(NFPA 101)
1855:CE marking
1708:Fire drill
1311:Technology
1208:Fire point
1193:Fire class
1173:Detonation
1056:2013-11-28
1023:2014-07-18
970:2018-09-15
891:2014-07-18
831:2013-11-28
817:"Gas Leak"
801:2013-11-28
769:2013-11-28
739:2013-11-28
661:075064883X
638:References
416:Regulation
395:online map
383:gas sensor
188:gas meters
165:mercaptans
1848:Standards
1777:Fire test
1605:Occupancy
1570:Fire pump
1560:Fire hose
1545:Fire door
1525:Exit sign
1500:Crash bar
1273:Pyrolysis
1268:Pool fire
1233:Flashover
1188:Explosive
1136:Backdraft
697:881236891
466:cast iron
444:July 2014
377:In 2012,
322:building.
225:toxic gas
205:chlorosis
55:talk page
1977:Category
1941:See also
1870:EN 16034
1580:Firestop
1535:Fire cut
1258:Jet fire
1248:Gas leak
1164:(HAZMAT)
1147:Boilover
989:Mass.gov
957:Mass.gov
848:(2013).
763:Archived
611:See also
241:coal gas
209:necrosis
201:landfill
103:pipeline
91:gas leak
67:May 2007
49:You may
1989:Commons
1822:(NCEES)
1143:(BLEVE)
517:History
373:Studies
161:methane
1920:Awards
1834:(SFPE)
1828:(NFPA)
1810:(FEMA)
1773:(FSES)
856:
695:
685:
658:
605:hazmat
490:Unitil
488:, and
235:as an
233:canary
2016:Gases
1911:UL 94
1865:EN 54
1816:(IFE)
1445:(PPE)
964:(PDF)
953:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
788:(PDF)
494:NSTAR
227:like
173:skunk
57:, or
1860:EN 3
1840:(UL)
918:2019
854:ISBN
693:OCLC
683:ISBN
656:ISBN
468:and
207:and
169:odor
118:and
95:leak
759:NPR
587:.
540:.
439:.
297:LEL
255:as
97:of
2007::
1044:.
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