920:). They were unsatisfied with Gaozong's decision to appoint their adversary Wang Yuan to an important imperial post hence would outrank them. Banding together with at least ten thousand palace guards under the pretense that Wang and the court eunuchs were plotting, Miao and Liu mutinied and murdered Wang. They then forced Gaozong to abdicate in favor of his two-year-old son, Zhao Fu. The plot came to an abrupt end less than a month later on April 20, 1129, when Miao and Liu were defeated by Gaozong's loyal army, led by Han Shizhong, and were both executed for treason. Gaozong's son later died from illness after an unofficial reign of three months. After being restored to the throne, Gaozong himself was pursued by Jin forces and was not in full control of southern China until the late 1130s. The mutiny would cause Emperor Gaozong to move his capital to
2440:
began to change, however, as Song loyalist forces became more coordinated and competent generals emerged to deal the
Jurchen several defeats. Jurchen armies also began to run into the usual operational problems that diminished the power of steppe armies on extended campaigns. Even in economically-developed areas, an army that lived off the land could not return through the same place it had just looted. As Jurchen soldiers became more encumbered with loot, they became less mobile and less interested in further campaigning, though they might be more willing to return in the future. Southern China was also much less favorable for cavalry than northern China, and the Jurchen had to cross not only numerous small rivers and canals but also the Huai and Yangzi rivers.
1300:
1222:
the cost of rebuilding the Song's northern territories would have risked bankrupting the south. In addition, with the southern part of China remaining under Song control, the transport of goods became more cost-effective by boat via the streams and camels criss-crossing the region. It also eliminated obstacles to trades, allowing traders to import goods between Song and Jin territories. Qin Hui, in a reply to
Gaozong's gratitude for the success of the peace negotiations, told the emperor that "the decision to make peace was entirely Your Majesty's. Your servant only carried it out; what achievement was there in this for me?"
398:
790:
1311:, came across an elderly woman known as Fifth Sister Song, who escaped to Hangzhou after the Jurchens occupied the former capital and made her living by running a diner near the lake. After Gaozong tried one bowl from her, he offered her gold and silk after enjoying it. This event made her soup dish famous in the Southern Song capital; it then named Sister Song's Fish Soup (宋嫂魚羹) and she became a wealthy culinarian. It remains a traditional dish in the
899:
704:, it ensured two decades of uninterrupted peace, allowing the Southern Song state to achieve internal stability and open a lucrative trade with Jin. Furthermore, it served to preclude the return of Emperor Qinzong, who remained in captivity in Jin and whose release could have jeopardized Gaozong's claim to the throne. Gaozong and Qin then secured court control over the military, forcing Han Shizhong and the general
61:
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named
Empress Dowager in Southern Song. However, the treaty designated the Song as the "insignificant state", while the Jin was recognized as the "superior state". People would later blame the emperor for Yue Fei's death and vilify him as a hypocritical tyrant who sought to solidify power at the expense of greater danger to Song. However, although the treaty's terms resulted in Song becoming a
809:(present Nanjing) which at the time was a temporary residence for the remnants of the Song. The new reign name Jianyan 建炎, literally meaning "Establishing the Fire," suggests the Southern Song's continuation to the Northern Song (Fire was the dynastic element of the Song as decided in the early years of the dynasty). He would later move to Yingtianfu (
1012:. In 1134, Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures. But later that year, Qi and Jin initiated a new offensive further east along the Huai River. For the first time, Emperor Gaozong issued an edict officially condemning Da Qi. The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai Valley, but were repelled by
970:, when fleeing to the south, he had the newly appointed commander-in-chief, Yue Fei, who was only 27 years old at the time, to help with the defense, and Yue scored a major victory against the Jin armies neared Nanjing. After the Song forces defeated the Jin, they stayed north of the Yangzi River, and Emperor Gaozong declared the city of
1000:; 1073–1143) won the favor of the Jin Emperor Taizong. Da Qi had more autonomy than the previous Da Chu although Liu Yu was obligated to obey the orders of the Jurchen generals. With Jin support, Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133. Li Cheng, a Song turncoat who had joined the Qi, led the campaign. They initially had success as
1221:
to the Jin, it saved Song's economy: since the dynasty's founding, the regime had lost more capital on military defenses than on annual payments to their neighbors, about three-quarters of state revenue. Thus, even if
Gaozong wanted to recover the lost territories, he could not afford it financially;
869:
to lead the Song forces to hold off the
Jurchens, as well as to improve his public image through his declaration to restore the Song Empire to its former glory. However, when one of Li Gang's guerrilla forces, the Red Scarf Army, scored a major victory against the Jin troops and almost captured their
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He therefore initially brought the belligerent Li Gang back into government to reassure the officials and generals of his intent to resist the
Jurchen and perhaps recapture the north, and then sacked Li and brought in officials more concerned with Gaozong's personal authority. The military situation
1216:
The negotiation allowed the emperor's mother and other selected members of the imperial clan (including a woman claimed to be his half-sister
Princess Roufu (Zhao Duofu), whom he later sentenced to death under suspicion of impersonating an imperial princess) to return to Song; Empress Wei was then
804:
After proving himself to be a more competent administrator than his predecessors, he won support from imperial court's remnants of his ascension to the throne; he reestablished the Song Empire (historically known as the
Southern Song dynasty) and was proclaimed as Emperor Gaozong with the era name
758:
Emperor
Gaozong was originally a prince named Zhao Gou during the reigns of his father and brother. After Huizong abdicated, his older brother Qinzong became emperor. During this time, the capital of Bianjing was under siege by the Jurchens. He was ordered to the Jurchen camp to negotiate peace by
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were preparing to attack
Kaifeng and recapture it. Fearing that a victory at Kaifeng might cause the Jurchens to release Emperor Qinzong, Emperor Gaozong followed their advice, sending 12 orders back in the form of 12 gold plaques to Yue Fei, recalling him to the capital. There, Yue Fei said, in
669:), assuming the throne and reestablishing the Song court. Despite initial setbacks, including Jin invasions and a brief deposition in 1129, Emperor Gaozong consolidated his political position and presided over the continued military conflict with Jin. Prior to 1141, military commanders including
993:
Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create Da Qi (the "Great Qi") in 1130, their second attempt at a puppet state in Northern China. The Jurchens believed that this state, nominally ruled by someone of Han Chinese descent, would be able to attract the allegiance of disaffected
771:
in 1127 along with majority of the imperial clan members due to his predecessors' incompetence and the imperial court's corruption, he escaped to Southern China due to being in Cizhou for a diplomatic mission and therefore, not in Bianjing. In order to escape, Zhao Gou had to move province to
1104:
inherited the Jin throne from Taizong, and pushed for peace. He and his generals were disappointed with Liu Yu's military failures and believed that Liu was secretly conspiring with Yue Fei. These conditions caused the Jin to officially abolish Da Qi in late 1137 and the Jin and Song began
881:
in late 1127 or early 1128. However, Yangzhou proved to be no safe haven for the Song either, as barely a year later the Jurchens advanced to the point where they were threatening to capture Yangzhou. When the Jurchens advanced to the Huai River, the court was partially evacuated to
1248:. The Jin lost the war. An important consequence of this was to remove Song's status as a vassal state, although it still had to pay tribute. Wanyan Liang was assassinated shortly afterwards, when many Jin officers rebelled as a result of the Jin defeat.
1187:
tears, "Thirty years of effort now is wasted." Emperor Gaozong also recalled every soldier under threats to kill their families. After Yue Fei's return to the capital, Emperor Gaozong and Qin Hui imprisoned him on a trumped-up charge under "groundless" (
759:
Qinzong in an effort to end the siege early but Zhao Gou was held for ransom. He later came back after being ransomed due to the Jurchens' doubts of his identity. After his half-brother and father and the capital were captured by forces of the
1115:
the capital of the dynasty, but the label of temporary capital would still be in place. Despite this, Lin'an would remain the capital of the Southern Song for the next 150 years, growing into a major commercial and cultural center.
1213:, in exchange for peace between the two empires. Aside from two incidents, this peace would last for seventy years. The Song also had to pay a yearly tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 packs of silk to the Jin.
1169:
did not want the Song army to defeat the Jurchens and destroy the Jin Dynasty, as this might result in Gaozong's half-brother - the last emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Qinzong, who was living in Jin-imposed
931:, a Jurchen general, crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and then captured the city. Wuzhu set out from Jiankang and advanced rapidly to try to capture Gaozong. The Jin seized Hangzhou on January 22 and then
1119:
Gaozong promoted Qin Hui in 1138 and put him in charge of deliberations with the Jin. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and a large number of officials at court criticized the peace overtures. Aided by his control of the
994:
members of the insurgency. The Jurchens also suffered from a shortage of skilled manpower, and controlling the entirety of northern China was not administratively feasible. In the final months of 1129, Liu Yu (
772:
province in order to escape the Jin troops. The Jurchens tried to lure him back to Bianjing where they could finally capture him, but did not succeed. Zhao Gou finally arrived in the Song Southern Capital at
951:
advance, giving Emperor Gaozong the chance to flee the city by ship. Soon, the Jurchens gave up the pursuit and retreated north. After they plundered the undefended cities of Hangzhou and
826:
From 1127 to 1129, the Song sent thirteen embassies to the Jin to discuss peace terms and to negotiate the release of Gaozong's mother and Huizong, but the Jin court ignored them. The
3068:
1162:
After years of fighting and significant military success, Emperor Gaozong settled on a pacifist stance. One of the major reasons behind this was that Emperor Gaozong and the
1050:
convinced Emperor Gaozong to begin plans for a counterattack. Emperor Gaozong initially agreed, but he quickly abandoned the counteroffensive when an officer named Li Qiong (
1294:
1108:
When Emperor Gaozong was eventually told of the death of Huizong and Empress Zheng in 1137, he reportedly reacted quite severely, ordering an extended period of mourning.
1209:, which recognised the Jurchens' claims to the former Song territories they had already conquered. This meant that Emperor Gaozong had to give up all land north of the
853:
to Song, which ultimately caused the Jin to renew their attacks and quickly conquer Northern China. Initially, he employed military leaders such as Li Gang,
870:
commander-in-chief, the emperor dismissed the minister on a trumped-up charge, implying that he did not want to win this battle, because if Song won,
849:
Emperor Gaozong's early reign was filled with Jurchen raids and attacks on his realm. This can be traced to Zhang's execution and the submission of
708:
into retirement and executing Yue Fei on trumped-up charges. Despite his successes as emperor, Gaozong's treatment of Yue, who was remembered as a
749:
Emperor Gaozong was the ninth son of Emperor Huizong and a younger half-brother of Emperor Qinzong. His mother, whose maiden family name was Wei (
3032:
1205:) and had him put to death. Han Shizhong was also dismissed from his military duties. On October 11, 1142, the Song and Jin empires signed the
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control of state affairs as retired emperor, continuing to oversee the dynasty until dying of natural causes in 1187, at the age of 80.
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gave the Jurchens a passage into the central valley of the Yangtze River. However, their southward push was halted by the general
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Tao, Jing-Shen (2009). "The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).
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755:), was a concubine of Huizong. She was honoured as Empress Xianren (顯仁皇后; 1080–1159) after his ascension to the throne.
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died. This caused the Da Qi to suddenly withdraw, giving the Song time to regroup. The Da Qi lost a battle at Outang (
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1260:, had died of illness around the age of two, Emperor Gaozong passed the throne to his adopted son and distant cousin
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Emperor Shouming Zhongxing Quangong Zhide Shengshen Wuwen Zhaoren Xianxiao (受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁憲孝皇帝) (conferred in 1191)
977:
Having no surviving sons of his own, he adopted two boys in 1133: one of them became the foster son of the future
3097:
890:) in 1129. Days later, Gaozong narrowly escaped on horseback, just a few hours ahead of Jurchen vanguard troops.
17:
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Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
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On March 26, 1129, Gaozong lost his throne to a mutiny that was instigated by the palace guards led by Miao Fu (
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with Wanyan Liang may also have contributed to his decision to retire. In retirement he assumed the title of
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and popular memory. Gaozong, along his father and half-brother, were blamed for the Song dynasty's decline.
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In 1141, Gaozong collaborated with Qin to pursue a peace settlement with Jin. Although the resulting
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In 1162, after reigning for more than 35 years, Emperor Gaozong abdicated. Because his only son,
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1056:) killed his superior official and defected to the Jin with tens of thousands of soldiers.
712:, and his surrender of over half of Song China to the enemy, marred his reputation in both
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in 1162, shortly before abdicating in his favor. Despite his abdication, Gaozong retained
8:
2607:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
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1178:- being recalled to the throne. If this happened, Gaozong would lose power. At the time,
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907-1279
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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Left: Emperor Gaozong supported negotiating a peace treaty with the Jurchens, the
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Emperor Gaozong was also a notable poet and had significant influence on other
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2015:"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China"
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2455:. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L. Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd. (1995)
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1240:, wishing to unify China under his regime, declared war on the Song in the
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960:
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830:, a puppet state established by the Jin Empire, was abolished in 1127 when
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and nearby prefectures fell to his army. The capture of Xiangyang on the
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further south on February 4 where Emperor Gaozong was almost captured by
797:
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2567:(3rd ed.). Beijing, China: Foreign Language Press. pp. 88–89.
1210:
101:
645:, Zhao Gou was not present in the capital of Bianjing (the modern day
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1950:
1308:
1278:("Retired Emperor") and retained some power until his death in 1187.
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1121:
1001:
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1094:(middle) and Emperor Gaozong (right) all took steps to ratify peace.
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as the dynasty's new temporary capital, replacing Kaifeng in 1133.
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Owing to the vulnerability of Yingtianfu, Emperor Gaozong moved to
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1046:). The victory boosted Song morale, and the military commissioner
955:, they finally started to face resistance from Song armies led by
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and caused him to abdicate only two years after Gaozong's death.
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ceded the Central Plains and formally established Song as a Jin
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661:. Narrowly avoiding capture by Jin forces, he escaped first to
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60:
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723:, died in childhood. In 1160, he adopted his distant relative
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1023:
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728:
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Worthy Consort, of the Zhang clan (張賢妃 張氏, d. 22 March 1147)
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War, politics and society in early modern China, 900–1795
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633:, ruling between 1127 and 1162 and retaining power as
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2392:, pp. 197 (150 years) and 461 (major Song city).
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1124:, Qin purged his enemies and continued negotiations.
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from 1162 until his death in 1187. The ninth son of
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Toqto'a and Alutu (1346), liezhuan di er houfei xia
2202:
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Lady of Graceful Ceremony, of the Liu clan (劉婉儀 劉氏)
2662:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
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1978:
2514:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
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1963:
1363:Worthy Consort, of the Liu clan (劉賢妃 劉氏, d. 1187)
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2853:
2702:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643.
2639:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–320.
610:(12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187), personal name
1357:Noble Consort, of the Zhang clan (张贵妃, d.1190)
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2664:. Columbia University Press. pp. 3–78.
2271:, p. 298 (date of return to Hangzhou);
2164:. Harvard University Press. pp. 292–3.
1040:, against a Song army led by Yang Qizhong (
2846:
2832:
2565:Chinese Cuisine - Recipe and Their Stories
1288:
947:, another general who briefly halted the
2604:
2495:
2244:. New York: Random House, Inc. pp.
2095:. New York: Random House, Inc. pp.
1298:
1016:near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at Luzhou (
897:
819:) due to the historical significance to
788:
776:, the first of many temporary capitals.
1307:In 1180, Gaozong, when cruising on the
1236:In 1161, the ruler of the Jin Dynasty,
14:
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225:Yongsi Mausoleum (永思陵, in present-day
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1901:Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
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1111:In 1138, Gaozong officially declared
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2420:. Taylor & Francis. p. 55.
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2208:
2159:
2147:
2119:
2012:
2000:
1984:
1906:List of emperors of the Song dynasty
1336:; 1106–1139), personal name Bingyi (
1268:. Emperor Gaozong's handling of the
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657:in 1127 during the beginning of the
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1425:; b. 1124), personal name Shenyou (
1410:; 1124–1127), personal name Fuyou (
1229:. Among his surviving works is the
903:Seated portrait of Emperor Gaozong.
693:managed the civil bureaucracy.
24:
2241:China: Land of Dragon and Emperors
2092:China: Land of Dragon and Emperors
1293:Further information (in Chinese):
25:
3149:
2605:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
1366:Worthy Consort, of the Pan clan (
1052:
1042:
1032:
1018:
996:
811:
794:Quatrain on the Heavenly Mountain
2660:. In John Stewart Bowman (ed.).
1911:Architecture of the Song dynasty
1395:Beauty, of the Feng clan (美人 冯氏)
1142:
1077:
1068:
665:and then Lin'an (the modern day
396:
59:
2627:(1994). "The Chin dynasty". In
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2556:
2501:
2407:
2362:
2278:
2275:, p. 696 (renamed Lin'an).
2231:
1156:, ratified on October 11, 1142.
784:
719:Gaozong's only biological son,
2609:. Princeton University Press.
2597:
2082:
2006:
1936:Technology of the Song dynasty
1303:Sister Song's Fish Soup (宋嫂魚羹)
1201:
916:
641:and a younger half-brother of
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170:24 July 1162 – 9 November 1187
13:
1:
3103:12th-century Chinese monarchs
3033:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1956:
1231:Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain
738:
2855:Emperors of the Song dynasty
2683:. Harvard University Press.
2019:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
1105:negotiations towards peace.
677:reconquered portions of the
134:20 April 1129 – 24 July 1162
96:12 June 1127 – 26 March 1129
27:12th-century Chinese emperor
7:
2763:Emperor of the Song Dynasty
2679:Mote, Frederick W. (1999).
2508:Ebrey, PatriciaCam (1996).
2160:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
1931:Society of the Song dynasty
1926:History of the Song dynasty
1921:Economy of the Song dynasty
1916:Culture of the Song dynasty
1894:
1794:Empress Xianren (1080–1159)
1464:
894:Mutiny and first abdication
435:"High Ancestor of the Song"
87:Emperor of the Song dynasty
10:
3154:
3128:Song dynasty calligraphers
3123:12th-century Chinese poets
2657:"China, Political History"
2414:Peter Allan Lorge (2005).
1698:
1582:
1476:
1292:
1131:
1090:(left) and the Chancellor
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714:traditional historiography
685:like Lü Yihao, Zhao Ding,
271:(before 1187)
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1646:
1638:
1630:Empress Qinci (1058–1089)
1613:
1594:
1590:
1554:
1532:
1524:
1496:
1480:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1383:
1368:
1350:
1338:
1332:
1318:
1192:
910:
751:
601:
583:
576:
571:
567:
553:
540:
522:
515:
510:
506:
492:
478:
473:
455:
448:
443:
439:
431:
417:
413:
408:
392:
384:
374:
357:
345:
336:
329:
324:
317:
310:
305:
301:
279:
234:
220:
198:
178:
174:
166:
158:
148:
138:
130:
120:
110:
100:
92:
85:
58:
49:
2722:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2681:Imperial China: 900–1800
2587:Adoptive mother of Song
2162:Imperial China: 900–1800
1514:Emperor Shenzong of Song
1488:Emperor Yingzong of Song
779:
480:Traditional Chinese
313:Shaoxing (紹興; 1131–1162)
253:(died 1139)
50:Emperor Gaozong of Song
1682:Emperor Gaozong of Song
1572:Emperor Huizong of Song
1387:; 1127–1129), first son
1295:Sister Song's Fish Soup
1289:Sister Song's Fish Soup
968:Battle of Huangtiandang
608:Emperor Gaozong of Song
494:Simplified Chinese
409:Emperor Gaozong of Song
311:Jianyan (建炎; 1127–1130)
3098:Southern Song emperors
2654:Hymes, Robert (2000).
1443:Fourth Princess Kang (
1419:Second Princess Kang (
1304:
905:
801:
649:) when it fell to the
71:National Palace Museum
2563:Zhang, Enlai (2008).
2238:Mah, Adeline (2009).
2089:Mah, Adeline (2009).
2031:10.1353/sys.2014.0000
1452:Fifth Princess Kang (
1434:Third Princess Kang (
1379:, Crown Prince Yuanyi
1302:
1132:Further information:
901:
821:Emperor Taizu of Song
792:
743:Further information:
631:Southern Song dynasty
629:and the first of the
65:Palace portrait on a
3113:Writers from Kaifeng
1330:, of the Xing clan (
1323:Consorts and Issue:
1026:). In 1135, the Jin
966:In 1130, during the
914:) and Liu Zhengyan (
727:and elevated him to
295:Fourth Princess Kang
291:Second Princess Kang
2553:, pp. 688–689.
2013:Chen, Yuan (2014).
1402:First Princess Kang
1281:His death saddened
1060:Steps towards Peace
874:might be restored.
800:by Emperor Gaozong.
297:Fifth Princess Kang
293:Third Princess Kang
162:of the Song dynasty
3133:Artists from Henan
3108:Song dynasty poets
2812:Title next held by
2789:Title last held by
2633:John King Fairbank
1431:), second daughter
1348:, of the Wu clan (
1305:
1264:, who then became
1252:As Retired Emperor
1207:Treaty of Shaoxing
1154:Treaty of Shaoxing
1134:Treaty of Shaoxing
1128:Treaty of Shaoxing
906:
834:and the regent of
802:
698:Treaty of Shaoxing
216:, Zhejiang, China)
3138:Founding monarchs
3075:
3074:
2822:
2821:
2770:Succeeded by
2709:978-0-521-81248-1
2671:978-0-231-11004-4
2646:978-0-521-24331-5
2616:978-0-691-13589-2
2461:978-962-04-1279-0
2171:978-0-674-01212-7
1891:
1890:
1416:), first daughter
1346:Empress Xiansheng
1242:Battle of Tangdao
989:Invasion of Da Qi
981:in 1140, and the
939:at Mingzhou near
769:Jingkang Incident
745:Jingkang Incident
605:
604:
597:
596:
578:Standard Mandarin
536:
535:
517:Standard Mandarin
469:
468:
450:Standard Mandarin
404:
403:
341:
340:
264:Empress Xiansheng
16:(Redirected from
3145:
3118:Poets from Henan
2919:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2816:Emperor Xiaozong
2780:Honorary titles
2773:Emperor Xiaozong
2753:Preceded by
2743:
2736:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2694:
2675:
2659:
2650:
2620:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2051:
2050:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1386:
1385:
1371:
1370:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1313:Zhejiang cuisine
1283:Emperor Xiaozong
1270:Battle of Caishi
1266:Emperor Xiaozong
1246:Battle of Caishi
1203:
1194:
1146:
1081:
1072:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1020:
999:
998:
919:
918:
913:
912:
814:
813:
754:
753:
621:, was the tenth
593:
592:
569:
568:
563:
562:
549:
532:
531:
508:
507:
502:
501:
488:
487:
465:
464:
441:
440:
427:
426:
406:
405:
400:
303:
302:
272:
254:
205:
153:Emperor Xiaozong
63:
54:
47:
46:
21:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
2978:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2857:
2852:
2813:
2804:
2800:Retired Emperor
2793:Emperor Huizong
2790:
2775:
2766:
2758:
2756:Emperor Qinzong
2742:9 November 1187
2737:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2691:
2672:
2647:
2629:Denis Twitchett
2625:Franke, Herbert
2617:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2453:General Yue Fei
2450:
2446:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:, p. 293;
2118:
2114:
2107:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2054:
2011:
2007:
1999:, p. 230;
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1897:
1892:
1546:Empress Xuanren
1467:
1328:Empress Xianjie
1321:
1297:
1291:
1254:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1028:Emperor Taizong
991:
896:
872:Emperor Qinzong
832:Zhang Bangchang
787:
782:
747:
741:
643:Emperor Qinzong
639:Emperor Huizong
635:retired emperor
625:of the Chinese
543:
542:
432:Literal meaning
388:Empress Xianren
379:Emperor Huizong
319:Posthumous name
312:
296:
294:
292:
290:
275:
274:
270:
266:
256:
252:
248:
246:Empress Xianjie
230:
207:
203:
202:9 November 1187
194:, Henan, China)
185:
183:
160:Retired Emperor
115:Emperor Qinzong
81:
52:
51:
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gaozong of Song
15:
12:
11:
5:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3073:
3072:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2748:Regnal titles
2745:
2744:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2651:
2645:
2621:
2615:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2573:
2555:
2543:
2541:, p. 234.
2531:
2524:
2500:
2498:, p. 175.
2488:
2476:
2474:, p. 235.
2464:
2444:
2426:
2406:
2404:, p. 679.
2394:
2382:
2380:, p. 662.
2370:
2361:
2359:, p. 677.
2342:
2340:, p. 675.
2327:
2325:, p. 232.
2315:
2313:, p. 674.
2303:
2301:, p. 230.
2286:
2277:
2261:
2254:
2230:
2228:, p. 655.
2213:
2211:, p. 298.
2201:
2199:, p. 654.
2189:
2187:, p. 652.
2177:
2170:
2152:
2150:, p. 293.
2140:
2138:, p. 650.
2128:
2126:, p. 650.
2112:
2105:
2081:
2079:, p. 649.
2069:
2067:, p. 658.
2052:
2025:(1): 325–364.
2005:
2003:, p. 197.
1989:
1987:, p. 291.
1977:
1975:, p. 647.
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1417:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1343:
1320:
1317:
1290:
1287:
1275:Taishang Huang
1253:
1250:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1102:Emperor Xizong
1088:Emperor Xizong
1086:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
990:
987:
895:
892:
786:
783:
781:
778:
740:
737:
679:Central Plains
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
587:
581:
580:
574:
573:
572:Transcriptions
565:
564:
557:
551:
550:
538:
537:
534:
533:
526:
520:
519:
513:
512:
511:Transcriptions
504:
503:
496:
490:
489:
482:
476:
475:
471:
470:
467:
466:
459:
453:
452:
446:
445:
444:Transcriptions
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
421:
415:
414:
411:
410:
402:
401:
394:
390:
389:
386:
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:
361:
355:
354:
349:
343:
342:
339:
338:
334:
333:
327:
326:
322:
321:
315:
314:
308:
307:
299:
298:
283:
277:
276:
268:
262:
261:
260:
259:
250:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
236:
232:
231:
224:
222:
218:
217:
206:(aged 80)
200:
196:
195:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
83:
82:
69:, kept in the
67:hanging scroll
64:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:Southern Song
2923:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:Northern Song
2860:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:House of Zhao
2719:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2690:0-674-44515-5
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2574:9787119028248
2570:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2496:Beckwith 2009
2492:
2486:, p. 34.
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2429:
2427:0-415-31690-1
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2255:9780385737487
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2106:9780385737487
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Jin–Song Wars
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1775:
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1764:
1763:
1754:
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1748:
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1723:
1722:
1716:
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1642:
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1586:
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1552:
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1528:
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1522:
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1515:
1510:
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1472:
1471:
1451:
1442:
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1380:
1378:
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1326:
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1324:
1316:
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1296:
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1277:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:Chinese poets
1223:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1057:
1049:
1039:
1036:), in modern
1029:
1025:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
986:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
904:
900:
891:
889:
885:
880:
875:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
838:, the former
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
808:
799:
795:
791:
777:
775:
770:
766:
762:
756:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Jin-Song Wars
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
616:courtesy name
613:
609:
600:
588:
586:
582:
579:
575:
570:
566:
558:
556:
552:
547:
546:courtesy name
539:
527:
525:
521:
518:
514:
509:
505:
497:
495:
491:
483:
481:
477:
472:
460:
458:
454:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
368:Southern Song
365:
362:
360:
356:
353:
350:
348:
344:
335:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
309:
304:
300:
289:
288:
284:
282:
278:
265:
258:
257:
247:
240:
239:
237:
233:
228:
223:
219:
215:
212:(present-day
211:
210:Southern Song
201:
197:
193:
190:(present-day
189:
188:Northern Song
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
57:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3021:N. Dynasties
3017:S. Dynasties
2972:
2931:
2814:
2808:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2761:
2739:
2735:12 June 1107
2732:
2725:
2699:
2680:
2661:
2636:
2606:
2583:
2564:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2510:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2431:. Retrieved
2416:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2364:
2318:
2306:
2280:
2264:
2240:
2233:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2161:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2115:
2091:
2084:
2072:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1992:
1980:
1681:
1607:Chen Shougui
1401:
1375:
1354:; 1115–1197)
1322:
1306:
1280:
1273:
1255:
1238:Wanyan Liang
1235:
1230:
1224:
1219:vassal state
1215:
1200:
1184:Han Shizhong
1161:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1014:Han Shizhong
992:
976:
965:
961:Han Shizhong
926:
907:
902:
876:
863:Han Shizhong
848:
840:Empress Meng
825:
803:
793:
785:Enthronement
757:
748:
732:
729:crown prince
718:
710:culture hero
695:
671:Han Shizhong
627:Song dynasty
618:
611:
607:
606:
585:Hanyu Pinyin
524:Hanyu Pinyin
463:Sòng Gāozōng
457:Hanyu Pinyin
337:Gaozong (高宗)
285:
204:(1187-11-09)
184:12 June 1107
106:12 June 1127
39:
32:Chinese name
3093:1187 deaths
3088:1107 births
3013:16 Kingdoms
2598:Works cited
2539:Franke 1994
2472:Franke 1994
2451:Qian, Cai.
2323:Franke 1994
2299:Franke 1994
1997:Franke 1994
1684:(1107–1187)
1574:(1082–1135)
1548:(1032–1093)
1516:(1048–1085)
1490:(1032–1067)
1372:; d. 1148)
1100:Meanwhile,
805:Jianyan in
798:calligraphy
683:chancellors
655:Jin dynasty
331:Temple name
229:, Zhejiang)
186:Bianliang,
139:Predecessor
111:Predecessor
36:family name
3082:Categories
3005:3 Kingdoms
2805:1162–1187
2767:1127–1162
2525:052166991X
2484:Hymes 2000
1957:References
1458:; b. 1126)
1449:; b. 1126)
1440:; b. 1125)
1211:Huai River
1164:chancellor
979:Empress Wu
765:Jin Empire
739:Early life
102:Coronation
2973:Zhao Bing
2942:Guangzong
2802:of China
2589:Xiaozong.
2390:Mote 1999
2269:Mote 1999
2209:Mote 1999
2148:Mote 1999
2120:Mote 1999
2047:147099574
2039:2154-6665
2001:Mote 1999
1985:Mote 1999
1951:Tang Clan
1849:Lady Song
1719:Wei Zihua
1309:West Lake
1262:Zhao Shen
1202:mò xū yǒu
1176:Manchuria
1122:Censorate
1048:Zhang Jun
1022:, modern
1006:Han River
1002:Xiangyang
985:in 1142.
983:other one
945:Zhang Jun
927:In 1130,
867:Yu Yunwen
815:; modern
725:Zhao Yuan
706:Zhang Jun
702:tributary
687:Zhang Jun
393:Signature
306:Era dates
149:Successor
121:Successor
2967:Duanzong
2947:Ningzong
2937:Xiaozong
2894:Shenzong
2889:Yingzong
2879:Zhenzong
2635:(eds.).
2551:Tao 2009
2433:March 2,
2402:Tao 2009
2378:Tao 2009
2357:Tao 2009
2338:Tao 2009
2311:Tao 2009
2273:Tao 2009
2226:Tao 2009
2197:Tao 2009
2185:Tao 2009
2136:Tao 2009
2124:Tao 2009
2077:Tao 2009
2065:Tao 2009
1973:Tao 2009
1895:See also
1742:Wei Anli
1465:Ancestry
1398:Unknown
1384:元懿皇太子 趙旉
1244:and the
933:Shaoxing
922:Jiankang
888:Hangzhou
886:(modern
879:Yangzhou
817:Shangqiu
807:Jiankang
774:Jiankang
733:de facto
667:Hangzhou
663:Yangzhou
612:Zhao Gou
530:Zhào Gòu
474:Zhao Gou
235:Consorts
227:Shaoxing
214:Hangzhou
208:Lin'an,
182:Zhao Gou
30:In this
2932:Gaozong
2909:Qinzong
2904:Huizong
2899:Zhezong
2884:Renzong
2874:Taizong
2516:138–150
2246:108–116
2097:108–116
1941:Yue Fei
1771:Lady Du
1377:Zhao Fu
1351:憲聖皇后 吳氏
1333:憲節皇后 邢氏
1258:Zhao Fu
1189:Chinese
1180:Yue Fei
1167:Qin Hui
1092:Qin Hui
1010:Yue Fei
957:Yue Fei
859:Yue Fei
855:Zong Ze
844:Li Gang
767:in the
761:Jurchen
721:Zhao Fu
691:Qin Hui
675:Yue Fei
651:Jurchen
647:Kaifeng
623:emperor
555:Chinese
419:Chinese
359:Dynasty
287:Zhao Fu
273:
269:
255:
251:
192:Kaifeng
143:Zhao Fu
125:Zhao Fu
3045:W. Xia
2957:Duzong
2952:Lizong
2809:Vacant
2786:Vacant
2738:
2706:
2687:
2668:
2643:
2613:
2571:
2522:
2459:
2424:
2252:
2168:
2103:
2045:
2037:
1319:Family
1199::
1197:pinyin
1191::
1113:Lin'an
972:Lin'an
953:Suzhou
941:Lin'an
884:Lin'an
865:, and
851:Da Chu
836:Da Chu
828:Da Chu
689:, and
681:while
385:Mother
375:Father
221:Burial
79:Taiwan
75:Taipei
34:, the
2989:Shang
2869:Taizu
2740:Died:
2733:Born:
2511:China
2043:S2CID
1369:賢妃 潘氏
1172:exile
1038:Anhui
1024:Hefei
937:Wuzhu
929:Wuzhu
780:Reign
763:-led
653:-led
347:House
281:Issue
267:
249:
167:Reign
131:Reign
93:Reign
3061:Qing
3057:Ming
3053:Yuan
3041:Song
3037:Liao
3029:Tang
2993:Zhou
2962:Gong
2704:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2435:2012
2422:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2035:ISSN
1455:康五宗姬
1446:康四宗姬
1437:康三宗姬
1422:康二宗姬
1407:康大宗姬
1182:and
959:and
943:but
673:and
619:Deji
591:Déjī
541:Deji
364:Song
352:Zhao
199:Died
179:Born
41:Zhao
3069:PRC
3065:ROC
3049:Jīn
3025:Sui
3009:Jìn
3001:Han
2997:Qin
2985:Xia
2027:doi
1193:莫須有
1174:in
1043:楊沂中
949:Jin
917:劉正彥
812:應天府
425:宋高宗
53:宋高宗
38:is
3084::
3067:/
3063:→
3059:→
3055:→
3051:→
3047:/
3043:/
3039:/
3035:→
3031:→
3027:→
3023:→
3019:/
3015:→
3011:/
3007:→
3003:→
2999:→
2995:→
2991:→
2987:→
2631:;
2518:.
2437:.
2345:^
2330:^
2289:^
2248:.
2216:^
2099:.
2055:^
2041:.
2033:.
2023:44
2021:.
2017:.
1965:^
1428:神佑
1413:佛佑
1339:秉懿
1315:.
1233:.
1195:;
1053:酈瓊
1033:藕塘
1019:廬州
997:劉豫
963:.
924:.
911:苗傅
861:,
857:,
846:.
823:.
796:,
614:,
561:德基
500:赵构
486:趙構
77:,
73:,
2918:宋
2847:e
2840:t
2833:v
2712:.
2693:.
2674:.
2649:.
2619:.
2577:.
2528:.
2258:.
2174:.
2109:.
2049:.
2029::
1404:(
1381:(
1342:)
752:韋
548:)
544:(
370:)
366:(
44:.
20:)
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