316:(EI). The molecules enter into the MS (the source is a quadrupole or the ion trap itself in an ion trap MS) where they are bombarded with free electrons emitted from a filament, not unlike the filament one would find in a standard light bulb. The electrons bombard the molecules, causing the molecule to fragment in a characteristic and reproducible way. This "hard ionization" technique results in the creation of more fragments of low mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and few, if any, molecules approaching the molecular mass unit. Hard ionization is considered by mass spectrometrists as the employ of molecular electron bombardment, whereas "soft ionization" is charge by molecular collision with an introduced gas. The molecular fragmentation pattern is dependent upon the electron energy applied to the system, typically 70 eV (electronvolts). The use of 70 eV facilitates comparison of generated spectra with library spectra using manufacturer-supplied software or software developed by the National Institute of Standards (NIST-USA). Spectral library searches employ matching algorithms such as Probability Based Matching and dot-product matching that are used with methods of analysis written by many method standardization agencies. Sources of libraries include NIST, Wiley, the AAFS, and instrument manufacturers.
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been modified for field portability and near real-time detection of chemical warfare agents (CWA) such as sarin, soman, and VX. These complex and large GC–MS systems have been modified and configured with resistively heated low thermal mass (LTM) gas chromatographs that reduce analysis time to less than ten percent of the time required in traditional laboratory systems. Additionally, the systems are smaller, and more mobile, including units that are mounted in mobile analytical laboratories (MAL), such as those used by the United States Marine Corps
Chemical and Biological Incident Response Force MAL and other similar laboratories, and systems that are hand-carried by two-person teams or individuals, much ado to the smaller mass detectors. Depending on the system, the analytes can be introduced via liquid injection, desorbed from sorbent tubes through a
329:
designed supersonic nozzle, forming a supersonic molecular beam (SMB). Collisions with the make up gas at the expanding supersonic jet reduce the internal vibrational (and rotational) energy of the analyte molecules, hence reducing the degree of fragmentation caused by the electrons during the ionization process. Cold-EI mass spectra are characterized by an abundant molecular ion while the usual fragmentation pattern is retained, thus making cold-EI mass spectra compatible with library search identification techniques. The enhanced molecular ions increase the identification probabilities of both known and unknown compounds, amplify isomer mass spectral effects and enable the use of isotope abundance analysis for the elucidation of elemental formulas.
280:(sometimes referred to as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)) and neutral loss scan. For example: When Q1 is in static mode (looking at one mass only as in SIM), and Q3 is in scanning mode, one obtains a so-called product ion spectrum (also called "daughter spectrum"). From this spectrum, one can select a prominent product ion which can be the product ion for the chosen precursor ion. The pair is called a "transition" and forms the basis for SRM. SRM is highly specific and virtually eliminates matrix background.
263:) trade name "Mass Selective Detector" (MSD). Another relatively common detector is the ion trap mass spectrometer. Additionally one may find a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, however these particular instruments are expensive and bulky and not typically found in high-throughput service laboratories. Other detectors may be encountered such as time of flight (TOF), tandem quadrupoles (MS-MS) (see below), or in the case of an ion trap MS where n indicates the number mass spectrometry stages.
300:
134:. By 1966 Finnigan and collaborator Mike Uthe's EAI division had sold over 500 quadrupole residual gas-analyzer instruments. In 1967, Finnigan left EAI to form the Finnigan Instrument Corporation along with Roger Sant, T. Z. Chou, Michael Story, Lloyd Friedman, and William Fies. In early 1968, they delivered the first prototype quadrupole GC/MS instruments to Stanford and Purdue University. When Finnigan Instrument Corporation was acquired by Thermo Instrument Systems (later
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tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active ingredient in marijuana, in urine samples by employing derivatization in the sample preparation. GC–MS is also commonly used in forensic toxicology to find drugs and/or poisons in biological specimens of suspects, victims, or the deceased. In drug screening, GC–MS methods frequently utilize liquid-liquid extraction as a part of sample preparation, in which target compounds are extracted from blood plasma.
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have the same retention time), which results in two or more molecules that co-elute. Sometimes two different molecules can also have a similar pattern of ionized fragments in a mass spectrometer (mass spectrum). Combining the two processes reduces the possibility of error, as it is extremely unlikely
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These two components, used together, allow a much finer degree of substance identification than either unit used separately. It is not possible to make an accurate identification of a particular molecule by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry alone. The mass spectrometry process normally requires
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investigation, food and flavor analysis, and identification of unknown samples, including that of material samples obtained from planet Mars during probe missions as early as the 1970s. GC–MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings. Additionally, it can
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As part of the post-September 11 drive towards increased capability in homeland security and public health preparedness, traditional GC–MS units with transmission quadrupole mass spectrometers, as well as those with cylindrical ion trap (CIT-MS) and toroidal ion trap (T-ITMS) mass spectrometers have
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tests, especially the testing using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. GC–MS can determine compounds in urine even in minor concentration. These compounds are normally not present but appear in individuals suffering with metabolic disorders. This is increasingly becoming a common way to diagnose
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can be softened by the cooling of the molecules before their ionization, resulting in mass spectra that are richer in information. In this method named cold electron ionization (cold-EI) the molecules exit the GC column, mixed with added helium make up gas and expand into vacuum through a specially
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in a mixture and their relative affinity for the stationary phase of the column will promote separation of the molecules as the sample travels the length of the column. The molecules are retained by the column and then elute (come off) from the column at different times (called the retention time),
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Full scan is useful in determining unknown compounds in a sample. It provides more information than SIM when it comes to confirming or resolving compounds in a sample. During instrument method development it may be common to first analyze test solutions in full scan mode to determine the retention
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is characteristic of a certain compound. This is a fast and efficient analysis, especially if the analyst has previous information about a sample or is only looking for a few specific substances. When the amount of information collected about the ions in a given gas chromatographic peak decreases,
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because there are a myriad of visual distortions that can take place due to variations in scale. Computers can also simultaneously correlate more data (such as the retention times identified by GC), to more accurately relate certain data. Deep learning was shown to lead to promising results in the
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that two different molecules will behave in the same way in both a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. Therefore, when an identifying mass spectrum appears at a characteristic retention time in a GC–MS analysis, it typically increases certainty that the analyte of interest is in the sample.
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In selective ion monitoring (SIM) certain ion fragments are entered into the instrument method and only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer. The advantages of SIM are that the detection limit is lower since the instrument is only looking at a small number of fragments (e.g.
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The primary goal of instrument analysis is to quantify an amount of substance. This is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the generated spectrum. Two kinds of analysis are possible, comparative and original. Comparative analysis essentially compares the given
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is introduced into the mass spectrometer. Depending on the technique (positive CI or negative CI) chosen, this reagent gas will interact with the electrons and analyte and cause a 'soft' ionization of the molecule of interest. A softer ionization fragments the molecule to a lower degree than the
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Another method of analysis measures the peaks in relation to one another. In this method, the tallest peak is assigned 100% of the value, and the other peaks being assigned proportionate values. All values above 3% are assigned. The total mass of the unknown compound is normally indicated by the
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debris using GC–MS is well established, and there is even an established
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard for fire debris analysis. GCMS/MS is especially useful here as samples often contain very complex matrices, and results used in court need to be highly accurate.
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pattern in the spectrum, which is unique for elements that have many natural isotopes, can also be used to identify the various elements present. Once a chemical formula has been matched to the spectrum, the molecular structure and bonding can be identified, and must be consistent with the
172:. The gas chromatograph utilizes a capillary column whose properties regarding molecule separation depend on the column's dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polysiloxane). The difference in the chemical properties between different
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GC–MS is used for the analysis of unknown organic compound mixtures. One critical use of this technology is the use of GC–MS to determine the composition of bio-oils processed from raw biomass. GC–MS is also utilized in the identification of continuous phase component in a smart material,
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After the molecules travel the length of the column, pass through the transfer line and enter into the mass spectrometer they are ionized by various methods with typically only one method being used at any given time. Once the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an
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Smith PA, Lepage CJ, Lukacs M, Martin N, Shufutinsky A, Savage PB (2010). "Field-portable gas chromatography with transmission quadrupole and cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometric detection: Chromatographic retention index data and ion/molecule interactions for chemical warfare agent
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GC–MS is increasingly used for detection of illegal narcotics, and may eventually supplant drug-sniffing dogs. A simple and selective GC–MS method for detecting marijuana usage was recently developed by the Robert Koch
Institute in Germany. It involves identifying an acid metabolite of
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A faster alternative is the "purge-closed loop" system. In this system the inert gas is bubbled through the water until the concentrations of organic compounds in the vapor phase are at equilibrium with concentrations in the aqueous phase. The gas phase is then analysed directly.
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material at ambient temperature that holds the compounds by returning them to the liquid phase. The trap is then heated and the sample compounds are introduced to the GC–MS column via a volatiles interface, which is a split inlet system. P&T GC–MS is particularly suited to
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test, which positively identifies the presence of a particular substance. A nonspecific test merely indicates that any of several in a category of substances is present. Although a nonspecific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to
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400. The determination of what range to use is largely dictated by what one anticipates being in the sample while being cognizant of the solvent and other possible interferences. A MS should not be set to look for mass fragments too low or else one may detect air (found as
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When a second phase of mass fragmentation is added, for example using a second quadrupole in a quadrupole instrument, it is called tandem MS (MS/MS). MS/MS can sometimes be used to quantitate low levels of target compounds in the presence of a high sample matrix background.
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The first quadrupole (Q1) is connected with a collision cell (Q2) and another quadrupole (Q3). Both quadrupoles can be used in scanning or static mode, depending on the type of MS/MS analysis being performed. Types of analysis include product ion scan, precursor ion scan,
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The first on-line coupling of gas chromatography to a mass spectrometer was reported in the late 1950s. An interest in coupling the methods had been suggested as early as
December 1954, but conventional recording techniques had too poor temporal resolution. Fortunately,
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A mass spectrometer is typically utilized in one of two ways: full scan or selective ion monitoring (SIM). The typical GC–MS instrument is capable of performing both functions either individually or concomitantly, depending on the setup of the particular instrument.
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identification. However, the high temperatures (300°C) used in the GC–MS injection port (and oven) can result in thermal degradation of injected molecules, thus resulting in the measurement of degradation products instead of the actual molecule(s) of interest.
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A "full spectrum" analysis considers all the "peaks" within a spectrum. Conversely, selective ion monitoring (SIM) only monitors selected ions associated with a specific substance. This is done on the assumption that at a given retention time, a set of
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GC–MS is becoming the tool of choice for tracking organic pollutants in the environment. The cost of GC–MS equipment has decreased significantly, and the reliability has increased at the same time, which has contributed to its increased adoption in
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44) or other possible interference. Additionally if one is to use a large scan range then sensitivity of the instrument is decreased due to performing fewer scans per second since each scan will have to detect a wide range of mass fragments.
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are typically lower. To additionally confirm the likelihood of a potentially positive result, it is relatively important to be sure that the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard.
530:, a GC–MS-based line of explosives detectors. The other two manufacturers are Barringer Technologies, now owned by Smith's Detection Systems, and Ion Track Instruments, part of General Electric Infrastructure Security Systems.
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IEM for earlier diagnosis and institution of treatment eventually leading to a better outcome. It is now possible to test a newborn for over 100 genetic metabolic disorders by a urine test at birth based on GC–MS.
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the sensitivity of the analysis increases. So, SIM analysis allows for a smaller quantity of a compound to be detected and measured, but the degree of certainty about the identity of that compound is reduced.
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When collecting data in the full scan mode, a target range of mass fragments is determined and put into the instrument's method. An example of a typical broad range of mass fragments to monitor would be
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characteristics recorded by GC–MS. Typically, this identification is done automatically by programs which come with the instrument, given a list of the elements which could be present in the sample.
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and this allows the mass spectrometer downstream to capture, ionize, accelerate, deflect, and detect the ionized molecules separately. The mass spectrometer does this by breaking each molecule into
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In negative chemical ionization (NCI) the reagent gas decreases the impact of the free electrons on the target analyte. This decreased energy typically leaves the fragment in great supply.
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hard ionization of EI. One of the main benefits of using chemical ionization is that a mass fragment closely corresponding to the molecular weight of the analyte of interest is produced.
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In positive chemical ionization (PCI) the reagent gas interacts with the target molecule, most often with a proton exchange. This produces the species in relatively high amounts.
527:
1825:
Gösmann F, Rosenbauer H, Roll R, Böhnhardt H (October 2005). "COSAC onboard
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1315:
Alon T, Amirav A (2006). "Isotope abundance analysis methods and software for improved sample identification with supersonic gas chromatography/mass spectrometry".
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has helped in the simplification of the use of this instrument, as well as allowed great improvements in the amount of time it takes to analyze a sample. In 1964,
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218:(P&T) concentrator system may be used to introduce samples. The target analytes are extracted by mixing the sample with water and purge with inert gas (e.g.
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Stauffer DB, McLafferty FW, Ellis RD, Peterson DW (1974). "Probability based matching of mass spectra. Rapid identification of specific compounds in mixtures".
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575:, some naturally present in the raw materials and some forming during processing. GC–MS is extensively used for the analysis of these compounds which include
230:(caused by the introduction of the purge gas) out of the chamber. The volatile compounds are drawn along a heated line onto a 'trap'. The trap is a column of
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Patterson GE, Guymon AJ, Riter LS, Everly M, Griep-Raming J, Laughlin BC, et al. (December 2002). "Miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer".
17:
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The most common type of mass spectrometer (MS) associated with a gas chromatograph (GC) is the quadrupole mass spectrometer, sometimes referred to by the
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GC–MS is the main tool used in sports anti-doping laboratories to test athletes' urine samples for prohibited performance-enhancing drugs, for example
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Sloan KM, Mustacich RV, Eckenrode BA (2001). "Development and evaluation of a low thermal mass gas chromatograph for rapid forensic GC–MS analyses".
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three fragments) during each scan. More scans can take place each second. Since only a few mass fragments of interest are being monitored,
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instrument contains both a gas chromatograph and quadrupole mass spectrometer that can be used in tandem as a GC–MS. The material in the
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spectrum to a spectrum library to see if its characteristics are present for some sample in the library. This is best performed by a
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522:. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC–MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the
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197:) cannot differentiate between multiple molecules that happen to take the same amount of time to travel through the column (
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Wang T, Lenahan R (April 1984). "Determination of volatile halocarbons in water by purge-closed loop gas chromatography".
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1091:"Optimizing the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds – Technical Guide" Restek Corporation, Lit. Cat. 59887A
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to provide these systems, one of which is Thermo
Detection (formerly Thermedics), which produces the
293:, which essentially turns the ionized mass fragment into an electrical signal that is then detected.
194:
1730:"The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe"
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Holmes JC, Morrell FA (1957). "Oscillographic Mass
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1173:"Optimization and testing of mass spectral library search algorithms for compound identification"
702:(IRMS); an MS with a detector designed to measure a few select ions and return values as ratios.
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Niemann HB, Atreya SK, Bauer SJ, Carignan GR, Demick JE, Frost RL, et al. (December 2005).
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The insides of the GC–MS, with the column of the gas chromatograph in the oven on the right.
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in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification. Like
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1649:"Characterization of Vehicle Smart Fluid using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)"
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Block diagram for gas chromatography using electron ionization for collecting mass spectrum
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126:, a leading U.S. supplier of analog computers, began development of a computer controlled
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Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites
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which may be harmful and which is often controlled by governmental agencies, for example
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GC–MS can analyze the particles from a human body in order to help link a criminal to a
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Krasnopolsky VA, Parshev VA (1981). "Chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus".
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226:. The volatile compounds move into the headspace above the water and are drawn along a
138:) in 1990, it was considered "the world's leading manufacturer of mass spectrometers".
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to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC–MS include
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developed around the same time allowed to measure spectra thousands times a second.
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Giannelli PC, Imwinkelried EJ (1999). "Drug Identification: Gas Chromatography.".
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Identification of Essential Oil Components By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
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time and the mass fragment fingerprint before moving to a SIM instrument method.
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Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory, and Instrumentation
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a very pure sample while gas chromatography using a traditional detector (e.g.
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parent peak. The value of this parent peak can be used to fit with a chemical
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805:"Thermal Degradation of Small Molecules: A Global Metabolomic Investigation"
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The ionization technique chosen is independent of using full scan or SIM.
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fragments and detecting these fragments using their mass-to-charge ratio.
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etc. It is also used to detect and measure contaminants from spoilage or
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78:, it allows analysis and detection even of tiny amounts of a substance.
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1253:"Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with supersonic molecular beams"
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1952:. Vol. 2. Charlottesville: Lexis Law Publishing. p. 362.
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By far the most common and perhaps standard form of ionization is
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Several GC–MS systems have left earth. Two were brought to
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as the labeling and the measurement of C-C ratios with an
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of metabolic compounds, the GC–MS is used for determining
243:
compounds (aromatic compounds associated with petroleum).
2393:
2082:, a mass spectral reference database of plant metabolites
2007:
Practical aspects of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
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398:
178:
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Current practice of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
222:) into an airtight chamber, this is known as purging or
164:
The GC–MS is composed of two major building blocks: the
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1521:
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Dozens of congenital metabolic diseases also known as
455:
250:
1103:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
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process, or with solid-phase micro extraction (SPME).
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Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
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In chemical ionization (CI) a reagent gas, typically
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376:identification of VOCs from raw GC–MS data.
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712:Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry
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1525:International Journal of Mass Spectrometry
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2245:Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
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76:liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
65:investigation, environmental analysis,
14:
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2376:
2350:
2089:
1912:Modern practice of gas chromatography
1871:
1171:Stein SE, Scott DR (September 1994).
1011:
974:Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry
666:mission with a chiral GC–MS in 2014.
468:
424:28 due to nitrogen), carbon dioxide (
49:method that combines the features of
2789:
2240:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
2070:Gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry
1933:. Chichester: Wiley. p. 10627.
1293:
1241:
1236:Mass Spectrometry Database Committee
1000:
986:10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-114018
727:Prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer
456:Environmental monitoring and cleanup
251:Types of mass spectrometer detectors
39:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
18:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
2801:
1040:
560:Food, beverage and perfume analysis
24:
2115:
515:systems have become a part of all
485:
278:selected reaction monitoring (SRM)
141:
115:The development of affordable and
25:
2860:
2063:
776:
606:
511:A post–September 11 development,
324:The "hard ionization" process of
124:Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI)
2800:
2788:
2777:
2776:
2331:
2330:
2028:. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker.
1986:McMaster C, McMaster MC (1998).
1914:. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
534:Chemical warfare agent detection
110:time-of-flight mass spectrometry
2184:Capillary electrochromatography
1988:GC/MS: a practical user's guide
1864:
1818:
1789:
1721:
1678:
1666:
1640:
1613:
1578:
1551:
1515:
1488:
1461:Hübschmann HJ (22 April 2015).
1454:
1427:Hübschmann HJ (22 April 2015).
1420:
1375:
1351:
1308:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1164:
1137:
1094:
1085:
700:isotope ratio mass spectrometer
450:
405:
266:
2224:Two-dimensional chromatography
1895:. London: Sheffield Academic.
1891:Adlard ER, Handley AJ (2001).
958:
931:
845:
796:
770:
743:
81:GC–MS has been regarded as a "
13:
1:
2214:Size-exclusion chromatography
2209:Reversed-phase chromatography
737:
653:Sample analysis at Mars (SAM)
554:magnetorheological (MR) fluid
283:
34:Example of a GC–MS instrument
1257:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
1190:10.1016/1044-0305(94)87009-8
821:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03003
678:(IEM) are now detectable by
639:mission landed one GC–MS on
128:quadrupole mass spectrometer
7:
2640:Microchannel plate detector
2317:Journal of Chromatography B
2310:Journal of Chromatography A
2199:Normal-phase chromatography
2164:Displacement chromatography
705:
676:inborn errors of metabolism
669:
627:analysed the atmosphere of
506:
495:Sports anti-doping analysis
361:
10:
2865:
2154:Argentation chromatography
1971:. Boston: Academic Press.
1910:Barry EF, Grob RE (2004).
1801:msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov
1634:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.216
1545:10.1016/j.ijms.2010.03.001
1396:10.1109/IJCNN.2018.8489539
1049:Chemical Heritage Magazine
1018:Chemical Heritage Magazine
874:10.1366/000370257774633394
336:
237:volatile organic compounds
145:
102:
2772:
2714:
2663:
2627:
2576:
2423:
2384:
2326:
2303:Biomedical Chromatography
2294:
2258:
2232:
2219:Thin-layer chromatography
2141:
2123:
1509:10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.068
1303:SMB–MS (Supersonic GC–MS)
1146:Organic Mass Spectrometry
783:American Chemical Society
660:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
195:Flame ionization detector
2655:Langmuir–Taylor detector
2080:Golm Metabolome Database
2074:Medical Subject Headings
437:Selective ion monitoring
320:Cold electron ionization
136:Thermo Fisher Scientific
2149:Affinity chromatography
2047:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1382:Skarysz A (July 2018).
1212:Standard Reference Data
384:containing the various
130:under the direction of
2599:Quadrupole mass filter
2295:Prominent publications
2276:Kovats retention index
1847:10.1089/ast.2005.5.622
1497:Analytica Chimica Acta
1158:10.1002/oms.1210090710
1014:"A Measure of Success"
304:
189:
161:
35:
2844:Laboratory techniques
2266:Distribution constant
2169:Electrochromatography
2159:Column chromatography
463:environmental studies
302:
187:
159:
33:
2286:Van Deemter equation
2204:Paper chromatography
1876:. Allured Pub Corp.
1587:Analytical Chemistry
940:Analytical Chemistry
905:Analytical Chemistry
854:Applied Spectroscopy
809:Analytical Chemistry
686:In combination with
662:was analysed by the
547:Chemical engineering
444:matrix interferences
210:For the analysis of
206:Purge and trap GC–MS
2849:Explosive detection
2635:Electron multiplier
2604:Quadrupole ion trap
2271:Freundlich equation
2024:Niessen WM (2001).
2009:. New York: Wiley.
2005:Message GM (1984).
1990:. New York: Wiley.
1950:Scientific Evidence
1839:2005AsBio...5..622G
1757:10.1038/nature04122
1749:2005Natur.438..779N
1699:1981Natur.292..610K
1537:2010IJMSp.295..113S
1329:2006RCMS...20.2579A
1269:2008JMSp...43..141A
1024:(1). Archived from
966:McLafferty, Fred W.
952:10.1021/ac60098a002
917:10.1021/ac50164a024
866:1957ApSpe..11...86H
513:explosive detection
339:Chemical ionization
333:Chemical ionization
326:electron ionization
314:electron ionization
308:Electron ionization
291:electron multiplier
2233:Hyphenated methods
2189:Ion chromatography
2174:Gas chromatography
1572:10.1002/fact.10011
1115:10.1007/BF01607519
1028:on 26 October 2020
756:. Academic Press.
692:metabolic activity
573:aromatic compounds
541:thermal desorption
477:. The analysis of
469:Criminal forensics
305:
190:
162:
132:Robert E. Finnigan
51:gas-chromatography
36:
2834:Mass spectrometry
2816:
2815:
2378:Mass spectrometry
2344:
2343:
2054:978-3-527-31538-3
2035:978-0-8247-0473-5
2016:978-0-471-06277-6
1997:978-0-471-24826-2
1978:978-0-12-483385-2
1921:978-0-471-22983-4
1902:978-0-8493-0521-4
1883:978-1-932633-21-4
1872:Adams RP (2007).
1693:(5824): 610–613.
1599:10.1021/ac020494d
1523:identification".
1405:978-1-5090-6014-6
1012:Brock DC (2011).
763:978-0-08-092015-3
688:isotopic labeling
680:newborn screening
643:'s largest moon,
571:contain numerous
501:anabolic steroids
228:pressure gradient
170:mass spectrometer
166:gas chromatograph
152:Mass spectrometer
148:Gas chromatograph
55:mass spectrometry
27:Analytical method
16:(Redirected from
2856:
2804:
2803:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2281:Retention factor
2110:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2058:
2039:
2020:
2001:
1982:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1906:
1887:
1859:
1858:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1803:. Archived from
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1743:(7069): 779–84.
1734:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1707:10.1038/292610a0
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
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1485:
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1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1390:. pp. 1–8.
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1337:10.1002/rcm.2637
1312:
1306:
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1291:
1290:
1280:
1278:10.1002/jms.1380
1248:
1239:
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1192:
1168:
1162:
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1080:
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1063:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1009:
998:
997:
962:
956:
955:
935:
929:
928:
900:
894:
893:
849:
843:
842:
832:
815:(21): 10935–41.
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
774:
768:
767:
747:
631:with GC–MS. The
21:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
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2419:
2380:
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2345:
2340:
2322:
2290:
2254:
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2119:
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2066:
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2017:
1998:
1979:
1960:
1941:
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1722:
1683:
1679:
1671:
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1651:
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1641:
1618:
1614:
1593:(24): 6145–53.
1583:
1579:
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1516:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1459:
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1367:
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1323:(17): 2579–88.
1313:
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1234:
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846:
801:
797:
787:
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771:
764:
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672:
637:Cassini–Huygens
609:
562:
549:
536:
509:
497:
488:
486:Law enforcement
471:
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439:
408:
364:
341:
335:
322:
310:
286:
269:
257:Hewlett-Packard
253:
208:
188:GC–MS schematic
154:
146:Main articles:
144:
142:Instrumentation
105:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Chromatography
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2709:
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2703:
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2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2664:MS combination
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
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2624:
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2596:
2594:Time-of-flight
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2117:Chromatography
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2064:External links
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968:(2011-07-19).
957:
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623:11 and 12 and
617:Viking program
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216:purge and trap
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96:false positive
72:trace elements
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1989:
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1959:0-327-04985-5
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1940:0-471-97670-9
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1833:(5): 622–31.
1832:
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1807:on 2009-03-20
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220:Nitrogen gas
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117:miniaturized
114:
106:
80:
42:
38:
37:
2807:WikiProject
2650:Faraday cup
2589:Wien filter
2410:MS software
1628:: 673–687.
1305:. tau.ac.il
1226:. wiley.com
980:(1): 1–22.
581:fatty acids
239:(VOCs) and
61:detection,
2823:Categories
2425:Ion source
2142:Techniques
1811:2019-06-25
1480:22 January
1446:22 January
1368:2023-12-29
1214:. nist.gov
1077:23 January
738:References
601:pesticides
284:Ionization
67:explosives
47:analytical
2686:Hybrid MS
994:1936-1327
925:0003-2700
882:0003-7028
777:Jones M.
589:aldehydes
569:beverages
232:adsorbent
174:molecules
120:computers
70:identify
2783:Category
2628:Detector
2619:Orbitrap
2415:Acronyms
2336:Category
2128:software
1855:16225435
1775:16319830
1607:12510732
1503:: 1–13.
1414:52989098
1345:16897787
1287:18225851
1199:24222034
1055:(2): 31.
1032:22 March
890:97838389
839:26434689
706:See also
670:Medicine
651:rover's
593:terpenes
585:alcohols
520:airports
507:Security
386:elements
373:computer
362:Analysis
224:sparging
212:volatile
168:and the
91:specific
87:forensic
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2795:Commons
2523:MALDESI
2133:history
1835:Bibcode
1783:4344046
1745:Bibcode
1715:4369293
1695:Bibcode
1533:Bibcode
1325:Bibcode
1265:Bibcode
1123:6713137
862:Bibcode
830:4633772
664:Rosetta
635:of the
615:by the
390:isotope
382:formula
349:ammonia
345:methane
261:Agilent
179:ionized
103:History
2701:IMS/MS
2614:FT-ICR
2584:Sector
2259:Theory
2076:(MeSH)
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1737:Nature
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1687:Nature
1675:. NASA
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641:Saturn
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2696:LC/MS
2691:GC/MS
2671:MS/MS
2558:SELDI
2518:MALDI
2513:LAESI
2453:DAPPI
1779:S2CID
1733:(PDF)
1711:S2CID
1652:(PDF)
1410:S2CID
1127:S2CID
886:S2CID
657:comet
645:Titan
629:Venus
565:Foods
475:crime
259:(now
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2759:NETD
2724:BIRD
2543:SIMS
2538:SESI
2473:EESI
2468:DIOS
2463:DESI
2458:DART
2443:APPI
2438:APLI
2433:APCI
2389:Mass
2049:ISBN
2030:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1851:PMID
1771:PMID
1603:PMID
1482:2018
1469:ISBN
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1435:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1341:PMID
1283:PMID
1195:PMID
1119:PMID
1079:2015
1034:2018
990:ISSN
921:ISSN
878:ISSN
835:PMID
790:2019
758:ISBN
613:Mars
567:and
528:EGIS
479:fire
399:ions
241:BTEX
199:i.e.
150:and
63:fire
59:drug
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2764:SID
2749:HCD
2744:ETD
2739:EDD
2734:ECD
2729:CID
2681:AMS
2676:QqQ
2553:SSI
2533:PTR
2528:MIP
2508:ICP
2488:FAB
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1843:doi
1761:hdl
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