583:. These works (particularly the one published in 1778), and most specifically the accurate copies of the cuneiform inscriptions found at Persepolis, were to prove to be extremely important to the decipherment of cuneiform writing. Before Niebuhr's publication, cuneiform inscriptions were often thought to be merely decorations and embellishments, and no accurate decipherments or translations had been made up to that point. Niebuhr demonstrated that the three trilingual inscriptions found at Persepolis were in fact three distinct forms of cuneiform writing (which he termed Class I, Class II, and Class III) to be read from left to right. His accurate copies of the trilingual inscriptions gave Orientalists the key to finally crack the cuneiform code, leading to the discovery of Old Persian, Akkadian, and Sumerian.
423:
407:
485:
25:
1138:
93:
789:"Ich will auf der Tabelle XXXI, noch eine, oder vielmehr vier Inschriften H, I, K, L beyfügen, die ich etwa in der Mitte an der Hauptmauer nach Süden, alle neben einander, angetroffen habe. Der Stein worauf sie stehen, ist 26 Fuß lang, und 6 Fuß hoch, und dieser ist ganz damit bedeckt. Man kann also daraus die Größe der Buchstaben beurtheilen. Auch hier sind drey verschiedene Alphabete."
239:
791:(I want to include in Plate XXXI another, or rather four inscriptions H, I, K, L, which I found approximately in the middle of the main wall to the south , all side by side. The stone on which they appear, is 26 feet long and 6 feet high, and it's completely covered with them. One can thus judge therefrom the size of the letters. Also here, are three different alphabets.)
369:, the expedition's artist Georg Wilhelm Baurenfeind died on the 29th of August and the expedition's servant Lars Berggren on the following day; both were buried at sea. The surgeon Christian C. Kramer (1732–1763) also died, soon after landing in Bombay. Niebuhr was the only surviving member. He stayed in Bombay for fourteen months and then returned home by way of
422:
406:
665:
Foreign
Affairs had planned a series of cultural events based on the Expedition and Niebuhr's work that would take place in Ankara, Cairo, Damascus, Beirut, Tehran, and Yemen. It has been suggested that these efforts were intended in part to repair the reputational damage in the Islamic world caused by the
626:
The government funds covered only a fraction of the printing costs for
Niebuhr's first book, and probably a similar or smaller proportion of the costs for the other two volumes. To ensure that the volumes were published, Niebuhr had to pay over 80% of the costs himself. In all, Niebuhr devoted ten
664:
In 2011, Copenhagen's
National Library and National Museum held exhibitions of Carsten Niebuhr's life and work, celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Danish Arabia Expedition's commencement. Commemorative Carsten Niebuhr postal stamps were issued. And in the same year the Danish Ministry of
586:
The third volume of the
Reisebeschreibung, also based on materials from the expedition, was not published till 1837, long after Niebuhr's death, under the editorship of his daughter and his assistant, Johan Nicolaus Gloyer. Niebuhr also contributed papers on the interior of
300:(1723–1762), one of the premier astronomers of the 18th century, and the author of the Lunar Distance Method for determining longitude. Niebuhr's observations during the Arabia Expedition proved the accuracy and the practicality of this method for use by mariners at sea.
998:
Early scientific expeditions and local encounters. New perspectives on
Carsten Niebuhr and 'The Arabian Journey'. Proceedings of a symposium on the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia
579:, was published in Copenhagen in 1772, the Danish government providing subsidies for the engraving and printing of its numerous illustrations. This was followed in 1774 and 1778 by the first two volumes of Niebuhr's
623:, was published in Edinburgh in 1792, under the title "Travels through Arabia". A facsimile edition of this translation, as by "M. Niebuhr", was published in two volumes by the Libraire du Liban, Beirut (undated).
631:
and
Copenhagen. It was only Niebuhr's determination to publish the findings of the expedition that ensured that the Danish Arabia expedition would produce results that would benefit the world of scholarship.
627:
years of his life, the years 1768–1778, to the publication of six volumes of findings from the expedition. He had virtually no help from the academics who had conceived and shaped the expedition in
527:
In summary, Niebuhr's maps, charts and plans constitute the greatest single addition to the cartography of the region that was produced through field research and published in the 18th century.
535:
In 1773, Niebuhr married
Christiane Sophia Blumenberg, the daughter of the crown physician, and for some years he held a post in the Danish military service, which enabled him to remain in
362:(1719–1775), but suffered from the climate and returned to Mocha. Niebuhr seems to have preserved his own life and restored his health by adopting native dress and eating native food.
597:
1064:
Carsten
Niebuhr und die Arabische Reise 1761-1767. Ausstellung der Königlichen Bibliothek Kopenhagen in Zusammenbang mit dem Kultusministerium des Landes Schleswig-Holstein
412:
Niebuhr inscription 1. Now known to mean "Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries, son of
Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, who built this Palace". Today known as
1218:
619:
translations of
Niebuhr's narratives were published during his lifetime, and a condensed English translation of his own three volumes, prepared by
703:
Niebuhr, Carsten. Biographische Nachrichten aus Tobias Mayer's Jugendjahren aus einem Schreiben des Königlich Dänischen Justiz-Raths C. Niebuhr,
696:
Niebuhr, Carsten. "Über Längen-Beobachtungen im Orient u.s.w. Aus einem Schreiben des königl. Dänischen geheimer Justiz-Raths Carsten Niebuhr".
1173:
385:. His copies of the cuneiform inscriptions at Persepolis proved to be a key turning-point in the decipherment of cuneiform, and the birth of
1238:
1203:
601:. In addition, he edited and published the work of his friend Peter ForsskĂĄl, the naturalist on the Arabian expedition, under the titles
262:
and owned his own property. Carsten and his sister were educated at home by a local school teacher, then he attended the Latin School in
978:
428:
Niebuhr inscription 2. Now known to mean "Xerxes the Great King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, an Achaemenian". Today known as
1168:
296:(1722–1766). For a year and a half before the expedition Niebuhr studied mathematics, cartography and navigational astronomy under
289:
223:
178:
716:
Carsten Niebuhr Reisen durch Syrien und Palästina, nach Cypern, und durch Kleinasien und die Türkei nach Deutschland und Dännemark
432:, the text of fourteen inscriptions in three languages (Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian) from the Palace of Xerxes in Persepolis.
284:, at this time Germany's most progressive institution of higher education. Niebuhr was probably a bright student because in 1760
1233:
950:'A practical skill that was without equal: Carsten Niebuhr and the navigational astronomy of the Arabian Journey, 1761-1767'.
1078:
834:
1069:
Vermeulen, Han F., 'Anthropology and the Orient: C. Niebuhr and the Danish-German Arabia Expedition'. In: Han F. Vermeulen:
986:
Eck, Reimer. 'Tobias Mayer, Johann David Michaelis, Carsten Niebuhr und die Göttingen Methode der Längenbestimmung'.
540:
68:
46:
39:
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725:, translated by Hans Christian Fink, with an introduction by Michhael Harbsmeier. 2 vols., Copenhagen, 2003.
492:
Niebuhr's production during the expedition is indeed impressive. It includes small-scale maps and charts of
1213:
344:
1099:
524:. He completed 28 town plans of significant historical value because of their uniqueness for that period.
1223:
1208:
1113:
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242:
Carsten Niebuhr in the attire of a distinguished Arab in Yemen, gift from al-Mahdi Abbas, Imam of Yemen
1105:
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33:
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732:, translated by Hans Christian Fink, with an introduction by Niels Peter Lemche. Copenhagen, 2009.
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684:
Beschreibung von Arabien. Aus eigenen Beobachtungen und im Lande selbst gesammleten Nachrichten
651:
560:
293:
285:
227:
50:
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Niebuhr's Museum. Artefacts and souvenirs from the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia 1761-1767
824:
772:
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397:
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454:
8:
358:
In Sanaʽa the remaining members of the expedition had an audience with the Imam of Yemen
1057:
Den Arabiske Rejse 1761-1767. En dansk ekspedition set i verdenskabshistorisk perspektiv
961:
Undying Curiosity. Carsten Niebuhr and the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia (1761-1767)
906:
Undying curiosity. Carsten Niebuhr and the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia (1761-1767)
1137:
564:
462:
807:(2nd ed.). London, England: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 9.
730:
Beskrivelse af Arabien ud fra egne iagttagelser og i landet selv samlede efterretinger
1074:
957:
947:
902:
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484:
416:, from the Palace of Darius in Persepolis, above figures of the king and attendants
352:
466:
781:] (in German). Vol. 2. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nicolaus Möller. p. 150.
1129:
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1071:
Before Boas. the genesis of ethnography and ethnology in the German Enlightenment
1011:
612:
321:
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650:(1749-1832) highly prized Niebuhr's works. In 1811 he wrote to Niebuhr's son,
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226:(1761-1767). He was the father of the Danish-German statesman and historian
517:
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654:, that "You carry a name which I have learned to honour since my youth."
552:
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982:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 669.
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382:
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263:
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Carsten Niebuhrs Leben, Kleine historische und philologische Schriften
516:
and the regions surrounding various port cities he visited, including
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Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmels-Kunde
544:
309:
267:
247:
195:
113:
705:
Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd-und Himmels-Kunde
308:
The expedition sailed in January 1761 via Marseilles and Malta to
92:
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Vorträge über alte Geschichte an der Universität zu Bonn gehalten
641:
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1021:
Hopkins, I.W.J. 'The maps of Carsten Niebuhr: 200 years after.'
543:. In 1778 he accepted a position in the civil service of Danish
588:
458:
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366:
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259:
1018:, translated by James and Kathleen McFarlane. New York, 1963.
774:
Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegender Ländern
712:
Reisebescheibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern.
691:
Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegender Ländern
581:
Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegender Ländern
521:
493:
470:
446:
333:
317:
1073:. Lincoln & London, University of Nebraska Press, 2016.
1030:
The Camel's Neighbour : Travel and Travellers in Yemen
932:
The Camel's Neighbour : Travel and Travellers in Yemen
505:
258:. His father Barthold Niebuhr (1704-1749) was a successful
16:
German mathematician, cartographer and explorer (1733–1815)
723:
Rejsebeskrivele fra Arabien og andre omkringliggende Lande
238:
707:
8 (1803), pp. 45–56, and 9 (1804), pp. 487–491.
230:, who published an account of his father's life in 1817.
779:
Account of travels to Arabia and other surrounding lands
718:, edited by J. N.Gloyer and J. Olshausen. Hamburg, 1837.
669:. Ultimately, the planned events were prevented by the
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
1117:
text and illustrations at the University of Göttingen
657:
Carsten Niebuhrs Gade, a street in the port area of
288:(1717-1791) recommended him as a participant in the
919:
The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character
743:
1144:Niebuhr's list of Mevlevihanes (Mevlevi convents)
898:
896:
603:Descriptiones animalium, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica
595:, and other subjects to a German periodical, the
539:. In 1776 he was elected a foreign member of the
1219:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1150:
1083:Wiesehöfer, Josef and Conermann, Stephan (eds).
996:, Harbsmeier, Michael and Simonsen, Jørgen Bæk.
343:, on 25 May 1763, the expedition's philologist,
988:Mitteilungen Gauss-Gesellschaft e. V. Göttingen
829:. University of California Press. p. 129.
246:Niebuhr was born in LĂĽdingworth (now a part of
893:
591:, the political and military condition of the
396:, who made the first correct decipherments of
222:. He is renowned for his participation in the
826:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia
822:
804:The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions
392:His transcriptions were especially useful to
316:. Then the members of the expedition visited
273:Originally Niebuhr had intended to become a
508:, and other larger scale maps covering the
347:, died, and on 11 July 1763, on the way to
233:
1136:
1085:Carsten Niebuhr (1733-1815) und seine Zeit
1052:, edited M. Niebuhr. Vol. 1. Berlin, 1847.
530:
91:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
966:
818:
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483:
477:in February 1767 and finally arrived in
237:
32:This article includes a list of general
770:
570:
559:, and in 1809 was made a Knight of the
365:From Mocha the expedition continued to
351:, the capital of Yemen, its naturalist
1151:
1109:. Vol. XVII (9th ed.). 1884.
1174:People from the Electorate of Hanover
811:
800:
693:. 2 vols. Copenhagen, 1774–1778.
1126:from 1892, featuring Carsten Neibuhr
567:'s most valued honours for service.
453:. He seems also to have visited the
336:, which was their main destination.
18:
921:. University of Chicago Press, 1963
635:
13:
1239:19th-century German mathematicians
1204:18th-century German mathematicians
441:(making many important sketches),
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1250:
1091:
785:the fold-out plate (Tabelle XXXI)
541:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
488:Map of Yemen, prepared by Niebuhr
457:in around 1764. After a visit to
954:, 99.2 (2013), pp. 138–152.
823:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005).
421:
405:
23:
1169:People from Cuxhaven (district)
941:
924:
911:
868:
843:
801:Sayce, Rev. Arnold H. (1908).
794:
764:
555:). In 1806 he was promoted to
303:
1:
1234:Researchers of Yemenite Jewry
1134:Biodiversity Heritage Library
787:after p. 152. From p. 150:
736:
609:(Copenhagen, 1775 and 1776).
437:He also visited the ruins of
277:, but in 1757 he went to the
990:, 22 (1986), pp. 73–81.
345:Frederik Christian von Haven
7:
1025:4 (1967), pp. 115–118.
700:4 (1801), pp. 240–253.
481:in the following November.
10:
1255:
1062:Rasmussen, Stig T. (ed.).
1055:Rasmussen, Stig T. (ed.).
667:Danish cartoon controversy
648:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
771:Niebuhr, Carsten (1778).
461:, he made a tour through
394:Georg Friedrich Grotefend
174:
156:
146:
124:
99:
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83:
1130:Works by Carsten Niebuhr
1115:Beschreibung von Arabien
1100:"Niebuhr, Karsten"
1023:The Cartographic Journal
973:"Niebuhr, Karsten"
676:
577:Beschreibung von Arabien
547:, and went to reside at
324:, before traversing the
292:(1761-1767), mounted by
290:Danish Arabia expedition
234:Early life and education
224:Danish Arabia expedition
179:Danish Arabia expedition
1106:Encyclopædia Britannica
1046:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
1036:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
979:Encyclopædia Britannica
607:Icones rerum naturalium
531:Family and later career
282:University of Göttingen
53:more precise citations.
1004:Hansen, Anne Haslund.
934:. Oxford, 2020. p. 81.
652:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
575:Niebuhr's first book,
561:Order of the Dannebrog
489:
294:Frederick V of Denmark
286:Johann David Michaelis
243:
228:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
917:Kramer, Samuel Noah.
487:
398:Old Persian cuneiform
241:
1199:German cartographers
1184:Danish cartographers
952:The Mariner's Mirror
661:, is named for him.
571:Writing and research
455:Behistun Inscription
1214:Explorers of Arabia
1059:. Copenhagen, 1990.
1008:. Copenhagen, 2016.
686:. Copenhagen, 1772.
254:) in what was then
1087:. Stuttgart, 2002.
963:. Stuttgart, 2014.
958:Baack, Lawrence J.
948:Baack, Lawrence J.
903:Baack, Lawrence J.
728:Niebuhr, Carsten.
721:Niebuhr, Carsten.
710:Niebuhr, Carsten.
689:Niebuhr, Carsten.
682:Niebuhr, Carsten.
490:
244:
218:in the service of
1224:Yemen researchers
1209:Explorers of Asia
1123:Travels in Arabia
1079:978-0-8032-5542-5
1028:Moscrop, Andrew.
930:Moscrop, Andrew.
908:. Stuttgart, 2014
836:978-0-520-24731-4
783: ; see also
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467:Taurus Mountains
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198:– 26 April 1815
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140:Dithmarschen
130:(1815-04-26)
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1164:1815 deaths
1159:1733 births
671:Arab Spring
553:Ditmarschen
387:Assyriology
355:also died.
304:Expeditions
196:LĂĽdingworth
181:(1761-1767)
147:Nationality
114:LĂĽdingworth
51:introducing
1153:Categories
886:2023-03-19
861:2023-03-19
737:References
659:Copenhagen
537:Copenhagen
510:Nile Delta
479:Copenhagen
473:, reached
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314:Alexandria
264:Otterndorf
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59:April 2017
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1001:. , 2013.
994:Friis, Ib
644:in 1815.
629:Göttingen
563:, one of
463:Palestine
714:Vol. 3.
557:Etatsrat
545:Holstein
310:Istanbul
275:surveyor
268:Cuxhaven
248:Cuxhaven
216:explorer
169:explorer
642:Meldorf
549:Meldorf
498:Red Sea
443:Baghdad
439:Babylon
375:Bushire
326:Red Sea
266:, near
220:Denmark
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