17:
657:
behind. Slipping past the
British squadron, he steered for Toulon, arriving, without having encountered another British force, on 5 February. The blockade fleet under Jervis had shifted southward to Minorca and so Toulon was unwatched when Ganteaume arrived. Following repairs,
562:
merchant shipping. British histories record that he "captured a great many" allied merchant vessels in the region, although French sources state only that he took six prizes. As the month progressed, Ganteaume became concerned by the slow rate of repairs to
575:, who had replaced Hotham in November, had sent a squadron in pursuit. Ganteaume knew, following Rondeau's violation of the neutrality of Smyrna, that he would not be safe in an Ottoman harbour, and laid preparations to leave the Aegean.
126:
and were captured there by the
British in March. The British naval position in the Mediterranean steadily became untenable over the following year, and by the end of 1796 the entire British fleet had withdrawn to an anchorage in the
683:
The operation had been successful, capturing a number of allied merchant ships and forcing Jervis to disperse his forces across the
Mediterranean. During 1796 the increasing isolation of Jervis' fleet, caused by the break-up of the
433:, Nelson only just managing to escape pursuit, but Nelson was off the Northern Italian coast at this time and the account is considered a fabrication. Another reported encounter, with a squadron under
160:
402:. In fact this convoy had already passed westwards and had been discovered in early October off the Portuguese coast by Richery, who defeated the escort and seized most of the convoy at the
72:, the most significant trading port of the region, Ganteaume ordered to prey on merchant shipping sailing for European destinations and in particular a large convoy due to sail to Britain.
470:
153:
361:
Martin's rearmost ship was cut off and destroyed by the
British fleet. Martin retired to Toulon and there received requests to send reinforcements to the Atlantic Fleet at
925:
506:
843:
688:
under pressure from French military success on land, forced Jervis to consider abandoning the region. By the end of the year, faced with increased threats from the
675:
146:
834:
87:, Ganteaume reached Smyrna and there lifted a British blockade of a French frigate squadron in the harbour. Cruising during November, Ganteaume caused damage to
528:
protested the violation of the harbour's neutrality, the French seized his outnumbered ship without a fight. When
Ganteaume appeared, the British frigates
1245:
784:
607:
79:. His squadron missed the Smyrna convoy, which passed westwards in late September and was successfully attacked by a different French squadron at the
434:
542:
lay at anchor off Smyrna awaiting
Rondeau's departure, but Ganteaume drove them off and he added Rondeau's squadron to his own force.
170:
671:
653:
Learning of
Troubridge's arrival, Ganteaume departed his anchorage in the Dardanelles on 2 January 1796, leaving the battered
1212:
357:. He sailed again in June, and in July was attacked by Hotham once more, off the Southern coast of France. In the ensuing
75:
Ganteaume sailed at the end of
September 1795, narrowly avoiding contact with British naval squadrons sailing through the
339:
198:
622:
441:, did not learn of Ganteaume's movements for some time, and may have been misled by Ganteaume's passage to the west of
111:
1193:
1171:
888:
818:
450:
572:
419:
319:
486:, and from this position he operated against allied shipping in the region for several weeks, with a focus on the
1181:
637:
to blockade the corvette in the port, but after consideration decided not to violate
Ottoman neutrality and left
696:, he had withdrawn his entire fleet from the Mediterranean, anchoring in the new fleet base at the mouth of the
358:
274:
957:
909:
670:
had detached and anchored at Tunis in March, where they were attacked by a
British squadron under Vice-Admiral
500:
494:
768:
743:
460:
381:
185:
43:
394:, and his mission was to intercept a large British merchant convoy known to be sailing westwards from the
793:
529:
285:
249:
1250:
323:
302:
239:
216:
865:
297:
210:
32:
1222:
354:
555:
403:
373:
to sail westwards into the Atlantic and, on 10 October detached a second squadron, under Commodore
92:
80:
493:
The British maintained a few scattered forces in the region, and on 9 December the French frigate
314:
During 1795 the French Mediterranean fleet, still recovering from the damage inflicted during the
280:
418:, where he only narrowly avoided an encounter with a large British squadron under Rear-Admiral
347:
268:
262:
254:
600:
399:
222:
118:
to distract the British, Ganteaume slipped away, evading British forces to return safely to
1159:
593:
423:
414:
Initially Ganteaume sailed south in search of the convoy and found himself becalmed in the
353:
On his return, Martin faced a mutiny and the arrival of reinforcements under Contre-amiral
338:
and pursued the French when they attempted to emerge. In March 1795 the French fleet under
8:
579:
759:
374:
36:
935:
536:
525:
518:
138:
1208:
1189:
1167:
586:
559:
551:
422:. Some French accounts record that during this period Ganteaume sighted and attacked
370:
244:
96:
88:
974:
Attached at Smyrna in December. Diverted to Tunis and captured there in March 1796.
952:
Attached at Smyrna in December. Diverted to Tunis and captured there in March 1796.
464:
was badly damaged and dismasted in a storm and Ganteaume sent it for repairs in the
448:
Eventually Ganteaume passed unscathed though these waters, joining with the frigate
378:
106:, one of Ganteaume's frigates was badly damaged and while effecting repairs at the
40:
1226:
685:
662:
was able to follow a few months later, reaching Toulon without incident in July.
479:
415:
366:
318:
in 1793, was blockaded in harbour. The British Mediterranean Fleet under Admiral
315:
227:
192:
76:
57:
568:
510:
487:
475:
430:
232:
65:
1239:
362:
343:
205:
1205:
The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 – 1815
689:
614:
674:, who violated Tunisian neutrality in seizing both ships and the corvette
809:
465:
107:
750:
455:
61:
28:
1164:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume III
693:
391:
53:
850:
550:
During December Ganteaume's force cruised in the Aegean, attacking
442:
387:
331:
49:
942:
916:
894:
825:
800:
775:
438:
327:
621:, which turned away to the west. The British commander, Captain
630:
514:
483:
395:
350:, losing two ships before Martin could escape British pursuit.
335:
119:
115:
69:
641:
at anchor. Troubridge then took the remainder of his force to
509:, sailing independently of Ganteaume, had entered the neutral
697:
642:
454:
off Tunis and turning east. When the squadron arrived in the
128:
123:
84:
578:
The British pursuit force, comprising the ships of the line
437:, is also thought to be fictional. Admiral Hotham, based at
16:
964:
872:
458:
in December, Ganteaume ordered it to disperse. The frigate
114:
was searching for him in the Aegean. Sending a corvette to
103:
1186:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796
168:
571:
that the new British commander in the region, Admiral
478:. He took the main force of his squadron to anchor at
377:, to sail east. Ganteaume's force included the 74-gun
122:
in February 1796. Some of his ships were detached to
445:into believing the Eastern Mediterranean secure.
1237:
398:to Britain and then thought to still be in the
474:to patrol the entrance to the Aegean Sea off
369:. Martin detached a squadron under Commodore
154:
346:and was caught by the British fleet at the
1246:Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
979:Sources: Troude, vol.2 pp. 438–439.
710:
161:
147:
1231:(in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé.
735:
730:
720:
715:
110:he learned that a British squadron under
56:, the French force was ordered to attack
1115:
1113:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1083:
725:
524:at anchor. Although the British captain
15:
1202:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1039:
978:
645:on 31 December, and then on to Smyrna.
1238:
1221:
1158:
1180:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1108:
1094:
1080:
1000:
991:
517:and found the 28-gun British frigate
409:
142:
1062:
1048:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
27:was a French naval operation in the
625:, ordered his ships in pursuit and
545:
172:Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796
13:
703:
692:and without safe harbours west of
617:on 27 December and was sighted by
365:to replace losses incurred at the
14:
1262:
1188:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
31:in the autumn of 1795 during the
930:Attached at Smyrna in December.
629:was able to draw them as far as
711:Commodore Ganteaume's squadron
468:, while detaching the corvette
64:. The principal target was the
1228:Batailles navales de la France
1166:. London: Chatham Publishing.
25:Ganteaume's expedition of 1795
1:
1152:
904:Joined off Tunis in October.
707:
134:
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963:
946:
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849:
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824:
804:
799:
779:
774:
754:
749:
648:
359:Battle of the Hyères Islands
334:of the French fleet base at
7:
199:Burning of the French fleet
10:
1267:
985:
973:
971:
956:
951:
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813:
807:
792:
788:
782:
767:
766:
763:
757:
742:
741:
714:
709:
567:, as well as reports from
48:, with a squadron of four
499:and the smaller corvette
180:
35:. Commanded by Commodore
33:French Revolutionary Wars
404:action of 7 October 1795
83:. After a brief stop at
81:action of 7 October 1795
1223:Troude, Onésime-Joachim
926:Jacques-MĂ©lanie Rondeau
507:Jacques-MĂ©lanie Rondeau
1203:Mostert, Noel (2007).
355:Jean François Renaudin
293:Ganteaume's expedition
21:
1160:Clowes, William Laird
835:Pierre-Jean Standelet
400:Eastern Mediterranean
330:, maintained a loose
19:
880:Lieutenant Bassière
281:Richery's expedition
99:merchant shipping.
672:William Waldegrave
633:. Troubridge sent
526:Samuel Hood Linzee
410:Ganteaume's cruise
22:
1251:Conflicts in 1795
1207:. Vintage Books.
983:
982:
785:Jacques Dalbarade
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
623:Thomas Troubridge
371:Joseph de Richery
311:
310:
112:Thomas Troubridge
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1232:
1218:
1214:9-78071-260-9272
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858:Captain Raccord
760:Honoré Ganteaume
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
708:
546:Return to Toulon
505:under Commodore
379:ship of the line
375:Honoré Ganteaume
342:sailed into the
303:19 December 1796
175:
173:
163:
156:
149:
140:
139:
60:shipping in the
41:ship of the line
37:Honoré Ganteaume
20:Honoré Ganteaume
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704:Order of battle
686:First Coalition
651:
573:Sir John Jervis
548:
435:Sir Hyde Parker
416:Sea of Sardinia
412:
367:Battle of Groix
348:Battle of Genoa
316:Siege of Toulon
312:
307:
298:13 October 1796
240:Martin's cruise
211:22 October 1793
176:
171:
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77:Sea of Sardinia
58:First Coalition
12:
11:
5:
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1182:James, William
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1172:
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1146:Mostert, p.188
1139:
1137:Mostert, p.183
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1024:Mostert, p.163
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613:, arrived off
569:Constantinople
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488:Gulf of Smyrna
431:Horatio Nelson
429:under Captain
411:
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320:William Hotham
309:
308:
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275:Hyères Islands
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1195:0-85177-905-0
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1173:1-86176-012-4
1169:
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1105:Troude, p.439
1102:
1100:
1098:
1091:Clowes, p.279
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1059:Troude, p.438
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1006:Clowes, p.271
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997:Clowes, p.267
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644:
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624:
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612:
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592:and frigates
591:
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344:Gulf of Genoa
341:
340:Pierre Martin
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
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301:
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286:Levant Convoy
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250:Gulf of Roses
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18:
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1128:James, p.308
1124:
1119:James, p.276
1077:James, p.275
1045:James, p.274
1033:James, p.273
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1020:
1015:James, p.266
1011:
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690:Spanish Navy
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324:San Fiorenzo
313:
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273:
269:24 June 1795
261:
255:
215:
191:
184:
102:Caught in a
101:
74:
44:
24:
23:
810:Amand Leduc
745:RĂ©publicain
513:harbour at
466:Dardanelles
420:Robert Mann
383:RĂ©publicain
322:, based at
108:Dardanelles
45:RĂ©publicain
1240:Categories
1153:References
758:Commodore
751:Third rate
732:Commander
677:Postillion
603:Inconstant
560:Neapolitan
456:Aegean Sea
135:Background
97:Neapolitan
62:Aegean Sea
29:Aegean Sea
1184:(2002) .
1162:(1997) .
694:Gibraltar
649:Aftermath
635:Lowestoft
596:Lowestoft
519:HMS
426:Agamemnon
392:corvettes
263:2nd Genoa
206:1st Genoa
54:corvettes
1225:(1867).
924:Captain
911:Sensible
889:SĂ©rieuse
851:Corvette
833:Captain
820:Artémise
808:Captain
783:Captain
582:Culloden
496:Sensible
451:SĂ©rieuse
443:Sardinia
390:and two
388:frigates
386:, three
332:blockade
186:Sardinia
68:city of
52:and two
50:frigates
986:Sources
959:Sardine
943:Frigate
937:Nemesis
917:Frigate
895:Frigate
826:Frigate
801:Frigate
776:Frigate
770:Justice
668:Nemesis
664:Sardine
660:Justice
655:Justice
565:Justice
556:British
552:Russian
539:Cyclops
521:Nemesis
511:Ottoman
502:Sardine
461:Justice
439:Leghorn
328:Corsica
256:Berwick
245:Mykonos
217:Corsica
93:British
89:Russian
66:Ottoman
39:in the
1211:
1192:
1170:
867:Hazard
845:Badine
639:Badine
631:Koroni
627:Badine
619:Badine
589:Diadem
515:Smyrna
484:Lesbos
476:Greece
471:Badine
396:Levant
336:Toulon
228:Bastia
193:Toulon
120:Toulon
116:Koroni
70:Smyrna
795:Junon
737:Notes
727:Guns
722:Rate
717:Ship
698:Tagus
643:Milos
610:Flora
532:Aigle
480:Sigri
363:Brest
233:Calvi
129:Tagus
124:Tunis
85:Tunis
1209:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1168:ISBN
965:Brig
873:Brig
666:and
608:HMS
606:and
601:HMS
594:HMS
587:HMS
585:and
580:HMS
558:and
537:HMS
535:and
530:HMS
424:HMS
104:gale
95:and
969:16
947:28
921:32
899:32
877:16
855:20
830:32
805:40
780:40
755:74
482:on
326:on
1242::
1110:^
1096:^
1082:^
1064:^
1050:^
1038:^
700:.
680:.
599:,
554:,
490:.
406:.
131:.
91:,
1217:.
1198:.
1176:.
162:e
155:t
148:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
