Gas lighting - Knowledge

606:(sometimes spelled "Murdock") stated: "the gas obtained by distillation from coal, peat, wood and other inflammable substances burnt with great brilliancy upon being set fire to … by conducting it through tubes, it might be employed as an economical substitute for lamps and candles." Murdoch's first invention was a lantern with a gas-filled bladder attached to a jet. He would use this to walk home at night. After seeing how well this worked he decided to light his home with gas. In 1797, Murdoch installed gas lighting in his new home as well as the workshop in which he worked. “This work was of a large scale, and he next experimented to find better ways of producing, purifying, and burning the gas.” The foundation had been laid for companies to start producing gas and other inventors to start playing with ways of using the new technology. 273: 1731: 1385: 1767: 789: 575: 1633: 1397: 1779: 1755: 583: 1282: 1791: 773: 1743: 1139:, and Covent Garden theatres were all lit by gas. Gas was brought into the building by "miles of rubber tubing from outlets in the floor called 'water joints'" which "carried the gas to border-lights and wing lights". But before it was distributed, the gas came through a central distribution point called a "gas table", which varied the brightness by regulating the gas supply, and the gas table, which allowed control of separate parts of the stage. Thus it became the first stage 'switchboard'. 1119: 1572: 801: 100: 1373: 1652:, and can be deadly. Historically, the use of lamps of all types was of shorter duration than we are accustomed to with electric lights, and in the far more draughty buildings, it was of less concern and danger. There are suppliers of new mantle gas lamps set up for use with natural gas; and, some old homes still have fixtures installed, and some period restorations have salvaged fixtures installed, more for decoration than use. 59: 4602: 599:

afterwards pressed gently through a small pipe into the flame of a candle, will take fire, and burn at the end of the pipe as long as the bladder is gently pressed to feed the flame, and when taken from the candle after it is so lighted, it will continue burning till there is no more air left in the bladder to supply the flame." Lowther had basically discovered the principle behind gas lighting.

202: 410: 765: 686:, an inventor, had for some time been experimenting on the nature of gas. A resident of Birmingham, his attention may have been roused by the exhibition at Soho. About 1806, he exhibited gas lights in a variety of forms and with great brilliance at the front of his factory in Birmingham. In 1808 he constructed an apparatus, applicable for several uses, for 1022:. Illuminating gas was much less toxic than other forms of coal gas, but less could be produced from a given quantity of coal. The experiments with distilling coal were described by John Clayton in 1684. George Dixon's pilot plant exploded in 1760, setting back the production of illuminating gas a few years. The first commercial application was in a 827:, a Gas Light Company was founded on 15 December 1815. Under the supervision of the engineer, John Brelliat, extensive works were conducted in 1816-17 to build a gasholder, mains and street lights. Many of the principal streets in the centre of the city, as well as nearby houses, had switched to gas lighting by the end of 1817. 673:, in which he showed the mode of producing gas from coal, and the facility and advantage of its use. Dr Henry analysed the composition and investigated the properties of carburetted hydrogen gas (i.e. methane). His experiments were numerous and accurate and made upon a variety of substances; having obtained the gas from wood, 477:." Paris was first illuminated by an order issued in 1524, and, in the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants were ordered to keep lights burning in the windows of all houses that faced streets. In 1668, when some regulations were made for improving the streets of London, the residents were reminded to hang out their 1260:

Gas lighting did have some disadvantages. "Several hundred theatres are said to have burned down in America and Europe between 1800 and the introduction of electricity in the late 1800s. The increased heat was objectionable, and the border lights and wing lights had to be lighted by a long stick with

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Theatres switched to gas lighting because it was more economical than using candles and also required less labour to operate. With gas lighting, theatres would no longer need to have people tending to candles during a performance, or having to light each candle individually. "It was easier to light a

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to incorporate a company in order to accelerate the process, but the bill failed to pass. In 1810, however, the application was renewed by the same parties, and though some opposition was encountered and considerable expense incurred, the bill passed, but not without great alterations; and the London

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In the 20th century, most cities with gas streetlights replaced them with new electric streetlights. For example, Baltimore, the first US city to install gas streetlights, removed nearly all of them. A sole, token gas lamp is located at N. Holliday Street and E. Baltimore Street as a monument to the

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had some of his miners working on a water pit for his mine. While digging the pit they hit a pocket of gas. Lowther took a sample of the gas and took it home to do some experiments. He noted, "The said air being put into a bladder … and tied close, may be carried away, and kept some days, and being

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The best result was the improved respect from the audience. There was no more shouting or riots. The light pushed the actors more up stage behind the proscenium, helping the audience concentrate more on the action that was taking place on stage rather than what was going on in the house. Management

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in 1816 was a great success. Baltimore was the first American city with gas street lights; Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore on 7 February 1817 lit its first street lamp at Market and Lemon Streets (currently Baltimore and Holliday Streets). The first private residence in the US illuminated by

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Gas lighting also had an effect on the actors. As the stage was brighter, they could now use less make-up and their motions did not have to be as exaggerated. Half-lit stages had become fully lit stages. Production companies were so impressed with the new technology that one said, "This light is

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Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas lighting was prevalent for outdoor and indoor use in cities and suburbs where the infrastructure for distribution of gas was practical. At that time, the most common fuels for gas lighting were

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a flaming wad of cotton at the end. For many years, an attendant or gas boy moved along the long row of jets, lighting them individually while gas was escaping from the whole row. Both actors and audiences complained of the escaping gas, and explosions sometimes resulted from its accumulation."

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was constructed. "Its lighting system contained more than twenty-eight miles of gas piping, and its gas table had no fewer than eighty-eight stopcocks, which controlled nine hundred and sixty gas jets." The theatre that used the most gas lighting was Astley's Equestrian Amphitheatre in London.

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Among the economic impacts of gas lighting was much longer work hours in factories. This was particularly important in Great Britain during the winter months when nights are significantly longer. Factories could even work continuously over 24 hours, resulting in increased production. Following

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referred to coal gas as the "spirit" of coal. He discovered its flammability by an accident. The "spirit" he isolated from coal caught fire by coming in contact with a candle as it escaped from a fracture in one of his distillation vessels. He stored the coal gas in bladders, and at times he

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The first burner used was the single-jet burner, which produced a small flame. The tip of the burner was made out of lead, which absorbed heat, causing the flame to be smaller in size. It was discovered that the flame would burn brighter if the metal was mixed with other components, such as

1072:, who had seen the gas lighting of Vienna, Paris and other European cities, initiated experimental work on gas lighting for the capital, using British apparatus for obtaining gas from pit coal, and by the autumn of 1819, Russia's first gas street light was lit on one of the streets on 1225:

caused the actors' costumes to catch fire if they got too close. These lights also caused bothersome heat that affected both audience members and actors. Again, the actors had to adapt to these changes. They started fireproofing their costumes and placing wire mesh in front of the

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of Newcastle coal, he stated that he obtained 180 cubic inches of gas, which weighed 51 grains , being nearly one third of the whole." Hales's results garnered attention decades later as the unique chemical properties of various gases became understood through the work of

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It took many years of development and testing before gas lighting for the stage was commercially available. Gas technology was then installed in just about every major theatre in the world. But gas lighting was short-lived because the electric light bulb soon followed.

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In the early 20th century, most cities in North America and Europe had gaslit streets, and most railway station platforms had gas lights too. However, around 1880 gas lighting for streets and train stations began giving way to high voltage (3,000–6,000 volt)

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problem made DC distribution relatively expensive and gas lighting retained widespread usage with new buildings sometimes constructed with dual systems of gas piping and electrical wiring connected to each room, to diversify the power sources for lighting.

443:, nut oil, or other similar substances, which were all liquid fuels. These were the most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century. Whale oil was especially widely used for lighting in European cities such as London through the early 19th century. 1553:

etc.) were also converted back to gas lamps, and five new gas lamps were installed in the Michle Gasworks as a promotion. In 2018, there were 417 points (about 650 lanterns) of street gas lighting in Prague. During Advent and Christmas, lanterns on the

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a paper entitled "Account of the Application of Gas from Coal to Economical Purposes" in which he described his successful application of coal gas to light the extensive establishment of Messrs. Phillips and Lea. For this paper he was awarded

640:, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. One of the employees at the Soho Foundry, 1411:

However, gas lighting of streets has not disappeared completely from some cities, and the few municipalities that retained gas lighting now find that it provides a pleasing nostalgic effect. Gas lighting is also seeing a resurgence in the

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had more authority on what went on during the show because they could see. Gaslight was the leading cause of behaviour change in theatres. They were no longer places for mingling and orange selling, but places of respected entertainment.

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Vegetable Staticks: Or, an Account of Some Statical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables: Being an Essay Towards a Natural History of Vegetation. Also, a Specimen of an Attempt to Analyse the Air, by a Great Variety of Chymio-statical

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In the 19th century, gas stage lighting went from a crude experiment to the most popular way of lighting theatrical stages. In 1804, Frederick Albert Winsor first demonstrated the way to use gas to light the stage in London at the

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in the 19th century fell; these included footlights, border lights, groundrows, lengths, bunch lights, conical reflector floods, and limelight spots. These mechanisms sat directly on the stage, blinding the eyes of the audience.

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The Gas-consumer's Guide: A Hand-book of Instruction on the Proper Management and Economical Use of Gas; with a Full Description of Gas-meters, and Directions for Ascertaining the Consumption by Meter; on Ventilation,

2323:(1735). "VI. A Chemical Experiment by Mr. John Maud, Serving to Illustrate the Phœnomenon of the Inflammable Air Shewn to the Royal Society by Sir James Lowther, Bart. as Described in Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 429". 939:

had sprung up to meet the demand for the new fuel. The brighter lighting which gas provided allowed people to read more easily and for longer. This helped to stimulate literacy and learning, speeding up the second

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These problems with gas lighting led to the rapid adoption of electric lighting. By 1881, the Savoy Theatre in London was using incandescent lighting. While electric lighting was introduced to theatre stages, the

1541:, where gas lighting was introduced on 15 September 1847, had about 10,000 gas streetlamps in the 1940s. The last historic gas candelabras become electrified in 1985. However, in 2002–2014, streetlamps along the 509:. In 1667, a paper detailing the effects of these gases was entitled, "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it. Imparted by Thomas Shirley, Esq an eye-witness." 1155:, "Everywhere white and gold meets the eye, and about 200,000 gas jets add to the glittering effect of the auditorium … such a blaze of light and splendour has scarcely ever been witnessed, even in dreams." 874:, three chaldrons of coal were carbonized each day, providing the gas equivalent of 9,000 Argand lamps. So 28 chaldrons of coal were carbonized daily, and 84,000 lights supplied by those two companies only. 1730: 1135:. Although the demonstration and all the lead research were being done in London, "in 1816 at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia was the earliest gas lit theatre in world". In 1817 the Lyceum, 489:

in 1716, all housekeepers, whose houses faced any street, lane, or passage, were required to hang out, every dark night, one or more lights, to burn from six to eleven o'clock, under the penalty of one

1273:." Electric lighting slowly took over in theatres. In the 20th century, it enabled better and safer theatre productions, with no smell, relatively very little heat, and more freedom for designers. 497:

Accumulating and escaping gases were known originally among coal miners for their adverse effects rather than their useful characteristics. Coal miners described two types of gases, one called the

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of coal. Later in the 19th century, natural gas began to replace coal gas, first in the US, and then in other parts of the world. In the United Kingdom, coal gas was used until the early 1970s.

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made the first practical use of natural gas for lighting purposes around 500 B.C. in which they used bamboo pipelines to transport both brine and natural gas for many miles, such as the ones in

558: 594:, was the first person to formally recognize gas as a state of matter. He would go on to identify several types of gases, including carbon dioxide. Over one hundred years later in 1733, Sir 1558:

are managed manually by a lamplighter in historic uniform. The plan to reintroduce gas lights in Old Prague was proposed in 2002, and adopted by the Municipality of Prague in January 2004.

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to drop the voltage for distribution for indoor lighting. Alternating current technology overcame many of the limitations of direct current, enabling the rapid growth of reliable, low-cost

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By the 1850s, gas lighting in theatres had spread practically all over the United States and Europe. Some of the largest installations of gas lighting were in large auditoriums, like the

710:'s gold medal. Murdoch's statements threw great light on the comparative advantage of gas and candles, and contained much useful information on the expenses of production and management. 662:

In 1801, Phillipe Lebon of Paris had also used gas lights to illuminate his house and gardens, and was considering how to light all of Paris. In 1820, Paris adopted gas street lighting.

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was developed in 1885 for gas-lit theatres. "This was a beehive-shaped mesh of knitted thread impregnated with lime that, in miniature, converted the naked gas flame into in effect, a

382:, and the modular canisters on which camping lights are built, brings bright and long lasting light without complex equipment. In addition, some urban historical districts retain gas 1550: 877:

At this period the principal difficulty in gas manufacture was purification. Mr. D. Wilson, of Dublin, patented a method for purifying coal gas by means of the chemical action of

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Over the next 10 years, their numbers almost quadrupled, to reach 800. By the middle of the 19th century, the central streets and buildings of the capital were illuminated: the

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In February 1835, the Company for Gas Lighting St. Petersburg was founded; towards the end of that year, a factory for the production of lighting gas was constructed near the

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In 1806 The Philips and Lee factory and a portion of Chapel Street in Salford, Lancashire were lit by gas, thought to be the first use of gas street lighting in the world.

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patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at

1766: 1313:. Voltage in wires steadily declines as distance increases, and at this low voltage power plants needed to be within about 1 mile (1.6 km) of the lamps. This 3051: 1715:

lights. Small portable gas lamps, connected to a portable gas cylinder, are a common item on camping trips. Mantle lamps powered by vaporized petrol, such as the

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row of gas jets than a greater quantity of candles high in the air." Theatres also no longer needed to worry about wax dripping on the actors during a show.

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detailed some properties of coal gas, including its flammability. Lowther demonstrated the principal properties of coal gas to different members of the

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Domestic Life in England, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time: With Notices of Origins, Inventions, and Modern Improvements in the Social Arts

889:. G. Holworthy, in 1818, patented a method of purifying it by passing the gas, in a highly condensed state, through iron retorts heated to a dark red. 683: 446:

Chinese records dating back 1,700 years indicate the use of natural gas in homes for lighting and heating. The natural gas was transported by means of

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The introduction of a scheme for proper street lighting in the city is generally attributed to Barton, although there is no direct evidence for this.

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In some cities, gas lighting is preserved or restored as a vintage nostalgic feature to support the historic atmosphere of their historic centres.

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or candles, which helped to accelerate its development and deployment. By 1859, gas lighting was to be found all over Britain and about a thousand

3937: 2325: 2284: 820:, who found the most improved way of brighter gas lighting. The parish church there was the first religious building to be lit by gas lighting. 745: 546: 1545:

and some other streets in the centre were rebuilt to use gas (using replicas of the historic poles and lanterns), several historic candelabras (

3071: 2087: 1103: 554:. He showed that the gas retained its flammability after storage for some time. The demonstration did not result in identification of utility. 1197:

was in use along with some forms of electricity. The Welsbach was based on the idea of the Bunsen burner, still using gas. A cotton mesh with

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experimented with the actual distillation of coal, thereby obtaining a flammable liquid. He reported his results in the first volume of his

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systems. This time period also saw the development of the first electric power utility designed for indoor use. The new system by inventor

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Commemoration of the first U.S. street gas light, at the intersection of North Holliday Street and East Baltimore Street in Baltimore

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lighting is nearly extinct. Besides producing a lot of heat, the combustion of methane tends to release significant amounts of

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In London there were about 1,500 working gas street lamps as of 2018, although there were plans to replace 299 of those in

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Perforated tubes bent into the shape of letters were used to form gas lit advertising signs, prior to the introduction of

4047: 335:. The light is produced either directly by the flame, generally by using special mixes (typically propane or butane) of 136: 1960: 1790: 1256:

spots are similar to today's current spotlighting system. This instrument was used in scene shops, as well as the stage.

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Shirley, Thomas (1667). "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it".

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in 1811; in January 1812, Sobolevsky was instructed to draw up a plan for gas street-lighting for St. Petersburg. The

3326: 3083: 2405: 2153: 1619: 1442: 952: 259: 241: 183: 86: 4101: 3842: 1601: 1483:, has adopted the gaslight as the symbol of the town, and uses them on nearly all streets. Dozens of other towns in 1423:. With about 23,000 lamps (2022), it holds more than half of all working gas street lamps in the world, followed by 1384: 951:, a sizeable business producing gas for several cities in mainland, Europe, including Berlin, was established, with 143: 4084: 3487: 2983: 1338: 725: 3097: 2644: 2059: 644:, saw the potential of this new form of lighting. Clegg left his job to set up his own gas lighting business, the 609:

Murdoch was the first to exploit the flammability of gas for the practical application of lighting. He worked for

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at the usual time, and, in 1690, an order was issued to hang out a light, or lamp, every night at nightfall, from

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The history of the Russian gas industry began with retired Lieutenant Pyotr Sobolevsky (1782–1841), who improved

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Lengths were constructed the same way as border lights, but mounted vertically in the rear where the wings were.

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Public illumination preceded by centuries the development and widespread adoption of gas lighting. In 1417, Sir

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Bunch lights were a cluster of burners that sat on a vertical base that was fuelled directly from the gas line.

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The fishtail burner was similar to the flat burner, but it produced a brighter flame and conducted less heat.

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Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce

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has been credited with the first house and street lighting in the United States, in either 1805 or 1806 in

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By 1823, numerous towns and cities throughout Britain were lit by gas. Gas light cost up to 75% less than

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operate in areas that have been named historic districts. Gas lights also operate in parts of the famed

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entertained his friends by demonstrating the flammability of the gas. Clayton published his findings in

2496: 1986: 1099: 925: 730: 645: 4106: 3180: 893: 677:, different kinds of coal, oil, wax, etc., he quantified the intensity of the light from each source. 4760: 4750: 4249: 3810: 3797: 3393: 1846: 1434:(the first city in the world lit by gas) with LED lighting by 2023, which sparked public opposition. 1136: 1065: 1018:

Illuminating gas was used for gas lighting, as it produces a much brighter light than natural gas or

912:, reportedly one of the first such public installations of gas lighting in the region, enhanced as a 844: 714: 40: 1250:

used today. This adjustable box of light reflected a beam whose size could be altered by a barndoor.

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Throughout the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th, the gas was manufactured by the

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lamps are still used, although the increased availability of alternative energy sources, such as

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Historic candelabrum in Prague from 1865, electrified in 1985, rebuilt back to gas light in 2012

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was designed to function similar to gas lighting. For reasons of safety and simplicity it used

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It took nearly 200 years for gas to become accessible for commercial use. A Flemish alchemist,

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daily, producing 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m) of gas. This supplied gas lamps equal to 75,000

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Pro Gaslicht e.V. : Association for the Preservation of the European Gas-light Culture

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Theatre, Performance and Technology: The Development of Scenography in the Twentieth Century

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A New and Accurate History and Survey of London, Westminster, Southwark, and Places Adjacent

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https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/rheinland/duesseldorf-gaslaternen-bleiben-erhalten-100.html

1692: 1504: 1496: 1330: 1069: 466: 628:, England. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in 157: 8: 4646: 4180: 4039: 3504: 3482: 2246: 1528: 1512: 1492: 1458: 1454: 1322: 1295: 1281: 871: 813: 632:

in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on

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perfect for the stage. One can obtain gradation of brightness that is really magical."

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This article is about the production of artificial light. For the human behaviour, see

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This hospital lavatory was lit by a dual gas and electric fixture. (New Orleans, 1906)

219: 4765: 4438: 4421: 4366: 3872: 3820: 3792: 3712: 3550: 3538: 3494: 3422: 3368: 3259: 3238: 3217: 3196: 3195:(1st ed.). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 27–152. 3160: 2401: 2346: 2305: 2252: 2019: 1342: 1073: 753: 78: 1183:

Flat burners were invented mainly to distribute gas and light evenly to the systems.

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Outdoor installation of gaslamps compared with new electric lighting (London, 1878)

1450: 1350: 777: 534: 469:, ordained "Lanthornes with lights to bee hanged out on the Winter evening betwixt 379: 336: 2814: 1087:; and 204 gas lamps were ceremonially lit in St. Petersburg on 27 September 1839. 834:

lit his factory with gas illumination from 1812 to 1813. The use of gas lights in

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Prior to use of gaseous fuels for lighting, the early lighting fuels consisted of

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Clark, Walton (1916). "Progress of Gas Lighting Appliances During Past Century".

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The Scot Who Lit The World, The Story of William Murdoch Inventor of Gas Lighting

2172: 2013: 1716: 1648:, a colourless and odourless gas that is more readily absorbed by the blood than 1645: 1523:, has a gas lamp section in which all the pavements are lit by public gas lamps. 1515:, still uses its original gas street lights that are an original feature of the 1175:

There were six types of burners, but four burners were really experimented with:

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each yielding the light of six candles. At the City Gas Works, in Dorset Street,

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Roskell, J.S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C., eds. (1993). "Barton, Henry (d.1435)".

991:. This eliminated the need for special illuminating gas (a synthetic mixture of 4473: 4203: 4094: 3985: 3949: 3922: 3892: 3759: 3378: 3373: 1819: 1664: 1555: 1470: 1306: 1291: 1214: 913: 687: 375: 4601: 2958:"Plan to Change Westminster's Historic Gas Street Lights to LEDs Sparks Anger" 4734: 4672: 4284: 4014: 3917: 3912: 3834: 3735: 3642: 3620: 3446: 3427: 3383: 3237:(2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. 14–17. 3072:

Technologie hlavního města Prahy správcem plynového osvětlení Královské cesty

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networks which finally spelled the end of widespread usage of gas lighting.

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In 1817, at the three stations of the Chartered Gas Company in London, 25

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with 14,000 lamps (2020), of which at least 10,000 are to be retained

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to increase brightness, or indirectly with other components such as the

4702: 4692: 4687: 4677: 4626: 4279: 4145: 4140: 4029: 3992: 3975: 3907: 3902: 3877: 3572: 2655: 2630: 1863: – Pressurized kerosene lamps made by the Tilley company in the UK 1676: 1668: 1532: 1524: 1484: 1462: 1326: 1266: 1234: 1230: 1206: 1023: 984: 959: 897: 878: 863: 831: 670: 629: 625: 614: 499: 482: 440: 386:, and gas lighting is used indoors or outdoors to create or preserve a 347:, with the gas primarily functioning to heat the mantle or the lime to 340: 292: 2520:"Light brigade: carrying the torch for London's last gas street lamps" 1372: 809:

successful commercialization, gas lighting spread to other countries.

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By 1816, Samuel Clegg obtained the patent for his horizontal rotative

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History (from A.D. 705 to 1883) of Preston in the County of Lancaster

2055: 1835: 1325:

power transmission systems in the 1880s and 90s by companies such as

1270: 1253: 1222: 1030: 1019: 1012: 936: 917: 839: 749: 666: 586:

Satirical cartoon showing dangers of early gaslighting (London, 1813)

505: 474: 436: 424: 387: 360: 344: 312: 1838: – Type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls 1687:, combined with increasing efficiency of lighting products, such as 1571: 1118: 812:

In England, the first place outside London to have gas lighting was

800: 99: 4651: 4636: 4587: 4488: 4458: 4443: 4416: 4389: 4057: 3997: 3694: 3664: 3625: 3590: 3560: 3349: 2032: 1807: 1672: 1298: 1205:

was imbedded into the Welsbach. This source of light was named the

1034: 1015:

was also used from about 1898 for gas lighting on a smaller scale.

992: 932: 859: 781: 652: 633: 491: 432: 356: 328: 320: 316: 296: 3058:, prahasviti.cz, 26. October 2018, according to: Ladislav Monzer: 2251:. MPRL – Studies. Max Planck Research Library. 27 September 2016. 2031: 4571: 4561: 4009: 3954: 3654: 3632: 3126:. Grand Rapids Historical Commission. 30 May 2007. Archived from 1712: 1656: 1202: 1084: 965: 909: 824: 764: 733:

was established. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813,

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Poster showing benefits of gaslighting and heating (Italy, 1902)

1341:

in the US solved the voltage and distance problem by using high

4566: 4478: 4433: 3637: 3595: 2447:. New York: A. M. Callender & Co. 2 March 1876. p. 92. 1649: 1538: 1527:

has authentic 19th century gas lamps from Baltimore along the "

1438: 1420: 1377: 1198: 882: 741: 455: 447: 308: 281: 1237:. Color was added later by dying cotton, wool, and silk cloth. 1068:

delayed implementation, but St. Petersburg's Governor General

885:, who patented the purification of coal gas by the use of dry 655:

was patented in 1799, while German inventor Friedrich Winzer (

4320: 3684: 3610: 905: 691: 3306: 2906:"Meet the campaigners who saved London's historic gas lamps" 2683:. No. 2. Archived from the original on 22 December 2005 2598:

Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society

2058:(1908) . "Temporall government". In Kingsford, C. L. (ed.). 1748:

Reproduction of an early European exterior gaslamp (Germany)

659:) was the first person to patent coal-gas lighting in 1804. 409: 4521: 4358: 3318: 3037:

Rozhovor: Plynové lampy mají v Praze své místo, říká lampář

1008: 674: 3216:(1st ed.). New York: Design Press. pp. 172–176. 2931:"Campaign fighting to save hundreds of London's gas lamps" 1663:, which under most circumstances burns more completely to 1209:; it produced three times more light than the naked flame. 3258:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 364–367. 2475:"David Melville And The First American Gas Light Patents" 2155:

The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421

1893:"Before Electricity, Streets Were Filled with Gas Lights" 1419:

The largest gas lighting network in the world is that of

1060:'s design for a "thermolamp" and presented it to Emperor 901: 896:

had developed a gas lighting with copper apparatuses and

1511:

maintains over 450 gas street lights and the village of

804:

A lamplighter igniting a gas streetlight in Sweden, 1953

724:

In 1809, accordingly, the first application was made to

2616: 1927:

Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies

1416:

market for those in search of historical authenticity.

968:

appeared in the field as a rival of coal gas. In 1815,

1810: – Artificial illuminating gas similar to propane 847:(c. 1806), as described above, or of William Henry, a 2151: 1408:

first gas lamp in America, erected at that location.

1233:, were a row of lights that hung horizontally in the 949:

English Association for Gas Lighting on the Continent

881:

gas. Another plan was devised by Reuben Phillips, of

636:

as the most effective. He first lit his own house in

3159:(1st ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 96–97. 2377: 2365: 2353: 1851:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1772:

Poster advertising Bec Auer gaslamps (France, 1890s)

665:

In 1804, Dr Henry delivered a course of lectures on

3315:

Open-air museum on gas lighting in Berlin (German).

3213:

Stage Lighting Design: The Art, The Craft, The Life

3098:"Old-Fashioned Gas Lamps Make a Comeback to Prague" 2124:. United States: Alexander Moore. 1871. p. 13. 1437:In the United States, more than 2800 gas lights in 1189:The last burner that was experimented with was the 124:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2977:"Exploring London's Gas Lights (a Walk Itinerary)" 2141:. Ireland: Thomas Tegg and Son. 1835. p. 157. 1899:. McGill University Office for Science and Society 1473:and outside historic homes throughout the city in 578:Passersby marvel at new gaslighting (London, 1809) 2011: 1675:are not readily accessible or desirable, propane 1659:(sometimes called "bottle(d) gas"), a product of 367:, although many later designs are self-igniting. 4732: 1849: – street lamp powered by burning sewer gas 1760:Gaslit school hallway (Paris, late 19th century) 1170: 1122:Diagram showing a typical limelight installation 962:, provided a brighter and more economical lamp. 3086:, Portál hlavního města Prahy, 21 November 2017 2808: 2806: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2326:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2285:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2211:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2101:Osborne, Edward Cornelius; Osborne, W. (1840). 547:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 39:"Gaslight" redirects here. For other uses, see 3309:(German). Listing of the cities with gaslight. 3251: 3230: 2681:Oil of Russia: International Quarterly Edition 2675:Yefimov, Alexander; Volkova, Lyudmila (2005). 2674: 2564:. Bristol Historical Association. p. 4-6. 2499:. Newport Historical Society. 13 December 2016 2177:. New York: Charles S. Francis. 1838. p. 2100: 1655:New fixtures are still made and available for 4374: 3334: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2462:. Progressive Age Publishing Co. p. 122. 2104:Osborne's London and Birmingham Railway Guide 843:gas has been variously identified as that of 363:. Early gas lights were ignited manually by 3049:Pražské veřejné osvětlení v letech 1918–2018 2803: 2730: 2614: 2012:James, P.; Thorpe, N.; Thorpe, I.J. (1995). 1309:(DC) at a relatively low 110 volts to light 1246:The conical reflector can be related to the 1213:Several different instruments were used for 744:, his apparatus for purifying coal gas with 3282:"The Last Days of Berlin's Gas Streetlamps" 2318: 1600:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1507:and Cherry Hill, among others. The city of 450:pipes to homes. The ancient Chinese of the 291:is the production of artificial light from 87:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4381: 4367: 3341: 3327: 3231:Sellman, Hunton; Lessley, Merrill (1982). 2744: 2670: 2668: 2086:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1961:"Jobs of Yesteryear: Obsolete Occupations" 1916: 1914: 1711:. Gas lighting is still in common use for 1667:and water vapour. In some locations where 413:An illustration of designs of lamplights, 393: 2835: 2238: 2038:Records of the country south of Mount Kua 1827:, an outdoor gas lantern museum in Berlin 1620:Learn how and when to remove this message 1083:, using pit coal brought in by ship from 276:Gas lighting in the historical center of 260:Learn how and when to remove this message 242:Learn how and when to remove this message 184:Learn how and when to remove this message 3173: 3042: 2955: 2836:Rasmussen, Frederick (10 October 1998). 2540: 1978: 1921:Binder, Frederick Moore (October 1955). 1886: 1884: 1882: 1631: 1461:, and parts of other neighbourhoods. In 1395: 1383: 1371: 1280: 1117: 1094:, Bolshaya and Malaya Morskaya streets, 1037:led to the discovery that ethylene is a 799: 787: 771: 763: 581: 573: 408: 370:Gas lighting now is frequently used for 271: 3252:Wilson, Edwin; Goldfarb, Alvin (2006). 3209: 3120:"Lighting City Streets, 1850s to 1950s" 2723: 2721: 2665: 2608: 2517: 2395: 2278: 2234:. London: W. and J. Innys. p. 176. 2208: 1911: 14: 4733: 3279: 3188: 3095: 3029: 2974: 2956:Sherwood, Harriet (21 November 2021). 2637: 2574: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2191: 2018:. Ballantine Books. pp. 427–428. 1958: 1920: 284:, is manually turned off and on daily. 4362: 3322: 3152: 2903: 2618:"On the Atmospheric Bude-Light" 2472: 2457: 2223: 1879: 1796:Portable gas desk lamp (c. 1900-1910) 1640:The use of natural gas (methane) for 1636:A three mantle gas lamp in modern use 987:was invented by the Austrian chemist 792:Church interior with gas torchieres ( 2718: 2557: 2054: 1984: 1598:adding citations to reliable sources 1565: 195: 122:adding citations to reliable sources 93: 52: 3192:Theatre Lighting Before Electricity 3174:Chastain, Ben B. (8 January 2021). 2812: 2654:. 11 September 2013. Archived from 2422:"Rumford Archive Winners 1898–1800" 1890: 713:Although the history is uncertain, 569: 24: 3313:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin 3273: 3002:"The Magic of Gas Lamps in Prague" 2999: 2575:Rådhus, Åmåls (10 February 1827). 2561:The Bristol Gas Industry 1815–1949 2518:Kennedy, Maev (25 December 2015). 1831:History of manufactured fuel gases 1825:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin 1146:, built in 1862. In 1875, the new 701:In 1808, Murdoch presented to the 359:, coal gas and, in limited cases, 25: 4787: 3300: 3096:Vesela, Zuzana (9 January 2004). 2825:. The Westinghouse Club: 181–183. 1113: 1102:Arcade, Noblemen's Assembly, the 1029:in 1806. In 1901, studies of the 953:Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet 759: 68:This article has multiple issues. 4600: 3024:Pouliční lampy svítí už 160 let. 2547:. Chronicle Office. p. 268. 2198:. Vol. 2. pp. 373–374. 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1722: 1570: 1011:) to get bright shining flames. 512:British clergyman and scientist 494:as a fine for failing to do so. 200: 98: 57: 3858:Parabolic aluminized reflector 3146: 3112: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3016: 2993: 2968: 2949: 2923: 2904:Ellen, Tom (24 November 2022). 2897: 2878: 2860: 2829: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2709: 2583: 2568: 2551: 2534: 2511: 2489: 2466: 2451: 2436: 2414: 2389: 2312: 2272: 2217: 2202: 2185: 2165: 2145: 1959:Arsiya, Iklim (29 April 2017). 1816: – Acetylene-burning lamps 1356: 485:to Christmas. By an Act of the 109:needs additional citations for 76:or discuss these issues on the 3803:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide 3074:, Pražský patriot, 21 May 2018 2129: 2111: 2094: 2048: 2033:Ch'ang Ch'ü (常璩, a geographer) 2005: 1952: 13: 1: 4427:Underground coal gasification 3039:, Metro.cz, 15 September 2014 2870:. 2 June 2022. Archived from 2677:"Pioneers of the Methane Age" 1867: 1698: 1229:Border lights, also known as 1171:Types of lighting instruments 776:A gaslit outdoor fountain at 557:Minister and experimentalist 414: 404: 4388: 3348: 3280:Rennie, Alex (1 June 2023). 3234:Essentials of Stage Lighting 3100:. Radio Prague International 3000:T., Lidia (1 October 2019). 2443:"Melville's Gas Apparatus". 2174:The Young Man's Evening Book 7: 4048:Automotive light bulb types 3898:Intelligent street lighting 3153:Baugh, Christopher (2005). 3026:MF Dnes, 15. September 2007 2615:Bethell, John (1843–1844). 1987:"The Last Gas Streetlights" 1801: 1521:Manhattan Beach, California 1376:Modern gas street light in 1361: 1098:and Tsarskoselsky Avenues, 400:History of manufactured gas 10: 4792: 3811:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide 3189:Penzel, Frederick (1978). 3176:"Jan Baptista van Helmont" 2868:"Gasbeleuchtung in Berlin" 2541:Hewitson, Anthony (1883). 2445:American Gas Light Journal 2064:. Oxford. pp. 147–187 1669:public utility electricity 1561: 1487:also retain gas lighting: 1392:in West Yorkshire, England 1388:Gas train station lamp at 1365: 1276: 926:Charles XIV John of Sweden 892:In 1820, Swedish inventor 731:Gas Light and Coke Company 698:toys, and other articles. 646:Gas Light and Coke Company 602:Later in the 18th century 564:Philosophical Transactions 397: 45: 38: 31: 4665: 4609: 4598: 4580: 4552: 4497: 4403: 4396: 4303: 4258: 4250:Stage lighting instrument 4199: 4122: 4038: 3963: 3833: 3773: 3721: 3693: 3571: 3473: 3445: 3436: 3356: 3255:Living Theatre: A History 3210:Pilbrow, Richard (1997). 2701:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2497:"Gas Lighting in Newport" 1847:Sewer gas destructor lamp 1689:compact fluorescent lamps 1066:French invasion of Russia 1051: 855:, Pennsylvania, in 1816. 851:, at 200 Lombard Street, 41:Gaslight (disambiguation) 4311:Battlefield illumination 4068:high-intensity discharge 3500:Electrochemiluminescence 2248:Cavendish: Air and Water 2041: 1872: 1481:South Orange, New Jersey 1390:Oakworth railway station 1311:incandescent light bulbs 1001:destructive distillation 958:The 1839 invention, the 592:Jan Baptista van Helmont 452:Spring and Autumn period 214:may need to be rewritten 46:Not to be confused with 27:Type of artificial light 4171:Electroluminescent wire 3181:Encyclopædia Britannica 3084:Lampář na Karlově mostě 3054:28 October 2018 at the 2396:Thomson, Janet (2003). 1321:The development of new 1193:. Around this time the 1153:Illustrated London News 1108:Peter and Paul Fortress 894:Johan Patrik Ljungström 748:, and for his rotative 657:Frederick Albert Winsor 653:gas distilled from wood 394:History of gas lighting 4642:Natural-gas processing 3853:Multifaceted reflector 2975:Fraser, Steve (2018). 2629:: 198–200 – via 2339:10.1098/rstl.1735.0057 2298:10.1098/rstl.1733.0019 2074:British History Online 1719:, are also available. 1709:Grand Rapids, Michigan 1707:, as early as 1857 in 1637: 1401: 1393: 1381: 1286: 1123: 989:Carl Auer von Welsbach 978:Taylor & Martineau 805: 797: 785: 784:, New York, 1873–1897) 769: 651:A "thermolampe" using 587: 579: 540:A 1733 publication by 420: 285: 4404:Manufactured fuel gas 4243:ellipsoidal reflector 3848:Ellipsoidal reflector 3532:Fluorescent induction 3510:field-induced polymer 2591:"President's Address" 2558:Nabb, Harold (1987). 2473:Mattausch, Daniel W. 2192:Entick, John (1766). 1842:List of light sources 1635: 1549:, Loretánská street, 1517:Frederick Law Olmsted 1509:Lake Forest, Illinois 1399: 1387: 1375: 1335:Westinghouse Electric 1284: 1121: 942:Industrial Revolution 803: 791: 775: 767: 719:Newport, Rhode Island 585: 577: 412: 374:, for which the high 275: 4080:Rear position lights 4053:Daytime running lamp 3981:Mechanically powered 3868:Aviation obstruction 3124:Grand Rapids History 2989:on 21 November 2021. 2819:The Electric Journal 2530:on 25 December 2015. 2477:. The Rushlight Club 2432:on 10 February 2008. 1594:improve this section 1499:, and some parts of 1070:Mikhail Miloradovich 955:as general manager. 862:(24 m) of coal were 690:, a manufacturer of 467:Lord Mayor of London 118:improve this article 4771:Scottish inventions 4647:Natural gas storage 3488:Electron-stimulated 3130:on 24 November 2010 2891:24 May 2020 at the 2813:Gow, A. M. (1917). 1985:Patowary, Kaushik. 1529:Main Street, U.S.A. 1519:planned community. 1513:Riverside, Illinois 1323:alternating current 1296:alternating current 1144:Théâtre du Chatelet 1104:Technical Institute 814:Preston, Lancashire 4746:English inventions 4741:Chinese inventions 4657:Pipeline transport 4617:Compressor station 4331:Luminous gemstones 3505:Electroluminescent 3483:Cathodoluminescent 3062:, FCC Public, 2003 2061:A Survey of London 2015:Ancient Inventions 1638: 1551:Dražického náměstí 1547:Hradčanské náměstí 1465:, Ohio, more than 1443:historic districts 1402: 1394: 1382: 1287: 1124: 1033:effect of leaking 999:gases produced by 806: 798: 794:Reading, Berkshire 786: 770: 735:Westminster Bridge 588: 580: 421: 286: 4728: 4727: 4596: 4595: 4439:Blast furnace gas 4422:Coal gasification 4356: 4355: 3873:Balanced-arm lamp 3829: 3828: 3713:Yablochkov candle 3581:Acetylene/Carbide 3551:Radioluminescence 3423:Luminous efficacy 3369:Color temperature 3265:978-0-07-351412-3 3244:978-0-13-289249-0 3223:978-1-85459-273-6 3202:978-0-8195-5021-7 3166:978-1-4039-1696-9 2400:. Janet Thomson. 2258:978-3-945561-06-5 2245:"Air and Water". 2025:978-0-345-40102-1 1991:AmusingPlanet.com 1891:Sweeney, Morgan. 1695:are also in use. 1630: 1629: 1622: 1531:" section of the 1343:transmission line 1151:According to the 1074:Aptekarsky Island 974:Apothecary's Hall 542:Sir James Lowther 518:Vegetable Statics 270: 269: 262: 252: 251: 244: 224:lead layout guide 194: 193: 186: 168: 91: 16:(Redirected from 4783: 4761:Industrial gases 4751:Gas technologies 4604: 4401: 4400: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4156:Christmas lights 4090:Safety reflector 4085:Reversing lights 4020:Navigation light 3971:Bicycle lighting 3861: 3814: 3806: 3780: 3539:Photoluminescent 3522:Fluorescent lamp 3495:Chemiluminescent 3443: 3442: 3411:Bi-pin lamp base 3406:Lightbulb socket 3343: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3269: 3248: 3227: 3206: 3185: 3170: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3046: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3004:. Prague Morning 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2982:. Archived from 2981: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2937:. 3 October 2022 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2910:Evening Standard 2901: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2874:on 26 June 2022. 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2844:. Archived from 2833: 2827: 2826: 2810: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2742: 2739: 2728: 2725: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2661:on 26 June 2017. 2660: 2649: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2595: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2526:. Archived from 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2428:. 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Amusing Planet 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1888: 1852: 1793: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1733: 1683:and small scale 1625: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1574: 1566: 1380:, Germany (2005) 1351:electrical power 778:Grand Army Plaza 752:and self-acting 737:was lit by gas. 729:and Westminster 684:Josiah Pemberton 570:Early technology 535:Alessandro Volta 419: 416: 388:nostalgic effect 380:hydrocarbon fuel 337:illuminating gas 265: 258: 247: 240: 236: 233: 227: 220:improve the lead 204: 203: 196: 189: 182: 178: 175: 169: 167: 126: 102: 94: 83: 61: 60: 53: 21: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4661: 4605: 4592: 4576: 4548: 4493: 4405: 4392: 4387: 4357: 4352: 4316:Bioluminescence 4299: 4268: 4254: 4211: 4195: 4134: 4118: 4034: 3959: 3883:Emergency light 3859: 3825: 3812: 3804: 3778: 3776: 3769: 3717: 3689: 3660:Magnesium torch 3567: 3469: 3438: 3432: 3389:Light pollution 3364:Accent lighting 3352: 3347: 3303: 3290: 3288: 3276: 3274:Further reading 3266: 3245: 3224: 3203: 3167: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3060:Osvětlení Prahy 3056:Wayback Machine 3047: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3022:Robert Oppelt: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2902: 2898: 2893:Wayback Machine 2883: 2879: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2848:on 11 June 2016 2834: 2830: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2673: 2666: 2658: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2613: 2609: 2604:(5): 407. 1919. 2593: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2573: 2569: 2556: 2552: 2539: 2535: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2317: 2313: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2222: 2218: 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4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4610:Infrastructure 4607: 4606: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4474:Regasification 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4304:Related topics 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4095:retroreflector 4087: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4005: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3950:Track lighting 3947: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3925: 3923:Recessed light 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3893:Gooseneck lamp 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3839: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3800: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3775:High-intensity 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3544:Laser headlamp 3536: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3514: 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J. Jacobson. 2567: 2550: 2533: 2510: 2488: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2413: 2406: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2321:Lowther, James 2311: 2280:Lowther, James 2271: 2257: 2237: 2225:Hales, Stephen 2216: 2201: 2184: 2164: 2144: 2128: 2110: 2107:. p. 244. 2093: 2047: 2024: 2004: 1977: 1965:DailySabah.com 1951: 1933:(4): 359–373. 1910: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1853: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1820:Carbochemistry 1817: 1811: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1700: 1697: 1665:carbon dioxide 1628: 1627: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1556:Charles Bridge 1471:French Quarter 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1345:voltages, and 1333:in Europe and 1307:direct current 1292:direct current 1278: 1275: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1227: 1215:stage lighting 1211: 1210: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1172: 1169: 1133:Lyceum Theatre 1115: 1114:Theatrical use 1112: 1053: 1050: 914:triumphal arch 845:David Melville 761: 760:Widespread use 758: 715:David Melville 688:Benjamin Cooke 571: 568: 537:, and others. 503:and the other 487:Common Council 406: 403: 398:Main article: 395: 392: 376:energy density 331:(town gas) or 268: 267: 250: 249: 209:The article's 208: 206: 199: 192: 191: 133:"Gas lighting" 106: 104: 97: 92: 66: 65: 63: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4788: 4777: 4776:Types of lamp 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4673:Bunsen burner 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4490: 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4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4015:Laser pointer 4013: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918:Pendant light 3916: 3914: 3913:Neon lighting 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3788:Mercury-vapor 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3731:Deuterium arc 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3723:Gas discharge 3720: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3428:Task lighting 3426: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384:Light fixture 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3287: 3286:Atlas Obscura 3283: 3278: 3277: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3003: 2996: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2842:Baltimore Sun 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2697:cite magazine 2682: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2498: 2492: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2426:Royal Society 2423: 2417: 2409: 2407:0-9530013-2-6 2403: 2399: 2392: 2386:, p. 30. 2385: 2380: 2374:, p. 29. 2373: 2368: 2362:, p. 28. 2361: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2212: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2089: 2083: 2075: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2051: 2044:(in Chinese). 2040: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2008: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1792: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1723:Image gallery 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:wind turbines 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1624: 1621: 1613: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1579:This section 1577: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:Thomas Edison 1300: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Bunsen burner 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092:Palace Square 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081:Obvodny Canal 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1039:plant hormone 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 961: 956: 954: 950: 945: 943: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 841: 838:'s Museum in 837: 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 815: 810: 802: 795: 790: 783: 779: 774: 766: 757: 755: 751: 747: 746:cream of lime 743: 738: 736: 732: 727: 722: 720: 716: 711: 709: 708:Count Rumford 704: 703:Royal Society 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 678: 676: 672: 668: 663: 660: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 600: 597: 596:James Lowther 593: 584: 576: 567: 565: 560: 555: 553: 552:Royal Society 549: 548: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 523: 519: 515: 514:Stephen Hales 510: 508: 507: 502: 501: 495: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 411: 401: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 352: 350: 349:incandescence 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 283: 279: 274: 264: 261: 246: 243: 235: 225: 222:and read the 221: 215: 212: 207: 198: 197: 188: 185: 177: 166: 163: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 142: 138: 135: – 134: 130: 129:Find sources: 123: 119: 113: 112: 107:This article 105: 101: 96: 95: 90: 88: 81: 80: 75: 74: 69: 64: 55: 54: 49: 48:Fart lighting 42: 35: 30: 19: 4698:Gas lighting 4697: 4683:Gas cylinder 4469:Producer gas 4454:Landfill gas 4449:Gasification 4191:Strobe light 4186:Plasma globe 4161:Crackle tube 4151:Bubble light 4112:trafficators 4107:Turn signals 3933:Street light 3888:Gas lighting 3887: 3821:Sodium vapor 3793:Metal-halide 3695:Electric arc 3615: 3447:Incandescent 3416:Edison screw 3289:. Retrieved 3285: 3254: 3233: 3212: 3191: 3179: 3155: 3147:Bibliography 3132:. Retrieved 3128:the original 3123: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3091: 3079: 3067: 3059: 3044: 3031: 3023: 3018: 3006:. Retrieved 2995: 2984:the original 2970: 2962:The Observer 2961: 2951: 2939:. Retrieved 2934: 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2909: 2899: 2880: 2872:the original 2862: 2850:. Retrieved 2846:the original 2841: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2711: 2685:. Retrieved 2680: 2656:the original 2651: 2639: 2626: 2622: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2585: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2553: 2543: 2536: 2528:the original 2524:The Guardian 2523: 2513: 2501:. Retrieved 2491: 2479:. Retrieved 2468: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2430:the original 2425: 2416: 2397: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2330: 2324: 2319:Maud, John; 2314: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2262:. Retrieved 2247: 2240: 2229: 2219: 2210: 2204: 2194: 2187: 2173: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2137: 2131: 2119: 2113: 2103: 2096: 2072:– via 2066:. Retrieved 2060: 2050: 2036: 2014: 2007: 1995:. 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