31:
43:
167:
347:
When bubbles are disturbed (for example when a gas bubble is injected underwater), the wall oscillates. Although it is often visually masked by much larger deformations in shape, a component of the oscillation changes the bubble volume (i.e. it is pulsation) which, in the absence of an
352:. The pulsation is the most important component of the oscillation, acoustically, because by changing the gas volume, it changes its pressure, and leads to the emission of sound at the bubble's natural frequency. For air bubbles in water, large bubbles (negligible
697:
447:
739:
can occur when a gas bubble is introduced to the circulatory system and lodges in a blood vessel that is too small for it to pass through under the available pressure difference. This can occur as a result of
303:
in processes such as distillation, absorption, flotation and spray drying. The complex processes involved often require consideration for mass and heat transfer and are modeled using
591:
364:
pulsations, which means that no heat is transferred either from the liquid to the gas or vice versa. The natural frequency of such bubbles is determined by the equation:
473:
821:
564:
539:
506:
189:
describes how electromagnetic waves change direction at the interface between two mediums with different RI; thus bubbles can be identified from the accompanying
894:
370:
200:
The above explanation only holds for bubbles of one medium submerged in another medium (e.g. bubbles of gas in a soft drink); the volume of a
154:
Bubbles form and coalesce into globular shapes because those shapes are at a lower energy state. For the physics and chemistry behind it, see
932:
185:(RI) than the surrounding substance. For example, the RI of air is approximately 1.0003 and the RI of water is approximately 1.333.
877:
1044:
Prosperetti, Andrea; Oguz, Hasan N. (1993). "The impact of drops on liquid surfaces and the underwater noise of rain".
1080:
831:
30:
232:
729:. The damage can be due to mechanical deformation of tissues due to bubble growth in situ, or by blocking
957:
Minnaert, Marcel, On musical air-bubbles and the sounds of running water, Phil. Mag. 16, 235-248 (1933).
1115:
17:
581:
pulsations. The corresponding equation for small bubbles of surface tension σ (and negligible liquid
692:{\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi R_{0}}{\sqrt {{3p_{0} \over \rho }+{4\sigma \over \rho R_{0}}}}}
1110:
204:(e.g. soap bubble) will not distort light very much, and one can only see a membrane bubble due to
741:
726:
722:
725:, which occurs when supersaturated dissolved inert gases leave the solution as bubbles during
736:
458:
339:
use bubbles as the optical resonator. They can be used as highly sensitive pressure sensors.
326:
205:
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992:
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549:
517:
484:
357:
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8:
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66:
substance in a liquid. In the opposite case, a globule of a liquid in a gas, is called a
1065:
1057:
996:
318:
can smell underwater by rapidly breathing through their nostrils and creating a bubble.
257:. The same effect, but on a larger scale, is used in focused energy weapons such as the
1021:
980:
847:
785:
269:
also uses a collapsing cavitation bubble as a weapon. The same effect is used to treat
253:) near solid surfaces and the resulting impinging jet constitute the mechanism used in
325:
suggests that bubbles may have played an integral role in confining and concentrating
1026:
1008:
873:
827:
349:
74:, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance.
1061:
1016:
1000:
795:
242:
printing, vapor bubbles are used as actuators. They are occasionally used in other
182:
71:
353:
311:
201:
1004:
330:
304:
239:
186:
91:
1104:
1012:
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442:{\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi R_{0}}{\sqrt {3\gamma p_{0} \over \rho }}}
270:
266:
243:
67:
1030:
730:
509:
336:
274:
137:
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Injury by bubble formation and growth in body tissues is the mechanism of
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47:
42:
35:
790:
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578:
297:
250:
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143:
95:
87:
582:
361:
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even though both the immersed and immersing mediums are transparent.
166:
969:
Leighton, Timothy G., The
Acoustic Bubble (Academic, London, 1994).
542:
300:
286:
278:
115:
981:"A Mathematical Model for the Sounds Produced by Knuckle Cracking"
706:, such as inside our knuckles during knuckle cracking, and when a
702:
Excited bubbles trapped underwater are the major source of liquid
220:
Nucleation can be intentionally induced, for example, to create a
753:
710:
570:
289:
cause the dissolution of gas in the liquid by injecting bubbles.
262:
258:
282:
126:
As given off in chemical reactions, e.g., baking soda + vinegar
82:
Bubbles are seen in many places in everyday life, for example:
27:
Globule of one substance in another, typically gas in a liquid
703:
130:
101:
820:
Subramanian, R. Shankar; Balasubramaniam, R. (2001-04-09).
780:
707:
567:
819:
1043:
171:
108:
63:
910:"The Key to Life's Emergence? Bubbles, New Study Argues"
348:
externally-imposed sound field, occurs at the bubble's
895:"Star-nosed mole can sniff underwater, videos reveal"
594:
552:
520:
487:
461:
373:
978:
111:
mixed into agitated water, such as below a waterfall
285:use bubbles for entertainment or as hunting tools.
823:The Motion of Bubbles and Drops in Reduced Gravity
691:
577:For air bubbles in water, smaller bubbles undergo
558:
533:
500:
467:
441:
181:Bubbles are visible because they have a different
1085:The Physics of Bubbles, Antibubbles, and all That
852:The ‘acoustic scallop’: a bubble-powered actuator
1102:
979:Chandran Suja, V.; Barakat, A. I. (2018-03-29).
846:R. J. Dijkink, J. P. van der Dennen, C. D. Ohl,
329:for life, a function currently performed by
933:"Bubble lasers can be sturdy and sensitive"
231:imaging, small encapsulated bubbles called
965:
963:
892:
716:
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165:
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41:
29:
960:
14:
1103:
1078:
924:
867:
1066:10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.003045
908:Whitcomb, Isobel (August 6, 2019).
24:
930:
235:are used to enhance the contrast.
77:
25:
1127:
249:The violent collapse of bubbles (
1046:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
872:. New York: Dover Publications.
750:intravenous fluid administration
1072:
1037:
939:. American Institute of Physics
215:
972:
951:
901:
886:
861:
840:
826:. Cambridge University Press.
813:
13:
1:
1079:Rankin, Ryan C. (June 2005).
806:
744:after hyperbaric exposure, a
733:where the bubble has lodged.
161:
870:Bubbles, Drops and Particles
713:impacts a surface of water.
342:
7:
868:Weber; et al. (1978).
759:
323:the origin of life on Earth
246:applications as actuators.
10:
1132:
1005:10.1038/s41598-018-22664-4
854:, J. Micromech. Microeng.
34:Air bubbles rising from a
746:lung overexpansion injury
573:of the surrounding liquid
277:. Marine mammals such as
717:Physiology and medicine
468:{\displaystyle \gamma }
723:decompression sickness
693:
560:
535:
502:
469:
443:
178:
136:As the indicator in a
133:during its manufacture
51:
39:
737:Arterial gas embolism
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561:
559:{\displaystyle \rho }
536:
534:{\displaystyle p_{0}}
503:
501:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
470:
444:
206:thin-film diffraction
169:
150:Physics and chemistry
45:
33:
801:Underwater acoustics
592:
550:
541:is the steady state
518:
485:
459:
371:
358:thermal conductivity
316:American water shrew
292:Bubbles are used by
129:As a gas trapped in
1058:1993AnRFM..25..577P
997:2018NatSR...8.4600C
477:specific heat ratio
327:precursor molecules
255:ultrasonic cleaning
195:internal reflection
50:floating in the air
1081:"Bubble Resonance"
985:Scientific Reports
786:Minnaert resonance
689:
556:
531:
498:
465:
439:
179:
90:of supersaturated
52:
40:
1116:Bubbles (physics)
931:Miller, Johanna.
879:978-0-486-44580-9
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350:natural frequency
16:(Redirected from
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183:refractive index
104:in boiling water
72:Marangoni effect
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354:surface tension
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312:star-nosed mole
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86:As spontaneous
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78:Common examples
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92:carbon dioxide
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70:. Due to the
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912:. LiveScience
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776:Bubble sensor
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771:Bubble fusion
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742:decompression
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731:blood vessels
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727:decompression
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337:Bubble lasers
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271:kidney stones
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267:Pistol shrimp
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1088:. Retrieved
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941:. Retrieved
936:
926:
914:. Retrieved
903:
888:
869:
863:
855:
851:
842:
822:
815:
752:, or during
735:
720:
701:
576:
510:steady state
451:
346:
335:
321:Research on
320:
309:
291:
275:lithotripter
248:
237:
226:
224:in a solid.
219:
216:Applications
199:
180:
174:rising in a
153:
138:spirit level
81:
55:
53:
1052:: 577–602.
991:(1): 4600.
858:1653 (2006)
298:metallurgic
238:In thermal
227:In medical
187:Snell's Law
170:Bubbles of
122:soap bubble
96:soft drinks
48:soap bubble
36:scuba diver
1105:Categories
1090:2006-12-09
916:January 8,
807:References
791:Nanobubble
766:Antibubble
579:isothermal
479:of the gas
360:) undergo
251:cavitation
229:ultrasound
222:bubblegram
210:reflection
191:refraction
176:soft drink
162:Appearance
156:nucleation
144:bubble gum
88:nucleation
18:Gas bubble
1013:2045-2322
748:, during
672:ρ
667:σ
653:ρ
618:π
583:viscosity
554:ρ
463:γ
434:ρ
420:γ
397:π
362:adiabatic
343:Pulsation
1031:29599511
760:See also
543:pressure
314:and the
301:engineer
294:chemical
287:Aerators
279:dolphins
261:and the
116:sea foam
38:in water
1054:Bibcode
1022:5876406
993:Bibcode
943:2 April
754:surgery
711:droplet
571:density
566:is the
508:is the
475:is the
452:where:
263:torpedo
259:bazooka
60:globule
1029:
1019:
1011:
876:
830:
704:sounds
512:radius
283:whales
240:inkjet
56:bubble
585:) is
273:in a
131:glass
120:As a
102:vapor
62:of a
58:is a
1027:PMID
1009:ISSN
945:2024
918:2022
874:ISBN
828:ISBN
781:Foam
708:rain
568:mass
356:and
310:The
296:and
281:and
208:and
193:and
68:drop
1062:doi
1017:PMC
1001:doi
172:gas
142:As
114:As
109:air
107:As
100:As
94:in
64:gas
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380:0
376:f
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
