387:" and, using five percent compounded interest, finds that after around 2,000 years, "every man, woman, and child would be entitled to only (!) 160,000 earth-masses of gold". As a consequence, he argues that any economy based on long-term compound interest must eventually fail due to the physical and mathematical impossibility of long-term exponential growth on a finite planet. Hardin writes, "At this late date millions of people believe in the fertility of money with an ardor seldom accorded to traditional religious doctrines". He argues that, contrary to some socially-motivated claims, population growth is also exponential growth, therefore even a little would be disastrous anywhere in the world, and that even the richest nations are not immune.
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Many saw it as a scientific justification for the state control or (more often) the privatization of resources and ecosystems. Today, our historical perspective and improved understanding show this line of thinking for what it is: a misconception with no concrete basis, skewed by a highly ideological perception of social systems.
313:. In contrast to Hardin, they stated neither commons or "Allmende" in the generic nor classical meaning are bound to fail; to the contrary "the wealth of the commons" has gained renewed interest in the scientific community. Hardin's work was also criticized as historically inaccurate in failing to account for the
1368:
In
December 1968, the American biologist Garrett Hardin (1915–2003) published one of the most influential articles in the history of environmental thought. ... The concept was soon being widely cited in academic circles, as well as by journalists, ecologists, government authorities and politicians.
164:, which called attention to "the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment". He is also known for Hardin's First Law of Human Ecology: "We can never do merely one thing. Any intrusion into nature has numerous effects, many of which are unpredictable."
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350:), while social sciences, such as economics, are grounded in concepts that have no limits (such as the widespread "infinite-Earth" economic models). He notes that most of the more notable scientific (as opposed to political) debates concerning
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2236:
2113:
Keynote
Address 'We must learn again for ourselves what we have inherited', Wilderness Conference, SF, 1970, or perhaps *A 110. The economics of wilderness. Natural History, 78(6):20-27. 1969.
485:(1999), a warning about the threat of overpopulation to the Earth's sustainable economic future, called for coercive constraints on "unqualified reproductive rights" and argued that
251:
dates to 1956, and Hardin served as a director from 1971-1974 (the
American Eugenics Society changed its name to the Society for the Study of Social Biology in 1973).
3578:
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362:, one of Ehrlich's most well known and vocal detractors. A strong theme throughout the book is that economics, as a discipline, can be as much about mythology and
2028:
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278:
for allowing the tragedy of the commons; he claimed that where the state provides for children and supports large families as a fundamental human right,
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282:
is inevitable. Hardin stated in his analysis of the tragedy of the commons that "Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all." Environmental historians
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167:
Hardin held hardline anti-immigrant positions as well as positions on eugenics and multiethnicism that have led multiple sources to label him a
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Hardin goes on to label those who reflexively argue for growth as "growthmaniacs", and argues against the institutional faith in
200:
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on a finite planet. Typical of Hardin's writing style, he illustrates exponential growth by way of a
Biblical metaphor. Using
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260:
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1134:
1991. "The tragedy of the 'Unmanaged' commons – population and the disguises of providence." In: R. V. Andelson, (editor),
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and The
Environmental Fund, which according to the SPLC "served to lobby Congress for nativist and isolationist policies".
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which included an example of herders sharing a common parcel of land, which would lead to overgrazing.
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346:. In the book, he argues that the natural sciences are grounded in the concept of limits (such as the
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1855:
Araral, E. (2014). "Ostrom, Hardin and the commons: A critical appreciation and a revisionist view".
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342:, which he described at the time as a summation of all his previous works. The book won the 1993
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409:
384:
199:
in 1941 where his dissertation research addressed symbiosis among microorganisms. Moving to the
1057:
Hardin, G. (1998). "Essays on
Science and Society: Extensions of "The Tragedy of the Commons"".
423:
home in
September 2003, shortly after their 62nd wedding anniversary. He was 88 and she was 81.
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2761:
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2643:
1175:
314:
279:
155:
109:
2293:
Bajema, Carl Jay. "Garrett James Hardin: Ecologist, educator, ethicist and environmentalist."
1759:
Hardin, Garrett (1982). "Chapter 7: "Scientific
Creationism" – Marketing Deception as Truth".
3427:
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3380:
3372:
3224:
2996:
2550:
2404:
2269:
1824:
861:
628:
Filters
Against Folly, How to Survive despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent
469:
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268:
188:
84:
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1228:
873:
722:
685:
351:
318:
310:
220:
151:
175:
described his publications as "frank in their racism and quasi-fascist ethnonationalism".
8:
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2670:
2612:
2545:
2160:
464:
401:
287:
228:
196:
93:
1868:
1786:"Les pâturages de la Guerre froide : Garrett Hardin et la " Tragédie des communs ""
1671:
1280:
877:
726:
689:
207:
from 1963 until his (nominal) retirement in 1978. He was among the first members of the
3485:
3353:
2677:
2474:
1880:
1691:
1502:
1475:
1409:"Explaining the Similarities and Differences between Climate Law and Environmental Law"
1084:
1016:
964:
943:
918:
914:
823:
789:
772:
486:
371:
236:
232:
231:, and advocating strict limits to all immigration, which earned him criticism from the
219:
A major focus of his career, and one to which he returned repeatedly, was the issue of
3422:
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2090:
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2009:
1967:
1931:
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889:
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589:
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547:
459:
376:
168:
160:
2062:
1408:
294:
criticized Hardin "as an
American with no notion at all how Commons actually work".
267:, and the welfare state. His essay cited an 1833 pamphlet by the English economist
254:
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2001:
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1323:
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1233:
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1037:
1008:
985:
960:
939:
910:
885:
881:
815:
784:
730:
693:
264:
2352:(1978). "14: Garrett Hardin and Overpopulation: Lifeboats vs. Mountain Climbers".
1288:
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697:
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3188:
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3154:
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2957:
2913:
2814:
2514:
2499:
2343:
1923:
1876:
1448:"Hardin, Garrett. "The cybernetics of competition: A biologist's view of society"
1117:
1070:
844:
419:
Believing in individuals' choice of when to die, they killed themselves in their
413:
355:
2005:
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474:
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291:
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147:
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3126:
3106:
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2734:
2714:
2655:
2572:
2469:
2013:
1971:
1809:
1687:
1432:
1337:
893:
298:
275:
204:
53:
2409:
468:, which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to
3333:
3309:
3276:
3257:
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3193:
3166:
3159:
3141:
3079:
2855:
2809:
2804:
2707:
2692:
2535:
2357:
1471:
1049:
990:
973:
835:
705:
395:
359:
301:'s later work on success of co-operative structures like the management of
297:
In addition, Hardin's pessimistic outlook was subsequently contradicted by
192:
2324:
1801:
1463:
1328:
1296:
798:
763:
742:
3301:
3101:
2986:
2875:
2850:
2838:
2819:
2702:
2682:
2592:
2489:
1658:
Hardin, Garrett (July 1, 1944). "Symbiosis of Paramecium and Oikomonas".
302:
240:
3394:
3281:
2898:
2479:
2387:
2381:
2360:(Introduction). Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing. pp. 160–171.
2349:
1695:
1020:
827:
1734:
Hardin, Garrett (1982). "Chapter 22: Conservation's Secret Question".
1110:
1079:
3295:
3096:
3047:
3030:
2968:
2950:
2724:
2638:
1218:
544:
Exploring new ethics for survival: the voyage of the spaceship Beagle
328:
Despite the criticisms, the theory has nonetheless been influential.
259:
In 1968, Hardin applied his conceptual model developed in his essay "
223:. This led to writings on controversial subjects such as advocating
143:
2331:
Soroos, Marvin S. "Garrett Hardin and tragedies of global commons."
2306:"Cold War Pastures: Garrett Hardin and the 'Tragedy of the Commons'"
1679:
1312:"Cold War Pastures: Garrett Hardin and the 'Tragedy of the Commons'"
819:
3183:
3116:
3052:
2865:
2843:
2739:
2687:
2445:
363:
244:
224:
1122:
Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability
3136:
2930:
2923:
2788:
2584:
2029:"The Tragedy of the Commons of the Urban (and Suburban) Arterial"
1358:. French National Center for Scientific Research. January 5, 2018
184:
127:
32:
1104:
Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos,
3111:
3063:
2832:
1172:
Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos
642:
Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos
490:
340:
Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos
1709:
Hardin, Garrett (1973). "Chapter 1: I Become an Abortionist".
3200:
2796:
1243:
600:
Promethean Ethics: Living With Death, Competition, and Triage
380:
88:
2262:"Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science – List of Previous Winners"
1953:""Common Property" as a Concept in Natural Resources Policy"
2414:
2125:"Pioneering professor, wife die in apparent double suicide"
1028:
Hardin, G. (1994). "The tragedy of the unmanaged commons".
2384:– includes interviews with Hardin in text and video format
1900:
The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State
901:
Hardin, G. (1980). "Ecology and the Death of Providence".
676:
Hardin, G. (1960). "The Competitive Exclusion Principle".
3173:
2059:"Stalking the Wild Taboo – Stalkers: Hardin: Book Review"
1843:
The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History
1383:"Garrett Hardin, 88, Ecologist Who Warned About Excesses"
572:
Mandatory Motherhood: The True Meaning of 'Right to Life'
97:
3250:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
1116:
1991. "Paramount positions in ecological economics." In
396:
Participation in death-with-dignity movement and suicide
806:
Hardin, G. (1974). "Commentary: Living on a Lifeboat".
586:
The Limits of Altruism: an Ecologist's view of Survival
537:
Biology Its Principles and Implications, Second Edition
255:
Neomalthusian approach and "The Tragedy of the Commons"
142:(April 21, 1915 – September 14, 2003) was an American
3445:
1950:
1826:
Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment
974:"Human Ecology: The Subversive, Conservative Science"
263:" to human population growth, the use of the Earth's
1589:
1587:
1585:
1186:
845:"Lifeboat Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor"
1951:Ciriacy-Wantrup, S. V.; Bishop, Richard C. (1975).
235:. In his essays, he also tackled subjects such as
2082:
2027:DeRobertis, Michelle; Lee, Richard W (June 2017).
1501:
1582:
3505:
1267:Hardin, G (1968). "The Tragedy of the Commons".
713:Hardin, G (1968). "The Tragedy of the Commons".
3579:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
2076:
2074:
2072:
1897:
1891:
1407:Odozor, Chidi; Odeku, Kola O. (February 2014).
1113:, by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc
930:Hardin, G. (1982). "Discriminating Altruisms".
516:Biology: Its Human Implications, Second Edition
400:Hardin, who suffered from a heart disorder and
1898:Bollier, David; Helfrich, Silke, eds. (2014).
1174:, received the 1993 Award in Science from the
1138:, London: Shepheard-Walwyn, pp. 162–185.
154:, and is best known for his exposition of the
3599:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2430:
2026:
750:Hardin, G. (1969). "Not peace, but ecology".
439:noted that Hardin served on the board of the
431:Hardin caused controversy for his support of
2069:
1928:Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment
1593:
773:"Everybody's guilty. The ecological dilemma"
669:
227:rights, which earned him criticism from the
214:
2354:Pioneer Conservationists of Western America
2150:
2144:
2104:available online at Garrett Hardin Society.
1738:. William Kaufmann, Inc. pp. 190–195.
1596:"The tragedy of the tragedy of the commons"
1504:Environmental Science: Sustaining the Earth
1406:
951:Hardin, G. (1983). "Is Violence Natural?".
3539:American non-fiction environmental writers
2437:
2423:
2122:
1829:. Cambridge University Press. p. 71.
1102:1993. The entire text of Garrett Hardin's
454:In 1994, he was one of 52 signatories on "
441:Federation for American Immigration Reform
2333:Handbook of Global Environmental Politics
2313:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine
1790:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
1763:. William Kaufmann, Inc. pp. 49–57.
1493:
1327:
1316:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine
1262:
1260:
1258:
1078:
989:
788:
656:The Ostrich Factor: Our Population Myopia
614:Naked Emperors: Essays of a Taboo-Stalker
483:The Ostrich Factor: Our Population Myopia
449:Californians for Population Stabilization
317:, and for failing to distinguish between
307:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
203:in 1946, he served there as Professor of
2151:Gottfredson, Linda (December 13, 1994).
2123:Steepleton, Scott (September 19, 2003).
2051:
1922:
1916:
1619:
1380:
1107:Chapter Eight, Growth: Real and Spurious
404:, and his wife, Jane, who suffered from
354:are between natural scientists, such as
150:. He focused his career on the issue of
2216:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1713:. William Kaufmann, Inc. pp. 3–9.
1638:
1620:Abegglen, Martin (September 26, 2019).
1124:, New York: Columbia University Press.
530:Biology Its Principles and Implications
331:
201:University of California, Santa Barbara
3506:
2405:Tributes at the Garrett Hardin Society
2303:
2116:
2080:
1854:
1848:
1822:
1816:
1783:
1758:
1733:
1708:
1657:
1594:Mildenberger, Matto (April 23, 2019).
1557:
1555:
1553:
1499:
1445:
1374:
1352:"Debunking the Tragedy of the Commons"
1309:
1266:
1255:
1224:Commonize costs–privatize profits game
1056:
1027:
998:
971:
950:
929:
900:
859:
842:
805:
770:
749:
712:
675:
472:following the publication of the book
2418:
2102:"Chapter 8. Growth Real and Spurious"
1439:
1381:Lavietes, Stuart (October 28, 2003).
1158:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
158:in a 1968 paper of the same title in
2348:
2153:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence"
1528:
1452:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
1150:
1096:
447:and co-founded the anti-immigration
209:Society for General Systems Research
1984:
1622:"First as Tragedy, Then as Fascism"
1550:
978:Integrative and Comparative Biology
13:
2287:
1857:Environmental Science & Policy
1310:Locher, Fabien (August 19, 2013).
965:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1983.tb00524.x
944:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1982.tb00477.x
915:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1980.tb00376.x
456:Mainstream Science on Intelligence
338:In 1993, Garrett Hardin published
14:
3610:
3574:American sustainability advocates
2375:
1639:Nijhuis, Michelle (May 4, 2021).
1030:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
866:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
860:Hardin, Garrett (November 1976).
602:University of Washington Press.
3544:American social sciences writers
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3417:
3416:
1841:Radkau cites Grove and Rackham,
1784:Locher, Fabien (April 1, 2013).
1600:Scientific American Blog Network
1203:
1189:
999:Hardin, G. (1986). "AIBS News".
435:causes during his lifetime. The
426:
390:
383:", he starts from the infamous "
305:, for which she shared the 2009
31:
3584:20th-century American essayists
2410:'Common Tragedy' by Tim Harford
2254:
2229:
2204:
2176:
2107:
2020:
1978:
1944:
1777:
1752:
1727:
1702:
1651:
1632:
1613:
509:Biology: Its Human Implications
344:Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science
2982:Right of way (property access)
1522:
1425:10.1080/09709274.2014.11906686
1400:
1344:
1303:
1165:American Philosophical Society
886:10.1080/00963402.1976.11455655
862:"Living with Faustian Bargain"
752:Brookhaven Symposia in Biology
16:American ecologist (1915–2003)
1:
2184:"Garrett Hardin Bibliography"
1985:Cox, Susan Jane Buck (1985).
1500:Miller, George Tyler (1993).
1289:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
1249:
735:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
698:10.1126/science.131.3409.1292
366:as it is about real science.
243:. He was also a proponent of
2444:
2295:Population & Environment
1877:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.07.011
1641:"The miracle of the commons"
1071:10.1126/science.280.5364.682
1042:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90097-3
178:
7:
3559:American white nationalists
3288:Two Treatises of Government
2089:. Oxford University Press.
2006:10.5840/enviroethics1985716
1987:"No Tragedy of the Commons"
1930:. Oxford University Press.
1568:Southern Poverty Law Center
1529:Biss, Eula (June 8, 2022).
1182:
1013:10.1093/bioscience/36.9.599
588:Indiana University Press.
458:", an editorial written by
437:Southern Poverty Law Center
173:Southern Poverty Law Center
10:
3615:
2382:The Garrett Hardin Society
2266:The Phi Beta Kappa Society
1531:"The Theft of the Commons"
1163:Hardin was elected to the
1156:Hardin was elected to the
658:Oxford University Press.
644:Oxford University Press.
358:, and economists, such as
261:The Tragedy of the Commons
110:The Tragedy of the Commons
3594:Activists from California
3412:
3209:
3011:
2891:
2784:
2777:
2626:
2583:
2528:
2452:
2342:October 26, 2018, at the
1960:Natural Resources Journal
670:Selected journal articles
249:American Eugenics Society
215:Major works and positions
133:
123:
116:
104:
80:
73:Santa Barbara, California
61:
42:
30:
23:
3340:The Great Transformation
2698:Labor theory of property
2130:Santa Barbara News-Press
2081:Hardin, Garrett (1993).
1823:Radkau, Joachim (2008).
1508:. Wadsworth Publishing.
1446:Hardin, Garrett (1963).
1413:Journal of Human Ecology
1111:GarrettHardinSociety.org
843:Hardin, Garrett (1974).
616:William Kaufmann, Inc.
501:
496:
412:, formerly known as the
247:; his membership in the
183:Hardin received a BS in
2909:Forest-dwelling (India)
2871:restraint on alienation
2651:Common good (economics)
2304:Locher, Fabien (2013).
2297:12.3 (1991): 193–212.
1711:Stalking the Wild Taboo
1136:Commons Without Tragedy
558:Stalking the Wild Taboo
385:thirty pieces of silver
3564:Suicides in California
3529:Scientists from Dallas
3348:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
3122:Primitive accumulation
2977:Right of way (transit)
2762:Tragedy of the commons
2644:fictitious commodities
2212:"Garrett James Hardin"
2191:Garrett Hardin Society
1176:Phi Beta Kappa Society
315:demographic transition
280:Malthusian catastrophe
156:tragedy of the commons
3549:American demographers
3401:The Wealth of Nations
3381:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3373:The Ethics of Liberty
2325:10.3917/rhmc.601.0007
2065:on November 14, 2010.
1802:10.3917/rhmc.601.0007
1464:10.1353/pbm.1963.0034
1329:10.3917/rhmc.601.0007
523:Nature and Man's Fate
470:race and intelligence
462:and published in the
445:Social Contract Press
269:William Forster Lloyd
191:in 1936 and a PhD in
189:University of Chicago
85:University of Chicago
37:Garrett Hardin (1986)
3589:Activists from Texas
3554:American eugenicists
3264:Progress and Poverty
2598:Common-pool resource
2272:on December 19, 2010
2241:search.amphilsoc.org
2237:"APS Member History"
2085:Living Within Limits
1994:Environmental Ethics
1229:Earth system science
991:10.1093/icb/25.2.469
525:, Rinehart & Co.
406:Lou Gehrig's disease
352:ecological economics
333:Living Within Limits
311:Oliver E. Williamson
221:human overpopulation
152:human overpopulation
140:Garrett James Hardin
47:Garrett James Hardin
3534:American ecologists
3387:The Social Contract
3075:population transfer
2992:prior-appropriation
2671:homestead principle
2161:Wall Street Journal
1902:. Levellers Press.
1869:2014ESPol..36...11A
1672:1944Ecol...25..304H
1281:1968Sci...162.1243H
1275:(3859): 1243–1248.
1170:Hardin's 1993 book
972:Hardin, G. (1985).
878:1976BuAtS..32i..25H
777:California Medicine
771:Hardin, G. (1970).
727:1968Sci...162.1243H
721:(3859): 1243–1248.
690:1960Sci...131.1292H
684:(3409): 1292–1297.
481:Hardin's last book
465:Wall Street Journal
410:End-of-Life Choices
402:post-polio syndrome
288:Alfred Thomas Grove
197:Stanford University
94:Stanford University
3367:Murray N. Rothbard
2678:Free-rider problem
2399:The New York Times
1387:The New York Times
487:affirmative action
408:, were members of
372:exponential growth
274:Hardin blamed the
65:September 14, 2003
3443:
3442:
3354:What Is Property?
3147:human trafficking
3132:Regulatory taking
3007:
3006:
2752:Right to property
1151:Awards and honors
1097:Chapters in books
1065:(5364): 682–683.
630:Viking Penguin.
460:Linda Gottfredson
377:compound interest
265:natural resources
169:white nationalist
137:
136:
118:Scientific career
3606:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3420:
3419:
3324:John Stuart Mill
3244:Friedrich Engels
3225:Frédéric Bastiat
3218:
3070:Forced migration
3038:Collectivization
2782:
2781:
2661:First possession
2634:Bundle of rights
2439:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2371:
2335:(2005): 35–50.
2328:
2310:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2268:. Archived from
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2088:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2061:. Archived from
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1924:Dasgupta, Partha
1920:
1914:
1913:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1563:"Garrett Hardin"
1559:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1264:
1234:Multiculturalism
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1197:Biography portal
1194:
1193:
1192:
1092:
1082:
1053:
1024:
995:
993:
968:
947:
926:
897:
856:
849:Psychology Today
839:
802:
792:
767:
746:
709:
68:
35:
21:
20:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3408:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3155:husband-selling
3092:Illegal logging
3087:Illegal fishing
3016:
3003:
2914:Freedom to roam
2887:
2800:(agrarian land)
2773:
2730:Property rights
2622:
2579:
2541:Estate (landed)
2524:
2448:
2443:
2378:
2368:
2344:Wayback Machine
2308:
2290:
2288:Further reading
2285:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2079:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2021:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1896:
1892:
1853:
1849:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1703:
1680:10.2307/1931278
1656:
1652:
1637:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1444:
1440:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1375:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1308:
1304:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1153:
1099:
820:10.2307/1296629
814:(10): 561–568.
672:
546:Viking Press.
504:
499:
429:
414:Hemlock Society
398:
393:
356:Paul R. Ehrlich
336:
319:common property
257:
229:political right
217:
181:
92:
81:Alma mater
76:
70:
66:
57:
51:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Joint suicides
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3501:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3274:
3272:Garrett Hardin
3269:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3221:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Eminent domain
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3026:Bioprospecting
3022:
3020:
3018:redistribution
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2720:Natural rights
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2388:Garrett Hardin
2385:
2377:
2376:External links
2374:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2346:
2329:
2301:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2253:
2228:
2203:
2175:
2143:
2115:
2106:
2096:978-0198024033
2095:
2068:
2050:
2019:
1977:
1966:(4): 713–727.
1943:
1937:978-0199247882
1936:
1915:
1909:978-1937146146
1908:
1890:
1847:
1836:978-0521851299
1835:
1815:
1776:
1770:978-0865760325
1769:
1761:Naked Emperors
1751:
1745:978-0865760325
1744:
1736:Naked Emperors
1726:
1720:978-0913232033
1719:
1701:
1666:(3): 304–311.
1650:
1631:
1612:
1581:
1549:
1536:The New Yorker
1521:
1515:978-0534178086
1514:
1492:
1438:
1419:(2): 127–136.
1399:
1373:
1343:
1302:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1239:Ratchet effect
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:Ecology portal
1200:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1114:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1054:
1025:
1007:(9): 599–606.
996:
984:(2): 469–476.
969:
959:(4): 405–413.
948:
938:(2): 163–186.
927:
898:
857:
840:
803:
768:
747:
710:
671:
668:
667:
666:
652:
638:
624:
610:
596:
582:
574:Beacon Press.
568:
560:W. Kaufmann.
554:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
503:
500:
498:
495:
475:The Bell Curve
433:anti-immigrant
428:
425:
397:
394:
392:
389:
348:speed of light
335:
330:
292:Oliver Rackham
284:Joachim Radkau
256:
253:
233:political left
216:
213:
180:
177:
148:microbiologist
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
114:
113:
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
82:
78:
77:
71:
69:(aged 88)
63:
59:
58:
52:
50:April 21, 1915
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
25:Garrett Hardin
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3611:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
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3545:
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3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:2003 suicides
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3499:
3498:United States
3489:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3453:
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3449:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:Categories:
3415:
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3403:
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3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:David Ricardo
3360:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Elinor Ostrom
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
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3266:
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3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3247:
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3216:
3208:
3202:
3199:
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3152:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Privatization
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Legal plunder
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:Expropriation
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3010:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:(watercourse)
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:primogeniture
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Legal plunder
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:appropriation
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Excludability
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2471:
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2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
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2435:
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2428:
2426:
2421:
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2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2363:
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2330:
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2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
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2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2164:. p. A18
2163:
2162:
2154:
2147:
2136:September 28,
2132:
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2126:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1844:
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1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
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1511:
1506:
1505:
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1457:
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1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
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3239:Ronald Coase
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3160:wife selling
3142:bride buying
3080:repatriation
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2708:rent-seeking
2693:Gift economy
2551:Intellectual
2398:
2397:Obituary in
2358:Edward Abbey
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193:microbiology
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67:(2003-09-14)
18:
3524:2003 deaths
3514:1915 births
3486:Environment
3302:Das Kapital
3189:progressive
3179:inheritance
3102:Land reform
2876:real estate
2851:Land tenure
2839:Inheritance
2767:anticommons
2703:Law of rent
2683:Game theory
2613:Information
2593:Common land
2490:Cooperative
2350:Wild, Peter
2319:(1): 7–36.
2276:October 22,
2196:October 16,
2033:ITE Journal
1796:(1): 7–36.
1626:The Baffler
1322:(1): 7–36.
758:: 151–161.
325:resources.
323:open access
303:common land
241:creationism
3508:Categories
3433:by country
3395:Adam Smith
3282:John Locke
2946:indigenous
2941:aboriginal
2861:alienation
2556:indigenous
2546:Intangible
2460:Collective
2367:0878421076
2039:(6): 44–49
1250:References
1144:0389209589
1130:0231075626
1080:10535/3915
1036:(5): 199.
1001:BioScience
808:BioScience
664:0195122747
650:0195093852
636:067080410X
622:0865760322
608:0295957174
594:0253334357
580:0807021776
566:0913232033
552:0670302686
3462:Biography
3296:Karl Marx
3097:Land Back
3048:Enclosure
3031:biopiracy
2969:Bergregal
2951:squatting
2725:Ownership
2639:Commodity
2618:Knowledge
2529:By nature
2485:Customary
2475:Community
2246:August 9,
2221:August 9,
2043:April 14,
2014:0163-4275
1972:0028-0739
1885:153755518
1863:: 11–23.
1810:0048-8003
1688:1939-9170
1458:(1): 80.
1433:0970-9274
1356:CNRS News
1338:0048-8003
1219:Bioethics
1120:(editor)
1089:153844385
923:143248342
909:: 57–68.
894:0096-3402
187:from the
179:Biography
144:ecologist
112:" (essay)
3423:Property
3316:The Gift
3215:key work
3210:Scholars
3194:property
3151:spousal
3117:Poaching
3053:Eviction
2997:riparian
2958:Littoral
2866:easement
2844:executor
2815:literary
2740:usufruct
2688:Georgism
2568:Tangible
2563:Personal
2470:Communal
2453:By owner
2446:Property
2340:Archived
1926:(2001).
1605:July 22,
1574:July 20,
1542:June 13,
1472:14070000
1183:See also
1167:in 1974.
1160:in 1973.
1050:21236819
855:: 38–43.
836:11661143
706:14399717
364:ideology
245:eugenics
225:abortion
3474:Ecology
3448:Portals
3231:The Law
3137:Slavery
2963:Mineral
2931:Hunting
2924:pannage
2919:Grazing
2904:Fishing
2790:Acequia
2757:Rivalry
2745:women's
2603:Digital
2585:Commons
2520:Unowned
2495:Private
1865:Bibcode
1696:1931278
1668:Bibcode
1660:Ecology
1480:9236063
1392:May 24,
1297:5699198
1277:Bibcode
1269:Science
1059:Science
1021:1310194
874:Bibcode
828:1296629
799:5485232
790:1501799
764:4906521
743:5699198
723:Bibcode
715:Science
686:Bibcode
678:Science
185:zoology
161:Science
128:Ecology
3112:Piracy
3064:Farhud
2892:Rights
2833:Huerta
2805:Estate
2627:Theory
2608:Global
2510:Social
2500:Public
2465:Common
2364:
2337:online
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528:1961,
521:1959,
514:1952,
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491:racism
379:, or "
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3201:Theft
2987:Water
2881:title
2810:legal
2798:Ejido
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2515:State
2480:Crown
2309:(PDF)
2187:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
1956:(PDF)
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1692:JSTOR
1476:S2CID
1244:Taboo
1085:S2CID
1017:JSTOR
953:Zygon
932:Zygon
919:S2CID
903:Zygon
824:JSTOR
502:Books
497:Works
443:and
381:usury
309:with
195:from
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2936:Land
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2573:real
2505:Self
2392:IMDb
2362:ISBN
2278:2023
2248:2022
2223:2022
2198:2019
2170:2014
2138:2007
2091:ISBN
2045:2019
2010:ISSN
1968:ISSN
1932:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1806:ISSN
1794:60–1
1765:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1684:ISSN
1645:Aeon
1607:2020
1576:2018
1544:2022
1510:ISBN
1487:2020
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1429:ISSN
1394:2010
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