Ganjifa - Knowledge

598: 490: 1213:. In Naqsh the 'Mir' (or King) is given a value of 12 points, and the second court card, the 'Ghodi' (or Vizir, Cavalier or Queen) is worth 11. The other cards are worth their pip values, including the ace which has a value of 1. Several players can play the game. Mr. Gordhandas suggests 5-7 players, with 6 being the ideal number. The aim is to achieve a total value of 17 with the first two cards dealt, or the nearest number below this total. Players with low value cards can continue to draw further cards to try to improve their total. Variations can be played where 21 is a target total (but only if made with a King and a 9, or a Vizier and a ten), or where different winning combinations are accepted such as pairs, triples and so on. The game is suited to gambling. 63: 367: 20: 617:. The suits featured are: slaves (ḡolām, غلام ); crowns (tāj, تاج ) swords (šamšīr, شمشير ); 'red' gold coins (zar-e sorḵ, زر سرخ ); harps (čang, چنگ ); bills of exchange (barāt, برات ); white gold coins (zar-e safīd, زر سفيد ); and cloth (qomāš قماش ). When referring to the king of a suit, he uses the term 'emir', shortened to 'mir' ( میر ) in the titles, but the term 'padishah' ( پادشاه ) in the text of the verses. He describes a card with one suit symbol simply as a 'one', that is to say he does not use the term 'ace'. The white gold coins, crown, swords, and slaves suits have ranks ascending from one to ten, and the rest have ranks descending from ten to one. 521:

the French manufacturer Camoin exported cards to North Africa, and the Middle East as far as the Persian Gulf. The Indian market was so significant for the Belgian manufacturer 'Biermans' that a factory was established in Calcutta in 1934. In 1938 playing card exports from the US to India totalled some 888,603 packs, and 60,344 packs were exported to Iraq. For the Ottoman Empire some European manufacturers produced cards with specific designs, known as 'cartes turques' and 'cartes orientales'. These were essentially 4-suited European style designs, but the aces featured scenic prints adapted to the target market.

266:. He was unaware of the existence of the Mamluk cards since Mayer did not make his discovery until 1939. The similarities between the Latin European cards and Chinese money-suited cards become more apparent when the Mamluk Kanjifa is described. Looking at the actual games played with Ganjifa cards, Andrew Leibs points out that the cards are divided into strong and weak suits, and in one set the order of the numerical cards is reversed, so that the order runs King, Vizier, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 the weakest. This feature can also be found in the old games of 1028:(white gold coins or figuratively 'moons') by night. If playing with Dashavtar cards the lead suits are Rama by day, and Krishna by night. The player holding the King in this lead suit begins by playing two cards at once - the King and another low card. The other players cannot win, and so they each discard two low cards which are won by the player who led the game. This player then leads again. At this point accounts of the game rules differ. The rules below are based on the description by John McLeod. 440:

historical title and may be a Mamluk invention. According to his hypothesis, the Chinese money-suited pack entered Persia where the Persians added three new ranks: the 10, viceroy, and king to make a 48-card pack. He suggests the Persians eventually changed most of the Chinese suits to fit their culture while the Mamluks were more conservative with the suits. The addition of new suits in both Persia and India was to make the game more challenging as memory is the most important skill in the eponymous

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Alternatively, cards can be shuffled and distributed equally, but losing players are required to exchange cards with winning players. The losing player must give cards at random, without looking at them, and the winning player is allowed to return low value cards, sorted from his hand. The number of cards exchanged is the difference in the number of tricks won in the last round.

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round) beats the card led by another player on the last trick of the round. This last lead card is called the 'akheri', from a word for 'last' (which exists in persian and Arabic ( آخر ). In Wilkin's account, this event has a different significance. Wilkins writes that if a player beats the akheri card, he is exempted from paying any forfeit money going into the next round.

1177:' that they have in hand (these are the highest cards remaining in a given suit, that are sure to win). Players must follow suit if they are able to do so. If this is not possible, the leading player names another suit, and they must discard their highest card in that suit. If they do not have any cards in the suit named, then they may discard any other card. 923:, played individually. This is the game most commonly associated with ganjifa cards, each player playing for themself. The objective is to win the most cards by taking tricks. At least three players are required. In some games 4 players play individually, and it is also possible to play in pairs. The rules vary, but generally the following apply: 2320:. For comparison, other accounts can be found, such as Sally Wilkins (2002: 194-195); the booklet given with sets of cards by Sawandwadi Lacquerwares, written by Maudranalay; Chatto (1848:41-43), who quotes from an article from the 'Calcutta Magazine' (1815); and an article by Kishor Gordhandas, retrieved on Feb. 8, 2015: 98:, stiffened cloth or pasteboard. Typically Ganjifa cards have coloured backgrounds, with each suit having a different colour. Different types exist, and the designs, number of suits, and physical size of the cards can vary considerably. With the exception of Mamluk Kanjifa and the Chads of Mysore, each suit contains ten 464:; they predated Ganjifa by several centuries, though no manuals exist today as to how they were used. Rudolf von Leyden suggested that the Ganjifa cards may have been brought by the first Mughals from their ancestral homeland in Inner Asia. A key reference comes from an early 16th-century biography of 2409:

Online post by John McLeod (webmaster of card game rules site www.pagat.com) on the newsgroup rec.games.playing-cards on March 25, 1997, in reply to a thread entitled "Ganjifa, Classic Indian card game", started by James Kilfiger on March 22, 1997. The newsgroup can be browsed for example via google:

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Played in partnerships (two against two). Some call this game 'Dugi'. In this game the order of the suits and the cards is the same as for the individual ganjifa trick taking game described above, however the aim of the game is for one partnership to win all the tricks. The partnership dealt the King

789:, Senani (general) on horseback, Padathi or Sevaka (foot-soldier or servant), and Dhwaja (flag or banner)), and packs had as many as 360 cards. They never achieved mass appeal and are quite obscure, possibly played only within his royal palace if at all. The games are described in the work called the 1930:

Autenboer & Cremers, page 18, and on p.22 an example is shown from the Turnhout manufacturer Glénisson, from the second half of the 19th Century. The ace has a double-headed design, with a scene of the modern city of Istanbul on one end, and a scene of the historic city on the other, when it was

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in London has at least six sets of Ganjifa cards in its collection. Two sets are from the 19th century (museum nos.: IM.78:1, 2-1938 and 01316&A/(IS)), three sets are from the late 20th century (museum nos.: IS.66:121-1981 and IS.472:60-1993 and IS.46A-1963), and there are cards from a Naqsh set

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The total number of rounds played may vary. In Chatto's account a full game is made up of four rounds. In the version described by Maudranalay, there is no fixed number of rounds, rather the game must continue round after round until a losing player (presumably meaning a player who lost the previous

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If a player has no further valid options for leading cards, he gives up the lead by shuffling his hand, and placing the cards face down. The player to his right then selects the card that he must lead, for example by saying 'fourth from the top' or pointing to a card if they are spread out. The lead

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is the name of a card game played in modern Iran. It is of the same general family of games as the ganjifa trick taking game. Play is to the right (counterclockwise), cards are dealt in batches, and as in ganjifa, the player that leads the game is one that receives a high card (in the case of Hokm,

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visited India in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, he saw ganjifa cards often. Modern ganjifa is usually round but rectangular cards were more common during the 18th-century and from records Persian ganjifeh was always rectangular. Its circular shape must have been an Indian innovation.

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An adaptation is possible if players use the international 52 card pack. In this case the game is for three players only, and the 2 of diamonds is removed so that players each receive 17 cards each. The lead suit is always spades. In an account of the game in northern India (before the creation of

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are understood to have four suits: cups, coins, swords, and polo-sticks. Each suit has three court cards, the king (malik), the first vizir (na'ib malik), and the second vizir (na'ib thani). The court cards have no figurative imagery, but they feature calligraphed inscriptions and richly decorated

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Playing cards monopolies. In many countries state monopolies were established to control imports and production. Such monopolies tend to standardise card designs, or create conditions that better suit larger manufacturers that can win government contracts or meet the necessary conditions. In Iran,

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during the 19th century. For example, the town of Turnhout in Belgium was a centre of playing cards manufacture. The Turnhout manufacturer Brepols installed steam powered equipment in 1852, lithographic printing of playing cards in 1862, and began offset printing in 1920. In the period around 1900

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An exhibition in the British museum in 2013 noted "Playing cards are known in Egypt from the twelfth century AD. Ganjafeh was a popular card game in Iran and the Arab world." For example, the word 'kanjifah' ( كنجفة ) is written in the top right corner of the king of swords, on the Mamluk Egyptian

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Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Cary Playing Cards Database. Record ID: 1064 Catalog Number: IND2. Maker: Ravi-Varma F.A.L. Works, Malavli-Lonavla; Karamchand Ambalal & Co., Bangri Bazar, Bombay 3. Date of Manufacture: 1935(circa). Title: ZENITH 515 BRIDGE PLAYING

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directly. After doing so, the player must try to lead a card from a suit named by his right-hand neighbour. If he cannot lead this suit the lead is passed as described in step 4 above, with the player's cards shuffled and placed face down. In Wilkins' account, there is also a second phase to the

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Players should sort their cards into suits and put them in order. For convenience, due to the large number of cards, players often separate any low value pip cards and keep them to the side, keeping only the more valuable cards in hand. When discarding during play these low value cards are used

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In all cases the King ('mir' or 'shah') is always the strongest card in each suit, followed by the Vizier. However, in half the suits the numerical cards rank in logical order from 10 strongest (just below the Vizier), down to 1 (weakest), and the other suits the order of the numerical cards is

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noted the differences between Mamluk kanjifa and Safavid ganjifeh and postulated that there was an earlier ancestor. This ur-ganjifeh would be similar to kanjifa but with only two court cards, the king and the viceroy/vizier. The second viceroy rank found in the kanjifa pack is not based on any

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The collection of the Fournier playing cards museum in Vittoria, Spain, contains As-Nas cards dated to the 18th and 19th centuries. The Cary playing card collection (Yale University) contains various Iranian cards, spanning a period from 1800 to 1905 (estimated dates). All the cards are of the

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The round continues until all the cards have been played. At this point the players can count their tricks and decide any payments or forfeits that must be paid. However in the rules described by Chatto there a final round played using the cards won in tricks. This is a challenging game called

965:(bills, red gold coins, cloth, and harps) in India; in Iran, zar-e safīd (white coins) were inverted instead of the red coins. In Dashavtar packs the suits with reversed cards are the first avatars, Matsya, Kutchha, Varaha, Nrusinha and Waman (fish, turtle, boar, lion and round vessel symbols). 1138:

In some accounts losing players are disadvantaged when starting the next round. One possibility is that players are required to use the cards won in tricks for playing with in the following round. Players who are short on cards have to buy cards from other players to make up the difference.

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from Sawantwadi, Maharashtra. There are nine suits each depicting the Hindu mythological planets: Surya-Ravi (Sun), Chandra (Moon), Mangala-Kuja (Mars), Budhan-Buddha (Mercury), Guru-Brihaspati (Jupiter), Sukrana-Sukra (Venus), Sani-Shani (Saturn), Rahu (Dragon's head), and Ketu (Dragon's

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The deal and the order of the play follows an anti-clockwise direction. The dealer deals out all the cards. According to custom cards may be dealt in batches of four, rather than individually. Some accounts stipulate that the first batch and last batch dealt to each player are dealt face

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Taxes on playing cards. States used taxes on playing cards to generate revenue, and required specific stamps or wrappers on packs of cards. Such arrangements can create barriers for smaller manufacturers producing cards by hand. The Ottoman Empire introduced taxes on playing cards in

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cards. For the game of Ombre see the rules given by Peter Arnold, for example (2010:88), and Chatto points out this similarity between the rules of Ganjifa and those of Ombre (1848:45). An Italian account explains how this feature of Ombre also applied to the game played with the

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In some accounts there is an end phase or secondary phase to the game, in which the leading rules are simplified or changed. According to McLeod, when the players get down to the last 12 cards, steps 1 and 2 described above are skipped, and a player starts by leading out all his

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notes in the year 933H (1527) that he had a pack of Ganjifa cards sent to Shah Hassan. This took place in the month of Ramzan, on the night he left Agra to travel to nearby Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh, India). The earliest surviving rules date to around 1600 in India. When

549:( بلوت ). With regards to India, European style cards were introduced during the colonial period, with demand coming from the wealthier classes. Some cards were imported, some were made by hand using traditional techniques, and others were made by Indian industrialists. The 1015:

The player to lead is the one holding the King in a certain suit. This 'lead suit' varies according to the type of pack, and also according to whether the game is played during the day (between sunrise and sunset) or during the night. With a Moghul pack the lead suits are

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They depict a mounted vizier playing polo with two assistants, 10 archers, 8 merchants, 8 farmers, 2 bulls, 3 lions, 10 lions, and 2 genii or demons. It is not known if they are purely artwork or supposed to represent a standard pattern of cards. See: Zimmerman, Rolf.

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This game can be played with any pack of cards, including the Mughal types, and the shorter 48 card decks. European style packs can be used by removing the jacks. Each suit therefore has two court cards, and ten numeral cards. The game has some similarities with

2273:, at least in some regions, although it has now disappeared from the modern standard rules. The book 'Tarot, Jeu et Magie' points to two literary sources that mention this feature, from the 18th and 19th centuries (1984:122-124)(link, text in French, 540:

can be seen as significant events and Western style playing cards are best suited to these games. In Iran, the game of As-Nas largely fell out of fashion by around 1945. In some countries such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, a version of the French game

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Players draw cards at the beginning to determine who will deal. Traditionally players would sit on a sheet or large cloth on the floor, and the cards are mixed face down in the middle of the cloth, rather than shuffled in the manner of Western

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they might have, and then pass the lead as described next in step 4. However in the rules given by Wilkins there is a second option, whereby the player can instead simply lead a low card or non-winning card of his choosing to pass the

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Article from the Brooklyn Museum website, consulted 15/11/2014 "As nas became popular under the Qajars and continued to be played until the end of World War II, when it lost favor to games such as poker, rummy, and bridge.". Link:

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The partners taking on the challenge to win all the tricks can decide between themselves who will take on the lead. Before starting, the lead king can be passed from one partner to another in exchange for another card of the same

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Before the start of play stakes are agreed if the game is being played for money. At the end of the round the losing player pays this stake value, multiplied by the difference in number of tricks taken between the winner and the

1581:, called "Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira". Ettinghausen notes that the reference comes in the section describing events from the year 820H or 1417-1418 AD (1984: 1194). The original Arabic text can be found online at 497:

While Mughal ganjifa had the same suits and ranks as Safavid ganjifeh, a 10-suited deck, the Dashavatara Ganjifa, was created to appeal to Hindus in the seventeenth century. Some historical decks have had more than 30 suits.

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For playing Naqsh, shorter Indian decks exist, with 48 cards. There is only one suit which is quadruplicated. The suit symbols used for the run of 12 cards vary from one pack to the next. These decks are associated with

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Improvements in printing techniques and machinery allowed manufacturers in Europe and elsewhere to improve their output and further expand their export of playing cards. Manufacturers introduced steam powered machines,

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reversed, with the ace strongest (just below the Vizier), and the 10 weakest, thus giving the order K,V,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. If playing with a Moghul type pack, the suits with the 'reverse order' numerical cards are

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came later, meaning literally "paper ticket" (1848: 58). These different terms could account for the different spellings and pronunciations of 'Ganjifa'. These remain unproven theories, but the 18th century, traveler

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in the lead suit has to take on this challenge. It is possible to determine the lead suit by the day or night rule as above, or by cutting cards. The following game rules are taken from an account by John McLeod

1128:'Ser-k'hel'. Players shuffle their tricks, and the winner of the last trick plays one trick blind against a player of his choice. The winner of this trick then challenges the player to his right in the same way. 332:). Wilkinson proposed that European cups were created by flipping the Chinese character. In Italy and Spain, this suit was inverted but in the Mamluk deck the blue panels are only found in the three court cards. 1368: 1151:

Pakistan), Shurreef writes that the King is referred to as 'Badshah' (corresponding to the Persian term 'Padishah'), the queen as 'Bibia' (Persian term 'Bibi'), and the Jack as the 'Ghulam', meaning 'slave'.

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In countries such as India and Persia, the traditional hand-made Ganjifa cards lost market share to Western-style printed cards, which came to dominate in the 20th century. This decline has several aspects.

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cards are played individually instead of in batches. Furthermore, in this second phase, if a player leads a low card, it is played face down and the player can freely choose the suit which must be followed.

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speculated that importation of European cards killed off manufacturers in Egypt and the Levant. Trade continued after the conquest of these regions by the Ottomon Turks in 1517. They were also mentioned by

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and court card images that evoked Persian history. Nonetheless the cards used Western style suits, and so the commissioning of the cards reinforced the position of Western-style 4-suited printed cards.

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that are most associated with Persia and India. After Ganjifa cards fell out of use in Iran before the twentieth century, India became the last country to produce them. The form prevalent in Odisha is

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with 96 cards in 8 suits of 12 cards each; each suit is distinctively coloured and comprises ten pip cards from 1 to 10 and two court cards, a vizier and a king. This is the type of pack described by

1849: 1194:, so that the partnership can keep the lead. If the partner names a suit that the leader does not have in hand, the leader must decide himself which card to lead, without asking for more guidance. 2446:

British museum catalogue numbers for notable items: 1880,0.2241.1-41 ; As1972,Q.1986 ; 1978,1009,0.8.1-95; 2000.7-31.01/1-96 ; As1927,0510.20.a-cr ; Asia OA 1998.10.5.1

597: 386:'s (died 1535) poem, 'Rubaiyat-e-Ganjifa', there is a short verse for each of the 96 cards in the 8-suited pack, showing that the Persians had the same suits and ranks as the Mughals. The 812: 807:. The suits were horses, elephants, foot soldiers, forts, treasures, warriors in armour, boats, women, divinities, genii, wild beasts, and snakes. No specimens are known to have survived. 585:

in the east of India, Mysore in Karnataka, Nirmal in Telangana, Sawantwadi in Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kashmir, Bishnupur in West Bengal and Sheopur in Madhya Pradesh. In Odisha, they use

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also holds the third highest card in the suit, he may play this card as well, and it is said that the deni is doubled. In this case everyone plays a second card and the player with the

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If the lead player has a continuous series of winning cards in a suit, then this sequence must be led, with the exception of the last card in the sequence which is kept for later.

338:: This suit is in the logical order with blue panels on the king, viceroy, second viceroy, 10, 9, and 8. Andrea Pollett proposes that it originates from the Chinese suit of Tens ( 358:. The lack of references or cards after the 16th century is likely due to the Ottomans taking a harder stance against cards and gambling which would last until the 19th century. 1738: 452:

in Iran although these were withdrawn quickly after merchants rejected them. By the 17th century, the money-suited deck had acquired a new card depicting a Persian merchant.

2269:). The suits of cups (coppe) and coins (denari) are those with the reversed order of the number cards. In France this inverted order did feature for a time in the game of 1336:

Anshul Kaushik, also known as History Hunter has a set of 68 Mughal cards in his collection. The cards are kept in a beautiful hand made painted wooden box from 1800 AD.

398:(r 1642-66) banned ganjifeh and the game decline precipitously with no known rules surviving into the present. Around the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, the game of 394:

lacquer paintings from the 16th-century that mimic ganjifeh cards. Despite being produced around the same time as Shirazi's poem, they do not match his description. Shah

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museum. The Mamluk cards are difficult to date with any certainty, but Mayer estimated these cards to be from the 15th century. The piece of playing card collected by

410:"The word ganjifeh is in Persian now only employed for European playing-cards (four suits, ace to ten; three picture cards each suit), which, however, are also called 310:. This suit is also in reverse order as indicated by the blue panels. This suit was converted into cudgels (Spain) or batons (Italy) as polo was too obscure in Europe. 4382: 931:

suit' that beats cards in other suits. A trick can only be won by a card of the same suit. When a player is not in position to win a trick there is no obligation to

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Cited for example in The Hindu, online newspaper, 25/3/2003, as part of a book review of 'MANJUSHA- An Art Genre: Choodamani Nandagopal. Retrieved 30/1/2015 from

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cards, all at once, a move called 'utari'. In McLeod's account this is the only option available to a player at this stage, so a player would need to lead any

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has huge collection of Ganjifa. Mr Raghupathi Bhat also known as Ganjifa bhat has adopted this art and contributed to enhance the collections of Ganjifa art

707:. Depending on demand, this set may be extended up to 24 suits to encompass more major dieties like Brahma, Shiva, Ganesha, Kartikeya, Surya, Chandra, etc. 1265:

houses rectangular and circular ganjifa cards from Persia and India, going back to the 18th century and some images are made available online (website:

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Refer to articles by Mr. Kishor N. Gordhandas, such as 'Cards of Honour', in the Mysore based Deccan Herald newspaper, Sunday 6/4/2008, online version

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During the game players must try to keep track of the cards that have been played. The highest outstanding cards left in play in each suit are called '

432:. From travellers to Persia in the seventeenth century we know that a set of ganjifeh consisted of ninety or ninety-six cards in eight suits or colors. 4518: 2580: 378:. The figure on horseback on the card in the top right corner appears to be holding an object marked " برات ", meaning 'bill' or 'cheque' in Persian. 1629: 2161: 1065:

then wins the trick but the player that made the 'deni' move retains the lead, which is the advantage of making this move. If the player with the

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emperors in the 16th century. The term has been used at times in many countries throughout the Middle East and western Asia. In Kuwait, the word

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is typical only to the Puri region, has 8 suits differentiated only by color ("Atharangi" 8-color cards), and features Krishna (depicted as a

243:, in Arabic, at the end of night 460. The first known reference can be found in a 15th-century Arabic text, written by the Egyptian historian 4375: 3923: 2488: 4565: 4524: 2541: 2226:

Crestin Billet shows examples taken from the collection of the Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer, in the Paris region (2002: 185, 188-9).

2781:. Translated by Gerhard Andreas Herklots. Revisions for new edition by William Crooke. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. 2400:

See IPCS paper 'Ganjifa - the traditional playing cards of India', by Jeff Hopewell, p63. The name 'Dugi' is used in Digapahandi (Orissa)

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Description based on booklet supplied with a set of cards from Sawantwadi Lacquerwares, The Palace, Sawantwadi 416510 Maharashtra, India.

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in 1545. The game involved twelve players, each with twenty cards. Refer Beveridge (1902: 178, or 77 in the Persian section of the book).

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in a given suit, but has the second highest outstanding card. In this case the player may lead a low card in that suit, and call for the

5305: 3918: 1241: 489: 4860: 3913: 856:. Hybrids exist that combine Indian or Persian imagery with the hearts, diamonds, spades, and clubs symbols of the French suit system. 247:(died 1470). In his history of Egypt he mentions how the Sultan Al-Malik Al-Mu'ayyad played kanjafah for money when he was an emir. 4693: 4368: 3962: 2324: 2172: 300:

as well as in Tarot, Ombre, and Maw. The high ranking cards of this suit have blue panels (king, viceroy, second viceroy, 1, 2, 3).

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backgrounds. The term 'Kanjifa' appears in Arabic on the king of swords. They directly inspired the Latin-suited playing cards of

4481: 4208: 3116: 2916: 1297:. The cards are circular, made in ivory with gild edges, and relatively large in size (80mm). Link to images retrieved 1/2/2015: 127:

The earliest origins of the cards remain uncertain, but Ganjifa cards as they are known today are believed to have originated in

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in the mid-19th century. He devised a series of complex Ganjifa games, some requiring as many as 18 different suits, permanent

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https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rec.games.playing-cards/ganjifa/rec.games.playing-cards/m3h8xA9rLh4/5Im7ud3hQJYJ

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https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rec.games.playing-cards/ganjifa/rec.games.playing-cards/m3h8xA9rLh4/5Im7ud3hQJYJ

307: 4647: 4640: 4633: 5192: 4865: 4704: 4614: 4243: 3055: 2427: 2180: 4875: 4413: 1705:, or for the full text refer to Shirazi & Rabbani (1965:668-684). The poem is also mentioned in the bibliography of 5391: 5376: 5361: 5116: 4740: 4734: 4698: 4626: 4620: 3899: 3759: 3587: 1811: 1361:

in 1727. The cards are made with wafers of wood and tortoiseshell. Lewis was a chaplain in India between 1692 and 1714.

651:. It is the most popular set played throughout India. There are 10 suits of 12 cards each; the suits correspond to the 70:(1807-1879), during his visit to Egypt in the period 1827-1844. He identified them as Persian by the style and quality. 4900: 4885: 4455: 1103:

then passes to the player who wins the trick, who then follows the same sequence of possible leads as described above.

4890: 4855: 4850: 4752: 4728: 3679: 2515:- database number 1886.1.8, website notes that cards are thought to have been collected by George Barnes, presumably 1797:. (1976) A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages. Londen: W. Collins & Co. Ltd. p. 257. 4895: 4722: 2244:

This feature of a reversed order in the number cards of half the suits can be found in some European games, notably

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may be from the period of the 12-14th centuries. The term Kanjifah can be found in the 1839 Calcutta edition of the

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Travels in Arabia, Comprehending an Account of Those Territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans Regard as Sacred..

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A rectangular example dated to around 1770 is held in the collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. See

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visited Mecca and wrote that "cards are played in almost every Arab coffee-house (they use small Chinese cards)".

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Two sets of ganjifa cards are in the collection of Rev. George Lewis, housed in the cabinet that was sent to the

62: 4548: 3451: 1298: 561:

the monopoly was set up following the Foreign Trade Monopoly Act of 1931. The British playing card manufacturer

263: 5356: 5314: 4294: 3977: 3304: 2146: 1348:, Oxford University (UK), for a set of Dashavatar cards that came into the collection in the late 19th century. 2031:

For more information and images refer to pattern sheet 67 of the International Playing Card Society (website:

4507: 4102: 3889: 2572: 2158: 739:

from Sawantwadi, Maharashtra is a 12 suited Indian deck, with suit symbols derived from the 12 signs of the

215:

Despite the significance of Persia in the history of ganjifa cards, the very earliest known text reference (

4215: 4047: 3403: 3399: 1358: 1188:, he may ask his partner which suit he should lead. Thus the partner can indicate a suit in which he has a 366: 4572: 1535:(ورق). This word can be found in texts that may refer to Ganjifa cards. For example the 16th century work 67: 5381: 4764: 4531: 3784: 3754: 3336: 3102: 2948: 2909: 2087: 1310: 240: 2542:

http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Ansorge-2011-Faith/Ansorge-2011-Faith-Fable-08-17.pdf

1626: 82:

court, and lavish sets were made, from materials such as precious stone-inlaid ivory or tortoise shell (

5371: 5366: 5159: 3894: 3577: 3354: 2576: 2465: 2286:

These are the rules given by Shrikrisna Maudranalay, and also those in the account by Chatto (1848: 42)

1254: 1223: 529: 19: 2485: 1824: 1583:

https://books.google.com/books?id=QCvC39URTY4C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3Ae0XIWB1KOVMC&pg=PT535

250:

The cards used by the Mamluks most likely entered Italy and Spain during the 1370s. As early as 1895,

3987: 3639: 2529: 2199: 1083:- When a leader cannot make either of the two leads described above, he then leads out any remaining 781:. A typical Chad suit had twelve numeral and six court cards (Raja on elephant or throne, Rajni in a 733:

and his five demons. The suits could also be story-based and depict different episodes from the epic.

387: 3856: 3846: 3724: 3704: 3522: 3319: 1438:

Many different spellings and transliterations can be found, such as Ganjafa, Ghendgifeh, Gunjeefa,

1339: 1116:

game, which applies when all the players have held and lost the lead once. From this point onwards

220: 177: 2875:

The Indian Playing Cards of Francis Douce and the Ganjifa Folios in the Richard Johnson Collection

2411: 2313: 1547:. The text describes a gambling game that was played during celebrations upon Humayun's return to 1442:, Kanjifa, Kanjifah and so on. In arabic, the spellings كنجفة or جنجفة or غنجفه can be found. The 581:

By the 21st-century, the only place with a significant community of ganjifa makers and players is

3851: 3699: 3649: 3629: 1892: 1778: 770: 403: 251: 176:

claimed to have seen Arabian merchants in Bombay playing with Chinese cards. In the 19th century

136: 2010: 5386: 5231: 4236: 3060: 2902: 2516: 1287:. The Oriental section has two sets from the 19th century (MS.Sansk d.337(R) and MS.Sansk.g.4). 778: 4450: 4173: 3542: 2203: 2145:

Described by Krishna Chaitanya (1994: 58). Link to Google books version, retrieved 30/1/2015:

1871: 1720: 5170: 5091: 4609: 4348: 4275: 3992: 3967: 3729: 3603: 3263: 3248: 3213: 3133: 3049: 2933: 2266: 1947:

http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/169352/Playing_Cards_for_the_Game_of_Nas

1577:, in his article "Further Comments on Mamluk Playing Cards". The quote refers to the work of 1410: 1405: 1400: 837: 833: 482: 259: 255: 156: 1306:

museum in Istanbul is significant for housing one set of centuries old Mamluk playing cards.

5069: 5028: 4267: 4058: 3299: 3285: 3273: 3253: 3203: 3065: 3010: 2455:

National Trust Inventory Numbers 1180679.1 to 1180679.88. Reference for the box: CLIVE.I.89

1574: 1480: 749:, meaning 'Eight Wrestlers'. Depicts Krishna wrestling various demons. from Chikiti, Odisha 589:, the local variation known for abstract and highly stylized suit symbols and extra suits. 553:(Yale University) has a deck of Indian-made bridge cards dated to around 1935, for example. 375: 355: 350: 196: 4666: 1033:

Rules govern which leads are possible. Players must lead as follows, in order of priority:

8: 4659: 4194: 3952: 3459: 3268: 3022: 3005: 2696: 1561: 1047:- The next possibility is a move called 'deni'. This is possible when a player lacks the 444:. Chinese money-suited cards copied their pips directly from Chinese banknotes. In 1294, 107: 2752:

The Game of Dashavtar Ganjifa (game rules booklet accompanying the set of playing cards)

2339:

Noted by Wilkins (2002: 195). Compare also the definition given by Maudranalay, page 16.

2321: 2169: 1823:(article 'The Search for Ganjifa' in The India Magazine, June 1983, p28. Retrieved from 577:

Playing cards from Puri, Odisha, India, made with the traditional pattachitra technique.

114:

or minister. The backs of the cards are typically a uniform colour, without patterning.

4915: 4229: 4089: 4084: 3582: 1345: 928: 774: 700: 644: 493:

Mughal Ganjifa Playing Cards, Early 19th century, courtesy of the Wovensouls collection

395: 2428:

http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=india&CraftCode=003675

2181:

http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=India&CraftCode=003665

1462:

At the start of the 21st Century production in India was still ongoing in the town of

793:, in the section 'Kautuka nidhi', and colour illustrations show designs for the cards. 5143: 4980: 4927: 4910: 4135: 4123: 4079: 3972: 3933: 3819: 3779: 3608: 3547: 3027: 2944: 1323: 1077:

wins two tricks. However the lead still returns to the player who made the deni move.

920: 524:

Ganjifa cards were less suited to Western card games. The invention of games such as

441: 1586: 1303: 725:

and usually has eight, ten, or twelve suits. Each suit is dedicated to a character:

232: 4835: 4800: 4541: 4187: 4180: 4145: 4024: 3905: 3838: 3769: 3709: 3218: 2253: 1807: 1670: 1443: 1314: 1280: 1234: 631: 566: 565:

was commissioned to provide cards during the 1930s. The cards featured indexing in

533: 267: 4466: 4360: 3076: 2505: 2099: 1531:

In Arabic and Persian, there exists also the more general word for playing cards,

5187: 5164: 4774: 3809: 3804: 3502: 3138: 3015: 2967: 2512: 2492: 2434: 2328: 2274: 2235:

A variant is possible where the 'lead suit' as described below is the trump suit.

2187: 2176: 1633: 1593: 1578: 1372: 1351: 1330: 1244:(India), which has a substantial online display of many different Ganjifa cards ( 828: 824: 517: 436: 391: 244: 236: 228: 216: 173: 111: 2788:

Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira (النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر و القاهرة)

1706: 4758: 4330: 4222: 4128: 4108: 4063: 4004: 3957: 3789: 3739: 3362: 3280: 3174: 3097: 2882:

Ganjifa - the playing cards of India … Victoria & Albert Museum collection;

1932: 1794: 1668:

Pollett, Andrea (2002). "Tuman, or the Ten Thousand Cups of the Mamluk Cards".

1262: 790: 66:

Images of ivory playing cards bought in a Cairo bazaar by French traveller Mr.

4987: 3744: 5350: 5263: 4653: 4053: 4031: 4019: 3874: 3774: 3719: 3714: 3562: 3527: 3431: 3426: 3383: 3344: 3314: 3309: 2998: 2993: 2962: 2957: 2562: 2558: 2165: 1766: 1470:

in the east for example. See Abram (2003: 53) and Crestin-Billet (2002: 189).

1284: 892:(Kings with chariots and ministers on elephant or horse) from Chikiti, Odisha 469: 371: 188: 140: 79: 74:

Ganjifa cards are circular or rectangular, and traditionally hand-painted by

5258: 4997: 4975: 2147:

https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&dq=Ashtamalla&pg=PA58

4970: 4769: 4391: 4118: 4068: 4009: 3799: 3694: 3689: 3624: 3572: 3421: 3388: 3367: 2972: 2925: 2779:

Islam in India, or the Qanun-I-Islam, The Customs of the Musalmans of India

2270: 1857: 1782: 1294: 1290: 804: 614: 383: 317: 292:: This suit is in reverse order like in Chinese money-suited card games of 47: 3634: 2159:

http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr62008/finearts2008040561212.asp

2124: 1501: 1283:, Oxford University, has a small collection, including cards collected by 1199:

If the opponents succeed in winning a single trick then they win the game.

5209: 4260: 4094: 4041: 4036: 3982: 3764: 3654: 3532: 3416: 3092: 2575:

in connection with the department of archaeology and paleontology of the

2295: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2036: 1689: 1395: 932: 873: 680: 652: 648: 640: 513: 195:

has become a general term and so is applied to the internationally known

103: 24: 811: 207: 86:). The game later spread to the general public, whereupon cheaper sets ( 4992: 4435: 4150: 4140: 4014: 3814: 3684: 3507: 3439: 3188: 2568: 2300: 2249: 2215: 1463: 766: 636: 275: 5248: 2088:

http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/Jan/engpdf/39-43.pdf

341: 327: 4933: 4113: 3938: 3734: 3674: 3517: 3258: 3032: 2688:

Voyages du chevalier Chardin en Perse, et autres lieux de l'Orient...

2262: 1418:

and for the Islamic view on gambling and games of chance the article

1210: 782: 696: 672: 562: 473: 99: 95: 43: 2814:

A voyage to East-India...Empire of the Great Mogul...(Google e-book)

860: 844: 621: 4965: 4960: 4921: 4460: 3749: 3552: 3197: 3181: 3167: 2725:

Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States (Google eBook)

2686:

Chardin, John; Langlès, Louis; Pétis de La Croix, François (1811).

2601:. Vol. 1. Translated by Henry Blochmann. Calcutta: G.H. Rouse. 2486:

http://www.bdlmuseum.org/collections/trade-n-cultural-exchange.html

1903:

p81-2, Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin

1825:

http://kreedaakaushalya.blogspot.fr/2010/01/search-for-ganjifa.html

1655: 1415: 803:

played using a 12 suited deck, which is described in detail in the

757: 449: 445: 4939: 2530:

http://www.thehindu.com/br/2003/03/25/stories/2003032500030300.htm

1216: 4805: 4672: 4560: 4073: 3644: 3567: 3151: 2877:; in: Bodleian Library Record, Oxford 1981, 10,5, p. 297-304 2745:. Ettinghausen & Kurz (Eds). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. 2698:

Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing Cards

1540: 1439: 1385: 1258:

from the late 19th or early 20th century (museum no.:IS.76-1979).

718: 714: 692: 688: 586: 297: 75: 51: 4779: 2894: 2690:(in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire. 2013:. Indian Numismatic, Historical and Cultural Research Foundation 1596:. The relevant passage begins " ... وأخذ فى إصلاح أمر البلاد ". 5042: 5014: 4955: 4554: 4512: 3537: 3469: 3231: 3224: 3160: 3127: 2847:

Ganjifa : the playing cards of India in Bharat Kala Bhavan

2685: 2567:

Chess and Playing Cards: Catalogue of games and implements for

2412:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rec.games.playing-cards

2314:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rec.games.playing-cards

1753: 1467: 1419: 1390: 1318: 1266: 877: 740: 730: 722: 676: 668: 660: 656: 610: 582: 546: 542: 525: 428: 399: 321: 293: 279: 128: 4421: 769:

was a centre for Ganjifa card making, encouraged by the ruler

573: 3512: 2761:

Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern

2257: 2245: 2056:

Refer to IPCS pattern sheet 66 for examples from Sawantwadi:

1548: 800: 786: 704: 664: 537: 477: 465: 278:

played in Europe, and the Chinese money-suited card game of '

271: 184: 2661:

Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin

4594: 3291: 2644:

Giuochi delle minchiate, ombre, scacchi, ed altri d'ingegno

2204:

https://books.google.com/books?id=_Isx7NqZZHEC&pg=PA306

2179:(retrieved 25/3/2015); also 'Mysore Palace Playing cards', 1872:

https://books.google.com/books?id=79gRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190

927:

In the simplest form of the game there is no concept of a '

726: 684: 406:

described ganjifeh and As-Nas with the following comments:

91: 2816:. Salisbury: W. Cater; S. Hayes; J. Wilkie; and E. Easton. 2785: 2596: 2267:

https://books.google.com/books?id=x_1dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16

1245: 905:(based on the Marathi saints) from Sawantwadi, Maharashtra 743:. It appears to be limited to the 18th and 19th centuries. 2988: 2790:(in Arabic). Vol. 3. Cairo: Kotobarabia.com (ebook). 2032: 2619:(in Dutch). Turnhout: National Museum van de Speelkaart. 2484:

Cards can be seen on website, link retrieved 30/6/2015:

2214:

Refer to IPCS pattern sheet 68. Link viewed 16/11/2014:

1658:

at Historical playing cards. Retrieved 23 February 2016.

1481:

http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55007315w/f13.item

1276:(LACMA) has a small collection with some fine examples. 501: 460:

The earliest playing cards used in India were known as

282:'. He suggests these games may have a common ancestor. 131:. The first syllable is attributed to the Persian word 2414:. Direct weblink to post, retrieved February 8, 2015: 2316:. Direct weblink to post, retrieved February 8, 2015: 1636:. The American Anthropologist, Volume VIII, pp. 61-78. 285:

Kanjifa consists of 52 cards divided into four suits:

167:“dominoes”) meaning "bone ticket", and that the term 2807:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Clouzier and Barbin. 2624:

Beveridge, Annette Susannah; Gulbadan, Begam (1902).

2466:"The Statesman SECTION-2 epaper dated Thu, 17 Aug 17" 2322:

http://kishorcards.tripod.com/08handed/handed1to6.htm

2170:

http://kishorcards.tripod.com/05mysore/mysore1to7.htm

1309:

In India some fine examples can also be found in the

1022:(red gold coins, or figuratively 'suns') by day, and 635:

is played by three persons with 120 cards, mainly in

202: 2889:

A Note on Certain Suit Signs in Indian Playing Cards

1692:

at Andy's Playing Cards. Retrieved 23 February 2016.

4390: 2870:; in: The Illustrated Weekly of India, 3. Okt. 1954 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 1935:. The titles are written using the Arabic alphabet. 2710:. Translated by Roland Glasser. Paris: Flammarion. 2168:(retrieved 02/01/2015); 'Playing cards of Mysore' 2086:Orissa Review, January 2010. Retrieved 30/1/2015. 1806:Lo, Andrew (2000), The Late Ming Game of Ma Diao, 1364:A complete set of Mughal Ganjifa is a part of the 1189: 1183: 1172: 1117: 1110: 1090: 1084: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1023: 1017: 1005: 960: 954: 948: 942: 643:, India, although it is played by five persons in 306:: Very likely originated from the Chinese suit of 2798:(in French). Paris: Bibliothèque nationale. 1984. 2623: 1587:http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-11988/page-4536 155:) meaning "playing cards" In a related passage, 5348: 2834:. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2736:. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2614: 2519:(1782-1847), connected to both Oxford and India. 2342: 1560:(Mayer 1971: 9); See also the discussion on the 2679:A History of Indian Painting: The modern period 2506:http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/LGweb/toys/1886_1_8.htm 1217:Notable Ganjifa card collections and collectors 713:, a type with imagery from the Hindu epic, the 2767: 2705: 2615:Autenboer, Eugeen van; Cremers, Filip (1990). 2275:http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6532698n 2064: ; or sheet 82 for examples from Kurnol: 320:, a Turkic, Mongol, and Jurchen word meaning " 4376: 3924:Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing Cards 2910: 2805:Les six voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier... 2717:Islamic art and archaeology: collected papers 2670:Kashf al-ẓunūn 'an asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn 1756:type, rather than the older 8-suited variety. 1500:Andy Pollett covers this line of argument on 1293:in Wales has 88 cards from the collection of 1010:', corresponding to the Persian word " حکم ". 886:(eight cardinal deities) from Chikiti, Odisha 339: 325: 2754:. Sawandwadi, India: Sawandwadi Laquerwares. 2714: 2646:(in Italian). Rome: Bernabo & Lazzerini. 2635:The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur) 2610:. London: Hamlyn - Octopus Publishing Group. 2035:). Link to pattern sheet viewed 16/11/2014: 2004: 2002: 1723:at altacarta.com. Retrieved 31 October 2015. 823:Very few such cards are known or exist. The 760:or play during the festival season in India. 2891:; in: JCPS, 1974, vol. III/3 p. 33-36. 2426:Based on article by Mr. Kishor Gordhandas: 2265:tarot cards (Brunetti 1747:16)(direct link 2060: ; sheet 69 for examples from Nossam: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1721:Die verschollenen Spielkarten Zentralasiens 1690:Relations between eastern and western cards 864:Atharangi (8 color) Nabagunjara Ganjapa set 382:The earliest Persian reference is found in 4383: 4369: 3919:Saga Arashiyama Museum of Arts and Culture 2917: 2903: 2861:Chad: The Playing Cards of Mysore (India); 2650: 2581:Cotton States and International Exposition 1606: 1604: 1602: 1317:. To view examples search "Ganjifa" using 1242:Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts 1171:When leading, a player must lead all the ' 625:Various cards from Dashavatara Ganjapa set 2802: 2676: 2632: 455: 324:". In China, there is a suit of myriads ( 4402:Historical patterns are shown in italics 2776: 2727:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1938. 2641: 2617:Turnhout, of speelkaarten voor de wereld 1979: 1852:(2004). Mackenzie, C; Finkel, I (eds.). 1844: 1842: 859: 843: 810: 620: 596: 572: 488: 365: 206: 159:explains that an early Chinese term was 143:that the last two syllables in the word 61: 18: 4209:The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds 2829: 2758: 2749: 2663:(in French). Alors Hors Du Temps. 2004. 2119: 2117: 1667: 1599: 1502:http://a_pollett.tripod.com/cards25.htm 1342:, for a set of Dashavatar ganjifa cards 370:Images of cards from the collection of 90:) would be made from materials such as 5349: 3862:International Skat Players Association 2825:(in French). Paris: Editions du Félin. 2820: 2770:Kullīyāt ashʻār-i Mawlānā Ahlī Shīrāzī 2768:Shirazi, Ahli; Rabbani, Hamid (1965). 2694: 2626:The History of Humayun (Humayun-namah) 2605: 2066:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/kurnol.html 2062:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/nosdas.html 2058:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/sawdas.html 2037:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/sawmog.html 1319:National Portal and Digital Repository 1182:When a player who has the lead has no 1155: 402:became more popular. In 1895, General 4364: 3963:Blackstone's Card Trick Without Cards 3946: 2898: 2832:Sports and Games of Medieval Cultures 2811: 2740: 2731: 2655:. Vol. 1. London: Henry Colburn. 2587: 1839: 1450:(گنجفه). In Hindi the term is गंजीफा. 601:King of Barāt from Moghul Ganjifa set 254:pointed out the similarities between 2642:Brunetti, Francesco Saverio (1747). 2633:Beveridge, Annette Susannah (1922). 2301:http://www.pagat.com/whist/hokm.html 2216:http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/sawf.html 2114: 2047:Shirazi & Rabbani (1965:668-684) 2008: 1882:Autenboer & Cremers, pages 23-25 1726: 1615:. London: Duckworth. pp. 33–64. 1573:The text is described in English by 1458: 1456: 815:Seven of Coins in Mamluk Kanjifa set 717:. It is closely associated with the 502:Competition from Western style cards 4244:Violin and Playing Cards on a Table 3837: 2734:Sports and Games of the Renaissance 2706:Crestin-Billet, Frédérique (2002). 1329:Museum in a place called Ganjam in 1233:The Cary collection, housed in the 1132: 13: 3914:Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer 3900:International Playing-Card Society 3588:United States Playing Card Company 2681:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 2667: 2100:"Ramayana Ganjifa (Playing Cards)" 2011:"An Introduction to Ganjifa Cards" 1891:See also French wikipedia article 1812:International Playing-Card Society 361: 203:Arabic sources and surviving cards 14: 5403: 5306:Playing card packs by suit system 2924: 2803:Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1676). 2763:(in German). Vol. 1. Möller. 1870:See Terry (1777:190), or weblink 1453: 78:. The game became popular at the 5295: 5294: 4420: 3885:Fournier Museum of Playing Cards 3880:Cary Collection of Playing Cards 2868:The Playing Cards of South India 2786:Taghri-Birdi ( ابن تغري بردي ). 2628:. London: Royal Asiatic Society. 1976:Autenboer & Cremers, page 26 1921:Bureau of the Census pages 642-3 1912:Autenboer & Cremers, page 27 1810:(XXIX, No. 3), pp. 115–136, The 1274:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 799:The 16th-century Mughal emperor 551:Cary Collection of Playing Cards 147:may be derived from the Chinese 4202:Card Players in a Rich Interior 2719:. Berlin: Gebrüder Mann Verlag. 2695:Chatto, William Andrew (1848). 2651:Burckhardt, John Lewis (1829). 2608:The Complete Book of Card Games 2597:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (1873). 2534: 2522: 2498: 2478: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2420: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2333: 2305: 2289: 2280: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2208: 2193: 2151: 2139: 2092: 2080: 2071: 2050: 2041: 2025: 2009:Pati, Arunima (June 11, 2020). 1970: 1960: 1951: 1938: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1885: 1876: 1864: 1854:Asian Games: The Art of Contest 1830: 1817: 1800: 1788: 1771: 1759: 1745: 1712: 1695: 1682: 1661: 1648: 1639: 1627:Chinese Origin of Playing Cards 1619: 1567: 545:became popular, under the name 448:began printing an imitation of 5117:Spanish National (Old Catalan) 2715:Ettinghausen, Richard (1984). 1562:early history of playing cards 1554: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1494: 1485: 1473: 1432: 1190: 1184: 1173: 1118: 1111: 1091: 1085: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1024: 1018: 1006: 961: 955: 949: 943: 57: 1: 5160:Swiss (locally called German) 4103:The Phantom of the Card Table 3890:German Doppelkopf Association 3558:Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag 2884:London 1982 (V&A Museum) 2839: 2772:(in Persian). Tehran: Sana'i. 2637:. Vol. 2. London: Luzac. 2573:United States National Museum 1425: 4322:Patience and solitaire games 4216:Cardplayers in a Sunlit Room 4048:The Expert at the Card Table 2102:. Philadelphia Museum of Art 1739:Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum 1701:See Farsi wikipedia article 1610: 1359:Cambridge University Library 1311:National Museum of New Delhi 729:and his five allies against 122: 7: 5333:Tarot and Tarock card games 5324:Non trick-taking card games 4340:Tarot and Tarock card games 4304:Non trick-taking card games 3785:Richard Valentine Pitchford 3755:Master of the Playing Cards 2677:Chaitanya, Krishna (1994). 1539:, about the Mughal emperor 1379: 1228:Deutsches Spielkartenmuseum 609:is played in some parts of 592: 241:One Thousand and One Nights 23:Various Ganjifa cards from 10: 5408: 4418: 3895:German Playing Card Museum 2823:Sublimes cartes à jouer... 2750:Maudranalay, Shrikrishna. 2577:University of Pennsylvania 2551: 2504:Link retrieved 30/6/2015: 2202:(1873: 306). Google book: 2068:(links viewed 16/11/2014). 1848: 1255:Victoria and Albert Museum 1224:German Playing Card Museum 975: 914: 264:Chinese money-suited cards 183:Ganjifa became popular in 117: 5392:Persian words and phrases 5377:Cultural history of India 5362:Dedicated deck card games 5290: 5272: 5241: 5218: 5180: 5152: 5131: 5098: 5086: 5062: 5050: 5036: 5022: 5008: 4956:Portuguese-derived Karuta 4948: 4828: 4816: 4788: 4681: 4602: 4588: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4443: 4429: 4408: 4399: 4289: 4252: 4166: 4159: 3932: 3828: 3667: 3617: 3596: 3495: 3486: 3450: 3397: 3376: 3353: 3335: 3328: 3241: 3115: 3041: 2981: 2943: 2932: 2854:Illustrated Marathi Games 2777:Shurreef, Jaffur (1999). 2759:Niebuhr, Carsten (1774). 2741:Mayer, Leo Aryeh (1971). 2708:Collectible Playing Cards 2583:, Atlanta, Georgia, 1895. 1957:Crestin Billet (2002:188) 1836:See Beveridge (1922: 584) 1732: 1611:Dummett, Michael (1980). 848:French suited Ganjapa set 472:dynasty. In his work the 388:Austrian National Library 340: 326: 211:Four Mamluk playing cards 135:meaning "treasure." Gen. 3857:International Skat Court 3847:British Skat Association 2125:"Other Ganjifa Patterns" 1340:Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum 1237:, Yale University (USA). 1203: 1059:. The opponent with the 909: 876:) on the king rank, and 785:, Amatya or Mantri in a 4981:Harifuda & Hikifuda 4313:Trick-taking card games 3852:German Skat Association 3630:Bielefelder Spielkarten 2830:Wilkins, Sally (2002). 2190:(retrieved 02/01/2015). 1893:fr:Jean-Baptiste Camoin 1779:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier 1625:Wilkinson, W.H. (1895) 1504:(retrieved 03/01/2015). 1246:http://www.ignca.nic.in 1230:), Leinfelden, Germany. 998: 771:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 404:Albert Houtum-Schindler 252:William Henry Wilkinson 5123:Modern Spanish Catalan 4237:Still Life with a Poem 3440:Guru (circular whirls) 2849:; Varanasi, India 1999 2812:Terry, Edward (1777). 2732:Liebs, Andrew (2004). 2606:Arnold, Peter (2010). 2557:This article includes 2517:George Barnes (priest) 2200:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 2127:. Andy's Playing Cards 2033:http://www.i-p-c-s.org 1735:All Cards on the Table 1656:Mamluk cards, ca. 1500 1522:(Burckhardt 1829: 377) 865: 849: 816: 626: 602: 578: 494: 456:Early history in India 379: 316:: The cups are called 219:) and card specimens ( 212: 71: 68:Émile Prisse d'Avennes 28: 5357:History of card decks 5315:Historical card games 5193:Archaeology awareness 5171:Ambraser Hofjagdspiel 4610:Standard 52-card deck 4295:Historical card games 4276:Play Your Cards Right 3993:Twenty-One Card Trick 3968:The Circus Card Trick 3730:Johann Kaspar Hechtel 3056:Archaeology awareness 3050:Ambraser Hofjagdspiel 2821:Verame, Jean (2007). 2701:. London: J.R. Smith. 2588:Abram, David (2003). 2382:Maudranalay, page 16. 1733:Mann, Sylvia (1990). 1411:Spanish playing cards 1406:Italian playing cards 1401:Chinese playing cards 1366:Wovensouls collection 863: 854:French suited Ganjifa 847: 814: 624: 600: 576: 492: 468:, the founder of the 369: 260:Italian playing cards 210: 178:Jean Louis Burckhardt 65: 22: 5070:Polish playing cards 5029:Flemish Hunting Deck 5023:Southern Netherlands 4876:Toscane (Fiorentine) 4059:History of cardistry 3543:J.O. Öberg & Son 3066:Flemish Hunting Deck 2887:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2880:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2873:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2866:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2859:Leyden, Rudolf von; 2743:Mamluk Playing Cards 2672:(in Arabic). Beirut. 2391:Shurreef (1999:336). 2373:See Chatto (1848:43) 1575:Richard Ettinghausen 764:Mysore Chad Ganjifa. 376:Samuel Weller Singer 356:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 351:Richard Ettinghausen 5078:(Prussian-Silesian) 4660:Tarot of Marseilles 4451:Industrie und Glück 4253:Film and television 4195:The Card Players II 3953:The Acme of Control 2796:Tarot, Jeu et Magie 2437:retrieved 3/1/2015. 1860:. pp. 241–251. 1585:(Google E-book) or 1513:(Niebuhr 1774: 173) 1156:Partnership Ganjifa 880:on the vizier rank. 870:Nabagunjara Ganjifa 747:Ashta Malla Ganjifa 632:Dashavatara Ganjifa 5382:Indian handicrafts 4916:Tarocco Piemontese 4861:Primiera Bolognese 4394:packs by geography 4230:Dogs Playing Poker 3795:Johann Georg Rauch 3583:U.S. Games Systems 2945:Playing card suits 2590:Rough Guide to Goa 2511:2015-09-24 at the 2491:2015-08-11 at the 2433:2015-01-03 at the 2355:Wilkins (2002:195) 2327:2015-02-08 at the 2299:an ace). Refer to 2186:2016-11-22 at the 2175:2016-03-04 at the 1632:2016-03-02 at the 1592:2016-03-04 at the 1371:2016-03-27 at the 1346:Pitt Rivers Museum 866: 850: 817: 627: 603: 579: 495: 380: 227:deck witnessed by 223:) are from Egypt. 213: 72: 29: 5372:Plain-trick games 5367:Indian card games 5344: 5343: 5205:Most-wanted Iraqi 5106:Castilian pattern 4928:Tarocco Siciliano 4911:Tarocco Bolognese 4822:Hamas most wanted 4694:Dondorf Rhineland 4667:Tarot de Besançon 4494:Bohemian (Prague) 4430:Austria - Germany 4358: 4357: 4285: 4284: 4136:Si Stebbins stack 4000: 3999: 3978:Out of This World 3973:The Four Burglars 3934:Card manipulation 3870: 3869: 3820:Fusajiro Yamauchi 3780:Ferdinand Piatnik 3663: 3662: 3482: 3481: 3209:Portuguese-suited 3111: 3110: 3088:Most-wanted Iraqi 3071:Hamas most wanted 3028:Curse of Scotland 2571:exhibited by the 1781:(1676: 626), and 1688:Pollett, Andrea. 1613:The Game of Tarot 1466:in the west, and 1324:Jaganmohan Palace 921:trick-taking game 896:Navagraha Ganjifa 442:trick-taking game 16:Persian card game 5399: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5226:Parisian Spanish 5076:Prussian pattern 4801:Dashabatar Cards 4617:(Anglo-American) 4542:Four color cards 4424: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4188:The Card Players 4181:The Bezique Game 4164: 4163: 4146:Three-card monte 4025:Cards in the hat 3944: 3943: 3906:The Playing-Card 3835: 3834: 3770:Samuel J. Murray 3710:Thierry Depaulis 3493: 3492: 3377:German and Swiss 3333: 3332: 3139:Four-colour pack 2941: 2940: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2896: 2895: 2852:Deodhar, A. B.; 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2502: 2496: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2364:Chatto (1848:43) 2362: 2356: 2353: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2309: 2303: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2006: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1846: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1808:The Playing-Card 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1777:See for example 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1730: 1724: 1716: 1710: 1703:fa:رباعیات گنجفه 1699: 1693: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1671:The Playing-Card 1665: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1597: 1571: 1565: 1558: 1552: 1543:, uses the term 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1460: 1451: 1436: 1326:of Mysore, India 1315:Allahabad Museum 1281:Bodleian Library 1235:Beinecke Library 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1175: 1133:Following rounds 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1009: 1008: 964: 963: 958: 957: 952: 951: 946: 945: 890:Ratha-Hati/Ghoda 797:Akbar's Ganjifa. 422:, from the game 345: 344: 331: 330: 308:Strings of Coins 137:Houtum-Schindler 5407: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5286: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5237: 5214: 5188:Four-color deck 5176: 5148: 5127: 5094: 5082: 5058: 5046: 5032: 5018: 5004: 4944: 4824: 4812: 4784: 4775:Bourgeois Tarot 4677: 4598: 4584: 4519:Great Man cards 4508:Character Cards 4496: 4484: 4482:Belgian-Genoese 4477:Belgium - Italy 4472: 4444:Austria-Hungary 4439: 4425: 4416: 4404: 4395: 4389: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4281: 4248: 4155: 3996: 3936: 3928: 3866: 3830: 3824: 3810:Charles Troedel 3805:Howard Thurston 3725:Richard Harding 3659: 3640:Charles Goodall 3613: 3592: 3503:ASS Altenburger 3488: 3478: 3475:Tens of Myriads 3465:Strings of Cash 3452:Chinese (Money) 3446: 3393: 3372: 3349: 3324: 3237: 3118: 3107: 3037: 3016:Queen of spades 2977: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2845:Chopra, Sarla; 2842: 2794: 2723: 2668:Çelebi, Katip. 2659: 2592:. Rough Guides. 2554: 2549: 2548: 2540:Retrieved from 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2513:Wayback Machine 2503: 2499: 2493:Wayback Machine 2483: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2435:Wayback Machine 2425: 2421: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329:Wayback Machine 2310: 2306: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2198: 2194: 2188:Wayback Machine 2177:Wayback Machine 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2007: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1822: 1818: 1805: 1801: 1795:Ashtor, Eliyahu 1793: 1789: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1746: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1713: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1634:Wayback Machine 1624: 1620: 1609: 1600: 1594:Wayback Machine 1579:Ibn Taghribirdi 1572: 1568: 1559: 1555: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1461: 1454: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1382: 1373:Wayback Machine 1352:Manjusha Museum 1331:Srirangapattana 1219: 1206: 1158: 1135: 1001: 978: 933:follow the suit 917: 912: 829:Leo Aryeh Mayer 821:Mamluk Kanjifa. 711:Ramayan Ganjifa 595: 518:Offset printing 504: 458: 437:Michael Dummett 364: 362:Persian sources 245:Ibn Taghribirdi 237:Edmund de Unger 217:Ibn Taghribirdi 205: 174:Carsten Niebuhr 125: 120: 60: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5405: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5199:Jerry's Nugget 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5139:Modern Swedish 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4988:E-awase Karuta 4985: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4765:Transformation 4762: 4759:Stuttgart pack 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4648:Madrid pattern 4644: 4641:Franco-Spanish 4637: 4634:French Catalan 4630: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4589:Denmark-Norway 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4223:The Cardsharps 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4111: 4109:Second dealing 4106: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4071: 4066: 4064:House of cards 4061: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4005:Bottom dealing 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958:Ambitious Card 3955: 3950: 3948: 3941: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790:Franco Pratesi 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3740:Sekiryo Kaneda 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3668:Notable people 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3175:Hyakunin Isshu 3171: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3103:Transformation 3100: 3098:Stuttgart pack 3095: 3090: 3085: 3083:Jerry's Nugget 3080: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3045: 3043: 3042:Specific decks 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3008: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2938: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2533: 2521: 2497: 2477: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2419: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2341: 2332: 2304: 2296:Hukm (or Hokm) 2288: 2279: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2207: 2192: 2164:2015-01-03 at 2150: 2138: 2113: 2091: 2079: 2070: 2049: 2040: 2024: 1978: 1969: 1959: 1950: 1937: 1933:Constantinople 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1884: 1875: 1863: 1850:Hopewell, Jeff 1838: 1829: 1827:on 02/01/2015) 1816: 1799: 1787: 1770: 1758: 1744: 1741:. p. 183. 1737:. Leinfelden: 1725: 1711: 1694: 1681: 1660: 1647: 1638: 1618: 1598: 1566: 1553: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1493: 1484: 1472: 1452: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1362: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1307: 1304:Topkapı Palace 1300: 1288: 1277: 1270: 1267:British Museum 1263:British Museum 1259: 1251: 1249: 1238: 1231: 1218: 1215: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1078: 1042: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1012: 1011: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 994:indifferently. 990: 989: 984: 983: 977: 974: 973: 972: 967: 966: 937: 936: 916: 913: 911: 908: 907: 906: 900: 893: 887: 881: 858: 857: 842: 841: 809: 808: 794: 791:Sritattvanidhi 761: 750: 744: 734: 708: 619: 618: 607:Moghul Ganjifa 594: 591: 571: 570: 558: 554: 522: 503: 500: 457: 454: 450:Yuan banknotes 434: 433: 416:rarak i âsanâs 390:possess eight 363: 360: 348: 347: 333: 311: 301: 233:Topkapı Palace 204: 201: 157:William Chatto 124: 121: 119: 116: 59: 56: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5404: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Arts in India 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181:United States 5179: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056:Cádiz pattern 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4881:Salisburghesi 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737:(East German) 4736: 4735:New Altenburg 4733: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4654:Tarot Nouveau 4652: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4578:15 Lake Cards 4576: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537:fishing cards 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4467:Hofämterspiel 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4288: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268:Playing Cards 4265: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4160:Art and media 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054:Herrmann pass 4052: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4032:Cardistry-Con 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4020:Card throwing 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3875:52 Plus Joker 3873: 3872: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3831:organisations 3827: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775:David Parlett 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720:Lennart Green 3718: 3716: 3715:S. W. Erdnase 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563:Oishi Tengudo 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528:France Cartes 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496:Manufacturers 3494: 3491: 3487:Manufacturers 3485: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310:Stripped deck 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3077:Hofämterspiel 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999:Ace of hearts 2997: 2995: 2994:Ace of spades 2992: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2926:Playing cards 2920: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2856:; Bombay 1905 2855: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2563:Stewart Culin 2560: 2559:public domain 2556: 2555: 2544:on 19/4/2015. 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2495:image gallery 2494: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2467: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2283: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166:archive.today 2163: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2074: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2012: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1973: 1963: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1833: 1826: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1767:Stewart Culin 1762: 1755: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1657: 1654:Gjerde, Tor. 1651: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:Humayun-namah 1534: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1503: 1497: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285:Francis Douce 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1198: 1197: 1181: 1180: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1126: 1125: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1082: 1079: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1014: 1013: 1003: 1002: 992: 991: 986: 985: 980: 979: 969: 968: 939: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925: 924: 922: 904: 903:Santh Ganjifa 901: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 875: 871: 868: 867: 862: 855: 852: 851: 846: 839: 835: 830: 826: 822: 819: 818: 813: 806: 802: 798: 795: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 765: 762: 759: 754: 753:Naqsh Ganjifa 751: 748: 745: 742: 738: 737:Rashi Ganjifa 735: 732: 728: 724: 721:tradition of 720: 716: 712: 709: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633: 629: 628: 623: 616: 612: 608: 605: 604: 599: 590: 588: 584: 575: 568: 564: 559: 555: 552: 548: 544: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 509: 508: 499: 491: 487: 484: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 453: 451: 447: 443: 438: 431: 430: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 408: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 377: 373: 372:Francis Douce 368: 359: 357: 352: 346:) of Myriads. 343: 337: 334: 329: 323: 319: 315: 312: 309: 305: 302: 299: 295: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 224: 222: 218: 209: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 179: 175: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 141:Stewart Culin 139:suggested to 138: 134: 130: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 69: 64: 55: 53: 49: 48:playing cards 45: 41: 37: 33: 26: 21: 5336:}} 5330:{{ 5327:}} 5321:{{ 5318:}} 5312:{{ 5309:}} 5303:{{ 5253: 5230: 5197: 5169: 5115: 5074: 5041: 5027: 5013: 4998:Iroha Karuta 4976:Unsun Karuta 4932: 4920: 4795: 4770:Animal Tarot 4757: 4745: 4727: 4710: 4703: 4665: 4658: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4593: 4573:Domino Cards 4553: 4549:Money-suited 4517: 4465: 4456:William Tell 4434: 4401: 4392:Playing card 4352:}} 4349:Occult tarot 4346:{{ 4343:}} 4337:{{ 4334:}} 4328:{{ 4325:}} 4319:{{ 4316:}} 4310:{{ 4307:}} 4301:{{ 4298:}} 4292:{{ 4274: 4266: 4259: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4174:The Acrobats 4172: 4101: 4069:One-way deck 4046: 4010:Card marking 3988:Spelling Bee 3904: 3800:Juan Tamariz 3705:Dan and Dave 3695:Derren Brown 3690:David Blaine 3625:Aspioti-ELKA 3573:Ravensburger 3290: 3230: 3223: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3126: 3075: 3048: 2936:52-card deck 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2716: 2707: 2697: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2599:Ain i Akbari 2598: 2589: 2566: 2536: 2524: 2500: 2480: 2469:. Retrieved 2460: 2451: 2442: 2422: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2335: 2307: 2291: 2282: 2271:French tarot 2256:played with 2240: 2231: 2222: 2210: 2195: 2153: 2141: 2129:. Retrieved 2104:. Retrieved 2094: 2082: 2073: 2052: 2043: 2027: 2015:. Retrieved 1972: 1962: 1953: 1940: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1887: 1878: 1866: 1858:Asia Society 1856:. New York: 1853: 1832: 1819: 1802: 1790: 1785:(1811: 451). 1783:Jean Chardin 1773: 1761: 1747: 1734: 1728: 1714: 1707:Katip Çelebi 1697: 1684: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1650: 1641: 1621: 1612: 1569: 1556: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1496: 1491:(Culin p928) 1487: 1475: 1447: 1434: 1295:Robert Clive 1291:Powis Castle 1227: 1207: 1159: 1099: 1080: 1044: 1037: 1036: 918: 902: 895: 889: 884:Ashtadikpala 883: 869: 853: 820: 805:Ain-i-Akbari 796: 763: 752: 746: 736: 710: 630: 615:Ahli Shirazi 606: 580: 505: 496: 483:Edward Terry 461: 459: 435: 427: 423: 419: 418:- or simply 415: 411: 384:Ahli Shirazi 381: 349: 335: 313: 303: 289: 284: 249: 225: 214: 192: 182: 168: 164: 160: 152: 148: 144: 132: 126: 87: 84:darbar kalam 83: 73: 46:and type of 39: 35: 31: 30: 5210:Politicards 5153:Switzerland 5051:Phillipines 4971:Komatsufuda 4846:Bergamasche 4753:Württemberg 4729:Lower Saxon 4532:Chess cards 4261:Card Sharks 4151:Trick decks 4042:Double lift 3983:Rising Card 3765:Anton Moser 3760:John McLeod 3745:René Lavand 3700:Lewis Cohen 3680:Hubert Auer 3655:Waddingtons 3650:Lewis Cohen 3533:F.X. Schmid 3329:Other suits 3117:Other packs 3093:Politicards 2863:Vienna 1973 1678:(1): 34–41. 1645:(2004: 130) 1396:Court piece 1025:zar-e safid 1019:zar-e zorkh 950:zar-e zorkh 874:Nabagunjara 681:Parashurama 653:ten avatars 649:West Bengal 641:Maharashtra 514:lithography 374:, shown by 304:Polo-sticks 197:French deck 104:court cards 88:bazâr kalam 58:Description 25:Dashavatara 5351:Categories 5277:Singapore, 5273:Indonesia, 4993:Uta-garuta 4901:Napoletane 4886:Piacentine 4871:Piemontesi 4780:Adler-Cego 4747:Ulm-Munich 4723:Franconian 4566:Six Tigers 4525:Doll cards 4436:Vogelspiel 4141:Spoke card 4090:mechanic's 4085:magician's 4076:and grips 4015:Card sharp 3829:Groups and 3815:Dai Vernon 3685:Bryan Berg 3508:Cartamundi 3489:and brands 3472:of Strings 3408:Portuguese 3259:Court card 3219:Tarot pack 3189:uta-garuta 2840:Literature 2569:divination 2561:text from 2471:2018-04-21 2254:most games 1765:Quoted by 1464:Sawantvadi 1426:References 1313:, and the 919:This is a 779:wild cards 637:Sawantwadi 516:and later 462:Patrakrida 412:rarak i âs 229:L.A. Mayer 221:Mamluk era 187:under the 5275:Malaysia, 5165:Swiss 1JJ 4934:Minchiate 4896:Siciliane 4891:Romagnole 4856:Triestine 4851:Trevisane 4841:Bresciane 4689:Baronesse 4167:Paintings 4124:Gilbreath 4114:Shuffling 4080:gambler's 3939:cardistry 3735:Ricky Jay 3675:Lee Asher 3635:C.L. 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