Video game console

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computers, building in memory, storage features, and networking capabilities to avoid the limitations of the past. The confluence with personal computers eased software development for both computer and console games, allowing developers to target both platforms. However, consoles differ from computers as most of the hardware components are preselected and customized between the console manufacturer and hardware component provider to assure a consistent performance target for developers. Whereas personal computer motherboards are designed with the needs for allowing consumers to add their desired selection of hardware components, the fixed set of hardware for consoles enables console manufacturers to optimize the size and design of the motherboard and hardware, often integrating key hardware components into the motherboard circuitry itself. Often, multiple components, such as the central processing unit and graphics processing unit, can be combined into a single chip, otherwise known as a

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manufacturer's logos and branding for the game's packaging, paid back through royalties on sales. In the transition to digital distribution, where now the console manufacturer runs digital storefronts for games, license fees apply to registering a game for distribution on the storefront – again gaining access to the console's branding and logo – with the manufacturer taking its cut of each sale as its royalty. In both cases, this still gives console manufacturers the ability to review and reject games it believes unsuitable for the system and deny licensing rights.

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console's dev kit available to registered developers months ahead of the console's planned launch to give developers time to prepare their games for the new system. These initial kits will usually be offered under special confidentiality clauses to protect trade secrets of the console's design, and will be sold at a high cost to the developer as part of keeping this confidentiality. Newer consoles that share features in common with personal computers may no longer use specialized dev kits, though developers are still expected to register and purchase access to

33: 1670: 1634: 1126: 1831: 3298: 1112: 1417:(SSD), to save data persistently. Early application of internal storage was for saving game states, and more recently can be used to store the console's operating system, game patches and updates, games downloaded through the Internet, additional content for those games, and additional media such as purchased movies and music. Most consoles provide the means to manage the data on this storage while respecting the copyrights on the system. Newer consoles, such as the 2085: 1158: 728: 7984: 1752:. Several console manufacturers attempted to offer CD-ROM add-ons to fourth generation consoles, but these were nearly as expensive as the consoles themselves and did not fare well. Instead, the CD-ROM format became integrated into consoles of the fifth generation, with the DVD format present across most by the seventh generation and Blu-ray by the eighth. Console manufacturers have also used proprietary disc formats for copy protection as well, such as the 1646: 1843: 8501: 2049: 1877: 8513: 3330:

their console. They also worked with CPU and GPU manufacturers to tune and customize hardware for computers to make it more amenable and effective for video games, leading to lower-cost hardware needed for video game consoles. Finally, console manufacturers also work with retailers to help with promotion of consoles, games, and accessories. While there is little difference in pricing on the console hardware from the

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This also allows Nintendo to review the game's content prior to release and veto games it does not believe appropriate to include on its system. This had led to over 700 unlicensed games for the NES, and numerous others on other Nintendo cartridge-based systems that had found ways to bypass the hardware lockout chips and sell without paying any royalties to Nintendo, such as by Atari in its subsidiary company

2304:, featured upgraded memory and processors, with new games that could only be run on the upgraded units and cannot be run on an older base unit. There have also been a number of "slimmed-down" console options with significantly reduced hardware components that significantly reduced the price they could sell the console to the consumer, but either leaving certain features off the console, such as the 3322:

game developers became pressured to which systems to focus on, and ultimately narrowed their target choice of platforms to those that were the best-selling. This cased a contraction in the market, with major players like Sega leaving the hardware business after the Dreamcast but continuing in the software area. Effectively, each console generation was shown to have two or three dominant players.

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the years, they still provide less control over a game compared to personal computers or mobile gaming. The type of controller available to a game can fundamentally change the style of how a console game will or can be played. However, this has also inspired changes in game design to create games that accommodate for the comparatively limited controls available on consoles.

1722:-like technology to flatten the cartridge to a credit-card-sized system, which helped to reduce production costs, but limited additional features that could be included onto the circuitry. PCB-based cartridges waned with the introduction of optical media during the fifth generation of consoles. More recently, ROM cartridges have been based on high memory density, low cost 3201:). Console manufacturers have even been known to take losses on the sale of consoles at the start of a console's launch with expectation to recover with revenue sharing and later price recovery on the console as they switch to less expensive components and manufacturing processes without changing the retail price. Consoles have been generally designed to have a five-year 1335:, a number of subprocessing units, memory caches and buffers, and dispatching and collecting units which also may be highly parallel in nature. Modern console GPUs can be run at a different frequency from the CPU, even at variable frequencies to increases its processing power at the cost of higher energy draw. The performance of GPUs in consoles can be estimated through 2259:(SKUs) options that include additional controllers and accessories or different pack-in games. Special console editions may feature unique cases or faceplates with art dedicated to a specific video game or series and are bundled with that game as a special incentive for its fans. Pack-in games are typically first-party games, often featuring the console's primary 1710:(PCB) housed inside of a plastic casing, with a connector allowing the device to interface with the console. The circuit board can contain a wide variety of components, at the minimum, the read-only memory with the software written on it. Later cartridges were able to introduce additional components onto the circuit board like coprocessors, such as Nintendo's 3286:. The Nintendo and Sega rivalry that involved their mascot's flagship games served as part of the fourth console generation's "console wars". Since then, manufacturers have typically positioned their mascot and other first-party games as key titles in console bundles used to drive sales of consoles at launch or at key sales periods such as near Christmas. 3257:, on releasing the Nintendo Entertainment System in Western territories, as a means to control which games were published for the console. As part of their licensing agreements, Nintendo further prevented developers from releasing the same game on a different console for a period of two years. This served as one of the first means of securing 1397:

RAM available, a key measurement of performance for consoles is the RAM's bandwidth, how fast in terms of bytes per second that the RAM can be written and read from. This is data that must be transferred to and from the CPU and GPU quickly as needed without requiring these chips to need high memory caches themselves.

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bits as a console selling point, and over the fourth, fifth and sixth generation, these "bit wars" played heavily into console advertising. The use of bits waned as CPU architectures no longer needed to increase their word size and instead had other means to improve performance such as through multicore CPUs.

1072:(SoC), which is a further reduction in size and cost. In addition, consoles tend to focus on components that give the unit high game performance, such as the CPU and GPU, and as a tradeoff to keep their prices in expected ranges, use less memory and storage space compared to typical personal computers. 3185:

for current consoles. This is typical for any computer technology, with the improvements in computing performance and capabilities outpacing the additional costs to achieve those gains. Further, within the United States, the price of consoles has generally remained consistent, being within 0.8% to 1%

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revision that removed the optical drive on the basis that users could download all games digitally, offered at even a lower cost than the Xbox One S. In these cases, developers can often optimize games to work better on the higher-performance console with patches to the retail version of the game. In

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As Internet access speeds improved throughout the eighth generation of consoles, cloud gaming had gained further attention as a media format. Instead of downloading games, the consumer plays them directly from a cloud gaming service with inputs performed on the local console sent through the Internet

1748:, became the primary format for retail distribution with the fifth generation. The CD-ROM format had gained popularity in the 1990s, in the midst of the fourth generation, and as a game media, CD-ROMs were cheaper and faster to produce, offered much more storage space and allowed for the potential of 1384:

The console's BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the fundamental instruction set baked into a firmware chip on the console circuit board that the console uses when it is first turned on to direct operations. In older consoles, prior to the introduction of onboard storage, the BIOS effectively served

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Both home and handheld consoles have become more advanced following global changes in technology. These technological shifts include improved electronic and computer chip manufacturing to increase computational power at lower costs and size, the introduction of 3D graphics and hardware-based graphic

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Generally, increased console numbers gives rise to more consumer options and better competition, but the exclusivity of titles made the choice of console for consumers an "all-or-nothing" decision for most. Further, with the number of available consoles growing with the fifth and sixth generations,

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of older console hardware for archival and historical purposes, as games from older consoles, as well as arcade and personal computers, remain of interest. Computer programmers and hackers have developed emulators that can be run on personal computers or other consoles that simulate the hardware of

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The licensing fee may be collected in a few different ways. In the case of Nintendo, the company generally has controlled the production of game cartridges with its lockout chips and optical media for its systems, and thus charges the developer or publisher for each copy it makes as an upfront fee.

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introduced the ability to store games in a form separate from the console's internal circuitry, thus allowing the consumer to purchase new games to play on the system. Since the Channel F, nearly all game consoles have featured the ability to purchase and swap games through some form, through those

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All game consoles require player input through a game controller to provide a method to move the player character in a specific direction and a variation of buttons to perform other in-game actions such as jumping or interacting with the game world. Though controllers have become more featured over

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Since the introduction of game cartridges, nearly all consoles have a cartridge port/reader or an optical drive for game media. In the latter console generations, some console revisions have offered options without a media reader as a means to reduce the console's cost and letting the consumer rely

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Memory storage that is designed for fast reading and writing, often used in consoles to store large amounts of data about a game while it is being played to avoid reading from the slower game media. RAM memory typically does not sustain itself after the console is powered off. Besides the amount of

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During the later part of video game history, there have been specialized consoles using computing components to offer multiple games to players. Most of these plug directly into one's television, and thus are often called plug-and-play consoles. They are also considered dedicated consoles since it

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atop the basic functions of the console. Free services generally offer user identity services and access to a digital storefront, while paid services allow players to play online games, interact with other uses through social networking, use cloud saves for supported games, and gain access to free

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and both internal and external storage for the console, allowing for players to acquire new games without game media. All three of Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft offer an integrated storefront for consumers to purchase new games and download them to their console, retaining the consumers' purchases

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A controller may be attached through a wired connection onto the console itself, or in some unique cases like the Famicom hardwired to the console, or with a wireless connection. Controllers require power, either provided by the console via the wired connection, or from batteries or a rechargeable

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between three main manufacturers: Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft. The three use a combination of first-party games exclusive to their console and negotiate exclusive agreements with third-party developers to have their games be exclusive for at least an initial period of time to drive consumers to

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used by the main CPU. The TurboGrafx-16 was the first console to push on its bit-size, advertising itself as a "16-bit" console, though this only referred to part of its architecture while its CPU was still an 8-bit unit. Despite this, manufacturers found consumers became fixated on the notion of

1238:. This had been used by manufacturers to keep software titles exclusive to their platform as one means to compete with others. Consoles prior to the sixth generation typically used chips that the hardware and software developers were most familiar with, but as personal computers stabilized on the 825:

are meant to be connected to a television or other type of monitor, with power supplied through an outlet. This requires the unit to be used in a fixed location, typically at home in one's living room. Separate game controllers, connected through wired or wireless connections, are used to provide

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In other cases, the hardware changes create multiple lines within the same console family. The base console unit in all revisions share fundamental hardware, but options like internal storage space and RAM size may be different. Those systems with more storage and RAM would be marked as a higher

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The more recent console generations have also seen multiple versions of the same base console system either offered at launch or presented as a mid-generation refresh. In some cases, these simply replace some parts of the hardware with cheaper or more efficient parts, or otherwise streamline the

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the console to install additional functionality, voiding the manufacturer's warranty. Plug-and-play consoles usually come with the console unit itself, one or more controllers, and the required components for power and video hookup. Many recent plug-and-play releases have been for distributing a

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available for the console are "baked" onto the hardware, either by being programmed via the circuitry or set in the read-only flash memory of the console. Thus, the console's game library cannot be added to or changed directly by the user. The user can typically switch between games on dedicated

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Console or game development kits are specialized hardware units that typically include the same components as the console and additional chips and components to allow the unit to be connected to a computer or other monitoring device for debugging purposes. A console manufacturer will make the

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For the consoles of the 1980s to 1990s, these improvements were evident in the marketing in the late 1980s to 1990s during the "bit wars", where console manufacturers had focused on their console's processor's word size as a selling point. Consoles since the 2000s are more similar to personal

3278:. Mario was used to serve as an identity for the NES as a humor-filled, playful console. Mario caught on quickly when the NES released in the West, and when the next generation of consoles arrived, other manufacturers pushed their own mascots to the forefront of their marketing, most notably 2151:

With optical media, where the console manufacturer may not have direct control on the production of the media, the developer or publisher typically must establish a licensing agreement to gain access to the console's proprietary storage format for the media as well as to use the console and

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Ports for connecting power, controllers, televisions or video monitors, external storage devices, Internet connectivity, and other features are placed in strategic locations on the console. Controller connections are typically offered on the front of the console, while power and most other

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in chip communications. All these improvements did increase the cost of manufacturing, but at a rate far less than the gains in overall processing power, which helped to make home computers and consoles inexpensive for the consumer, all related to Moore's law of technological improvements.

1448:, colloquially known as a "power brick", that converts the power outside of the unit. On handheld units the power supply will either be from a battery compartment, or optionally from a direct power connection from an AC adapter, or from a rechargeable battery pack built into the unit. 1884:

In addition to built-in internal storage, newer consoles often give the consumer the ability to use external storage media to save game date, downloaded games, or other media files from the console. Early iterations of external storage were achieved through the use of flash-based

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The processor unit that, outside of the CPU and GPU, typically manages the fastest processing elements on the computer. Typically this involves communication of data between the CPU, the GPU, and the on-board RAM, and subsequently sending and receiving information with the

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per unit in 2012. With additional fees, such as branding rights, this has generally worked out to be an industry-wide 30% royalty rate paid to the console manufacturer for every game sold. This is in addition to the cost of acquiring the dev kit to develop for the system.

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needed by the console electronics, the power supply also helps to regulate that power in cases of power surges. Some consoles power supplies are built into the unit, so that the consumer plugs the unit directly to a wall socket, but more often, the console ships with an

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are devices that typically include a built-in screen and game controller in their case, and contain a rechargeable battery or battery compartment. This allows the unit to be carried around and played anywhere, in contrast to a home game console. Examples include the

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The competition within the video game console market as subset of the video game industry is an area of interest to economics with its relatively modern history, its rapid growth to rival that of the film industry, and frequent changes compared to other sectors.

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Certain consoles saw various add-ons or accessories that were designed to attach to the existing console to extend its functionality. The best example of this was through the various CD-ROM add-ons for consoles of the fourth generation such as the TurboGrafx CD,

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in both its arcade and home format, had a handful of logic and calculation chips that used the current input of the players' paddles and resisters storing the ball's position to update the game's state and send it to the display device. Even with more advanced

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Since the release of the Nintendo Famicom / Nintendo Entertainment System, most video game console manufacturers employ a strict licensing scheme that limit what games can be developed for it. Developers and their publishers must pay a fee, typically based on

1339:(FLOPS) and more commonly as in teraflops (TFLOPS = 10 FLOPS). However, particularly for consoles, this is considered a rough number as several other factors such as the CPU, memory bandwidth, and console architecture can impact the GPU's true performance. 1103:. Completed consoles are then usually tested, distributed, and repaired by the company itself. Microsoft and Nintendo both use this approach to their consoles, while Sony maintains all production in-house with the exception of their component suppliers. 1314:

The introduction of real-time polygonal 3D graphics rendering in the early 1990s—not just an innovation in video games for consoles but in arcade and personal computer games—led to the development of GPUs that were capable of performing the

1425:, use high-speed SSD's not only for storage but to augment the console's RAM, as the combination of their I/O speeds and the use of decompression routines build into the system software give overall read speeds that approach that of the onboard RAM. 497:

then draws consumers into buying the next console generation. While numerous manufacturers have come and gone in the history of the console market, there have always been two or three dominant leaders in the market, with the current market led by

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or both. These have become the most common type of controller since the third generation of console hardware, with designs becoming more detailed to give a larger array of buttons and directional controls to player's while maintaining ergonomic

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that create competition for market share. More recent consoles have shown further confluence with home computers, making it easy for developers to release games on multiple platforms. Further, modern consoles can serve as replacements for

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make illegal save for certain archival purposes. Even though emulation itself is legal, Nintendo is recognized to be highly protective of any attempts to emulate its systems and has taken early legal actions to shut down such projects.

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Video game consoles are usually sold on a five–seven year cycle called a generation, with consoles made with similar technical capabilities or made around the same time period grouped into one generation. The industry has developed a

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A unit that has a long handle that can pivot freely along multiple directions along with one or more buttons. The unit senses the direction that the joystick is pushed, allowing for simultaneous movement in two directions within a

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is a home video game console that is typically powered by low-cost computing hardware, making the console lower-priced compared to other home consoles on the market. The majority of microconsoles, with a few exceptions such as the

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A unit with a single knob or dial and usually one or two buttons. Turning the knob typically allows one to move an on-screen object along one axis (such as the paddle in a table tennis game), while the buttons can have additional

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content, and subsequently became a sought-after feature across many consoles that followed. Backward compatibility functionality has included direct support for previous console games on the newer consoles such as within the

606:, and looked to develop that into a home version, which was released in 1975. The first consoles were capable of playing only a very limited number of games built into the hardware. Programmable consoles using swappable 3247:

was fueled by multiple factors including competition from lower-cost personal computers, but unregulated competition was also a factor, as numerous third-party game developers, attempting to follow on the success of

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For handheld systems as well as hybrids such as the Nintendo Switch, the docking station makes it easy to insert a handheld to recharge its battery, and if supported, for connecting the handheld to a television

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in developing third-party games for the Atari 2600 and Intellivision, flooded the market with poor quality games, and made it difficult for even quality games to sell. Nintendo implemented a lockout chip, the

2159:, the major console manufacturers have all developed entry level routes for these smaller developers to be able to publish onto consoles at far lower costs and reduced royalty rates. Programs like Microsoft's 1223:. For some CPUs, the clock speed can be variable in response to software needs. In general, larger word sizes and faster clock sizes indicate better performance, but other factors will impact the actual speed. 1613:, supported optional mice, both with special mice made for them, but the 3DO mouse like that console was a flop, and the mouse for the Sega had very limited game support. The Sega also supported the optional 4511: 3197:, where the consoles are sold at little to no profit for the manufacturer, but they gain revenue from each game sold due to console licensing fees and other value-added services around the console (such as 1189:

A secondary PCB that connects to the motherboard that would be used for additional functions. These may include components that can be easily replaced later without having to replace the full motherboard.

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that connects the console unit to a television screen and fixed power source, and the potential to use a separate controller. However, they can also be used as a handheld. While prior handhelds like the

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over the other with adaption of new console technology. Nintendo is more reliant on its suppliers and thus instead of trying to compete feature for feature with Microsoft and Sony, had instead taken a

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Effects of unregulated competition on the market were twice seen early in the industry. The industry had its first crash in 1977 following the release of the Magnavox Odyssey, Atari's home versions of

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older consoles that allow games from that console to be run. The development of software emulators of console hardware is established to be legal, but there are unanswered legal questions surrounding

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Ernkvist, Mirko (2008). "Down many times, but still playing the game: Creative destruction and industry crashes in the early video game industry 1971-1986". In Gratzer, Karl; Stiefel, Dieter (eds.).

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To help support older games and console transitions, manufacturers started to support backward compatibility on consoles in the same family. Sony was the first to do this on a home console with the

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Some virtual reality (VR) headsets can operate independently of consoles or use personal computers for their main processing system. As of 2020, the only direct VR support on consoles is the

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An opened first-generation Xbox console with the hard disc drive and optical drive removed, showing components like the power supply (far right), cooling fins, cooling fan, and case features

1806:, had been popular for software distribution with early personal computers in the 1980s and 1990s, this format did not see much use in console system. There were some attempts, such as the 4668: 461:, which include their own display unit and controller functions built into the unit and which can be played anywhere. Hybrid consoles combine elements of both home and handheld consoles. 649:

processors for real-time rendering, digital communications such as the Internet, wireless networking and Bluetooth, and larger and denser media formats as well as digital distribution.

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In comparison to the early years of the industry, where most consoles were made directly by the company selling the console, many consoles of today are generally constructed through a

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A user interface is the player's entry point into the game world. It governs how a player experiences the virtual environment, game dynamics, and underlying story put forth in a game.

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for the retailer to profit from, these details with the manufacturers can secure better profits on sales of game and accessory bundles for premier product placement. These all form

3490: 5598: 1726:, which allows for easier mass production of games. Sony used this approach for the PlayStation Vita, and Nintendo continues to use ROM cartridges for its 3DS and Switch products. 1234:

to be sent to the CPU to achieve specific results on the chip. Differences in the instruction set architecture of CPU of consoles of a given generation can make for difficulty in

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progression, home consoles are grouped into generations; each lasting approximately five years. Consoles within each generation share similar specifications and features, such as

1283:, all otherwise involving integer mathematics while minimizing the amount of required memory needed to complete these routines, as memo. For example, the Atari 2600 used its own 744:

Most consoles are considered programmable consoles and have the means for the player to switch between different games. Traditionally, this has been done by switching a physical

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Gamble, John (2007). "Competition in Video Game Consoles: Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo Battle for Supremacy". In Thompson, Arthur; Strickland III, A. J.; Gamble, John (eds.).

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but popularized with the PlayStation. Nintendo continues to support this approach with extending the storage capabilities of the 3DS and Switch, standardizing on the current

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battery pack for wireless connections. Controllers are nominally built into a handheld unit, though some newer ones allow for separate wireless controllers to also be used.

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More advanced computing systems generate heat, and require active cooling systems to keep the hardware at safe operating temperatures. Many newer consoles are designed with

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devices with a number of compute units/streaming multiprocessors (depending on vendor, respectively) within a single chip. Each compute unit/microprocessor contains a

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Therrien, Carl; Picard, Martin (April 29, 2015). "Enter the bit wars: A study of video game marketing and platform crafting in the wake of the TurboGrafx-16 launch".

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Consoles may be shipped in a variety of configurations, but typically will include one base configuration that include the console, one controller, and sometimes a

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Aoyama, Yuko; Izushi, Hiro (2003). "Hardware gimmick or cultural innovation? Technological, cultural, and social foundations of the Japanese video game industry".

3428: 660:. While no one grouping of consoles by generation is universally accepted, one breakdown of generations, showing representative consoles, of each is shown below. 4853: 2275:

size for the CPU and GPU. In these cases, the hardware revision model will be marked on packaging so that consumers can verify which version they are acquiring.

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consoles using hardware switches on the console, or through in-game menus. Dedicated consoles were common in the first generation of home consoles, such as the

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in modern games, such as one thread for managing the game's rendering engine, one for the game's physics engine, and another for evaluating the player's input.

4405: 5290: 4952: 7243: 1016:(IC)s of the time, designers were limited to what could be done through the electrical process rather than through programming as normally associated with 457:, which are generally placed in a permanent location connected to a television or other display devices and controlled with a separate game controller, or 6223: 4975: 1003:(EPROM) chips that could perform certain functions. Persistent computer memory was expensive, so dedicated consoles were generally limited to the use of 3166:. Exceptionally, the period of transition from ROM cartridges to optical media in the early 1990s saw several consoles with high price points exceeding 1370:

The counterpart of the northbridge, the southbridge is the processing unit that handles slower processing components of the console, typically those of

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as the console's operating system, while in modern consoles, the BIOS is used to direct loading of the console's operating system off internal memory.

7233: 7152: 4876: 4116:...the controller also specifies the type of experience the player will have by defining what types of games are best played on it due to its design. 493:: manufacturers often sell consoles at low prices, sometimes at a loss, while primarily making a profit from the licensing fees for each game sold. 5530: 3854: 3341:

Of the three, Microsoft and Sony, both with their own hardware manufacturing capabilities, remain at a leading edge approach, attempting to gain a

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for communication with other friends as they would be used on personal computers, video camera applications on consoles are more commonly used in

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Headsets provide a combination of headphones and a microphone for chatting with other players without disturbing others nearby in the same room.

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Additional processors used to handle other dedicated functions on the console. Many early consoles feature an audio coprocessor for example.

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Hybrid video game consoles are devices that can be used either as a handheld or as a home console. They have either a wired connection or

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is generally impossible to access the computing components by an average consumer, though tech-savvy consumers often have found ways to

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to the general public in mind, but lacking in raw computing power and customization. Simplicity is achieved in part through the use of

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Kline, Stephen; Dyer-Witheford, Nick; de Peuter, Greig (2003). "Electronic Frontiers: Branding the "Nintendo Generation" 1985–1990".

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underwent several such hardware refreshes during its lifetime due to technological improvements such as significant reduction of the

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calculations needed for real-time 3D rendering. In contrast to the CPU, modern GPUs for consoles and computers, principally made by

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Kline, Stephen; Dyer-Witheford, Nick; de Peuter, Greig (2003). "Mortal Kombats: Console Wars and Computer Revolutions 1990–1995".

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performance variant available at a higher cost, while the original unit would remain as a budget option. For example, within the

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Another type of competitive edge used by console manufacturers around the same time was the notion of "bits" or the size of the

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for the Nintendo 64, but these had limited applications, as magnetic media was more fragile and volatile than game cartridges.

1250: 371: 3272:. The use of mascots in businesses had been a tradition in Japan, and this had already proven successful in arcade games like 8538: 7145: 6944: 5698: 5273: 4223: 4181: 4139: 4061: 4019: 416: 4229: 4187: 4145: 4067: 4025: 576:

devised the concept of playing simple, spot-based games on a television screen in 1966, which later became the basis of the

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Overview of the console generations, including generation overlaps. Major consoles of each generation are given for each.

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Game pads (such as an Xbox 360 or Guitar Hero controller) often use a combination of digital keys and analog joysticks.

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While the first game consoles were dedicated game systems, with the games programmed into the console's hardware, the

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or other simplified methods of distribution, easing the effort of launching a game. However, this leads to ubiquitous

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give developers most of the needed tools for free after validating the small development size and needs of the team.

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Consumers can often purchase a range of accessories for consoles outside of the above categories. These can include:

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All consoles are enclosed in a case to protect the electronics from damage and to constrain the air flow for cooling.

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Microsoft does not report exact sales for its consoles since the Xbox One, and sales are based industry estimates.

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With Internet-enabled consoles, console manufacturers offer both free and paid-subscription services that provide

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for Xbox consoles were center-points for a range of games to support these devices on their respective systems.

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In the earlier console generations, this was generally limited to simple graphic processing routines, such as

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A modern controller, the DualSense for the Sony PlayStation 5, with multiple directional controls and buttons

1482: 1269: 831: 695: 1957:

intended to allow owners of the aging console to play newer games but has several technical faults, and the

1242:

architecture, console manufacturers followed suit as to help easily port games between computer and console.

1035:

and other components to fit on a chip, and at the same time increasing the circuit speeds and the potential

8543: 8533: 7285: 7223: 7114: 6477: 5952: 5947: 5620: 4468: 3290: 1284: 1227: 1204: 1056: 657: 1311:, and consoles and games that were manufactured for PAL markets used the CPU and GPU at lower frequencies. 8463: 8007: 7218: 7094: 3613:

Hennessey, John; Jouppi, Norman (1991). "Computer Technology and Architecture: An Evolving Interaction".

2175: 1815: 1610: 1573:

support on handhelds and some consoles, and specialized controllers for specific types of games, such as

615: 5520: 3844: 8491: 7732: 6894: 6047: 3453: 3397: 3268:

as the representation of a console system as a means to sell and promote the unit, and for the NES was

3265: 3109: 2135:

per unit sold, back to the manufacturer. The cost varies by manufacturer but was estimated to be about

1552:

A unit that contains a variety of buttons, triggers, and directional controls – either

1465: 1280: 931: 245: 4756: 3418:

Winners-Take-Some Dynamics in Digital Platform Markets: A Reexamination of the Video Game Console Wars

1521:

Controllers have come in a variety of styles over the history of consoles. Some common types include:

354: 250: 7067: 6117: 5355:

Daidj, Nabyla; Isckia, Thierry (2003). "Entering the Economic Models of Game Console Manufacturers".

3816:

Daidj, Nabyla; Thierry, Isckia (2009). "Entering the Economic Models of Game Console Manufacturers".

1291:. For consoles, these GPUs were also designed to send the signal in the proper analog formation to a 1262: 409: 4591:

O'Donnell, Casey (2009). "Production Protection to Copy(right) Protection: From the 10NES to DVDs".

3910: 2184:

Consoles, like most consumer electronic devices, have limited lifespans. There is great interest in

1027:. Manufacturing processes have been able to reduce the feature size on chips (typically measured in 6910: 5981: 4694: 3943: 3424: 3244: 2115: 1525: 1044: 622: 337: 332: 105: 3571:

Lowood, Henry (July–September 2009). "Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong".

2122:

can be used for game development after paying a fee to Microsoft to register one intent to do so.

1657: 8370: 7969: 7780: 7392: 7278: 5868: 5848: 5831: 5657: 5525: 4560:"How Third-Party Game Devs Reverse-Engineered Their Way Onto Your Consoles (and Into Your Heart)" 3306: 3177:

When adjusted for inflation, the price of consoles has generally followed a downward trend, from

2185: 1590: 1365: 1354: 1288: 1194: 822: 454: 203: 83: 7605: 8340: 8309: 8289: 8249: 8054: 7742: 7657: 7442: 6771: 6017: 5133: 4242:

In many console action games, different buttons on the controller will perform the same action.

3657: 3222: 3194: 2179: 2156: 1929: 1770:

Since the seventh generation of consoles, most consoles include integrated connectivity to the

1617:, a wireless infrared light gun, and such were at one point popular for games. It also support 1461: 1332: 1017: 963: 630: 490: 361: 314: 5370: 4428: 3829: 2060: 1139: 8274: 8147: 8142: 7952: 7925: 7785: 7747: 7690: 7514: 7104: 6467: 6360: 6281: 6149: 5826: 5821: 5686: 5669: 3342: 3236: 2214: 1910: 1753: 1707: 1146: 1088: 1060: 1023:

Improvements in console hardware followed with improvements in microprocessor technology and

992: 864: 458: 342: 208: 183: 88: 8449: 8405: 8375: 8137: 8044: 7700: 7680: 7622: 7531: 7352: 7305: 7255: 7119: 7077: 6678: 6401: 3701:

Williams, Dmitri (2002). "Structure and Competition in the U.S. Home Video Game Industry".

3258: 3187: 3112: 2328: 2108: 1854: 1765: 1757: 1390: 1246: 1235: 1048: 898: 873: 711: 626: 494: 482: 402: 326: 238: 151: 4659:"The ethics of emulation: how creators, the community, and the law view console emulators" 1706:(ROM) cartridge was introduced with the Fairchild Channel F. A ROM cartridge consist of a 485:

with capabilities to play films and music from optical media or streaming media services.

8: 8468: 8444: 8269: 8172: 8157: 8079: 8049: 7775: 7482: 7250: 7057: 7052: 6814: 6764: 6520: 6012: 5942: 5603: 4255: 3366: 3346: 3218: 2072: 1925: 1916: 1688: 1436: 1200:

The main processing chip on the console that performs most of the computational workload.

967: 807: 611: 378: 321: 225: 122: 5062:

Crafting and Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases

4693:

Conley, James; Andros, Ed; Chinai, Priti; Lipkowitz, Elise; Perez, David (Spring 2004).

8517: 8505: 8422: 8395: 7957: 7894: 7617: 7454: 7347: 7329: 6271: 6042: 5986: 5966: 5843: 4608: 3976: 3801:

Tomaselli, Fernando Claro; Di Serio, Luiz Carlos; de Oliveira, Luciel Henrique (2008).

3718: 3674: 3632: 3615: 3590: 3243:

processor chips, to make their own home consoles which flooded the market by 1977. The

3240: 2256: 1901:

ports, support for USB external hard drives was also added, such as with the Xbox 360.

1790:

in network transmission remains a core limitation for cloud gaming at the present time.

1328: 1276: 1254: 1013: 1004: 996: 477: 32: 4360: 8089: 8074: 7945: 7899: 7873: 7860: 7795: 7526: 7509: 7437: 7357: 7177: 6673: 6583: 6134: 5816: 5693: 5562: 5558:

The Encyclopedia of Game Machines – Consoles, handheld & home computers 1972–2005

5499: 5474: 5389: 5366: 5269: 5106: 5082: 5069: 4947: 4881: 4538: 4433: 4219: 4177: 4135: 4057: 4015: 3981: 3825: 3781: 2260: 1983: 1749: 1602: 1414: 971: 811: 787: 734: 434: 349: 213: 198: 68: 5572: 4612: 4400:

Swearingen, Kirsten; Peter Charles; Nathan Good; Laheem Lamar Jordan; Joyojeet Pal.

3722: 3678: 3636: 1007:

for storage of the state of a game, thus limiting the complexities of such titles.

8458: 8355: 8195: 8064: 7820: 7803: 7583: 7504: 7497: 7037: 6834: 6776: 6759: 6661: 6515: 6188: 5800: 5114: 5098: 4848: 4751: 4741: 4600: 4356: 3777: 3710: 3666: 3624: 3594: 3582: 3376: 3202: 2301: 2145: 1890: 1795: 1703: 1669: 1212: 1069: 796: 577: 383: 164: 4730:"Generational Transitions in Platform Markets— The Role of Backward Compatibility" 8415: 8410: 8390: 8380: 8335: 8319: 8294: 8244: 8200: 8152: 8069: 8059: 7940: 7930: 7920: 7757: 7737: 7649: 7449: 7422: 7032: 7027: 6860: 6537: 6063: 6022: 5937: 5927: 5593: 5384:

Herman, Leonard (2012). "Ball-and-Paddle Controllers". In Wolf, Mark J.P. (ed.).

4564: 4399: 4347: 4213: 4171: 4129: 4051: 4009: 3371: 3158:. Over time the launch price of base consoles units has generally risen to about 2235: 2227: 2132: 2033: 2018: 2008: 1958: 1942: 1807: 1633: 1512: 1410: 1208: 1145:

The PlayStation 3 motherboard, showing the use of System-on-a-Chip (SoC) via the

1125: 906: 889: 718: 638: 551: 519: 450: 95: 6990: 3297: 3174:. Resultingly, sales of these first optical media consoles were generally poor. 2028:, though support for VR on other consoles is planned by the other manufacturers. 1830: 1464:, internal layouts, and strategically-placed vents on the casing to assure good 1170:

Some of the commons elements that can be found within console hardware include:

61: 8400: 8385: 8350: 8279: 8259: 8234: 8219: 8122: 7889: 7519: 7492: 7367: 7337: 6839: 6799: 6549: 6525: 6494: 6396: 6386: 6330: 6213: 6183: 6154: 6097: 5323: 4535:

The NES Encyclopedia: Every Game Released for the Nintendo Entertainment System

4506: 3803:

Value chain management and competitive strategy in the home video game industry

3335: 3254: 3193:

Since the Nintendo Entertainment System, console pricing has stabilized on the

2316:

that was not bundled with the required RF hardware to connect to a television.

2025: 1991: 1598: 1566: 1440: 1316: 1287:

that handled video and audio, while the Nintendo Entertainment System used the

1052: 923: 653: 581: 473: 188: 4808: 3714: 1663:

The Nintendo Entertainment System gamepad with a single D-pad and four buttons

1374:(I/O) with some internal storage and other connected devices like controllers. 1249:, which are also identified in their specification. Multi-core CPUs allow for 1179:

The primary PCB that all of the main chips, including the CPU, are mounted on.

1051:

became more practical with the higher density of transistors per chip, but to

8527: 8254: 8205: 8084: 7904: 7715: 7672: 7600: 7541: 7432: 7427: 7372: 7342: 7313: 7270: 7047: 6980: 6889: 6723: 6651: 6588: 6472: 6418: 6408: 6230: 6139: 6027: 5971: 5961: 5878: 5863: 5853: 5838: 5588: 5110: 3670: 3402: 2313: 2210: 1987: 1861: 1819: 1787: 1731: 1715: 1696: 1586: 1422: 1418: 1184: 847: 843: 776: 768: 749: 745: 702: 607: 573: 469: 465: 129: 1095:, factories which assemble those components into the final consoles such as 1047:, further increasing the number of features and effective processing power. 633:(LCD) that resembled video screens more closely. Early examples include the 625:

as these shifted from mechanical to electronic/digital logic, and away from

8284: 8264: 8167: 7935: 7868: 7837: 7710: 7705: 7558: 7553: 7397: 7213: 7208: 7182: 7099: 7042: 6819: 6754: 6749: 6666: 6350: 6320: 6261: 6208: 6198: 5932: 5912: 5681: 5442: 5328: 5237: 5201: 5024: 4746: 4729: 3742: 3416:

Kemerer, Chris F.; Dunn, Brian Kimball; Janansefat, Shadi (February 2017).

3261:

for games that existed beyond technical limitation of console development.

3154:, and with the introduction of the ROM cartridge, each game averaged about 2297: 2252: 2231: 1973: 1954: 1921: 1780: 1723: 1714:

chip, to enhance the performance of the console. Some consoles such as the

1606: 1594: 1574: 1557: 1457: 1430: 1406: 1371: 1344: 1304: 1231: 918: 877: 835: 589: 442: 438: 388: 176: 139: 117: 73: 7130: 5118: 4695:"Use of a Game Over: Emulation and the Video Game Industry, A White Paper" 4374: 3325:

Competition in the console market in the 2010s and 2020s is considered an

2166:

Similar licensing concepts apply for third-party accessory manufacturers.

36:

A collection of various classic video game consoles at a game show in 2010

8239: 8177: 8117: 8030: 7695: 7627: 7466: 7459: 7382: 7362: 7187: 7062: 7006: 6781: 6656: 6423: 6365: 6340: 6325: 6203: 6002: 5065: 4604: 4053:

Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games

3915: 3849: 3586: 3350: 3214: 1886: 1836:

A Fairchild Channel F cartridge, exposing the circuit contacts on the PCB

1803: 1578: 1570: 1292: 1174: 1111: 1100: 1076: 959: 935: 634: 597: 593: 503: 366: 218: 193: 171: 112: 4809:"The Foundation of Geemu: A Brief History of Early Japanese video games" 4429:"Starting today, anyone can turn their Xbox One into a dev kit for free" 1502:

connections are usually found on the back to keep cables out of the way.

800: 8439: 8304: 8224: 7842: 7825: 7808: 7767: 7727: 7720: 7011: 6844: 6510: 6335: 6315: 6251: 6193: 6107: 6102: 6092: 6037: 5922: 5917: 5907: 5521:"With Nintendo's Switch Game Console, New Ideas Create New Experiences" 5169: 3948: 3249: 2288: 2284: 2084: 1799: 1719: 1445: 1216: 1157: 1131:

The Sega Dreamcast motherboard, incorporating more complex IC circuitry

1036: 1032: 1028: 894: 827: 727: 585: 446: 144: 100: 52: 5612: 5197:"Xbox's Phil Spencer: 'We're not driven by how many consoles we sell'" 3977:"PS5 and Xbox Series X SSDs: How this tech will define next-gen games" 1775:

across different consoles, and offering sales and incentives at times.

1645: 8427: 8299: 8162: 7964: 7830: 7815: 7637: 7612: 7072: 6985: 6949: 6939: 6809: 6542: 6457: 6276: 6256: 5411:"Faded Glory: The Decline, Fall and Possible Salvation of Home Video" 5295: 5102: 4980: 4287: 4169: 4127: 4007: 3882: 3485: 3326: 3302: 3198: 2198: 2190: 1811: 1582: 507: 5291:"Microsoft would like to remind you the Xbox definitely makes money" 4502:"Epic's Battle With Apple and Google Actually Dates Back to Pac-Man" 3628: 3150:

Consoles when originally launched in the 1970s and 1980s were about

1565:

Numerous other controller types exist, including those that support

8500: 8477: 8433: 8345: 8210: 7752: 7685: 7563: 7546: 7487: 7377: 6975: 6970: 6804: 6733: 6646: 6629: 6603: 6462: 6452: 6391: 6246: 5496:

Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing

5471:

Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing

5164: 4663: 2305: 2280: 2223: 2194: 2119: 1842: 1771: 1618: 1536: 869: 642: 515: 468:

geared towards video game playing, designed with affordability and

3513:"How Microconsoles Transformed TVs into Giant Computers for Cheap" 2048: 1920:

titles on a rotating basis. Examples of such services include the

1876: 806:, and more recently have been used for retro-consoles such as the 8365: 8229: 7662: 7632: 7536: 7192: 6593: 6484: 6355: 6144: 6112: 5976: 3544: 3314: 3310: 3274: 3099:

Based on pricing of base model at launch within the United States

2160: 1946: 1894: 1745: 1711: 1614: 1547: 1096: 999:

chips that performed known functions, or programmable chips like

547: 134: 4877:"Updated Nintendo Switch with better battery life now in stores" 3264:

The Nintendo Entertainment System also brought the concept of a

783:

and store them on internal or external digital storage devices.

756:

and store them on internal or external digital storage devices.

572:

The first video game consoles were produced in the early 1970s.

8214: 7592: 6954: 6824: 6694: 6641: 6634: 6413: 6266: 5607: 5438:"The NES turns 30: How it began, worked, and saved an industry" 5233:"The return of the $ 70 video game has been a long time coming" 5160:"Microsoft decides not to share Xbox One sales figures anymore" 3239:, which led other third-party manufacturers, using inexpensive 1999: 1995: 1979: 1737: 1477:

on digital distribution for game acquisition, such as with the

1405:

Newer consoles have included internal storage devices, such as

1324: 1084: 962:

for a specific console platform. Examples of these include the

954: 927: 535: 531: 7999: 5134:"PS5 sells 50M units, a big milestone after a turbulent start" 5089:

Joyce Bedi (January 2019). "Ralph Baer: An interactive life".

3878:"The US PlayStation Classic has several slower 50Hz PAL games" 1978:

While these can be used with Internet-connected consoles like

1786:

to the server with the rendered graphics and audio sent back.

670: 8454: 8360: 6728: 6608: 6489: 6345: 5324:"Sony taking big hit on each PS3 sold; Xbox 360 in the black" 3269: 1553: 1336: 1308: 1303:(mostly used in Europe). These two formats differed by their 1220: 1000: 902: 839: 527: 5493: 5468: 4699:

Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property

3944:"What are teraflops? Why they are so important for next-gen" 3800: 8473: 6829: 6624: 6532: 5858: 4692: 4628:"What do indie developers think about the ID@Xbox program?" 3279: 2222:

console family, the distribution of emulated games such as

2219: 1379: 1296: 791: 602: 580:

in 1972. Inspired by the table tennis game on the Odyssey,

523: 511: 4910:"Microsoft Unveils Xbox One S All-Digital Edition Console" 3481:"DF Retro: Revisiting Sega's Nomad - the original Switch?" 1597:. Some newer consoles also include optional support for a 1226:

Another distinguishing feature for a console's CPU is the

1117:

The Atari 2600 motherboard, with basic IC chips identified

621:

Handheld consoles emerged from technology improvements in

6598: 6554: 6310: 5020:"Is the US market ready to embrace a $ 500 game console?" 4914: 4473: 3540:"Are the Latest Plug-and-Play Retro Consoles Worthwhile?" 3354: 2309: 1950: 1898: 1741: 1320: 1300: 1239: 1080: 543: 539: 5188: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4688: 4686: 4211: 1272:

of data from the CPU to the video output of the console.

4844:"Sony Drops Price of PlayStation 3, Unveils Slim Model" 4080:

Console games usually provide a proprietary controller.

2169: 974:

and also handheld retro consoles such as the Nintendo

8489: 5000: 4683: 4500:

Mochizuki, Takahashi; Savov, Vlad (August 25, 2020).

3415: 1961:

for the GameCube to allow it to play Game Boy games.

4773:"Xbox Series X won't support Kinect hardware, games" 1692:

forms have changes with improvements in technology.

5498:. McGill Queen University Press. pp. 128–150. 5473:. McGill Queen University Press. pp. 109–127. 4934: 4163: 4001: 3729: 2267:console's design for production going forward; the 1897:format. As consoles began incorporating the use of 641:in 1980, and the concept was fully realized by the 5487: 4727: 4173:Creating Games: Mechanics, Content, and Technology 4131:Creating Games: Mechanics, Content, and Technology 4121: 4011:Creating Games: Mechanics, Content, and Technology 2308:that lacked any online components compared to the 991:Early console hardware was designed as customized 5710: 5226: 5224: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 2118:from the manufacturer. For example, any consumer 8525: 4728:Kretschmer, Tobias; Claussen, Jörg (June 2016). 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4316:"E3 2011: Sony PlayStation Vita: Inside and Out" 4170:Morgan McGuire; Odest Chadwicke Jenkins (2009). 4128:Morgan McGuire; Odest Chadwicke Jenkins (2009). 4008:Morgan McGuire; Odest Chadwicke Jenkins (2009). 3767: 3765: 1055:, processors needed to be updated to use larger 464:Video game consoles are a specialized form of a 6033:Palmtex Portable Videogame System / Super Micro 5705: 5257: 4813:International Journal of Computer Game Research 4049: 3612: 3531: 3409: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 941: 7300: 5462: 5221: 5044: 4499: 4205: 3654: 2291:as the lower-cost base console, and a special 2283:family, Microsoft released the mid-generation 1203:The consoles' CPU is generally defined by its 826:input to the game. Early examples include the 522:console). Previous console developers include 8015: 7286: 7146: 5628: 4590: 4453: 4043: 3845:"Son of PC: The History of x86 Game Consoles" 3762: 3703:The International Journal on Media Management 3608: 3606: 3604: 3186:of the median household income, based on the 905:, have had these features, some consider the 883: 779:. It is now common to download games through 752:. It is now common to download games through 410: 5402: 5377: 4533:Scullion, Chris (2019). "Unlicensed Games". 4344: 4283:"Stalled engine: The TurboGrafx-16 turns 25" 4158:Video games depend on their control schemes. 3815: 3117: 759:Dedicated consoles were very popular in the 7160: 5518: 5354: 5151: 3738:"How the Inside of Your Game Console Works" 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3133: 2234:services for these older games as with the 2102: 1639:The Magnavox Odyssey dual-paddle controller 1079:that includes component suppliers, such as 850:. Specific types of home consoles include: 8022: 8008: 7293: 7279: 7153: 7139: 5635: 5621: 5435: 5386:Before the Crash: Early Video Game History 5088: 4976:"A Brief History Of Cutdown Game Consoles" 4757:10398/542b2963-1b69-4890-9ab5-7a99fc8fe804 4625: 4537:. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. p. 216. 4313: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3601: 1605:devices. Some older consoles such as 1988 817: 417: 403: 5268:. Södertörns högskola. pp. 161–191. 5194: 5157: 5131: 4874: 4755: 4745: 1468:for keeping the internal components cool. 1039:the chip can run at, as well as reducing 5597:) is being considered for deletion. See 5321: 5263: 5132:McWhertor, Michael (December 20, 2023). 5091:Human behavior and emerging technologies 4841: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4532: 4426: 4085: 3700: 3685: 3478: 3296: 2201:, which laws such as the United States' 1949:. Other examples of add-ons include the 1875: 1230:. The instruction set defines low-level 853: 31: 5957:1292 Advanced Programmable Video System 5642: 5554: 5519:Ohannessian, Kevin (January 20, 2017). 5158:Humphries, Matthew (October 26, 2015). 4943:"Nintendo reveals the New Nintendo 3DS" 4593:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 4466: 4253: 3974: 3842: 3643: 3574:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 3537: 1043:. Chips were able to be made on larger 948:List of retro style video game consoles 27:Computer system for running video games 14: 8526: 5408: 5383: 5336:from the original on September 9, 2021 5288: 5245:from the original on September 8, 2021 5230: 5059: 5017: 4988:from the original on February 25, 2021 4973: 4907: 4875:McWhertor, Michael (August 13, 2019). 4806: 4770: 4709:from the original on November 18, 2021 4671:from the original on November 18, 2021 4656: 4441:from the original on September 2, 2021 4408:from the original on November 11, 2021 4281:Nutt, Christian (September 12, 2014). 3908: 3875: 3735: 3570: 3460:from the original on September 6, 2021 2078:Virtual reality headset PlayStation VR 1001:erasable programmable read-only memory 763:until they were gradually replaced by 8003: 7274: 7134: 5616: 5533:from the original on January 20, 2017 5303:from the original on October 19, 2021 5195:MacDonald, Keza (November 11, 2020). 5032:from the original on October 19, 2021 4955:from the original on October 31, 2021 4795: 4557: 4514:from the original on November 6, 2021 4176:. Taylor & Francis. p. 395. 4134:. Taylor & Francis. p. 104. 4094:"Evolution of Video Game Controllers" 4014:. Taylor & Francis. p. 397. 3989:from the original on October 22, 2021 3890:from the original on November 4, 2021 3857:from the original on December 5, 2020 3771: 3750:from the original on January 21, 2021 3332:manufacturer's suggested retail price 3305:, the last console from Sega, at the 2287:as a higher performance console, the 1299:(used in Japan and North America) or 909:to be the first true hybrid console. 614:in 1976, though popularized with the 5436:Cunningham, Andrew (July 15, 2013). 5322:Bangeman, Eric (November 26, 2006). 5266:History of Insolvancy and Bankruptcy 5209:from the original on August 18, 2021 4940: 4626:Makedonski, Brett (March 20, 2014). 4326:from the original on October 6, 2013 4280: 4262:from the original on October 7, 2021 4050:Tracy Fullerton (February 8, 2008). 3941: 3923:from the original on August 16, 2021 3190:data for the console's launch year. 2255:. Manufacturers may offer alternate 2170:Emulation and backward compatibility 1860:Mobile device running cloud game on 1621:, a baseball bat-shaped controller. 1337:floating-point operations per second 1053:address the correct blocks of memory 6219:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 4922:from the original on April 19, 2021 4856:from the original on April 15, 2021 4381:from the original on April 22, 2021 4212:Richard Rouse; Steve Ogden (2005). 4106:from the original on April 23, 2021 3975:Honorof, Marshall (June 21, 2020). 3181:from the early generations down to 2097: 2090:Docking station for Nintendo Switch 2066:PlayStation Wireless Stereo Headset 1871: 1149:(silver chip, just right-of-center) 568:Home video game console generations 24: 5548: 5450:from the original on July 22, 2021 5018:Orland, Kyle (February 20, 2020). 4908:Tyrrel, Brandin (April 16, 2019). 4889:from the original on July 20, 2021 4823:from the original on June 24, 2015 4783:from the original on July 17, 2020 4572:from the original on June 20, 2020 4469:"The Economics of Game Publishing" 4427:Crecente, Brian (March 30, 2016). 4295:from the original on June 27, 2017 4256:"Chronology of Video Game Systems" 4232:from the original on July 29, 2020 4215:Game Design: Theory & Practice 4190:from the original on July 29, 2020 4148:from the original on July 29, 2020 4070:from the original on July 29, 2020 4028:from the original on July 29, 2020 3956:from the original on July 11, 2021 3089:Handheld units are shown in blue. 2193:, including acquiring a console's 1935: 1904: 1818:for the Nintendo Famicom, and the 1814:using tape drives, as well as the 1268:The processing unit that performs 1093:electronics manufacturing services 721:hybrid console in its dock (right) 25: 8560: 5601:to help reach a consensus. › 5580: 4842:Mastrapa, Gus (August 19, 2009). 4481:from the original on May 20, 2021 3876:Byford, Sam (November 27, 2018). 3843:Edwards, Benj (August 26, 2016). 3493:from the original on July 9, 2019 3434:from the original on July 8, 2021 1998:for PlayStation consoles and the 1756:used on the GameCube, and Sony's 8511: 8499: 8133:Failure of electronic components 7983: 7982: 5409:Prince, Suzan (September 1983). 5388:. Wayne State University Press. 4807:Picard, Martin (December 2013). 3405:. December 1996. pp. 38–41. 3162:, with the average game costing 2213:which was able to play original 2203:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 2083: 2071: 2059: 2047: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1668: 1656: 1644: 1632: 1156: 1138: 1124: 1110: 1025:semiconductor device fabrication 726: 710: 694: 43: 8029: 5512: 5429: 5348: 5315: 5282: 5125: 4967: 4941:Gera, Emily (August 29, 2014). 4901: 4868: 4835: 4764: 4721: 4650: 4619: 4584: 4558:Smith, Ernie (March 18, 2017). 4551: 4526: 4493: 4420: 4393: 4367: 4338: 4307: 4274: 4247: 3968: 3935: 3909:Hruska, Joel (April 28, 2020). 3902: 3869: 3836: 3818:Communications & Strategies 3809: 3794: 3538:Rignall, Jaz (March 28, 2017). 3479:Linneman, John (May 13, 2018). 3102: 3093: 2246: 1087:for CPU and GPU functions, and 986: 912: 901:, or home consoles such as the 596:developed the first successful 7048:Plug It in & Play TV Games 4771:Orland, Kyle (July 16, 2020). 4657:Fenlon, Wes (March 28, 2017). 4467:Edwards, Ralph (May 6, 2020). 4091: 3805:. 19th Annual Conference POMS. 3564: 3505: 3472: 3446: 3388: 3208: 2323: 2293:Xbox One S All-Digital Edition 1964: 1591:musical instrument controllers 1506: 1479:Xbox One S All-Digital Edition 860:List of handheld game consoles 735:Sega Genesis (Mega Drive) Mini 564:History of video game consoles 13: 1: 6123:Nintendo Entertainment System 5586: 5358:Communications and Strategies 5231:Orland, Kyle (July 9, 2020). 4974:Byford, Sam (July 11, 2019). 4375:"Family Computer Disk System" 4361:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00016-1 4218:. Wordware Pub. p. 108. 3942:Sawh, Mike (March 17, 2020). 3911:"How Do Graphics Cards Work?" 3454:"Video Game History Timeline" 3382: 1682: 1483:PlayStation 5 Digital Edition 981: 976:Game & Watch color screen 838:; newer examples include the 832:Nintendo Entertainment System 786:Some consoles are considered 8539:Bundled products or services 8128:List of emerging electronics 5948:Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy 4402:"How Much Information? 2003" 4254:Polsson, Ken (May 9, 2007). 3736:Hruska, Joel (May 8, 2020). 2125: 1760:on the PlayStation Portable. 1285:Television Interface Adaptor 1245:Newer CPUs may also feature 1228:instruction set architecture 942:Plug and play/Retro consoles 7: 6008:Children's Discovery System 5289:Warren, Tom (May 6, 2021). 4314:Sarju Shah (June 7, 2011). 3774:Fundamentals of Game Design 3360: 3255:Checking Integrated Circuit 2327:Console release prices (in 2176:Video game console emulator 1848:A Nintendo Wii optical disc 1611:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 995:(PCB)s, selecting existing 746:game cartridge or game card 652:Following the same type of 10: 8565: 7733:Personal digital assistant 6048:Epoch Game Pocket Computer 6003:Milton Bradley Microvision 4056:. CRC Press. p. 131. 3212: 3110:Bureau of Labor Statistics 2342:Introductory price (U.S.) 2319: 2173: 2106: 1908: 1510: 1439:from a wall socket to the 945: 884:Hybrid video game consoles 857: 561: 557: 449:that can be played with a 270:Longest-running franchises 8328: 8186: 8103: 8037: 7978: 7913: 7882: 7859: 7794: 7766: 7671: 7648: 7591: 7582: 7475: 7415: 7408: 7328: 7321: 7312: 7201: 7170: 7166: 7090: 7068:Super NES Classic Edition 7020: 6999: 6963: 6932: 6923: 6903: 6882: 6873: 6853: 6792: 6742: 6716: 6707: 6687: 6617: 6576: 6567: 6503: 6445: 6436: 6374: 6303: 6294: 6239: 6176: 6167: 6118:Commodore 64 Games System 6085: 6076: 6064:Nintendo Game & Watch 6056: 5995: 5900: 5891: 5809: 5793: 5784: 5726: 5650: 3715:10.1080/14241270209389979 3456:. Strong Museum of Play. 3088: 3046: 2936: 2846: 2739: 2632: 2525: 2452: 2379: 2357: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2326: 2241: 2116:software development kits 1880:A PlayStation memory card 1263:Graphical processing unit 1247:multiple processing cores 623:handheld electronic games 610:were introduced with the 518:(currently producing the 280:Games considered the best 5599:templates for discussion 5555:Forster, Winnie (2005). 4322:. CBS Interactive, Inc. 3671:10.1177/1461444815584333 3425:University of Pittsburgh 3301:Retail demo kiosk for a 3245:video game crash of 1983 2103:Console development kits 1994:games. Devices like the 1864:with official controller 1609:aka Mega Drive and 1993 1466:convective heat transfer 1217:clock speed or frequency 823:Home video game consoles 801:home console version of 685: 275:Most-played mobile games 8371:Electromagnetic warfare 7970:Wireless sensor network 7161:Video games by platform 5869:TV Tennis Electrotennis 5849:Magnavox Odyssey series 5658:Home video game console 5068:. pp. C-198–C211. 3658:New Media & Society 3307:Finnish Museum of Games 2197:and copies of a game's 1736:Optical media, such as 1651:The Atari CX40 joystick 1289:Picture Processing Unit 1195:Central processing unit 818:Home video game console 631:liquid-crystal displays 8549:Video game terminology 8341:Automotive electronics 8290:Robotic vacuum cleaner 8250:Information technology 8055:Electronic engineering 7743:Portable data terminal 6772:Nvidia Shield Portable 6018:Entex Adventure Vision 4747:10.1287/stsc.2015.0009 3772:Adams, Earnst (2014). 3318: 3223:History of video games 2180:Backward compatibility 2157:indie game development 1930:Nintendo Switch Online 1881: 1089:contract manufacturers 1018:video game development 993:printed circuit boards 964:Atari Flashback series 865:Handheld game consoles 775:gradually merged with 491:razor and blades model 445:or image to display a 37: 8275:Portable media player 8148:Molecular electronics 8143:Low-power electronics 7926:Information appliance 7748:Portable media player 7691:Handheld game console 6150:Super Cassette Vision 6108:Atari XE Games System 5938:Epoch Cassette Vision 5822:Coleco Telstar series 5771:Eighth (2012–present) 5670:Handheld game console 3347:"blue ocean" strategy 3343:first-mover advantage 3300: 3170:and going as high as 2345:Global Sales (Units) 1911:Online console gaming 1879: 1754:Nintendo optical disc 1708:printed circuit board 1059:and allot for larger 854:Handheld game console 35: 8469:Terahertz technology 8450:Open-source hardware 8406:Consumer electronics 8376:Electronics industry 8138:Flexible electronics 8045:Analogue electronics 7701:Mobile data terminal 7681:Electronic organizer 7353:Intelligent terminal 7202:Related technologies 7078:Pocket Dream Console 6679:PlayStation Portable 6382:Design Master Senshi 6277:Mega Duck/Cougar Boy 5776:Ninth (2020–present) 5365:(1st Quarter 2003). 4638:on November 26, 2020 4605:10.1109/MAHC.2009.49 4377:. January 20, 2000. 3587:10.1109/MAHC.2009.53 3188:United States Census 3113:Consumer Price Index 2869:PlayStation Portable 2339:Release year (U.S.) 2109:Game development kit 1917:value-added services 1889:, first used by the 1766:Digital distribution 1758:Universal Media Disc 1391:Random-access memory 1279:and manipulation of 1236:software portability 1049:Random-access memory 899:PlayStation Portable 874:PlayStation Portable 781:digital distribution 754:digital distribution 629:(LED) indicators to 627:light-emitting diode 495:Planned obsolescence 152:Virtual reality game 8544:Video game consoles 8534:American inventions 8445:Nuclear electronics 8270:Networking hardware 8173:Quantum electronics 8158:Organic electronics 8080:Printed electronics 8050:Digital electronics 7058:PlayStation Classic 7053:NES Classic Edition 6013:Entex Select-A-Game 5943:Fairchild Channel F 5766:Seventh (2005–2017) 5644:Video game consoles 3367:Game consoles sales 3259:console exclusivity 3241:General Instruments 3219:Video game industry 3130:Still in production 2847:Seventh generation 2054:Kinect for Xbox One 1926:PlayStation Network 1689:Fairchild Channel F 1435:Besides converting 1041:thermal dissipation 1014:integrated circuits 1005:processor registers 968:NES Classic Edition 808:NES Classic Edition 658:processor word size 612:Fairchild Channel F 478:proprietary formats 123:Social-network game 106:Electronic handheld 8423:Marine electronics 8396:Integrated circuit 8315:Video game console 8113:2020s in computing 8095:Thermal management 7958:Computer-on-module 7816:Digital wristwatch 7618:Mobile workstation 7388:Video game console 7348:Internet appliance 7171:Hardware platforms 6825:OnLive Game System 6272:Watara Supervision 6043:Romtec Colorvision 5987:VTech CreatiVision 5844:Gameroom Tele-Pong 5751:Fourth (1987–2004) 5741:Second (1976–1992) 3319: 3284:Sonic the Hedgehog 3237:the Coleco Telstar 2937:Eighth generation 2526:Fourth generation 2380:Second generation 2331:) and total sales 2257:stock keeping unit 1882: 1498:Input/output ports 1415:solid-state drives 1329:parallel computing 1277:bitmapped graphics 1255:parallel computing 997:integrated circuit 928:OnLive Game System 788:dedicated consoles 618:released in 1977. 431:video game console 297:Negative reception 258:Best-selling games 38: 8487: 8486: 8464:Radio electronics 8090:Schematic capture 8075:Power electronics 7997: 7996: 7946:Rugged smartphone 7855: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7532:Small form factor 7358:Interactive kiosk 7268: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7224:Geolocation-based 7193:Personal computer 7128: 7127: 7086: 7085: 6971:GameKing consoles 6919: 6918: 6869: 6868: 6703: 6702: 6584:EVO Smart Console 6563: 6562: 6432: 6431: 6290: 6289: 6163: 6162: 6072: 6071: 5982:Super Vision 8000 5887: 5886: 5817:APF TV Fun series 5761:Sixth (1998–2013) 5756:Fifth (1993–2006) 5746:Third (1983–2003) 5736:First (1972–1980) 5694:Dedicated console 5604:Console platforms 5575:on March 7, 2007. 5275:978-91-89315-94-5 4225:978-1-55622-912-1 4183:978-1-56881-305-9 4141:978-1-56881-305-9 4063:978-0-240-80974-8 4021:978-1-56881-305-9 3665:(10): 2323–2339. 3517:Popular Mechanics 3395:"The Big Fight". 3266:video game mascot 3148: 3147: 3084: 3025: 2740:Sixth generation 2633:Fifth generation 2453:Third generation 2358:First generation 2261:mascot characters 2155:With the rise of 1984:augmented reality 1750:full-motion video 1699:or game cartridge 1031:), allowing more 972:Sega Genesis Mini 812:Sega Genesis Mini 773:fourth generation 765:second generation 737:dedicated console 459:handheld consoles 435:electronic device 427: 426: 69:Arcade video game 16:(Redirected from 8556: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8504: 8503: 8495: 8459:Radio navigation 8356:Data acquisition 8065:Microelectronics 8024: 8017: 8010: 8001: 8000: 7986: 7985: 7821:Calculator watch 7804:Activity tracker 7589: 7588: 7413: 7412: 7326: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7272: 7271: 7168: 7167: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7132: 7131: 7038:C64 Direct-to-TV 6930: 6929: 6880: 6879: 6835:Nvidia Shield TV 6777:PlayStation Vita 6714: 6713: 6574: 6573: 6516:Game Boy Advance 6443: 6442: 6301: 6300: 6174: 6173: 6083: 6082: 5953:Interton VC 4000 5898: 5897: 5801:Magnavox Odyssey 5791: 5790: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5576: 5571:. Archived from 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5176:on July 20, 2018 5172:. Archived from 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5103:10.1002/HBE2.119 5086: 5080: 5079: 5057: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5015: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4804: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4749: 4734:Strategy Science 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4634:. Archived from 4623: 4617: 4616: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4464: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3778:New Riders Press 3769: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3698: 3683: 3682: 3652: 3641: 3640: 3610: 3599: 3598: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3548:. Archived from 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3519:. April 28, 2022 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3433: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3392: 3377:Video game clone 3282:with the use of 3203:product lifetime 3195:razorblade model 3184: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3082: 3023: 2976:PlayStation Vita 2813:Game Boy Advance 2363:Magnavox Odyssey 2324: 2302:New Nintendo 3DS 2296:the case of the 2138: 2098:Game development 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 1872:External storage 1857: 1845: 1833: 1796:magnetic storage 1704:read-only memory 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1411:hard disk drives 1402:Internal storage 1160: 1142: 1128: 1114: 1070:system on a chip 797:Magnavox Odyssey 761:first generation 730: 714: 698: 639:Game & Watch 578:Magnavox Odyssey 419: 412: 405: 285:Game of the Year 251:highest-grossing 184:Action-adventure 89:Handheld console 47: 40: 39: 21: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8498: 8490: 8488: 8483: 8416:Small appliance 8411:Major appliance 8391:Home automation 8381:Embedded system 8336:Audio equipment 8324: 8320:Washing machine 8245:Home theater PC 8201:Central heating 8196:Air conditioner 8188: 8182: 8153:Nanoelectronics 8105: 8099: 8070:Optoelectronics 8060:Instrumentation 8033: 8028: 7998: 7993: 7974: 7931:Microcontroller 7921:Embedded system 7909: 7878: 7847: 7790: 7762: 7758:Ultra-mobile PC 7667: 7644: 7570: 7471: 7404: 7308: 7299: 7269: 7260: 7256:Virtual reality 7197: 7162: 7159: 7129: 7124: 7082: 7033:Barcode Battler 7028:Atari Flashback 7016: 6995: 6959: 6925: 6915: 6899: 6895:Xbox Series X/S 6875: 6865: 6861:Nintendo Switch 6849: 6788: 6738: 6709: 6699: 6683: 6613: 6569: 6559: 6499: 6438: 6428: 6370: 6296: 6286: 6235: 6169: 6159: 6078: 6068: 6052: 5991: 5928:Bally Astrocade 5893: 5883: 5874:Unisonic series 5805: 5786: 5780: 5722: 5646: 5641: 5602: 5583: 5569: 5551: 5549:Further reading 5546: 5536: 5534: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5417:. Pumpkin Press 5407: 5403: 5396: 5382: 5378: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5229: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5130: 5126: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5058: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5016: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4805: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4765: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4691: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4620: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4465: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4348:Research Policy 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4252: 4248: 4235: 4233: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4193: 4191: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4151: 4149: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4073: 4071: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4031: 4029: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3841: 3837: 3814: 3810: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3780:. p. 105. 3770: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3734: 3730: 3699: 3686: 3653: 3644: 3629:10.1109/2.84896 3611: 3602: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3552:on May 12, 2021 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3401:. No. 24. 3398:Next Generation 3394: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3372:Unlockable game 3363: 3336:network effects 3225: 3211: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3118: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3069:Xbox Series X/S 3030:Nintendo Switch 2353:2020 inflation 2322: 2249: 2244: 2236:PlayStation Now 2228:Virtual Console 2182: 2174:Main articles: 2172: 2136: 2128: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2034:Docking station 2019:Virtual reality 1967: 1959:Game Boy Player 1943:Atari Jaguar CD 1938: 1936:Console add-ons 1913: 1907: 1905:Online services 1874: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1808:Bally Astrocade 1685: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1567:motion controls 1515: 1513:Game controller 1509: 1453:Cooling systems 1307:, 60 versus 50 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1115: 989: 984: 950: 944: 915: 907:Nintendo Switch 890:docking station 886: 862: 856: 820: 742: 741: 740: 739: 738: 731: 723: 722: 719:Nintendo Switch 715: 707: 706: 699: 688: 682: 680: 679: 678: 677: 674: 673: 671: 663: 570: 562:Main articles: 560: 474:game cartridges 453:. These may be 451:game controller 423: 394: 393: 329: 317: 307: 306: 302:Cancelled games 241: 231: 230: 167: 157: 156: 96:Electronic game 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8562: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8521: 8520: 8508: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8480:Communications 8471: 8466: 8461: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8401:Home appliance 8398: 8393: 8388: 8386:Home appliance 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8351:Control system 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8260:Microwave oven 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8123:Bioelectronics 8120: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8004: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 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7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7338:Arcade cabinet 7334: 7332: 7323: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7302:Computer sizes 7298: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7275: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7251:Social network 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6845:Razer Forge TV 6842: 6840:PlayStation TV 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6800:Amazon Fire TV 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6550:Tapwave Zodiac 6547: 6546: 6545: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6397:Neo Geo Pocket 6394: 6389: 6387:Game Boy Color 6384: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6331:FM Towns Marty 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6184:Commodore CDTV 6180: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6155:VTech Socrates 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6098:Amstrad GX4000 6095: 6089: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5708: 5706:Hybrid console 5703: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5582: 5581:External links 5579: 5578: 5577: 5567: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5511: 5504: 5486: 5479: 5461: 5428: 5401: 5395:978-0814337226 5394: 5376: 5347: 5314: 5281: 5274: 5256: 5220: 5187: 5150: 5124: 5081: 5075:978-0073381244 5074: 5043: 4999: 4966: 4933: 4900: 4867: 4834: 4794: 4763: 4720: 4682: 4649: 4618: 4583: 4550: 4544:978-1526737823 4543: 4525: 4507:Bloomberg News 4492: 4452: 4419: 4392: 4366: 4355:(3): 423–444. 4337: 4306: 4273: 4246: 4224: 4204: 4182: 4162: 4140: 4120: 4084: 4062: 4042: 4020: 4000: 3982:Tom's Hardware 3967: 3934: 3901: 3868: 3835: 3808: 3793: 3786: 3761: 3728: 3684: 3642: 3600: 3563: 3530: 3504: 3471: 3445: 3408: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3210: 3207: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3132: 3116: 3101: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2318: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2171: 2168: 2127: 2124: 2107:Main article: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2026:PlayStation VR 2022: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2004: 2003: 1992:motion sensing 1976: 1966: 1963: 1937: 1934: 1909:Main article: 1906: 1903: 1873: 1870: 1859: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1792: 1791: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1700: 1684: 1681: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1587:shooting games 1563: 1562: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1317:floating-point 1312: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1258: 1251:multithreading 1243: 1224: 1201: 1198: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1162: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1147:Cell processor 1144: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 988: 985: 983: 980: 943: 940: 924:PlayStation TV 914: 911: 885: 882: 855: 852: 819: 816: 769:ROM cartridges 732: 725: 724: 716: 709: 708: 700: 693: 692: 691: 690: 689: 687: 684: 675: 669: 668: 667: 666: 665: 608:ROM cartridges 582:Nolan Bushnell 559: 556: 425: 424: 422: 421: 414: 407: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 375: 374: 369: 359: 358: 357: 347: 346: 345: 340: 335: 324: 318: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 294: 293: 292: 287: 277: 272: 267: 266: 265: 255: 254: 253: 242: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 222: 221: 216: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 180: 179: 168: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 149: 148: 147: 142: 132: 127: 126: 125: 120: 110: 109: 108: 103: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 71: 65: 60: 59: 56: 55: 49: 48: 26: 18:Games consoles 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8561: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8206:Clothes dryer 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:Semiconductor 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8013: 8011: 8006: 8005: 8002: 7990: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7373:Smart speaker 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7343:Diskless node 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981:LeapFrog Didj 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6922: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890:PlayStation 5 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6872: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6724:PlayStation 4 6722: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6589:PlayStation 3 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6566: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6473:PlayStation 2 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6435: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419:Genesis Nomad 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6409:PocketStation 6407: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6293: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6231:TurboGrafx-16 6229: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6166: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Master System 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113:Casio PV-1000 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:RCA Studio II 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5962:Intellivision 5960: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5880: 5879:Video Pinball 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864:TV Scoreboard 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854:PC-50x Family 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5839:Color TV-Game 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5711:Retro console 5709: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5574: 5570: 5568:3-00-015359-4 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3618: 3617: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3403:Imagine Media 3400: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3179:US$ 800−1,000 3175: 3136: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3108:Based on the 3105: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3078:$ 300 / $ 500 3077: 3075:$ 300 / $ 500 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3061:$ 400 / $ 500 3060: 3058:$ 400 / $ 500 3057: 3054: 3052:PlayStation 5 3051: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2993:PlayStation 4 2992: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2903:PlayStation 3 2902: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2762:PlayStation 2 2761: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531:TurboGrafx-16 2530: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2492:Master System 2491: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402:Intellivision 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2317: 2315: 2314:New-Style NES 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2269:PlayStation 3 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2211:PlayStation 2 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988:mixed reality 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1863: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1820:Nintendo 64DD 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1732:Optical media 1730: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:Turbografx-16 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1697:ROM cartridge 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1635: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575:racing wheels 1572: 1568: 1559: 1558:analog sticks 1555: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460:, engineered 1459: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1423:Xbox Series X 1420: 1419:PlayStation 5 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327:, are highly 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305:refresh rates 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1185:Daughterboard 1183: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1159: 1148: 1141: 1127: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 949: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 891: 881: 879: 875: 871: 866: 861: 851: 849: 848:Xbox Series X 845: 844:PlayStation 5 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 815: 813: 809: 805: 804: 798: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 777:optical media 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 750:optical media 747: 736: 729: 720: 713: 704: 703:PlayStation 5 697: 683: 664: 661: 659: 655: 650: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574:Ralph H. Baer 569: 565: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 492: 486: 484: 483:media players 479: 475: 471: 470:accessibility 467: 466:home computer 462: 460: 456: 455:home consoles 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 420: 415: 413: 408: 406: 401: 400: 398: 397: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 363: 360: 356: 353: 352: 351: 348: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 316: 311: 310: 303: 300: 298: 295: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 264: 261: 260: 259: 256: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 235: 234: 227: 224: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 178: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 161: 160: 153: 150: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 131: 128: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 63: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 34: 30: 19: 8329:Applications 8314: 8310:Water heater 8285:Refrigerator 8265:Mobile phone 8168:Piezotronics 7953:Single-board 7838:Smartglasses 7781:Programmable 7706:Mobile phone 7559:Blade server 7398:Microconsole 7393:Home console 7387: 7120:Manufacturer 7043:Coleco Sonic 6991:Pokémon Mini 6820:Nexus Player 6750:Nintendo 3DS 6321:Atari Jaguar 6262:TurboExpress 6209:Sega Genesis 6199:Philips CD-i 5933:ColecoVision 5913:Arcadia 2001 5682:Microconsole 5643: 5592: 5573:the original 5561:. Gameplan. 5557: 5535:. Retrieved 5526:Fast Company 5524: 5514: 5495: 5489: 5470: 5464: 5452:. Retrieved 5443:Ars Technica 5441: 5431: 5421:February 24, 5419:. Retrieved 5414: 5404: 5385: 5379: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5340:September 2, 5338:. Retrieved 5329:Ars Technica 5327: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5294: 5284: 5265: 5259: 5247:. Retrieved 5238:Ars Technica 5236: 5213:November 11, 5211:. Retrieved 5202:The Guardian 5200: 5190: 5178:. Retrieved 5174:the original 5163: 5153: 5143:December 20, 5141:. Retrieved 5137: 5127: 5097:(1): 18–25. 5094: 5090: 5084: 5061: 5034:. Retrieved 5025:Ars Technica 5023: 4990:. Retrieved 4979: 4969: 4957:. Retrieved 4946: 4936: 4924:. Retrieved 4913: 4903: 4891:. Retrieved 4880: 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4847: 4837: 4827:November 19, 4825:. Retrieved 4816: 4812: 4785:. Retrieved 4777:Ars Technica 4776: 4766: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4713:September 2, 4711:. Retrieved 4702: 4698: 4673:. Retrieved 4662: 4652: 4640:. Retrieved 4636:the original 4631: 4621: 4599:(3): 54–63. 4596: 4592: 4586: 4574:. Retrieved 4563: 4553: 4534: 4528: 4516:. Retrieved 4505: 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4472: 4443:. Retrieved 4432: 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4395: 4383:. Retrieved 4369: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4328:. Retrieved 4320:GameSpot.com 4319: 4309: 4297:. Retrieved 4286: 4276: 4264:. Retrieved 4249: 4241: 4234:. Retrieved 4214: 4207: 4199: 4192:. Retrieved 4172: 4165: 4157: 4150:. Retrieved 4130: 4123: 4115: 4108:. Retrieved 4087: 4079: 4072:. Retrieved 4052: 4045: 4037: 4030:. Retrieved 4010: 4003: 3991:. Retrieved 3980: 3970: 3958:. Retrieved 3947: 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3914: 3904: 3892:. Retrieved 3881: 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3848: 3838: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3773: 3752:. Retrieved 3743:Extreme Tech 3741: 3731: 3709:(1): 41–54. 3706: 3702: 3662: 3656: 3623:(9): 18–29. 3620: 3614: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3554:. Retrieved 3550:the original 3543: 3533: 3521:. Retrieved 3516: 3507: 3495:. Retrieved 3484: 3474: 3462:. 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Retrieved 3411: 3396: 3390: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3288: 3273: 3263: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3192: 3176: 3149: 3135: 3104: 3095: 3042:122,550,000 3005:117,200,000 2959:Nintendo 3DS 2932:101,630,000 2864:154,020,000 2825:118,690,000 2774:155,000,000 2701:102,490,000 2638:Atari Jaguar 2521:118,690,000 2436:Colecovision 2329:U.S. Dollars 2298:Nintendo 3DS 2277: 2273:process node 2265: 2253:pack-in game 2250: 2247:Distribution 2232:cloud gaming 2208: 2186:preservation 2183: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2129: 2112: 1974:Video camera 1968: 1955:Sega Genesis 1939: 1922:Xbox network 1914: 1887:memory cards 1883: 1804:floppy disks 1793: 1781:Cloud gaming 1724:flash memory 1686: 1623: 1607:Sega Genesis 1595:rhythm games 1579:racing games 1564: 1520: 1516: 1473:Media reader 1462:cooling fins 1458:cooling fans 1431:Power supply 1407:flash memory 1372:input/output 1360:southbridge. 1345:Coprocessors 1295:television, 1232:machine code 1169: 1074: 1066: 1022: 1008: 990: 987:Console unit 951: 919:microconsole 916: 913:Microconsole 887: 878:Nintendo 3DS 863: 836:Sega Genesis 821: 802: 785: 758: 748:or by using 743: 705:home console 681: 662: 651: 647: 637:in 1979 and 620: 601: 590:Allan Alcorn 571: 514:brand), and 510:(with their 502:(with their 487: 463: 443:video signal 430: 428: 355:Level design 246:Arcade games 204:Role-playing 118:Browser game 84:Home console 79:Game console 78: 74:Console game 29: 8518:Video games 8506:Electronics 8436:electronics 8240:Home cinema 8178:Spintronics 8118:Atomtronics 8031:Electronics 7696:Handheld PC 7628:Subnotebook 7606:Convertible 7467:Workstation 7460:Home server 7383:Thin client 7363:Rich client 7063:Stunt Cycle 7007:iQue Player 6782:Xperia Play 6657:Nintendo DS 6424:Virtual Boy 6366:Sega Saturn 6361:PlayStation 6341:Nintendo 64 6326:Casio Loopy 6282:Game Master 6214:Super A'Can 6204:LaserActive 6135:RDI Halcyon 5728:Generations 5587:‹ The 5537:January 20, 5415:Video Games 5180:December 3, 5066:McGraw-Hill 4992:November 9, 4642:February 7, 4632:Destructoid 3916:ExtremeTech 3850:PC Magazine 3581:(3): 5–19. 3523:December 7, 3497:October 21, 3351:Nintendo DS 3215:Console war 3209:Competition 3183:US$ 500−600 3160:US$ 400−500 3152:US$ 200−300 3081:18,000,000 3064:50,000,000 3022:51,000,000 2988:15,900,000 2971:75,280,000 2954:13,560,000 2915:87,400,000 2898:84,700,000 2881:82,000,000 2852:Nintendo DS 2808:24,000,000 2791:21,740,000 2735:32,390,000 2723:Nintendo 64 2706:Sega Saturn 2689:PlayStation 2577:49,100,000 2560:30,750,000 2504:13,000,000 2470:61,900,000 2397:30,000,000 2350:Originally 2230:, or using 2215:PlayStation 1965:Accessories 1816:Disk System 1800:tape drives 1571:touchscreen 1507:Controllers 1366:Southbridge 1355:Northbridge 1293:cathode ray 1215:), and its 1175:Motherboard 1101:Flextronics 1077:value chain 1033:transistors 960:retro games 936:Google Play 790:, in which 654:Moore's law 635:Microvision 598:arcade game 594:Atari, Inc. 504:PlayStation 362:Programming 315:Development 290:soundtracks 130:Mobile game 113:Online game 53:Video games 8528:Categories 8440:Multimedia 8430:technology 8305:Television 8235:Home robot 8225:Dishwasher 8187:Electronic 7843:Smart ring 7831:Sportwatch 7826:Smartwatch 7809:Smart band 7786:Scientific 7768:Calculator 7728:Palmtop PC 7721:Smartphone 7658:Detachable 7483:All-in-one 7433:Industrial 7330:Appliances 7012:Tovertafel 6926:generation 6876:generation 6765:New 2DS XL 6710:generation 6570:generation 6521:Advance SP 6511:WonderSwan 6439:generation 6336:Neo Geo CD 6316:Amiga CD32 6297:generation 6252:Atari Lynx 6194:Neo Geo CD 6170:generation 6103:Atari 7800 6093:Action Max 6079:generation 6038:Digi Casse 5923:Atari 5200 5918:Atari 2600 5908:APF-MP1000 5894:generation 5787:generation 5505:077357106X 5480:077357106X 5170:Ziff Davis 4959:August 29, 4926:August 15, 4893:August 15, 4860:August 15, 4576:August 11, 4518:August 25, 4485:August 11, 3949:GamesRadar 3464:August 16, 3423:(Report). 3383:References 3349:since the 3250:Activision 3213:See also: 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