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elastic properties, and comparative sizing, as well as the more esoteric properties of bubbles listed on this page. Bubbles are useful in teaching concepts starting from 2 years old and into college years. A Swiss university professor, Dr. Natalie
Hartzell, has theorized that the usage of artificial bubbles for entertainment purposes of young children has shown a positive effect in the region of the child's brain that controls motor skills and is responsible for coordination with children exposed to bubbles at a young age showing measurably better motion skills than those who were not.
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air cools, and a reduction in volume occurs, there will be a partial collapse of the bubble. A bubble, created successfully at this low temperature, will always be rather small; it will freeze quickly and will shatter if increased further. Freezing of small soap bubbles happens within 2 seconds after setting on snow (at air temperature around –10...–14 °C).
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The density of a gas can also be affected by its temperature. As the temperature of a gas increases, the molecules of the gas move faster. This causes them to spread out and become less dense. The opposite is also true. As the temperature of a gas decreases, the molecules of the gas move slower. This
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The gas inside a bubble is less dense than air because it is mostly water vapor. Water vapor is a gas that is formed when water molecules evaporate. When water molecules evaporate, they escape from the liquid state and enter the gas state. In the gas state, water molecules are further apart than they
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out, causing the bubble to crumble under its own weight. At temperatures below about −25 °C (−13 °F), bubbles will freeze in the air and may shatter when hitting the ground. When a bubble is blown with warm air, the bubble will freeze to an almost perfect sphere at first, but when the warm
545:
Byron, Melody & Enoch
Swetland invented a patented non-toxic bubble (Tekno Bubbles) that glow under UV lighting. These bubbles look like ordinary high quality "clear" bubbles under normal lighting, but glow when exposed to true UV light. The brighter the UV lighting, the brighter they glow. The
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with artistic achievement. They require a high degree of skill. Some performers use common commercially available bubble liquids while others compose their own solutions. Some artists create giant bubbles or tubes, often enveloping objects or even humans. Others manage to create bubbles forming
231:
At a point where three or more bubbles meet, they sort themselves out so that only three bubble walls meet along a line. Since the surface tension is the same in each of the three surfaces, the three angles between them must be equal to 120°. Only four bubble walls can meet at a point, with the
219:
When two bubbles merge, they adopt a shape which makes the sum of their surface areas as small as possible, compatible with the volume of air each bubble encloses. If the bubbles are of equal size, their common wall is flat. If they are not the same size, their common wall bulges into the larger
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Bubbles can be effectively used to teach and explore a wide variety of concepts to even young children. Flexibility, colour formation, reflective or mirrored surfaces, concave and convex surfaces, transparency, a variety of shapes (circle, square, triangle, sphere, cube, tetrahedron, hexagon),
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created a famous advertising campaign for its soaps in 1886 using a painting by John
Everett Millais of a child playing with bubbles. The Chicago company Chemtoy began selling bubble solution in the 1940s, and bubble solution has been popular with children ever since. According to one industry
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The structures that soap films make can not just be enclosed as spheres, but virtually any shape, for example in wire frames. Therefore, many different minimal surfaces can be designed. It is actually sometimes easier to physically make them than to compute them by
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The temperature of the gas inside a bubble is affected by the temperature of the water around it. The warmer the water, the warmer the gas inside the bubble. This means that the gas inside a bubble will be less dense if the water is warm than if the water is cold.
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to bubble mixtures fails to produce coloured bubbles, because the dye attaches to the water molecules as opposed to the surfactant. Therefore, a colourless bubble forms with the dye falling to a point at the base. Dye
85:
surface. Soap bubbles usually last for only a few seconds before bursting, either on their own or on contact with another object. They are often used for children's enjoyment, but they are also used in artistic
140:), it was not until 2000 that it was proven that two merged soap bubbles provide the optimum way of enclosing two given volumes of air of different size with the least surface area. This has been dubbed the
260:
Drainage within the soap film: water falls down due to gravity. This can be slowed by increasing the water viscosity, for instance by adding glycerol. Still, there is an ultimate height limit, which is the
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which, together with the bubble's spherical shape and fragility, contributes to its magical effect on children and adults alike. Each colour is the result of varying thicknesses of soap bubble film.
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The further apart water molecules are, the less dense they are. This is why water vapor is less dense than air. The gas inside a bubble is mostly water vapor, so it is also less dense than air.
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Soap bubbles have been used as entertainment for at least 400 years, as evidenced by 17th-century
Flemish paintings showing children blowing bubbles with clay pipes. The London-based firm
97:
When light shines onto a bubble it appears to change colour. Unlike those seen in a rainbow, which arise from differential refraction, the colours seen in a soap bubble arise from light
274:
Dirt and fat: When the bubble touches an object, it usually ruptures the soap film. This can be prevented by wetting these surfaces with water (preferably containing some soap).
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are in the liquid state. This is because water molecules are attracted to each other. When they evaporate, they break away from these attractions and move further apart.
101:, reflecting off the front and back surfaces of the thin soap film. Depending on the thickness of the film, different colours interfere constructively and destructively.
1251:
Stein, David (2005) "How to Make
Monstrous, Huge, Unbelievably Big Bubbles"; (Klutz) Formerly "The Unbelievable Bubble Book" (1987) it started the giant bubble sport.
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used soap bubble films to determine the geometry of a sheet of least surface area that spreads between several points, and translated this geometry into revolutionary
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is an example. Another man named Tim Kehoe invented a coloured bubble which loses its colour when exposed to pressure or oxygen, which he is now marketing online as
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cubes, tetrahedra and other shapes and forms. Bubbles are sometimes handled with bare hands. To add to the visual experience, they are sometimes filled with
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The longevity of a soap bubble is limited by the ease of rupture of the very thin layer of water which constitutes its surface, namely a
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While it has been known since 1884 that a spherical soap bubble is the least-area way of enclosing a given volume of air (a theorem of
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336:. On a liquid surface, the contact angle of the soap bubble depends on its size - smaller bubbles have lower contact angles.
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Noddy, Tom (1982) "Tom Noddy's Bubble Magic" Pioneer bubble performer's explanations created the modern performance art.
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New
Scientist: What’s the best recipe for bubble mixture? Scientists have the answer 22 September 2022 By Chris Simms
265:, very high for soap bubbles: around 13 feet (4 meters). In principle, there is no limit in the length it can reach.
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1227:. Classic Victorian exposition, based on a series of lectures originally delivered "before a juvenile audience".
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Taylor, J. E. (1976). "The
Structure of Singularities in Soap-Bubble-Like and Soap-Film-Like Minimal Surfaces".
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129:. A soap bubble is a closed soap film: due to the difference in outside and inside pressure, it is a surface of
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Arscott, Steve (2013). "Wetting of soap bubbles on hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and superhydrophobic surfaces".
589:. The reason is that the water molecules are spread evenly around the bubble in the low-gravity environment.
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google+, Regensburg, Germany, 23 January 2017, retrieved 25 January 2017. – Photos, description in German.
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map of the bubbles' surface. However, it has become a challenge to produce artificially coloured bubbles.
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Because of these qualities, soap bubble films have been used in practical problem solving applications.
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lines where triplets of bubble walls meet separated by cos(−1/3) ≈ 109.47°. All these rules, known as
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271:: This can be slowed by blowing bubbles in a wet atmosphere, or by adding some sugar to the water.
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hopecarter.photoshelter.com, Michigan, USA, 2014, retrieved 25 January 2017. – Photo catalogue.
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possible containing a given volume. A true minimal surface is more properly illustrated by a
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which can outperform conventional computers, depending on the complexity of the system.
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How Long Is the Coast of
Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
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of the solid., A soap bubble has a larger contact angle on a solid surface displaying
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M.A.C. Teixeira, S. Arscott, S.J. Cox and P.I.C. Teixeira, Langmuir 31, 13708 (2015).
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dye that sticks to the surfactants, enabling brightly coloured bubbles to be formed.
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Hutchings, Michael; Morgan, Frank; Ritoré, Manuel; Ros, Antonio (July 17, 2000).
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A bubble is made of transparent water enclosing transparent air. However, the
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lights or fire. Soap bubbles can be filled with a flammable gas such as
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Gallery of Macro
Photographs of bubbles to create photographic art work
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160:. A famous example is his West German Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal.
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A single light soap bubble photograph taken under macro photography
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is used as a popular alternative to a ready made bubble solution.
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When a soap bubble is in contact with a solid or a liquid surface
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After experiments, researchers found that a solution containing:
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858:
Isenberg, Cyril (1976). "The Soap Film: An
Analogue Computer".
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Isenberg, Cyril (2012). "The Soap Film: An Analogue Computer".
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demonstrated that it is possible to create coloured bubbles in
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Slow motion video of soap bubbles being formed by a bubble wand
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family sold them worldwide, but has since sold their company.
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estimate, retailers sell around 200 million bottles annually.
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The Mathematics of Soap Films – Explorations with Maple
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Frozen soap bubble on snow at −7 °C (19 °F)
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A woman creating bubbles with a long soap bubble wand
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causes them to bunch together and become more dense.
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gave the longest lasting results as it minimised the
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bubble, since the smaller one has a higher internal
605:If soap bubbles are blown into air that is below a
179:. This is why the soap films can be considered as
109:Soap bubbles are physical examples of the complex
348:A soap bubble wetting an ultrahydrophobic surface
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813:Jonathan Glancey, The Guardian November 28, 2012
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404:with water and additional ingredients such as
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893:Taylor, Jean E. (1977). "Soap Film Letters".
553:A single soap bubble displaying three layers
77:and water enclosing air that forms a hollow
1289:Performances with bubbles and giant bubbles
1235:The Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles
1217:Soap-Bubbles and the Forces that Mould Them
1205:. American Mathematical Society (1st ed.).
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931:Teixeira, M.A.C.; Teixeira, P.I.C. (2009).
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1535:Giant bubbles, coloured bubbles, freezing
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1279:Videos of Bubble and Droplet Interactions
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638:Professional 'bubbleologist' at the 2009
224:than the larger one, as predicted by the
940:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
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164:Soap bubbles as unconventional computing
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772:"Proof of the double bubble conjecture"
528:(who featured in the second episode of
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1284:A more detailed scientific explanation
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360:A soap bubble wetting a liquid surface
117:. They will assume the shape of least
27:Thin film of soapy water enclosing air
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1102:. Inventors.about.com. Archived from
320:is observed. On a solid surface, the
90:. Assembling many bubbles results in
2024:Physical activity and dexterity toys
686:Professional bubble artists include
424:Blowing bubbles through a small wand
332:than on a hydrophilic surface – see
1940:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
538:) gave the analogy of looking at a
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61:(commonly referred to as simply a
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1350:Experiments and characterization
1269:International Awarded Bubble Show
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654:Soap bubbles in downtown Budapest
256:. It is thus sensitive to :
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475:Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
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1098:Mary Bellis (1999-10-05).
1079:"Blow the Biggest Bubbles"
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818:January 8, 2017, at the
453:Two Boys Blowing Bubbles
170:Unconventional computing
143:double bubble conjecture
991:Applied Physics Letters
901:(January–February): 1.
752:Weaire–Phelan structure
240:is built from bubbles.
158:tensile roof structures
65:) is an extremely thin
1123:Hope Thurston Carter:
1054:"O despertar da bolha"
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696:The Amazing Bubble Man
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1201:Oprea, John (2000).
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1988:Mathematics and art
1978:Pattern recognition
1948:Aristid Lindenmayer
1443:disjoining pressure
1215:Boys, C. V. (1890)
1084:Scientific American
1013:2013ApPhL.102y4103A
952:2009JCIS..338..193T
872:1976AmSci..64..514I
330:ultrahydrophobicity
151:Structural engineer
1926:On Growth and Form
1826:Logarithmic spiral
1663:Patterns in nature
1219:; (Dover reprint)
1150:2017-02-02 at the
1130:2016-02-15 at the
1125:Frozen Frosted Fun
895:American Scientist
860:American Scientist
833:American Scientist
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1021:10.1063/1.4812710
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880:10.1511/2012.96.1
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397:A. & F. Pears
282:85.9 % water
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2014:Minimal surfaces
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755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
732:Joseph Plateau
729:
724:
719:
712:
709:
703:
700:
631:
628:
594:
591:
583:Naoko Yamazaki
567:Dr. Ram Sabnis
497:
494:
493:
492:
473:
466:
464:
447:
440:
438:
435:
428:
426:
423:
416:
392:
389:
387:
384:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
352:
350:
347:
340:
326:surface energy
313:
310:
302:
301:
295:
289:
283:
276:
275:
272:
266:
245:
242:
234:Plateau's laws
193:
190:
188:
185:
165:
162:
127:mean curvature
106:
103:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2036:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Ernst Haeckel
1903:
1901:
1900:Adolf Zeising
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Vortex street
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Quasicrystals
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:conductimetry
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Interferences
1524:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Interferences
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:Frankel's law
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:Applications
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:0-486-26960-4
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:0-486-20542-8
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:0-8218-2118-0
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1106:on 2013-07-04
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
927:
921:
916:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
821:
817:
814:
809:
800:
795:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
762:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
708:
699:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
664:entertainment
661:
652:
645:
641:
636:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
560:
551:
547:
543:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
502:
482:
481:
476:
470:
465:
454:
450:
444:
439:
432:
427:
420:
415:
414:
413:
411:
407:
403:
398:
383:
379:
375:
372:
356:
351:
344:
339:
338:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:contact angle
319:
309:
307:
300:
296:
294:
290:
288:
284:
281:
280:
279:
273:
270:
267:
264:
259:
258:
257:
255:
251:
241:
239:
235:
229:
227:
223:
198:
184:
182:
178:
171:
161:
159:
155:
152:
147:
145:
144:
139:
138:H. A. Schwarz
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
100:
95:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
40:
34:A soap bubble
32:
19:
1957:
1938:
1924:
1890:
1816:Chaos theory
1739:Tessellation
1706:
1591:Potts' model
1490:
1485:Giant films
1402:ellipsometry
1234:
1216:
1202:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1139:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1093:
1082:
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1048:
1037:
994:
990:
984:
943:
939:
926:
915:
898:
894:
888:
863:
859:
853:
836:
832:
826:
808:
782:(6): 45–49.
779:
775:
765:
705:
685:
671:, vapour or
660:performances
658:Soap bubble
657:
609:of −15
604:
587:microgravity
556:
544:
533:
507:
480:Soap Bubbles
478:
452:
394:
380:
376:
373:
369:
315:
303:
277:
247:
230:
218:
173:
148:
141:
135:
130:
119:surface area
111:mathematical
108:
96:
88:performances
62:
58:
56:
1934:Alan Turing
1892:Liber Abaci
1811:Mathematics
1717:in crystals
1707:Soap bubble
1702:Phyllotaxis
1558:Coalescence
1371:Surfactants
1356:Irisations
1338:Generation
799:10481/32449
722:Bubble pipe
681:natural gas
607:temperature
522:iridescence
488: 1734
460: 1630
391:Use in play
297:0.1 %
269:Evaporation
113:problem of
105:Mathematics
59:soap bubble
2003:Categories
1881:Empedocles
1876:Pythagoras
1794:Camouflage
1732:in biology
1727:in flowers
1697:Parastichy
1562:coarsening
1552:metastable
1510:T1 process
1450:, bursting
1393:adsorption
1344:Stability
1341:Structure
1237:; (Dover)
1110:2013-10-04
1064:2016-02-09
758:References
717:Antibubble
514:wavelength
386:Recreation
366:Floatation
285:10 %
250:micrometer
168:See also:
83:iridescent
1983:Emergence
1886:Fibonacci
1618:Aquafoams
1596:acoustics
1579:acoustics
1517:acoustics
1454:Marangoni
1448:dewetting
1029:118645574
1004:1303.6414
976:205804300
742:Tom Noddy
702:Education
688:Tom Noddy
644:Cambridge
526:Tom Noddy
510:soap film
291:4 %
254:soap film
244:Stability
154:Frei Otto
123:soap film
75:detergent
1712:Symmetry
1670:Patterns
1614:topology
1571:rheology
1566:drainage
1521:electric
1505:drainage
1378:Micelles
1347:Dynamic
1148:Archived
1128:Archived
1058:Archived
968:19541324
839:(3): 1.
816:Archived
711:See also
692:Fan Yang
662:combine
613:(5
593:Freezing
535:The Code
406:glycerin
299:guar gum
287:glycerol
222:pressure
131:constant
81:with an
1971:Related
1838:Crystal
1833:Physics
1821:Fractal
1799:Mimicry
1784:Biology
1692:Meander
1610:Packing
1564:, foam
1497:shape,
1491:Bubbles
1233:(1992)
1186:1970949
1009:Bibcode
948:Bibcode
868:Bibcode
623:diffuse
579:Zubbles
571:lactone
564:chemist
540:contour
334:Wetting
318:wetting
312:Wetting
252:-thick
192:Merging
187:Physics
1864:People
1772:Causes
1359:Maths
1335:Scale
1255:
1241:
1223:
1209:
1184:
1027:
974:
966:
673:helium
79:sphere
63:bubble
1871:Plato
1677:Crack
1554:state
1503:foam
1427:Films
1182:JSTOR
1025:S2CID
999:arXiv
972:S2CID
936:(PDF)
677:laser
669:smoke
410:sugar
1749:Wave
1687:Foam
1682:Dune
1612:and
1541:Foam
1439:DLVO
1406:Xray
1365:Fun
1253:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1207:ISBN
964:PMID
727:Foam
694:and
646:, UK
408:and
238:foam
92:foam
71:soap
67:film
52:foam
1382:HLB
1174:doi
1170:103
1017:doi
995:102
956:doi
944:338
903:doi
899:100
876:doi
841:doi
837:100
794:hdl
784:doi
642:in
630:Art
559:dye
532:'s
73:or
69:of
2005::
1598:,
1585:,
1581:,
1550:,
1519:,
1465:,
1456:,
1441:,
1437:,
1408:,
1404:,
1400:,
1391:,
1380:,
1180:.
1168:.
1081:.
1056:.
1023:.
1015:.
1007:.
993:.
970:.
962:.
954:.
942:.
938:.
897:.
874:.
864:64
862:.
835:.
792:.
778:.
774:.
698:.
690:,
615:°F
611:°C
485:c.
477:,
457:c.
451:,
308:.
228:.
146:.
94:.
57:A
1655:e
1648:t
1641:v
1317:e
1310:t
1303:v
1245:.
1188:.
1176::
1113:.
1087:.
1067:.
1031:.
1019::
1011::
1001::
978:.
958::
950::
909:.
905::
882:.
878::
870::
847:.
843::
802:.
796::
786::
780:6
490:)
483:(
462:)
455:(
20:)
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