Garibaldi Volcanic Belt

797:. Pail Dome East is composed of a mass of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material. It lies on the eastern portion of the large glacial icefield that covers much of the Mount Cayley volcanic field. Much of the lava flows form gentle topography at high elevations but terminate in finely jointed vertical cliffs at low elevations. The first volcanic activity likely occurred about 25,000 years ago, but it could also be significantly older. The most recent volcanic activity produced a series of lava flows that were erupted when the vent area was not covered by glacial ice. However, the flows show evidence of interaction with glacial ice in their lower units. This indicates that the lavas were erupted about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. The ice-marginal lava flows reach thicknesses of up to 100 m (330 ft). Pali Dome West consists of at least three andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material; its vent is presently buried under glacial ice. At least three eruptions have occurred at Pali Dome East. The age of the first volcanic eruption is unknown, but it could have occurred in the past 10,000 years. The second eruption produced a lava flow that was erupted when the vent area was not buried under glacial ice. However, the flow does show evidence of interaction with glacial ice at its lower unit. This indicates that the lavas were erupted during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. The third and most recent eruption produced another lava flow that was largely erupted above glacial ice, but was probably constrained on its northern margin by a small glacier. Unlike the lava flow that was erupted during the second eruption, this lava flow was not impounded by glacial ice at its lower unit. This suggests that it erupted less than 10,000 years ago when the regional Fraser Glaciation retreated. 738:. Their current structures are comparable to their original forms due to the minimal degree of erosion. As a result, the domes display the shaps and columnar joints typical of subglacial volcanoes. The random shaps of the Ember Ridge domes are the result of erupted lava taking advantage of former ice pockets, eruptions taking place on uneven surfaces, subsidence of the domes during volcanic activity to create rubble and separation of older columnar units during more recent eruptions. The northern dome, known as Ember Ridge North, covers the summit and eastern flank of a mountain ridge. It comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of 100 m (330 ft), as well as the thinnest columnar units in the Mount Cayley volcanic field. The small size of the columnar joints indicates that the erupted lava was cooled immediately and are mainly located on the dome's summit. Ember Ridge Northeast, the smallest subglacial dome of Ember Ridge, comprises one lava flow that has a thickness no more than 40 m (130 ft). Ember Ridge Northwest, the most roughly circular subglacial dome, comprises at least one lava flow. Ember Ridge Southeast is the most complex of the Ember Ridge domes, consisting of a series of lava flows with a thickness of 60 m (200 ft). It is also the only Ember Ridge dome that contains large amounts of rubble. Ember Ridge Southwest comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of 80 m (260 ft). It is the only subglacial dome of Ember Ridge that contains hyaloclastite. Ember Ridge West comprises only one lava flow that reaches a thickness of 60 m (200 ft). 949:

lava domes. Like Franklin to the east-southeast, the geology of Silverthrone is poorly known due to minimal studies. The region surrounding the Silverthrone complex is significantly jagged due to the mountainous terrain of the Coast Mountains. Near vertical flanks extend from near sea level to more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation. Silverthrone is significantly younger than the Franklin Glacier Complex to the east-southeast and its volcanics likely have ages comparable to other volcanics throughout the Garibaldi chain. The oldest volcanics at the Silverthrone Caldera complex are composed of volcanic breccias, some of which became fused together by intense volcanic heat from when the deposits were first erupted. After these volcanics were deposited, a series of dacite, andesite and rhyolite lava flows were erupted upon volcanic breccia from the first volcanic phase. These eroded lava flows in total are 900 m (3,000 ft) thick. Volcanics in the lower portion of this series of lava flows give a potassium-argon date of 750,000 years while volcanics slightly above the lava flows are 400,000 years old. The most recent volcanic activity produced a series of andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows down Pashleth Creek and the

1175:, a leading authority on geothermal resources and volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera has stated, "at present the volcanoes of the Garibaldi Belt are quiet, presumed dead but still not completely cold. But the flare-up of Meager Mountain 2,500 years ago raises the question, 'Could it happen again?' Was the explosive eruption of Meager Mountain the last gasp of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt or only the most recent event in its on-going life? The short answer is nobody really knows for sure ... So just in case I sometimes do a quick check of the old hot-spots when I get off the Peak Chair ..." Recent seismic imaging from Geological Survey of Canada employees supported lithoprobe studies in the region of Mount Cayley in which scientists found a large reflector interpreted to be a pool of molten rock roughly 15 km (9.3 mi) below the surface. The existence of hot springs at the Mount Meager massif and Mount Cayley indicates that magmatic heat is still present beneath or near these volcanoes. This long history of volcanic activity along a still active plate boundary indicates that volcanic eruptions in the Garibaldi Belt have not ended and risks for future eruptions remain. 829:, a flow-dominated tuya lying at the northern portion of the Mount Cayley volcanic field, consists of a pile of at least five andesite lava flows lying on a mountain ridge. Its steep-sided flanks reach heights of 500 m (1,600 ft) and are composed of volcanic rubble. This makes it impossible to measure its exact base elevation or how many lava flows constitute the edifice. With a summit elevation of 2,192 m (7,192 ft), Ring Mountain had its last volcanic activity between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when the Fraser Glaciation was close to its maximum. Northwest of Ring Mountain lies a minor andesite lava flow. Its chemistry is somewhat unlike other andesite flows comprising Ring Mountain, but it probably erupted from a volcanic vent adjacent to or at Ring Mountain. The part of it that lies higher in elevation contains some features that indicate lava-ice interactions, while the lower-elevation portion of it does not. Therefore, this minor lava flow was likely extruded after Ring Mountain formed but when glacial ice covered a broader area than it does currently, and that the lava flow extends beyond the region in which glacial ice existed at that time. 727:. This is evidence of explosive volcanism from Fee's eruptive history, as well as its first volcanic event. The second volcanic event produced a sequence of lavas and breccias on the eastern flank of the main ridge. These volcanics were likely placed when a sequence of lava flows and broken lava fragments erupted from a volcanic vent and moved down the flanks during the construction of a large volcano. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism produced a viscous series of lava flows forming its narrow, flat-topped, steep-sided northern limit and the northern end of the main ridge. The conduit for which these lava flows originated from was likely vertical in structure and intruded through older volcanics deposited during Fee's earlier volcanic events. This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more glacial periods. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged north–south trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark. 915:. It began to form about 600,000 years ago when adjacent valleys were filled by glacial ice. When lava flows were erupted from Tuber Hill, they interacted with the valley-filling glaciers on its southern flank and produced a glacial meltwater lake. Here, more than 150 m (490 ft) of stacked hyaloclastite, lahars and lacustrine tuff were deposited. A series of pillow lavas were also deposited during this eruptive period. The most recent volcanic activity in the Bridge River volcanic field produced a series of basaltic lava flows in the regional valleys that overlie till of the last glacial period. The age of these valley-filling lava flows is unknown but the presence of unconsolidated glacial till under the flows suggests that they are less than 1,500 years old. 823:. At least two geologic units compose the edifice. Slag Hill proper consists of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic rock. Lying on the western portion of Slag Hill is a lava flow that likely erupted less than 10,000 years ago due to the lack of features indicating volcano-ice interactions. The Slag Hill flow-dominated tuya 900 m (3,000 ft) northeast of Slag Hill proper consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite. It protrudes through remnants of volcanic material erupted from the Slag Hill proper, but it represents a separate volcanic vent due to its geographical appearance. This small subglacial volcano possibly formed between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago throughout the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. 879:. Subsequent pyroclastic flows were sent down the flanks of Plinth Peak for 7 km (4.3 mi) and were later succeeded by the eruption of a lava flow that demolished many times. This created thick agglutinated rubble that successfully blocked the adjacent Lillooet River to form a lake. Subsequently, the breccia dam collapsed to produce a catastrophic flood that deposited house-sized boulders more than 1 km (0.62 mi) downstream. After the flood took place, a small dacite lava flow was erupted that later solidified to form a series of well-preserved columnar joints. This is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption, and subsequent stream erosion has cut through this lava flow to form a waterfall. 689:

and tuffs. These volcanics compose mountain ridges southwest, southeast and northwest of the prime volcanic structure. Subsequent erosion demolished the newly formed volcano. This ultimately exposed the roots of the cone, which currently form the rugged edifice of The Black Tusk. After the cone was eroded, a series of hypersthene andesite lava flows were erupted between 0.17 and 0.21 million years ago. These end at adjacent ice-marginal lava flows that form 100 m (330 ft) cliffs. This eruptive phase also produced a lava dome that comprises the current 2,316 m (7,598 ft) high pinnacle. Consequently, the regional

570: 52: 356: 838: 40: 1278:. When lava flows over large areas of snow, it creates meltwater. This can produce lahars that could flow further than the associated lavas. If water were to enter a volcanic vent that is erupting basaltic lava, it may create a massive explosive eruption. These explosions are generally more extreme than those during normal basaltic eruptions. Therefore, the existence of water, snow, or glacial ice at a volcanic vent would increase the risk of an eruption having a large impact on the surrounding region. Subglacial eruptions have also caused catastrophic glacial outburst floods. 659: 742: 1195:

estimated that over 200 eruptions have occurred throughout the entire Cascade Volcanic Arc in the past 12,000 years, many of them in the United States. Many eruptions in the western United States have sent large amounts of tephra in southern British Columbia. However, all major cities in southwestern British Columbia with populations more than 100,000 are located west of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and prevailing winds travel eastwards. Therefore, these communities are less likely to have large amounts of tephra. In the

702: 1184: 941: 513: 971: 812: 3997: 1119: 431:. However, earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone are fewer than expected and there is evidence of a decline in volcanic activity over the past few million years. The probable explanation lies in the rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. These two tectonic plates currently converge 3 cm (1.2 in) to 4 cm (1.6 in) per year. This is only about half the rate of convergence of seven million years ago. 1049:

geothermal exploration at the Mount Meager massif has been undertaken by BC Hydro since the late 1970s. Bottom hole temperatures have been calculated at an average of 220 °C (428 °F) to 240 °C (464 °F), with 275 °C (527 °F) being the highest recorded temperature. This indicates that the area around Meager is a major geothermal site. The geothermal power is expected to run throughout

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in the Lillooet River valley. If such an event would occur without it being identified by authorities who would send out a public warning, it would kill hundreds or even thousands of residents. Because of this, computer programs would be able to identify the approaching information and activate an automatic notice when a large lahar is identified. A similar system for identifying such lahars exists at

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groups of hot springs are present at the Mount Meager massif. The springs at Meager massif might be evidence of a shallow magma chamber beneath the surface. No hot springs are known to exist at Mount Garibaldi like those found at Mount Meager and Mount Cayley, although there is evidence of abnormal high heat flow at the adjacent Table Meadows and other locations. Abnormal warm water adjacent to

1345: 1041:. Later, the bridge that was used to access the pumice deposit was washed out. Mining operations resumed in 1988 when the deposit was staked by L.B. Bustin. In 1990, the pumice outcrop was bought by D.R. Carefoot from the owners B. Chore and M. Beaupre. In a program from 1991 to 1992, workers evaluated the deposit for its properties as a construction material, absorber of oil and 990:, Sloquet, Clear Creek and Skookumchuck springs, are not known to occur near areas with recent volcanic activity. Instead, many are located close to 16–26 million year old intrusions that are interpreted to be the roots of heavily eroded volcanoes. These volcanoes formed part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc during the Miocene period and their intrusive roots extend from the 536:. They are interpreted to have formed as a result of magma intruding into and melting a vertical hole through adjacent glacial ice that eventually breached the surface of the glacier. As this magma ascends, it ponds and spreads into horizontal layers. Lava domes that were formed mainly during subglacial activity comprise steep flanks made of intense columnar joints and 902:, is a 60 m (200 ft) high volcanic plug with a potassium-argon date of one million years. It is about 300 m (980 ft) wide and its uncovered glaciated surface is strewn with glacial erratics. Its massive level rock columns were constructed inside the main volcanic vent of a stratovolcano that has since been reduced by erosion. To the southeast, the 808:

subglacial volcano, consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite lava flows 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long and a maximum thickness of 220 m (720 ft). These volcanics were extruded about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation from a vent adjacent to upper Cauldron Dome that is currently buried under glacial ice.

1199:, a 10 cm (3.9 in) thick layer of volcanic ash can deposit once every 10,000 years and 1 cm (0.39 in) once every 1,000 years. More minor amounts of volcanic ash can be expected more commonly. During Mount St. Helens' eruption in 1980, 1 mm (0.039 in) of tephra was deposited from southeastern British Columbia to 967:

indicating that some Garibaldi Belt volcanoes are likely active, with significant potential hazards. The seismic activity corresponds with some of Canada's recently formed volcanoes and with persistent volcanoes that have had major explosive activity throughout their history, such as Mount Garibaldi and the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs.

719:, an extensively eroded volcano containing a north–south trending ridge. It is one of the older volcanic features in the central Garibaldi chain. Its volcanics are undated, but its large amount of dissection and evidence of glacial ice overriding the volcano indicates that it formed more than 75,000 years ago before the 803:, a subglacial volcano north of Mount Cayley, lies west of the massive glacier covering much the region. Like Pali Dome, it is composed of two geological units. Upper Cauldron Dome is a flat-topped, oval-shaped pile of at least five andesite lava flows that resembles a tuya. The five andesite flows are 1265:

for a long period of time. Although there are no known eruptions from the massif in the past 10,000 years, it is associated with a group of hot springs. Evans (1990) has indicated that a number of landslides and debris flows at Mount Cayley in the past 10,000 years might have been caused by

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Like other volcanic zones in Canada, the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how active its magma system is. This is partly because several volcanoes in the chain are located in remote regions and no major eruptions have occurred in

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at the southern end of the chain was established in 1927 to protect the abundant geological history, glaciated mountains and other natural resources in the region. It was named after the 2,678 m (8,786 ft) stratovolcano Mount Garibaldi, which in turn was named after the Italian military and

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covering the land. During this time, only two mountains peaked over the water, and Garibaldi was one of them. It was here that the remaining survivors of the flood latched their canoes to the peak and waited for the waters to subside. The Black Tusk on the northwestern end of Garibaldi Lake and Mount

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in the south to Salal Creek in the north. The relationship of these hot springs to the Garibaldi Belt is not clear. However, a few hot springs are known to exist in areas that have experienced relatively recent volcanic activity. About five hot springs exist in valleys near Mount Cayley and two small

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obtained from some of the subvolcanic intrusions indicate that Franklin formed during two volcanic events, each separated by about five million years of dormancy. The first event occurred between six and eight million years ago when volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt had not moved to its current

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The Black Tusk, a black pinnacle of volcanic rock on the northwestern shore of Garibaldi Lake, is the glacially eroded remnant of a much larger volcano that formed during two periods of volcanic activity. The first between 1.1 and 1.3 million years ago erupted hornblende andesite lava flows

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stratovolcano on the drift-covered floor of a circular basin. After this stratovolcano was constructed, volcanism moved to the west where a series of andesite-dacite lava flows and pyroclastic flows were extruded during a period of Peléan activity 300,000 years ago. This created the 2,050 m

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increases thickness and glass differentiation temperatures. As a result, subglacial volcanoes that erupt silicic content melt less qualities of ice and are not as likely to contain water close to the volcanic vent. This forms volcanoes with structures that display their relationship with the regional

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lies in this region. This rift zone might explain the massive amounts of basaltic lava in this part of the central Cascade Arc. A low convergence rate in a compressional setting with massive stationary bodies of magma under the surface could explain the low volume and differentiated magmas throughout

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buried and killed a group of four geologists on July 22, 1975. The estimated volume of this landslide is 13,000,000 m (460,000,000 cu ft). A considerable landslide as large as Meager's largest throughout the Holocene would likely produce a lahar that would devastate most of the growth

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further east. When the Garibaldi Belt moved to its current location five million years ago, another volcanic event occurred at the Franklin complex. This final and most recent volcanic event occurred between two and three million years ago, about a million years after Mount Cayley to the south began

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The volcanoes comprising the Garibaldi chain are adjacent to the highly populated southwest portion of British Columbia. Unlike the central Cascade Arc, renewed volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt at a single feeder to create stratovolcanoes is not typical. Instead, volcanic activity results in

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A large pumice outcrop adjacent to the Mount Meager massif has been mined several times in the past, and extends more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in length and 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in width with a thickness of about 300 m (980 ft). The deposit was first hired by J. MacIsaac,

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Silverthrone Caldera is the largest and best-preserved of the two caldera complexes in the northern Garibaldi chain, the other being the Franklin Glacier Complex 55 km (34 mi) to the east-southeast. The caldera has a diameter of 20 km (12 mi) and contains breccia, lava flows and

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area. These major volcanic zones lie in three echelon segments, referred to as the northern, central, and southern segments. Each segment contains one of the three major volcanic zones. Apart from these large volcanic zones, two large poorly studied volcanic complexes lie at the northern end of the

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of California and Oregon and about 20% of that within the U.S. state of Washington. As a result, the risk of eruptions throughout this part of the Cascade Arc is minor. Individual volcanoes and volcanic fields remain quiet for a long period of time and certain vents may never erupt again. However,

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with a lava dome placed within it. At least eight volcanic vents compose the complex and have been the sources for volcanic activity throughout massif's 2.2 million year history. A well-documented history of volcanism is present at the Mount Meager massif, with its most recent eruption about

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Flow-dominated tuyas and the absence of subglacial fragmental deposits are two uncommon glaciovolcanic features in the Garibaldi chain. This is due to their different lava compositions and decline of direct lava-water contact during volcanic activity. The lava composition of these volcanic edifies

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during the Pleistocene period. This created the unique asymmetrical shape of the mountain. Successive landslides on Garibaldi's flanks occurred after glacial ice of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated. Subsequent volcanism about 9,300 years ago produced a 15 km (9.3 mi) long dacite

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into the trench. However, in common with other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant spring. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes,

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The largest threat from volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain would likely be due to tephra released during explosive eruptions. Mount Meager massif in particular poses a major long-distance threat to communities throughout southern British Columbia and Alberta because of its explosive history. It is

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compose the complex, a few of which seem to represent vents for the overlying sequence of volcanic deposits. Volcanics include dacite breccia and small remnants of hornblende andesite lava flows associated with tuffs that reach 450 m (1,480 ft) thick. The complex is poorly known due to

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7.0 or greater. The interface between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates remains locked for periods of roughly 500 years. During these periods, stress builds up on the interface between the plates and causes uplift of the North American margin. When the plate finally slips, the

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The hot springs associated with Meager and Cayley have made these two volcanoes targets for geothermal explorations. At Mount Cayley, temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) to more than 100 °C (212 °F) have been measured in shallow boreholes on its southwestern flank. Further north,

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was constructed between 970,000 and 590,000 years ago. It consists of subaerial tephra and thin lava flow deposits that are surrounded by 100 m (330 ft) thick ice-ponded lava flows. These ice-marginal lava flows were created when lava ponded against glacial ice in the nearby

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in the Garibaldi chain and British Columbia, as well as the most recent to erupt. It has a volume of 20 km (4.8 cu mi) and consists of an eroded stratovolcano, ranging in composition from andesite to rhyodacite. Several dissected lava domes and volcanic plugs are present on its

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At least four volcanoes have had seismic activity since 1985, including Mount Garibaldi (three events), Mount Cayley (four events), Mount Meager massif (seventeen events) and the Silverthrone Caldera (two events). Seismic data suggest that these volcanoes still contain active magma chambers,

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and were likely extruded through glacial ice. The latest volcanic activity might have occurred between 10,000 and 25,000 years ago when this area was still influenced by glacial ice of the Fraser Glaciation. Lower Cauldron Dome, the youngest unit comprising the entire Cauldron Dome

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and higher rates of volcanic activity during regional glacial unload of the continent. However, this is hard to predict due to the infrequent geological record in this region. But there is specific data, including the temporal grouping of eruptions synglacially or just postglacial within the

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lava that was deposited during three phases of volcanic activity. The first eruptive phase started about four million years ago with the eruption of dacite lava flows and pyroclastic rock. This resulted in the creation of Mount Cayley itself. Subsequent volcanism during this volcanic phase

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plates. After this breakup, subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate might have been coincident with the northern end of Vancouver Island eight million years ago during the late Miocene period. This is when the Alert Bay Belt became active. A brief interval of plate motion adjustment about

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in the past 10,000 years that have reached more than 10 km (6.2 mi) downstream in the Lillooet River valley. At least two significant landslides from the southern flank of Pylon Peak 8,700 and 4,400 years ago dumped volcanic debris into the adjacent valley of

1155:, earthquakes and landslides. However, with the existence of earthquakes, further volcanism is expected and would probably have considerable effects, particularly in a region like southwestern British Columbia where the Garibaldi volcanoes are located in a highly populated area. 918:

To the northwest, the Franklin Glacier Complex is a set of volcanic bedrock that encompasses an area 20 km (12 mi) long and 6 km (3.7 mi) wide. It has an elevation of over 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and is largely destroyed by erosion. A series of dikes and

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on Vancouver Island and caused several landslides. Shaking due to this earthquake made it too difficult for the Cowichan people to stand, and the tremors were so lengthy that they were sickened. The tsunami created by the earthquake ultimately devastated a winter village at

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andesite lava flows that extend 6 km (3.7 mi) to the northwest and southwest. After these flows traveled 6 km (3.7 mi), they were dammed against glacial ice to form an ice-marginal lava flow more than 250 m (820 ft) thick known as The Barrier.

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volcanic activity. Since the 4,800 BP landslide, a number of more minor landslides have occurred at it. In 1968 and 1983, a series of landslides took place that caused considerable damage to logging roads and forest stands, but did not result in any casualties.

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Large landslides from Mount Cayley have occurred on its western flank, including a major debris avalanche about 4,800 years ago that dumped an areal extent of 8 km (3.1 sq mi) of volcanic material into the adjacent valley bottom. This blocked the

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location, but was becoming more aerially restricted within a large band to the east and west. During this period, volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt and other portions of the northern Cascade Arc took place mainly at the Franklin Glacier Complex and in the

774:, a craggy volcanic ridge on the southern flank of Mount Cayley. Lengthy dissection from an extended period of erosion demolished much of the original stratovolcano. Volcanic activity after this prolonged period of erosion produced thick dacite lava flows from 1215:. An eruption column released during Peléan activity would discharge large amounts of tephra that would endanger aircraft. Tephra may also melt the large sheets of glacial ice east of Garibaldi and cause floods. This could later endanger water supplies from 630:

on Garibaldi's southeastern flank. This is unusually long for a dacite flow, which commonly travel only short distances from a volcanic vent due to their high viscosity. The Opal Cone lava flow represents the most recent volcanic feature at Mount Garibaldi.

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valleys near the Squamish River. This subsequently created two minor parasitic lava domes 200,000 years ago. These three volcanic events are in contrast to several others around Cayley in that they do not show signs of interaction with glacial ice.

646:(6,730 ft) high cone of Mount Price, which was later buried under glacial ice. Before Mount Price was overridden by glacial ice, volcanic activity took place on its northern flank where a satellite vent is present. Renewed activity took place at 385:

to southwestern British Columbia. The plates move at a relative rate of over 10 mm (0.39 in) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone. Because of the very large fault area, the Cascadia subduction zone can produce large

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protects Brandywine Falls, a 70 m (230 ft) high waterfall composed of at least four basaltic lava flows with columnar joints. Its name origin is unclear, but it may have originated from two surveyors named Jack Nelson and Bob Mollison.

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glaciation. The surrounding landscape also changes the flow of meltwater, favouring lava to pond within valleys dominated by glacial ice. And if the edifice is eroded, it could change the prominence of fragmental glaciovolcanic deposits as well.

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the formation of volcanic fields. Of the entire Cascade Arc, the Garibaldi chain has the lowest rate of volcanic activity. In the past two million years, the volume of erupted material in the Garibaldi Belt has been less than 10% of that in the

890:, includes stratovolcanoes, volcanic plugs and lava flows. These volcanoes are unlike others throughout the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in that they are mainly composed of volcanic rocks with mafic compositions, including alkaline basalt and 269:. At this time, the north-central portion of the Farallon Plate was just starting to subduct under the U.S. state of California, splitting it into northern and southern sections. Between 18 and five million years ago during the 609:

that is a portion of a subglacial volcano. The outcrop covers an area of about 0.2 km (0.077 sq mi) and an eruptive volume of roughly 0.02 km (0.0048 cu mi). The location is heavily forested and the

1190:, the largest waterfall along the Lillooet River. The solid-looking rock cliffs formed when a lava flow front repeatedly collapsed and collected downslope from the vent associated with the eruption of Plinth Peak 2,350 years ago. 957:

river valleys. The lava flow extending from near Pashleth Creek to down the Machmell River valley is over 25 km (16 mi) in length. Its small amount of erosion indicates that it could be 1,000 years old or younger.

1069:. In their language it means "Dirty Place". This name of the mountain refers to the volcanic rubble in the area. This mountain, like others located in the area, is considered sacred as it plays an important part of their 1028:

time periods. The source for this material is found in upper parts of the mountainous terrain that surround Mount Garibaldi. At Opal Cone, lava of the Ring Creek flow was normally heated to cook food because its

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Even though all major cities in southwestern British Columbia are located west of the Garibaldi chain, future eruptions from Mount Garibaldi are expected to have significant impacts on the adjacent townships of

51: 1223:. An explosive eruption and the associated tephra may also create temporary or longer-term water supply difficulties for Vancouver and most of southern British Columbia. The water reservoir for the 3513: 39: 734:

and Mount Fee, consists of at least eight lava domes composed of andesite. They were likely formed between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when lava erupted beneath glacial ice of the

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Area of the Cascadia subduction zone, including the Cascade Volcanic Arc (red triangles). The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is shown here as three red triangles at the northernmost end of the arc.

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represents a stratovolcano with an elevation of 2,050 m (6,730 ft). It was constructed during three periods of activity. The first phase 1.2 million years ago formed a

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segments that bring the cone's prominence to 500 m (1,600 ft). Its minimal degree of erosion indicates that it might have erupted in the past 1,000 years. A series of

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considerable volcanic activity has taken place in the geologically recent past, most notably the explosive eruption that occurred at the Mount Meager massif 2,350 years ago.

723:. Therefore, volcanism at Mount Fee does not display evidence of interaction with glacial ice. The remaining product from Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor portion of 841:

Northern flank of the Mount Meager massif. The volcanic vent that produced its latest eruption 2,350 years ago is the bowl-shaped depression in the middle of this image.

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Scientists have estimated that there have been at least 13 significant earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone in the past 6,000 years. The most recent, the

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To the northwest, Mount Cayley constitutes the largest and most persistent volcano in the central Garibaldi Belt. It is a highly eroded stratovolcano composed of dacite and

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who died in the late 1970s. In the mid-1970s the second hirer, W.H. Willes, investigated and mined the pumice. It was crushed, removed then stored close to the village of

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ice sheet carved a deep north-trending U-shaped valley into the eastern flank of the second-stage cone. Here, subsequent lava flows from Cinder Cone filled the valley.

2189:"Preliminary field, petrographic and geochemical analysis of possible subglacial, dacitic volcanism at the Watts Point volcanic centre, southwestern British Columbia" 470:

zones, magma is able to push its way up through the Earth's crust rapidly along faults, providing less chance for differentiation. This is likely the case south of

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mainline passes through the lower portion of the outcrop about 40 m (130 ft) above sea level. It represents a feature in the Squamish volcanic field.

528:. Flow-dominated tuyas differ from the typical basaltic tuyas throughout British Columbia in that they are composed of piles of flat-lying lava flows and lack 2926:

Friele, Pierre; Jakob, Matthias; Clague, John (March 16, 2008). "Haz ard and risk from large landslides from Mount Meager volcano, British Columbia, Canada".

2105:

Monger, J.W.H. (1994). "Character of volcanism, volcanic hazards, and risk, northern end of the Cascade magmatic arc, British Columbia and Washington State".

520:

Dominating the Garibaldi chain are volcanoes and other volcanic formations that formed during periods of intense glaciation. This includes flow-dominated

1274:

The threat from lava flows in the Garibaldi Belt is minor unless an eruption takes place in winter or under or adjacent to areas of glacial ice, such as

3521: 3646: 3484: 3231: 944:

Geologic map of the Silverthrone volcanic field and nearby rivers. The white circular feature is the inferred boundary of the Silverthrone Caldera.

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Several landslides and lahars have occurred throughout the Garibaldi Belt. At the Mount Meager massif, considerable landslides have occurred from

2047: 681:

flows were erupted from Cinder Cone about 11,000 years ago that traveled into a deep north trending U-shaped valley on the eastern flank of

2777: 2568: 2535: 2502: 2469: 2436: 2403: 2370: 2227: 1763: 1575: 1535: 1502: 1466: 1433: 1400: 1367: 1110:

history and culture. The rocks that make up The Black Tusk and Mount Cayley were said to have been burnt black by the Thunderbird's lightning.

617:

Mount Garibaldi, one of the larger volcanoes in the southern Garibaldi Belt with a volume of 6.5 km (1.6 cu mi), is composed of

2744: 1985: 1151:

Canada in the past few hundred years. As a result, volcano monitoring is less important than dealing with other natural processes, including

4241: 3400: 516:

The edge of The Barrier ice-marginal lava flow. Debris extending down the edge of The Barrier is where historical landslides have occurred.

2321: 462:

of volcanoes in the Garibaldi Belt. A possible explanation for the lower rates of volcanism in the Garibaldi chain is that the associated

3943: 2711: 2890: 2616: 1651: 3436: 4574: 4524: 4302: 685:. Subsequent volcanism produced another sequence of basaltic lava flows 4,000 years ago that flowed in the same glacial valley. 867:. This is the largest recorded Holocene explosive eruption in Canada, originating from a volcanic vent on the northeastern flank of 438:, was recorded in the oral traditions of the First Nations people on Vancouver Island. It caused considerable tremors and a massive 3619: 3300: 4453: 2134: 556:

changes their structure because eruption temperatures are lower than those associated with basaltic activity and lava containing

289:

along the descending plate edge. This eruptive period postdates the formation of the Garibaldi Belt and evidence for more recent

621:

lavas that were erupted in the past 300,000 years. It was constructed when volcanic material erupted onto a portion of the

4282: 3102: 1317: 987: 3639: 3316: 3049: 1843:

Mahoney, J. Brian; Gordee, Sarah M.; Haggart, James W.; Friedman, Richard M.; Diakow, Larry J.; Woodsworth, Glenn J. (2009).

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on the north shore of Garibaldi Lake is a cinder cone partly engulfed by the Helmet Glacier. It consists of volcanic ash,

442:

that traveled across the Pacific Ocean. The significant shaking associated with this earthquake demolished houses of the

3545:

G. Evans, S.; Brooks, G. R. (1992). "Prehistoric debris avalanches from Mount Cayley volcano, British Columbia: Reply".

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related to volcanism at the Mount Meager massif. This hot spring lies in one of the few hot spring clusters near Meager.

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Volcanic rubble in the Mount Cayley area. Its ridge-like structure provides easy travel to the north towards Mount Fee.

3206: 1891:"Evolution of magmas and magma sources to the Coast Mountains Batholith, British Columbia, Canada, refelcted [ 1045:. About 7,500 m (260,000 cu ft) of pumice was mined in 1998 by the Great Pacific Pumice Incorporation. 3869: 2203: 2118: 2023: 1738: 1628: 856: 196:

began its formation during this period. Multiple eruptions from 2.2 million to 2,350 years ago created the

56:

The location and extent of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, showing its isolated volcanoes and related volcanic features.

1349: 4635: 4211: 3864: 3632: 1297: 1143: 826: 2977: 3936: 3802: 2981: 2297: 1989: 1353: 779: 451:, killing all the people that lived there. The 1700 Cascadia earthquake caused near-shore subsidence, submerging 188:

Eruptions along the length of the chain have created at least three major volcanic zones. The first began in the

4645: 4473: 3850: 3717: 3681: 3517: 3232:

Squamish Traditional Use Study: Squamish Traditional Use of Nch'kay Or the Mount Garibaldi and Brohm Ridge Area

3185: 1070: 903: 666: 635: 4655: 4529: 4231: 3308: 1845:"Magmatic evolution of the eastern Coast Plutonic Complex, Bella Coola region, west-central British Columbia" 1024:

and other sharp tools in pre-contact times. This material appears in sites dated 10,000 years old up to

582: 373:

at the Cascadia subduction zone along the British Columbia Coast. This is a 1,094 km (680 mi) long

293:

in the Alert Bay Belt has not been found, indicating that volcanism in the Alert Bay Belt is likely extinct.

2055: 1800:(1978). "Possible geothermal resources in the Coast Plutonic Complex of southern British Columbia, Canada". 44:

The Mount Meager massif in 1987. Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain, Mount Meager and Plinth Peak.

4287: 3900: 3671: 2823: 1620: 1122: 1033:-like texture is able to maintain heat. It also did not break after it was used for a long period of time. 574: 4665: 4650: 4640: 4544: 4086: 3910: 3492: 1327: 1307: 1292: 1038: 762:

that currently form pinnacles on Cayley's rugged summit. After Mount Cayley was constructed, lava flows,

710: 598: 499:

proposed there could be a connection between regional glaciation of the North American continent during

4332: 4251: 3929: 3153: 2289: 1730: 1212: 1208: 3596: 1922: 871:. It was Plinian in nature, sending an eruption column at least 20 km (12 mi) high into the 4463: 4151: 4056: 3341: 3301:"Floods, Faults, and Fire: Geological Field Trips in Washington State and Southwest British Columbia" 1302: 1134: 540:. Ice-marginal lava flows form when lava erupts from a subaerial vent and ponds against glacial ice. 2789: 2756: 2723: 2690: 2649: 2580: 2547: 2514: 2481: 2448: 2415: 2382: 2239: 1775: 1587: 1547: 1514: 1478: 1445: 1412: 1379: 875:. As prevailing winds carried ash of the column eastwards, it deposited across British Columbia and 369:

The Garibaldi Belt has formed in response to ongoing subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the

273:

period, the northern remnant of the Farallon Plate fractured into two tectonic plates, known as the

238:

were constructed along the Southern Coast of British Columbia. This includes the east–west trending

4322: 4181: 3971: 3732: 3592: 3554: 3488: 3448: 3375: 3073: 3010: 2898: 2856: 2785: 2752: 2719: 2686: 2657: 2624: 2576: 2543: 2510: 2477: 2444: 2411: 2378: 2235: 2199: 2142: 2110: 2051: 1993: 1957: 1771: 1659: 1583: 1543: 1510: 1474: 1441: 1408: 1375: 898:

in the Earth's mantle or a descending plate edge effect. The oldest volcano in the group, known as

435: 428: 364: 214: 189: 4297: 4191: 4066: 3411: 2861: 2019: 1099: 1062: 588: 466:

is being compressed in contrast to the more southern portions of the Cascade Arc. In continental

247: 239: 3996: 1844: 662:

The Black Tusk viewed from the southeast. Its craggy edifice is the result of prolonged erosion.

597:

lies the southernmost zone of volcanic activity in the Garibaldi chain. This zone, known as the

221:

relationships to other volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain are unclear because of minimal studies.

4347: 4342: 4337: 4236: 4026: 3831: 2329: 928: 819:

Lying at the northern portion of the Mount Cayley volcanic field is a subglacial volcano named

720: 552:

in the southern segment, is the best represented ice-marginal lava flow in the Garibaldi Belt.

525: 308: 259: 3258: 4660: 4534: 4478: 4423: 4388: 4383: 3284: 2355: 2172: 1926: 1901: 650:

on the western flank of Mount Price 9,000 years ago. This produced the Rubble Creek and

622: 415: 2902: 2628: 1663: 177:. These diverse formations were created by different styles of volcanic activity, including 4292: 4126: 3966: 3874: 3837: 3763: 3624: 3558: 3452: 3177: 2935: 1890: 1856: 1809: 1312: 1287: 908: 370: 210: 8: 4483: 3976: 3887: 3823: 3768: 3149: 1322: 1236: 491: 382: 197: 3562: 3456: 2939: 1860: 1813: 4327: 4156: 4106: 4101: 3905: 3880: 3809: 3781: 2959: 1825: 1139: 1103: 887: 459: 403: 336: 319:

plates were subducting along the western margin of the North American Plate during the

278: 158: 134: 96: 2146: 860: 178: 4493: 4267: 4196: 3952: 3774: 3709: 3312: 3103:"Geology and Geothermal Potential of the AWA Claim Group, Squamish, British Columbia" 3045: 2951: 2167: 2114: 2107:

Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vanvouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia

1829: 1734: 1624: 1224: 1095: 933: 771: 758:

constructed a significant lava dome. This acts like a volcanic plug and composes the

735: 678: 577:

is the flat-topped steep-sided edifice in the foreground rising above Garibaldi Lake.

378: 142: 3279: 3117: 2963: 1012:

People have used resources in and around the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt for centuries.

4594: 4448: 4393: 4378: 4221: 4176: 4116: 4036: 3702: 3566: 3460: 3113: 2943: 2350: 1864: 1817: 920: 837: 783: 746: 724: 690: 479: 419: 250:

along the coastal mainland. The Pemberton Belt began its formation when the former

243: 182: 146: 138: 4599: 4564: 4539: 4488: 4368: 4352: 4277: 4226: 4031: 3986: 3788: 3737: 1240: 1130: 1017: 996: 895: 851: 846: 804: 794: 775: 741: 569: 443: 410:

empties directly into the subduction zone and deposits silt at the bottom of the

374: 332: 266: 201: 126: 3077: 2928:

Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards

355: 4433: 4398: 4373: 4272: 4246: 4016: 3666: 3014: 2851: 1961: 1262: 1196: 1074: 1053:

and the likelihood of it extending into the western United States is probable.

1050: 954: 950: 911:. North of the Salal Glacier complex lies a small basaltic stratovolcano named 682: 549: 537: 500: 407: 399: 251: 205: 122: 2947: 4629: 4549: 4468: 4443: 4418: 4317: 4186: 4096: 4046: 4041: 3758: 3691: 3379: 3237:(Report). Draft. First Heritage Archaeological Consulting. pp. 8, 11, 17 2955: 1254: 1187: 1125:, a flow-dominated tuya rising above the southwestern side of Garibaldi Lake. 1042: 991: 800: 731: 651: 606: 529: 483: 411: 391: 235: 166: 161:

that have been eroded by glacial ice. Less common volcanic landforms include

154: 101: 91: 3178:"Mount Meager, Lillooet River Pumice, Pum, Great Pacific, Mt. Meager Pumice" 2816: 4584: 4579: 4554: 4514: 4498: 4438: 4428: 4403: 4206: 4171: 4121: 4111: 4081: 4076: 4061: 4021: 3981: 3856: 3696: 1797: 1245: 1172: 1025: 975: 894:. The different magma compositions might be related to a smaller degree of 883: 872: 647: 545: 496: 217:. They are considered to be part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, but their 193: 3437:"Large Holocene landslides from Pylon Peak, southwestern British Columbia" 455:

and forests on the coast that were later buried under more recent debris.

4604: 4589: 4458: 4407: 4216: 4166: 4136: 4071: 4011: 3816: 3743: 3722: 1078: 868: 541: 533: 448: 274: 162: 150: 130: 86: 4609: 4569: 4363: 4358: 4307: 4201: 4146: 3676: 1821: 1733:. pp. 112, 113, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 136, 137, 138, 148. 1220: 1165: 983: 940: 912: 864: 759: 754: 658: 639: 594: 475: 471: 387: 344: 328: 316: 255: 1795: 999:

could be geothermal activity linked to the Watts Point volcanic zone.

339:

that were added along the western margin of North America between the

4614: 4312: 4161: 4141: 4131: 3895: 3845: 3795: 3750: 3727: 3686: 3109: 1868: 1722: 1275: 1216: 1129:

A number of volcanic features in the Garibaldi Belt are protected by

923: 899: 820: 790: 766:

and welded dacite rubble were erupted. This second phase of activity

716: 674: 627: 312: 290: 263: 218: 170: 81: 76: 30: 3921: 3570: 3464: 970: 4559: 4519: 4091: 4051: 1200: 1061:

The belt of volcanoes has been the subject of myths and legends by

1013: 891: 642: 423: 395:

500 years of stored energy are released in a mega-earthquake.

340: 324: 320: 3039: 811: 701: 512: 234:

Prior to Garibaldi Belt formation, a number of older, but related

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in the north. This chain of volcanoes is located in southwestern

106: 1183: 282:

3.5 million years ago may have triggered the generation of

200:, and eruptions 1.3 million to 9,300 years ago formed 2186: 1030: 763: 618: 557: 487: 283: 311:, which makes up much of the Coast Mountains. This is a large 1118: 495:

the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. In 1958, Canadian volcanologist

452: 286: 3654: 3298: 3116:: Gold Commissioner's Office. pp. 9, 10. Archived from 3040:

Etkin, David; Haque, C.E.; Brooks, Gregory R. (2003-04-30).

1842: 414:

to bury the oceanic trench. Massive floods from prehistoric

2048:"The M9 Cascadia Megathrust Earthquake of January 26, 1700" 1021: 793:, an eroded volcano north of Mount Cayley, consists of two 521: 467: 458:

Many thousand years of dormancy are expected between large

3003:"Distribution of tephra deposits in Western North America" 855:

2,350 years ago that was similar in character to the

398:

Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no deep

3410:. Canadian Geothermal Energy Association. Archived from 3042:

An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada

2322:"Garibaldi volcanic belt: Garibaldi Lake volcanic field" 121:

is a northwest–southeast trending volcanic chain in the

1614: 16:

Volcanic chain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada

2617:"Garibaldi Volcanic Belt: Mount Cayley volcanic field" 1098:, which means "Landing Place of the Thunderbird". The 504:

Garibaldi Belt, that suggests this could be probable.

3544: 3434: 2891:"Garibaldi volcano belt: Mount Meager volcanic field" 749:, the second highest peak of the Mount Cayley massif. 1719:

Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada

1065:. To the Squamish Nation, Mount Garibaldi is called 153:. Most volcanoes of the Garibaldi chain are dormant 986:adjacent to the Lillooet River valley, such as the 141:, Canada. It forms the northernmost segment of the 1716: 961: 770:million years ago resulted in the creation of the 3299:Stelling, Peter L.; Tucker, David Samuel (2007). 3229: 2925: 4627: 3066:"Volcanology in the Geological Survey of Canada" 2187:Bye, A.; Edwards, B. R.; Hickson, C. J. (2000). 3485:"Landslide: Devastator Glacier BC, Jul 22 1975" 1082:Cayley northwest of Mount Garibaldi are called 850:glaciated summit, as well as a clearly defined 845:The Mount Meager massif is the most voluminous 730:Ember Ridge, a volcanic mountain ridge between 2113:. pp. 232, 235, 236, 241, 243, 247, 248. 1986:"Pacific Mountain System – Cascades volcanoes" 778:300,000 years ago that extended into the 406:in Cascadia. This is because the mouth of the 315:complex that was formed when the Farallon and 3937: 3640: 2290:"Lava Domes, Volcanic Domes, Composite Domes" 1895:] by elemental and isotopic geochemistry" 377:zone running 80 km (50 mi) off the 2265:"Mt. Garibaldi, SW British Columbia, Canada" 1113: 1227:drainage area is south of Mount Garibaldi. 715:Immediately southeast of Mount Cayley lies 3944: 3930: 3647: 3633: 3100: 1717:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990). 1617:Volcano-Ice Interaction on Earth and Mars 478:border and east-southeast of the massive 3656:Volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 3435:Clague, Friele; Clague, John J. (2004). 3140: 1615:Smellie, J.L.; Chapman, Mary G. (2002). 1250:large landslide from Devastation Glacier 1230: 1182: 1117: 969: 939: 882:A group of small volcanoes on the upper 836: 810: 740: 700: 657: 634:On the western shore of Garibaldi Lake, 568: 511: 354: 3225: 3223: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2262: 1888: 429:Cascadia earthquake on January 26, 1700 4628: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3336: 3334: 3253: 3251: 3143:"Squamish Nation Cognitive Landscapes" 3096: 3094: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2921: 2919: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2316: 2314: 2258: 2256: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2042: 2040: 1980: 1978: 1944: 1942: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1318:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province 299:under the Garibaldi chain consists of 3951: 3925: 3628: 3540: 3538: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2814: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2013: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 262:29 million years ago during the 3220: 3170: 3134: 3044:. Springer. pp. 569, 582, 583. 2874: 2803: 2528: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1497: 1495: 1333:Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field 1056: 3405:] Member 2008 Dr. Jack Souther" 3355: 3331: 3292: 3248: 3101:Woodsworth, Glenn J. (April 2003). 3091: 3028: 2916: 2770: 2737: 2704: 2671: 2642: 2594: 2495: 2396: 2343: 2311: 2253: 2037: 2016:"Cascade Ranges Volcanoes Compared" 2007: 1975: 1939: 1915: 1747: 1158: 1007: 832: 564: 13: 3620:Map of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 3547:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3535: 3441:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3428: 3342:"Brandywine Falls Provincial Park" 3230:Yumks; Reimer, Rudy (April 2003). 2837: 2363: 2180: 2069: 1677: 1637: 1561: 1352:from websites or documents of the 1108:North American indigenous peoples' 1077:, they passed down a story of the 696: 507: 422:also deposited massive amounts of 14: 4677: 3613: 3207:"South Meager Geothermal Project" 1601: 1492: 1257:in the U.S. state of Washington. 857:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 402:present in the bathymetry of the 4212:Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill 3995: 2978:"Canada Volcanoes and Volcanics" 1348: This article incorporates 1343: 1298:Geology of the Pacific Northwest 1144:Brandywine Falls Provincial Park 50: 38: 3577: 3506: 3477: 3393: 3272: 3199: 3152:. pp. 5, 6. Archived from 3058: 2995: 2982:United States Geological Survey 2970: 2895:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2782:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2778:"Ring Mountain (Crucible Dome)" 2749:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2716:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2683:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2654:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2621:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2573:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2561: 2540:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2507:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2474:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2462: 2441:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2429: 2408:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2375:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2326:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2298:United States Geological Survey 2282: 2232:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 2220: 2160: 2127: 1990:United States Geological Survey 1882: 1836: 1789: 1768:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1656:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1580:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1540:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1507:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1471:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1438:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1405:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1372:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 1354:United States Geological Survey 962:Geothermal and seismic activity 859:and the continuous eruption of 573:North face of Mount Garibaldi. 427:such as the magnitude 9.0 4283:Mount Scott (Clackamas County) 3682:Salal Glacier volcanic complex 3518:Government of British Columbia 3186:Government of British Columbia 2267:. VolcanoWorld. Archived from 2263:Edwards, Ben (November 2000). 1923:"Tectonic overview of the CPC" 1889:Girardi, James Daniel (2008). 1528: 1459: 1426: 1393: 1360: 904:Salal Glacier volcanic complex 705:Mount Fee and its jagged ridge 1: 4232:Battle Ground Lake State Park 3309:Geological Society of America 1338: 1269: 583:Garibaldi Lake volcanic field 229: 4414:Mount Scott (Klamath County) 4288:Willamette National Cemetery 3595:. 2007-02-05. Archived from 3514:"Where do landslides occur?" 3491:. 2009-12-01. Archived from 3378:. 2009-02-26. Archived from 3013:. 2008-02-12. Archived from 2901:. 2009-04-01. Archived from 2824:Malaspina University-College 2788:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2755:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2722:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2689:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2627:. 2009-04-07. Archived from 2579:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2546:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2513:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2480:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2447:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2414:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2381:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2328:. 2009-04-01. Archived from 2238:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 2145:. 2009-04-02. Archived from 2054:. 2010-03-03. Archived from 2014:Dutch, Steven (2003-04-07). 1992:. 2000-10-10. Archived from 1960:. 2008-01-15. Archived from 1796:Lewis, T. J.; Judge, A. S.; 1774:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1662:. 2009-04-02. Archived from 1621:Geological Society of London 1586:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1546:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1513:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1477:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1444:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1411:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1378:. 2009-03-10. Archived from 1020:for making knives, chisels, 524:, subglacial lava domes and 350: 192:4.0 million years ago. 7: 4545:Lava Beds National Monument 3911:Watts Point volcanic centre 3401:"CanGEA Honourary [ 3259:"Garibaldi Provincial Park" 1802:Pure and Applied Geophysics 1328:Volcanism of Western Canada 1308:List of volcanoes in Canada 1293:Geology of British Columbia 1281: 1142:in 1860. To the northwest, 974:A volcanic hot spring near 711:Mount Cayley volcanic field 599:Watts Point volcanic centre 204:and other volcanoes in the 10: 4682: 1950:"Cascadia Subduction Zone" 1731:Cambridge University Press 1002: 708: 586: 580: 362: 224: 4507: 4464:Mountain Lakes Wilderness 4260: 4004: 3993: 3959: 3662: 3182:MINFILE Mineral Inventory 2948:10.1080/17499510801958711 2202:: 1, 2, 3. Archived from 1652:"Garibaldi volcanic belt" 1303:List of Cascade volcanoes 1178: 1135:Garibaldi Provincial Park 1114:Protection and monitoring 69: 61: 49: 37: 28: 21: 4525:Black Butte (California) 3972:Franklin Glacier Complex 3733:Franklin Glacier Complex 3593:Natural Resources Canada 3555:Natural Resources Canada 3489:Natural Resources Canada 3449:Natural Resources Canada 3376:Natural Resources Canada 3305:Current Research, Part A 3074:Natural Resources Canada 3011:Natural Resources Canada 2899:Natural Resources Canada 2857:Global Volcanism Program 2786:Natural Resources Canada 2753:Natural Resources Canada 2720:Natural Resources Canada 2687:Natural Resources Canada 2658:Natural Resources Canada 2625:Natural Resources Canada 2577:Natural Resources Canada 2544:Natural Resources Canada 2511:Natural Resources Canada 2478:Natural Resources Canada 2445:Natural Resources Canada 2412:Natural Resources Canada 2379:Natural Resources Canada 2236:Natural Resources Canada 2200:Natural Resources Canada 2196:Current Research, Part A 2143:Natural Resources Canada 2111:Natural Resources Canada 2052:Natural Resources Canada 1958:Natural Resources Canada 1772:Natural Resources Canada 1660:Natural Resources Canada 1584:Natural Resources Canada 1544:Natural Resources Canada 1511:Natural Resources Canada 1475:Natural Resources Canada 1442:Natural Resources Canada 1409:Natural Resources Canada 1376:Natural Resources Canada 1092:mu'yin tl'a in7in'axa7en 436:1700 Cascadia earthquake 365:Cascadia subduction zone 215:Franklin Glacier Complex 190:Powder Mountain Icefield 65:British Columbia, Canada 4636:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 4298:Rooster Rock State Park 4067:White Chuck Cinder Cone 3209:. Western GeoPower Corp 2862:Smithsonian Institution 2536:"Ember Ridge Southwest" 2503:"Ember Ridge Southeast" 2470:"Ember Ridge Northwest" 2437:"Ember Ridge Northeast" 2020:University of Wisconsin 673:and dispersed ropy and 593:On the eastern side of 589:Squamish volcanic field 526:ice-marginal lava flows 480:Newberry shield volcano 248:Pemberton Volcanic Belt 240:Alert Bay Volcanic Belt 209:Pacific Ranges, namely 119:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 23:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 4343:Tumalo Volcanic Center 4237:Beacon Rock State Park 4027:Schriebers Meadow Cone 3832:Monmouth Creek complex 3368:"Monitoring volcanoes" 2815:Earle, Steven (2005). 1576:"Silverthrone Caldera" 1350:public domain material 1191: 1126: 979: 945: 842: 816: 750: 721:Wisconsinan Glaciation 706: 663: 578: 517: 360: 309:Coast Plutonic Complex 260:British Columbia Coast 4646:Pleistocene volcanism 4535:Medicine Lake Volcano 3285:BC Geographical Names 2356:BC Geographical Names 2173:BC Geographical Names 1927:University of Arizona 1902:University of Arizona 1623:. pp. 195, 197. 1231:Landslides and lahars 1219:and fisheries on the 1186: 1121: 1016:was collected by the 973: 943: 929:potassium-argon dates 927:minimal studies, but 840: 814: 744: 704: 661: 623:Cordilleran Ice Sheet 572: 515: 416:Glacial Lake Missoula 358: 4656:Landslides in Canada 4127:Goat Island Mountain 3967:Silverthrone Caldera 3875:Silverthrone Caldera 3764:Little Ring Mountain 3141:Reimer/Yumks, Rudy. 2135:"Types of volcanoes" 1368:"Tricouni Southwest" 1313:Milbanke Sound Group 1288:Anahim Volcanic Belt 909:Wisconsin Glaciation 371:North American Plate 327:periods. It lies on 211:Silverthrone Caldera 159:subglacial volcanoes 143:Cascade Volcanic Arc 133:in the south to the 97:subglacial volcanoes 3977:Mount Meager massif 3888:Machmell River Cone 3769:Mount Meager massif 3563:1992CaJES..29.1343E 3457:2004CaJES..41..165F 3372:Volcanoes of Canada 3150:McMaster University 3070:Volcanoes of Canada 3007:Volcanoes of Canada 2940:2008GAMRE...2...48F 2404:"Ember Ridge North" 2294:Volcanic Lava Domes 2139:Volcanoes of Canada 1861:2009GSAB..121.1362M 1814:1978PApGe.117..172L 1323:Volcanism of Canada 1248:. More recently, a 907:valleys before the 492:Brothers Fault Zone 460:explosive eruptions 383:Northern California 337:continental margins 198:Mount Meager massif 4666:Giuseppe Garibaldi 4651:Holocene volcanism 4641:Pliocene volcanism 4157:Old Snowy Mountain 4107:Burroughs Mountain 4102:Little Tahoma Peak 3906:Tricouni Southwest 3881:Mount Silverthrone 3782:Capricorn Mountain 3585:"Photo Collection" 2569:"Ember Ridge West" 1822:10.1007/BF00879744 1764:"Franklin Glacier" 1192: 1140:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1127: 1104:legendary creature 980: 946: 888:Bridge River Cones 843: 817: 751: 707: 664: 579: 518: 404:continental margin 361: 135:Ha-Iltzuk Icefield 129:that extends from 4623: 4622: 4494:Gearhart Mountain 4333:Crescent Mountain 4268:Boring Lava Field 4197:Sawtooth Mountain 3953:Cascade Volcanoes 3919: 3918: 3775:Bridge River Vent 3318:978-0-8137-0009-0 3280:"Mount Garibaldi" 3051:978-1-4020-1179-5 2826:. pp. 21, 24 1855:(9–10): 1362–80. 1225:Greater Vancouver 1138:political leader 1096:Squamish language 1057:Early impressions 934:Intermontane Belt 863:on the island of 847:composite volcano 736:Fraser Glaciation 679:basaltic andesite 379:Pacific Northwest 183:Plinian eruptions 145:, which includes 115: 114: 4673: 4595:Bumpass Mountain 4530:Rainbow Mountain 4449:Mount McLoughlin 4394:Howlock Mountain 4379:Newberry Volcano 4222:Trout Creek Hill 4177:Mount St. Helens 4117:Cowlitz Chimneys 4037:Hannegan caldera 3999: 3960:British Columbia 3946: 3939: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3890: 3883: 3859: 3840: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3753: 3746: 3712: 3705: 3703:Pyroclastic Peak 3649: 3642: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3520:. Archived from 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3409: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3364: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3114:British Columbia 3107: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3076:. Archived from 3062: 3056: 3055: 3037: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2887: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2848: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2821: 2812: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2745:"Slag Hill tuya" 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2679:"Pali Dome West" 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2650:"Pali Dome East" 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2613: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2102: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2022:. Archived from 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1869:10.1130/B26325.1 1840: 1834: 1833: 1808:(1–2): 172–179. 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1760: 1745: 1744: 1714: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1648: 1635: 1634: 1612: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1572: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1499: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1364: 1347: 1346: 1159:Volcanic hazards 1131:provincial parks 1008:Human occupation 833:Northern segment 805:columnar jointed 795:geological units 784:Shovelnose Creek 769: 747:Pyroclastic Peak 725:pyroclastic rock 691:Late Pleistocene 565:Southern segment 482:adjacent to the 420:Late Pleistocene 333:oceanic plateaus 244:Vancouver Island 147:Mount St. Helens 139:British Columbia 54: 42: 19: 18: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4600:Dittmar Volcano 4565:Burney Mountain 4540:Schonchin Butte 4503: 4489:Yamsay Mountain 4369:Tumalo Mountain 4353:Mount Multnomah 4323:Mount Jefferson 4278:Elk Rock Island 4256: 4227:Tumtum Mountain 4032:Kulshan caldera 4000: 3991: 3987:Mount Garibaldi 3955: 3950: 3920: 3915: 3886: 3879: 3855: 3836: 3822: 3815: 3810:Perkin's Pillar 3808: 3801: 3794: 3789:Devastator Peak 3787: 3780: 3773: 3749: 3742: 3738:Mount Garibaldi 3708: 3701: 3658: 3653: 3616: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3571:10.1139/e92-109 3543: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3465:10.1139/e03-089 3433: 3429: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3366: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3297: 3293: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3018: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2924: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2889: 2888: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2850: 2849: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2712:"Cauldron Dome" 2710: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2615: 2614: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2454: 2452: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2261: 2254: 2245: 2243: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2103: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1997: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1967: 1965: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1841: 1837: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1762: 1761: 1748: 1741: 1715: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1650: 1649: 1638: 1631: 1613: 1602: 1593: 1591: 1574: 1573: 1562: 1553: 1551: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1449: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1401:"Columnar Peak" 1399: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1344: 1341: 1284: 1272: 1241:Devastator Peak 1233: 1181: 1161: 1116: 1059: 1018:Squamish Nation 1010: 1005: 997:Britannia Beach 964: 937:its formation. 896:partial melting 886:, known as the 861:Soufrière Hills 852:volcanic crater 835: 776:parasitic vents 767: 713: 699: 697:Central segment 626:lava flow from 591: 585: 567: 510: 508:Glaciovolcanism 501:glacial periods 444:Cowichan Tribes 367: 353: 232: 227: 202:Mount Garibaldi 155:stratovolcanoes 127:Coast Mountains 111: 92:stratovolcanoes 57: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4679: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4454:Brown Mountain 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434:Applegate Peak 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4401: 4399:Mount Thielsen 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4374:Mount Bachelor 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Larch Mountain 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4273:Mount Sylvania 4270: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4247:Greenleaf Peak 4244: 4242:Table Mountain 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4087:Cathedral Rock 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4017:Sherman Crater 4014: 4008: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3872: 3870:Round Mountain 3867: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3710:Vulcan's Thumb 3706: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3667:The Black Tusk 3663: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3614:External links 3612: 3610: 3609: 3576: 3534: 3505: 3476: 3427: 3392: 3354: 3330: 3317: 3291: 3271: 3247: 3219: 3198: 3169: 3133: 3090: 3057: 3050: 3027: 2994: 2969: 2915: 2873: 2836: 2802: 2769: 2736: 2703: 2670: 2641: 2593: 2560: 2527: 2494: 2461: 2428: 2395: 2362: 2342: 2310: 2281: 2252: 2219: 2179: 2159: 2126: 2119: 2068: 2036: 2006: 1974: 1938: 1914: 1881: 1835: 1798:Souther, J. G. 1788: 1746: 1739: 1676: 1636: 1629: 1600: 1560: 1527: 1491: 1458: 1425: 1392: 1358: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1271: 1268: 1263:Squamish River 1232: 1229: 1197:Lower Mainland 1180: 1177: 1160: 1157: 1115: 1112: 1058: 1055: 1051:Western Canada 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 963: 960: 834: 831: 772:Vulcan's Thumb 745:South face of 709:Main article: 698: 695: 683:The Black Tusk 587:Main article: 581:Main article: 566: 563: 550:Garibaldi Lake 538:volcanic glass 509: 506: 408:Columbia River 400:oceanic trench 363:Main article: 352: 349: 335:and clustered 252:Farallon Plate 236:volcanic belts 231: 228: 226: 223: 206:Garibaldi Lake 167:volcanic plugs 123:Pacific Ranges 113: 112: 110: 109: 104: 102:volcanic plugs 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 29: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4678: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4575:Snow Mountain 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4550:Modoc Plateau 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4469:Roxy Ann Peak 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4444:Pelican Butte 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4419:Wizard Island 4417: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355:(unvalidated) 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:Three Sisters 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4338:Iron Mountain 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318:Olallie Butte 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4252:Wind Mountain 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187:Indian Heaven 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4097:Mount Rainier 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047:Ruth Mountain 4045: 4043: 4042:Hannegan Peak 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3865:Ring Mountain 3863: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759:Glacier Pikes 3757: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692:Cauldron Dome 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3599:on 2024-05-25 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3539: 3524:on 2010-08-18 3523: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3495:on 2011-07-21 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3417:on 2010-10-22 3413: 3406: 3404: 3396: 3382:on 2011-05-14 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3208: 3202: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3159:on 2008-12-19 3155: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3123:on 2022-01-09 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3080:on 2006-10-08 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3017:on 2011-06-04 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2905:on 2005-12-28 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2825: 2818: 2817:"3 Volcanism" 2811: 2809: 2807: 2792:on 2007-03-20 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2759:on 2011-05-06 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2726:on 2007-11-09 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2693:on 2024-05-25 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2631:on 2011-06-04 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2583:on 2010-12-11 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2550:on 2010-12-11 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2517:on 2010-12-12 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2484:on 2010-12-11 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2451:on 2010-12-11 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2418:on 2010-12-11 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2385:on 2006-02-19 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2351:"Cinder Cone" 2346: 2332:on 2006-02-19 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2271:on 2010-07-31 2270: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2242:on 2010-12-11 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:"Watts Point" 2223: 2209:on 2011-07-06 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2168:"The Barrier" 2163: 2149:on 2011-05-14 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2122: 2120:0-660-15784-5 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2058:on 2013-01-01 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2026:on 2012-03-18 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 1996:on 2011-12-11 1995: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1964:on 2010-01-22 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 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In their 984:hot springs 921:subvolcanic 869:Plinth Peak 760:lava spines 667:Cinder Cone 636:Mount Price 548:impounding 542:The Barrier 534:pillow lava 486:in central 449:Pachena Bay 418:during the 388:earthquakes 151:Mount Baker 131:Watts Point 4630:Categories 4610:Mount Yana 4570:Magee Peak 4508:California 4484:Pilot Rock 4364:Ball Butte 4359:Broken Top 4308:Mount Hood 4202:Lemei Rock 4192:Lone Butte 4147:Goat Rocks 4005:Washington 3838:The Castle 3824:Pylon Peak 3677:Tuber Hill 3672:Mount Brew 3603:2010-03-03 3589:Landslides 3528:2010-03-03 3499:2010-03-03 3470:2010-03-03 3421:2010-03-04 3386:2010-03-24 3348:2010-03-06 3324:2010-03-04 3265:2010-03-06 3241:2010-03-30 3213:2011-05-09 3192:2010-03-16 3163:2008-05-19 3127:2021-01-31 3084:2008-05-09 3021:2010-03-29 2988:2010-03-29 2909:2010-03-04 2867:2010-02-24 2830:2010-03-19 2796:2010-03-07 2763:2010-03-08 2730:2010-03-07 2697:2010-03-07 2664:2010-03-07 2635:2010-03-03 2587:2010-03-28 2554:2010-03-28 2521:2010-03-28 2488:2010-03-28 2455:2010-03-28 2422:2010-03-28 2389:2010-03-03 2336:2010-03-12 2304:2010-03-18 2275:2010-03-18 2246:2010-07-22 2213:2010-03-04 2153:2010-05-27 2062:2010-03-06 2030:2010-05-20 2000:2010-03-05 1968:2010-03-06 1932:2010-03-04 1908:2010-02-22 1782:2010-02-20 1670:2010-02-20 1594:2010-03-04 1554:2010-03-04 1521:2010-03-04 1485:2010-03-04 1452:2010-03-04 1419:2010-03-04 1386:2010-03-04 1339:References 1276:ice fields 1270:Lava flows 1237:Pylon Peak 1221:Pitt River 924:intrusions 913:Tuber Hill 865:Montserrat 755:rhyodacite 640:hornblende 595:Howe Sound 476:California 472:Mount Hood 345:Cretaceous 331:remnants, 329:island arc 258:under the 256:subducting 230:Background 171:lava domes 82:lava domes 77:Lava flows 4615:Goosenest 4328:Snow Peak 4313:Battle Ax 4162:Ives Peak 4142:Mount Aix 4132:Mount Wow 3901:The Table 3896:Slag Hill 3846:Pali Dome 3796:Mount Job 3728:Mount Fee 3687:Sham Hill 3344:. 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