1081:, while the DBUMs each provided 8K of RAM. There were two BUMs and two DBUMs in the CDH subsystem and they all resided on the spun side of the spacecraft. The BUMs and DBUMs provided storage for sequences and contain various buffers for telemetry data and interbus communication. Every HLM and LLM was built up around a single 1802 microprocessor and 32K of RAM (for HLMs) or 16K of RAM (for LLMs). Two HLMs and two LLMs resided on the spun side while two LLMs were on the despun side. Thus, total memory capacity available to the CDH subsystem was 176K of RAM: 144K allocated to the spun side and 32K to the despun side. Each HLM was responsible for the following functions:
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1966:, the scientific instruments were protected from extreme heat and pressure during its high-speed journey into the Jovian atmosphere, entering at 48 kilometers per second (110,000 mph). Temperatures reached around 16,000 °C (29,000 °F). NASA built a special laboratory, the Giant Planet Facility, to simulate the heat load, which was similar to the convective and radiative heating experienced by an
8496:
8448:
8484:
8460:
708:, with more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. Consideration of sending a probe to Jupiter began as early as 1959. NASA's Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) for Outer Solar System Missions considered the requirements for Jupiter orbiters and atmospheric probes. It noted that the technology to build a
1603:, while two search coil magnetic antennas studied the magnetic fields. The electric dipole antenna was mounted at the tip of the magnetometer boom. The search coil magnetic antennas were mounted on the high-gain antenna feed. Nearly simultaneous measurements of the electric and magnetic field spectrum allowed
1548:
section to be measured. One set was located at the end of the magnetometer boom and, in that position, was about 11 m (36 ft) from the spin axis of the spacecraft. The second set, designed to detect stronger fields, was 6.7 m (22 ft) from the spin axis. The boom was used to remove
1431:
The PPR had seven radiometry bands. One of these used no filters and observed all incoming radiation, both solar and thermal. Another band allowed only solar radiation through. The difference between the solar-plus-thermal and the solar-only channels gave the total thermal radiation emitted. The PPR
1201:
material resistant to fracturing. The plutonium was enriched to about 83.5 percent plutonium-238. The modules were designed to survive a range of potential accidents: launch vehicle explosion or fire, re-entry into the atmosphere followed by land or water impact, and post-impact situations. An outer
1271:
mapping spectrometer to make multi-spectral images for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases; and the photopolarimeter-radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy. The camera system was designed to obtain images of
Jupiter's satellites at
1134:
The propulsion subsystem consisted of a 400 N (90 lbf) main engine and twelve 10 N (2.2 lbf) thrusters, together with propellant, storage and pressurizing tanks and associated plumbing. The 10 N thrusters were mounted in groups of six on two 2-meter (6.6 ft) booms. The
836:
stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments. Back on the ground, the mission operations team used software containing 650,000 lines of code in the orbit sequence design process; 1,615,000 lines in the telemetry
1553:
to minimize magnetic effects from the spacecraft. However, not all these effects could be eliminated by distancing the instrument. The rotation of the spacecraft was used to separate natural magnetic fields from engineering-induced fields. Another source of potential error in measurement came from
1490:
detector system to measure changes in the energetic particle population at
Jupiter as a function of position and time. These measurements helped determine how the particles got their energy and how they were transported through Jupiter's magnetosphere. The EPD weighed 10.5 kg (23 lb) and
1343:
surrounding the CCD except where the light enters the system. An eight-position filter wheel was used to obtain images at specific wavelengths. The images were then combined electronically on Earth to produce color images. The spectral response of the SSI ranged from about 400 to 1100 nm. The
982:
running at all times. Each data system bus (a.k.a. string) was composed of the same functional elements, consisting of multiplexers (MUX), high-level modules (HLM), low-level modules (LLM), power converters (PC), bulk memory (BUM), data management subsystem bulk memory (DBUM), timing chains (TC),
1477:
The energetic-particles detector (EPD) was designed to measure the numbers and energies of ions and electrons whose energies exceeded about 20 keV (3.2 fJ). The EPD could also measure the direction of travel of such particles and, in the case of ions, could determine their composition
1558:. At Jupiter, the outboard (11 m) set of sensors could measure magnetic field strengths in the range from ±32 to ±512 nT, while the inboard (6.7 m) set was active in the range from ±512 to ±16,384 nT. The MAG experiment weighed 7.0 kg (15.4 lb) and used 3.9 watts of power.
1464:
was used to measure the mass, electric charge, and velocity of incoming particles. The masses of dust particles that the DDS could detect go from 10 to 10 grams. The speed of these small particles could be measured over the range of 1 to 70 kilometers per second (0.6 to 43.5 mi/s). The
1554:
the bending and twisting of the long magnetometer boom. To account for these motions, a calibration coil was mounted rigidly on the spacecraft to generate a reference magnetic field during calibrations. The magnetic field at the surface of the Earth has a strength of about 50,000
1438:
spacecraft. A 100 mm (4 in) aperture reflecting telescope collected light and directed it to a series of filters, and, from there, measurements were performed by the detectors of the PPR. The PPR weighed 5.0 kg (11.0 lb) and consumed about 5 watts of power.
931:
The launch was delayed twice more: by a faulty main engine controller that forced a postponement to
October 17, and then by inclement weather, which necessitated a postponement to the following day, but this was not a concern since the launch window extended until November 21.
824:. At launch, the orbiter and probe together had a mass of 2,562 kg (5,648 lb) and stood 6.15 m (20.2 ft) tall. Spacecraft are normally stabilized either by spinning around a fixed axis or by maintaining a fixed orientation with reference the Sun and a star;
1570:
for energy and mass analysis. These fields of view covered most angles from 0 to 180 degrees, fanning out from the spin axis. The rotation of the spacecraft carried each field of view through a full circle. The PLS measured particles in the energy range from 0.9 to
1432:
also measured in five broadband channels that spanned the spectral range from 17 to 110 micrometers. The radiometer provided data on the temperatures of
Jupiter's atmosphere and satellites. The design of the instrument was based on that of an instrument flown on the
837:
interpretation; and 550,000 lines of code in navigation. All of the spacecraft components and spare parts received a minimum of 2,000 hours of testing. The spacecraft was expected to last for at least five yearsâlong enough to reach
Jupiter and perform its mission.
1167:
were not practical at
Jupiter's distance from the Sun; the spacecraft would have needed a minimum of 65 square meters (700 sq ft) of panels. Chemical batteries would likewise be prohibitively large due to technological limitations. The solution was two
1515:
using stacks of single crystal silicon wafers. The HIC could measure heavy ions with energies as low as 6 MeV (1 pJ) and as high as 200 MeV (32 pJ) per nucleon. This range included all atomic substances between
763:. This allowed it to take high-resolution images, but the functionality came at a cost of increased weight. A Mariner weighed 722 kilograms (1,592 lb) compared to just 146 kilograms (322 lb) for a Pioneer.
716:(JPL) as the lead center for the Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP) project. The JOP would be the fifth spacecraft to visit Jupiter, but the first to orbit it, and the probe would be the first to enter its atmosphere.
1210:
cladding of the RTGs provided post-impact containment. The RTGs produced about 570 watts at launch. The power output initially decreased at the rate of 0.6 watts per month and was 493 watts when
769:, who had headed the Mariner and Voyager projects, became the first project manager. He solicited suggestions for a more inspirational name for the project, and the most votes went to "Galileo" after
1256:
instrument for detecting low-energy charged particles and a plasma-wave detector to study waves generated by the particles; a high-energy particle detector; and a detector of cosmic and Jovian
1206:
provided protection against the structural, thermal, and eroding environments of a potential re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. Additional graphite components provided impact protection, while
1465:
instrument could measure impact rates from 1 particle per 115 days (10 megaseconds) to 100 particles per second. Such data was used to help determine dust origin and dynamics within the
1524:. The HIC and the EUV shared a communications link and, therefore, had to share observing time. The HIC weighed 8.0 kg (17.6 lb) and used an average of 2.8 watts of power.
1423:
rotated, EUV observed a narrow ribbon of space perpendicular to the spin axis. The two instruments combined weighed about 9.7 kg (21 lb) and used 5.9 watts of power.
6591:
712:
for an atmospheric probe did not yet exist, and facilities to test one under the conditions found on
Jupiter would not be available until 1980. NASA management designated the
2850:
4156:
Ritter, H.; Mazoue, F.; Santovincenzo, A.; Atzei, A. (2006). "Jupiter Entry Probe
Feasibility Study from the ESTEC CDF Team: Heat Flux Evaluation & TPS Definition".
1260:. It also carried the Heavy Ion Counter, an engineering experiment to assess the potentially hazardous charged particle environments the spacecraft flew through, and an
1229:
The spacecraft had a large high-gain antenna which failed to deploy while in space, so the low-gain antenna was used instead, although at slower data transfer speeds.
1066:. The AACSE could be reprogrammed in flight by sending the new program through the Command and Data Subsystem. The attitude control system software was written in the
2350:
743:, which gave a 360-degree view of the surroundings, and did not require an attitude control system. By contrast, Mariner had an attitude control system with three
7733:
1994:
so existing manufacturing tools could be used. They provided a nominal power output of about 7.2-ampere hours capacity at a minimal voltage of 28.05 volts.
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Spacecraft are normally stabilized either by spinning around a fixed axis or by maintaining a fixed orientation with reference to the Sun and a star.
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1180:. This provided a reliable and long-lasting source of electricity unaffected by the cold environment and high-radiation fields in the Jovian system.
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Laub, B.; Venkatapathy, E. (October 6â9, 2003). "Thermal
Protection System Technology and Facility Needs for Demanding Future Planetary Missions".
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launch. RTGs were necessary for deep space probes because they had to fly distances from the Sun that made the use of solar energy impractical.
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spacecraft like that used for
Voyager for the Jupiter orbiter, rather than a Pioneer. Pioneer was stabilized by spinning the spacecraft at 60
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spacecraft adopted its configuration for solo flight, and separated from the IUS at 01:06:53 UTC on October 19. The launch was perfect, and
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stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments.
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Scientific instruments to measure fields and particles were mounted on the spinning section of the spacecraft, together with the main
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650:. At launch, the orbiter and probe together had a mass of 2,562 kg (5,648 lb) and stood 6.15 m (20.2 ft) tall.
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the â sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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372:
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used a grating to disperse the light collected by the telescope. The dispersed spectrum of light was focused on detectors of
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light, overlapping the wavelength range of the SSI. NIMS used a 229 mm (9 in) aperture reflecting telescope. The
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Launches are separated by dots ( âą ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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computers and control electronics. The sixteen instruments, weighing 118 kg (260 lb) altogether, included
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tubes that produced pulses of electrons, which were counted and the results sent to Earth. The UVS was mounted on
1025:: four on the spun side and two on the despun side. Each CPU was clocked at about 1.6 MHz, and fabricated on
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8398:
7003:
5509:
3171:
6096:
4035:
Hofland, L. M.; Stofel, E. J.; Taenaka, R. K. (1996). "Galileo Probe Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide Cell Life Testing".
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at Io with Jupiter in the background. In reality, the high-gain foldable antenna failed to deploy in flight.
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plant. It weighed 339 kilograms (747 lb) and was 86 centimeters (34 in) high. Inside the probe's
1224:
592:, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989, by
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International Workshop on Planetary Probe Atmospheric Entry and Descent Trajectory Analysis and Science
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1979:
1544:(MAG) used two sets of three sensors. The three sensors allowed the three orthogonal components of the
773:, the first person to view Jupiter through a telescope. His 1610 discovery of what is now known as the
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of the UVS had a 250 mm (9.8 in) aperture. Both the UVS and EUV instruments used a ruled
132:
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The HIC was, in effect, a repackaged and updated version of some parts of the flight spare of the
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sensors mounted on an 11 m (36 ft) boom to minimize interference from the spacecraft; a
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1193:. Each RTG contained 18 separate heat source modules, and each module encased four pellets of
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Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
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921:(RTGs) and General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules, sought a court injunction prohibiting
907:, concerned over what they perceived as an unacceptable risk to the public's safety from the
879:, the May launch date could not be met. The mission was rescheduled to October 12, 1989. The
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material ideal for spacecraft operation. This 8-bit microprocessor was the first low-power
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359:
4189:. The NASA History Series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office.
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in Jupiter's atmosphere on September 21, 2003. The next orbiter to be sent to Jupiter was
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1579:). The PLS weighed 13.2 kg (29 lb) and used an average of 10.7 watts of power.
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1176:. The heat emitted by this decay was converted into electricity through the solid-state
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1469:. The DDS weighed 4.2 kg (9.3 lb) and used an average of 5.4 watts of power.
1140:
2431:
755:, which were monitored with two primary and four secondary sensors. There was also an
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to disperse light for spectral analysis. Light then passed through an exit slit into
1187:, mounted on a 5-meter long (16 ft) boom, carried 7.8 kilograms (17 lb) of
988:
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did both. One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3 revolutions per minute, keeping
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flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.
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SSI weighed 29.7 kg (65 lb) and consumed, on average, 15 watts of power.
1329:(CCD) camera. The optical portion of the camera was a modified flight spare of the
1253:
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The Galileo Attitude and Articulation Control System (AACSE) was controlled by two
1049:
577:
222:
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ID 1989-084E while the orbiter had id 1989-084B. Names for the spacecraft include
1007:
collection, processing, and formatting of telemetry data for downlink transmission
944:
was successfully deployed at 00:15 UTC on October 19. Following the IUS burn, the
27:
This article is about the Jupiter probe. For the navigation satellite system, see
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The probe included seven instruments for taking data on its plunge into Jupiter:
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4000:. 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation. Jerusalem, Israel
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provide the capability to issue coded and discrete commands to spacecraft users
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1384:. NIMS weighed 18 kg (40 lb) and used 12 watts of power on average.
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Measuring light and radio emissions associated with lightning, and fluxes of
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1611:. The PWS weighed 7.1 kg (16 lb) and used an average of 9.8 watts.
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coders (GC), hardware command decoders (HCD) and critical controllers (CRC).
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63:
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1339:. The CCD had radiation shielding a 10 mm (0.4 in) thick layer of
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Orbiter: 570 watts at launch, 493 watts on arrival, 410 watts at end-of-life
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Bennett, Gary L.; Hemler, Richard J.; Schock, Alfred (October 9â14, 1994).
3972:"Galileo Early Cruise, Including Venus, First Earth, and Gaspra Encounters"
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flew closer to the planet and its inner moons, and because the more modern
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The CDH subsystem was responsible for maintaining the following functions:
807:
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Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances
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In addition, the probe's heat shield contained instrumentation to measure
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camera was more sensitive and had a broader color detection band than the
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and provided by West Germany, the major international partner in Project
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error recovery including system fault-protection monitoring and response.
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was soon headed towards Venus at over 14,000 km/h (9,000 mph).
709:
569:
3358:
2920:
527:
7794:
7654:
6183:
6178:
5931:
5333:
5326:
4787:
4705:
4014:
2745:
2142:
1377:
1361:
1063:
979:
744:
581:
149:
4258:. DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series. Washington, DC: NASA
4082:
2437:(Press Kit). NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. December 1995.
6723:
6716:
6644:
6376:
6371:
6173:
6168:
6158:
6138:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
5981:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5926:
5911:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5832:
5656:
5603:
5588:
5476:
5354:
5347:
5098:
4983:
4734:
4727:
4681:
4582:
4576:
4061:. Lisbon, Portugal: University of Idaho. pp. 1â9. Archived from
2281:
abbreviated JEP. The related COSPAR IDs of the Galileo mission were:
2181:
2170:
1991:
1983:
1388:
Ultraviolet spectrometer / extreme ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS/EUV)
1189:
1172:(RTGs) which powered the spacecraft through the radioactive decay of
908:
751:
jet thrusters. Attitude was determined with reference to the Sun and
547:
4116:
3462:
3219:
3175:
2649:
8408:
Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
8124:
7758:
6924:
6607:
6586:
6323:
6222:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
5921:
5905:
5866:
4904:
4444:
4140:
3263:
2235:
1640:
Diagram of the atmospheric entry probe's instruments and subsystems
1365:
1340:
1264:
detector associated with the UV spectrometer on the scan platform.
1203:
1184:
1046:
1026:
1015:
781:
of the solar system. It was also noted that the name was that of a
748:
8039:
4204:
1942:
959:
940:
on October 18, and went into a 343-kilometer (213 mi) orbit.
840:
7372:
7046:
6823:
6613:
6270:
5598:
5306:
5178:
5161:
5027:
4990:
4532:
4507:
3752:
2246:
Lacking the fuel to escape Jupiter's gravity well, at the end of
2177:
1880:
1486:, for example). The EPD used silicon solid-state detectors and a
1405:
1381:
1297:
1267:
The despun section's instruments included the camera system; the
1207:
1198:
868:
752:
701:
585:
573:
93:
3011:
1147:
pressurant. The propulsion subsystem was developed and built by
7996:
7991:
7944:
7907:
7896:
7743:
7714:
7598:
7499:
7457:
7387:
7382:
7326:
6941:
6437:
6117:
6112:
6091:
6086:
5987:
5961:
5956:
5916:
4996:
4882:
4877:
4497:
4477:
4463:
4439:
4323:
3693:
2709:
2685:"Four New Shuttle Crews Named (STS-32, STS-33, STS-34, STS-35)"
2446:
2444:
1809:
1521:
1517:
1483:
1479:
1373:
1144:
884:
605:
355:
4183:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958â2016
4155:
3970:
Beyer, P. E.; O'Connor, R. C.; Mudgway, D. J. (May 15, 1992).
3873:
3714:"Development of New Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS)"
2546:
2173:
and radio emission detector and energetic particles instrument
6782:
5746:
4960:
4938:
4554:
3919:
Outer Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources
2970:
2968:
2966:
2868:
1576:
1067:
3997:
Development and Use of the Galileo and Ulysses Power Sources
2441:
1347:
1143:. Two separate tanks held another 7 kg (15 lb) of
978:
The CDH subsystem was actively redundant, with two parallel
791:
television show. The new name was adopted in February 1978.
7106:
6818:
5226:
3855:
3803:
3717:
3670:
3639:
3580:
3049:
2639:
2637:
2581:
2496:
2189:
1967:
1663:
1419:
scan platform. The EUV was mounted on the spun section. As
1257:
1056:
1042:
1038:
635:
104:
8459:
2963:
2927:
2892:
2880:
1010:
movement of data between subsystems via a data system bus.
6442:
1787:
1512:
1078:
937:
740:
333:
7195:
4249:
Taylor, Jim; Cheung, Kar-Ming; Seo, Dongae (July 2002).
4022:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA. SP-4230
3969:
3817:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2634:
2558:
2351:
List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries
174:
Jupiter orbit: 7 years, 9 months, 13 days
2534:
2522:
1135:
fuel for the system was 925 kg (2,039 lb) of
1108:
collect and format engineering data from the subsystems
4016:
Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket
3776:
3740:
3602:"Hughes Science/Scope Press Release and Advertisement"
2951:
2939:
2510:
1114:
recognize out-of-tolerance conditions on status inputs
1104:
Each LLM was responsible for the following functions:
863:, on the first leg of its journey, a road trip to the
8436:
3951:
The 1979 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop
3764:
3361:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
2661:
2600:
2147:
Measuring the difference between upward and downward
1472:
828:
did both. One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3
735:
An important decision made at this time was to use a
4034:
3879:
3758:
2795:
1426:
1004:
execution of system-level fault-protection responses
3993:
3957:. Goddard Space Flight Center: NASA. pp. 83â95
3218:. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from
3017:
5301:
3979:The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
1241:, power supply, the propulsion module and most of
973:
820:managed the atmospheric probe, which was built by
646:managed the atmospheric probe, which was built by
4094:. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA.
3664:
3306:. High Energy Stereoscopic System. Archived from
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
1708:83 million km (52 million mi)
1094:execution of stored sequences (time-event tables)
1070:programming language, which was also used in the
188:4,631,778,000 km (2.88 billion mi)
177:Final: 13 years, 11 months, 3 days
171:Planned: 8 years, 1 month, 19 days
8510:
5741:
4051:
3699:
2218:Measuring wind speeds and atmospheric absorption
2034:Measuring temperature, pressure and deceleration
1447:
1360:The NIMS instrument was sensitive to 0.7-to-5.2-
1225:Galileo project § High-gain antenna problem
1077:Memory capacity provided by each BUM was 16K of
8209:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
4248:
4117:"Galileo Probe Heat Shield Ablation Experiment"
2450:
2257:into Jupiter on September 21, 2003, to prevent
1117:perform some system fault-protection functions.
777:orbiting Jupiter was important evidence of the
49:First NASA mission to orbit Jupiter (1989â2003)
4219:
3829:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2874:
2385:
2117:Cloud location and cloud-particle observations
1582:
612:arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after
8055:
7181:
6557:
6543:
5727:
5287:
4389:
4375:
4278:(Report). NASA History Office. Archived from
4273:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
4158:Thermal Protection Systems and Hot Structures
3624:
3594:
3304:"Cosmic Dust: Messengers from Distant Worlds"
2690:(Press release). NASA. 88-049. Archived from
2063:Analyze the gas composition of the atmosphere
1566:The PLS used seven fields of view to collect
859:On December 19, 1985, it departed the JPL in
4220:Siewiorek, Daniel; Swarz, Robert S. (1998).
4012:
3916:
3861:
3711:
2851:"Galileo Travels 292,500 Miles Toward Venus"
2721:"Groups Protest Use of Plutonium on Galileo"
2552:
4356:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
3835:
3146:"NIMS â Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer"
2904:
2363:
2261:of possible life of Jupiter's moon Europa.
1978:The probe's electronics were powered by 13
1312:
723:In the Vertical Processing Facility (VPF),
8062:
8048:
7188:
7174:
6550:
6536:
5734:
5720:
5294:
5280:
4382:
4368:
2089:supporting atmospheric composition studies
1511:cosmic-ray system. The HIC detected heavy
1494:
1272:resolutions 20 to 1,000 times better than
122:
62:
4039:. Long Beach, California. pp. 9â14.
3632:"Galileo Arrives at Kennedy Space Center"
3190:"EUVS â Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer"
2775:
2773:
2771:
1997:
1958:'s Space and Communications Group at its
1599:was used to study the electric fields of
1561:
1348:Near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS)
1091:movement of data over the data system bus
8524:Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
3665:D. Isbell; D. Morse (January 22, 1996).
3567:
3565:
2612:
2381:from the original on September 30, 2023.
1941:
1624:Galileo project § Atmospheric probe
1586:
1531:
1498:
1451:
1391:
1351:
1316:
1125:
958:
956:returned to Earth safely on October 23.
839:
718:
4270:
4080:
4013:Dawson, Virginia; Bowles, Mark (2004).
3944:Blagdon, L. (1980). "Galileo Lithium SO
3943:
3782:
3770:
3746:
2974:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2898:
2886:
2670:
2643:
2606:
2564:
2540:
2528:
2516:
1549:the MAG from the immediate vicinity of
1062:(ATAC), built using radiation-hardened
816:supplied the propulsion module. NASA's
642:supplied the propulsion module. NASA's
14:
8511:
5701:Colonization of the outer Solar System
3788:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2801:
2768:
2750:"Galileo: To Launch or not to Launch?"
1614:
1170:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
1060:Advanced Technology Airborne Computers
919:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
382:December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC
263:Orbiter: 1,880 kg (4,140 lb)
246:Orbiter: 2,220 kg (4,890 lb)
8179:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
8043:
7169:
6688:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
6531:
5715:
5537:Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
5275:
4363:
4226:. Natick, Massachusetts: A K Peters.
4114:
4084:Mission to Jupiter: A History of the
3981:: 265â281. TDA Progress Report 42-109
3917:Badescu, Viorel; Zacny, Kris (2018).
3823:
3705:
3562:
3023:
2744:
2738:
2715:
2570:
2324:List of missions to the outer planets
1527:
1491:used 10.1 watts of power on average.
1218:
1014:The spacecraft was controlled by six
588:. Named after the Italian astronomer
3893:(in Czech). Knihovna Akademie vÄd ÄR
3505:. University of Iowa. Archived from
3333:"EPD â Energetic Particles Detector"
3262:. Lowell Observatory. Archived from
2682:
2481:
883:spacecraft would be launched by the
243:Total: 2,560 kg (5,640 lb)
8069:
6486:List of artificial objects on Venus
3658:
3573:"Galileo Jupiter Atmospheric Probe"
3234:"PPR â Photopolarimeter-Radiometer"
2980:
2821:
2683:Carr, Jeffrey (November 10, 1988).
1970:warhead reentering the atmosphere.
1954:The atmospheric probe was built by
1158:
1088:maintenance of the spacecraft clock
1001:execution of commands and sequences
24:
6700:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
4320:by NASA's Solar System Exploration
4311:by NASA's Solar System Exploration
3836:Fraser Cain (September 22, 2003).
3759:Hofland, Stofel & Taenaka 1996
2802:Sawyer, Kathy (October 17, 1989).
2656:Beyer, O'Connor & Mudgway 1992
1473:Energetic-particles detector (EPD)
1356:Near-infrared mapping spectrometer
453:Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
280:Orbiter: 118 kg (260 lb)
25:
8565:
8549:Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry
7090:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
7037:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
5256:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
4299:
4121:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
3712:Bernard Laub (October 19, 2004).
3018:Bennett, Hemler & Schock 1994
1427:Photopolarimeterâradiometer (PPR)
1307:
677:, which arrived on July 5, 2016.
8494:
8482:
8470:
8458:
8446:
8115:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
7155:Space Flight Operations Facility
6947:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
5831:
5825:
5819:
5569:Innovative Interstellar Explorer
5387:
5149:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
4271:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988).
2210:and Federal Republic of Germany
2031:Atmospheric structure instrument
1980:lithium sulfur dioxide batteries
1634:
1325:The SSI was an 800-by-800-pixel
727:is prepared for mating with the
696:Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)
534:Large Strategic Science Missions
526:
266:Probe: 340 kg (750 lb)
249:Probe: 340 kg (750 lb)
7004:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
3909:
3667:"Galileo Probe Science Results"
3540:
3514:
3495:
3469:
3451:
3425:
3399:
3373:
3351:
3325:
3296:
3278:"DDS â Dust Detector Subsystem"
3270:
3252:
3226:
3208:
3182:
3164:
3138:
3120:
3094:
3072:
2843:
2676:
2489:"Jupiter: Facts â NASA Science"
1442:
1041:processor chip, similar to the
974:Command and Data Handling (CDH)
936:finally lifted off at 16:53:40
694:For a chronological guide, see
5552:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
3838:"Galileo Plunges Into Jupiter"
3796:"Experiments on Galileo Probe"
2578:"NASA's 50 Year Men and Women"
2456:
2241:
1990:. Each cell was the size of a
1891:December 7, 1995, 22:04:44 UTC
1867:December 7, 1995, 23:06:08 UTC
1686:
1232:
1045:that was being built into the
680:
283:Probe: 30 kg (66 lb)
134:
29:Galileo (satellite navigation)
13:
1:
7084:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
6481:Observations and explorations
6382:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
3522:"PWS â Plasma Wave Subsystem"
2468:NASA Solar System Exploration
2451:Taylor, Cheung & Seo 2002
2356:
1462:dust-detector subsystem (DDS)
1448:Dust-detector subsystem (DDS)
1121:
1035:radiation-and static-hardened
704:is the largest planet in the
406:Controlled entry into Jupiter
8171:Letter to Benedetto Castelli
7150:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
7010:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
6694:Soil Moisture Active Passive
6597:Atmospheric infrared sounder
6417:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
4483:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3700:Laub & Venkatapathy 2003
3320:DSI via Stuttgart University
1973:
1946:Inner Descent Module of the
485:Energetic Particles Detector
414:September 21, 2003, 18:57:18
7:
8529:Spacecraft launched in 1989
6669:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
5246:List of Solar System probes
4336:by Arizona State University
3102:"SSI â Solid State Imaging"
3080:"Solid-State Imaging (SSI)"
2312:
2076:Goddard Space Flight Center
1986:'s Power Sources Center in
1583:Plasma-wave subsystem (PWS)
998:decoding of uplink commands
802:spacecraft and managed the
627:spacecraft and managed the
580:, as well as the asteroids
469:Photopolarimeter-Radiometer
10:
8570:
8344:Galileo National Telescope
7127:Table Mountain Observatory
6097:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
5806:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
5450:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
4346:Early probe results report
4252:Galileo Telecommunications
2875:Siewiorek & Swarz 1998
2829:"PDS: Mission Information"
2781:"Mission Archives: STS-34"
2371:"The Final Day on Galileo"
2339:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
1778:October 18, 1989, 16:53:40
1621:
1222:
1149:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
814:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
693:
684:
640:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
540:Planetary Science Division
324:October 18, 1989, 16:53:40
218:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
26:
8359:
8268:
8227:
8138:
8077:
8025:
7984:
7926:
7878:
7772:
7701:
7632:
7560:
7491:
7450:
7360:
7274:
7220:
7140:
7099:
7076:
7055:
7042:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
7024:
6953:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
6735:
6632:Large Binocular Telescope
6565:
6559:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
6514:
6468:
6430:
6394:
6364:
6291:
6284:
6257:
6232:
6203:
6196:
6126:
6105:
6039:
6003:
5897:
5847:
5840:
5817:
5778:
5760:
5753:
5696:Missions to outer planets
5629:
5584:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
5520:
5487:
5460:
5441:
5422:
5396:
5385:
5313:
5241:
5127:
4893:
4759:
4748:
4719:
4666:
4601:
4518:
4430:
4409:
4398:
4223:Reliable Computer Systems
4081:Meltzer, Michael (2007).
3409:. Caltech. Archived from
3381:"HIC â Heavy Ion Counter"
2783:. NASA. February 18, 2010
2432:"Galileo Jupiter Arrival"
2375:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2194:2.7 kg (6.0 lb)
2154:3.0 kg (6.6 lb)
2134:San Jose State University
2092:1.4 kg (3.1 lb)
2082:Helium Abundance Detector
2059:Neutral mass spectrometer
2051:San Jose State University
2037:4.1 kg (9.0 lb)
1936:
1932:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1832:
1819:
1793:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1741:340 kg (750 lb)
1735:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1683:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1633:
1607:to be distinguished from
1085:uplink command processing
796:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
714:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
621:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
525:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
434:
430:
426:
410:
402:
397:
393:
389:
378:
365:
339:
320:
315:
311:
307:
290:
273:
256:
236:
213:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
205:
200:
196:
192:
184:
164:
144:
131:
110:
100:
89:
85:
77:
61:
8308:Galileo's objective lens
7132:Solar System Ambassadors
6959:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
6031:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
5647:Magnetosphere of Jupiter
5547:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
5261:List of space telescopes
4115:Milos, Frank S. (1997).
4045:10.1109/BCAA.1996.484963
3862:Badescu & Zacny 2018
3477:"PLS â Plasma Subsystem"
2553:Dawson & Bowles 2004
2301:1989-084D IUS (Orbus 6E)
2264:
2120:4.8 kg (11 lb)
1846:July 12, 1995, 03:07 UTC
1396:Ultraviolet spectrometer
1313:Solid-state imager (SSI)
899:. As the launch date of
572:that studied the planet
568:was an American robotic
461:Ultraviolet Spectrometer
8339:Galileo Galilei Airport
8110:Galilean transformation
8085:Observational astronomy
7117:NASA Deep Space Network
6965:Spitzer Space Telescope
6885:Mars Exploration Rovers
6676:Mars Science Laboratory
6603:Deep Space Atomic Clock
6402:European Venus Explorer
4327:Satellite Image Mosaics
3887:"Space Launch 1989-084"
2164:University of Wisconsin
2066:13 kg (29 lb)
2006:Scientific instruments
1956:Hughes Aircraft Company
1749:29 kg (64 lb)
1730:Hughes Aircraft Company
1495:Heavy-ion counter (HIC)
1456:Dust-detector subsystem
1335:narrow-angle camera; a
822:Hughes Aircraft Company
757:inertial reference unit
669:intentionally destroyed
648:Hughes Aircraft Company
477:Dust Detector Subsystem
228:Hughes Aircraft Company
8544:Nuclear-powered robots
8534:Destroyed space probes
8186:Discourse on the Tides
6682:Microwave limb sounder
5637:Exploration of Jupiter
5542:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
3524:. NASA. Archived from
3479:. NASA. Archived from
3461:. UCLA. Archived from
3435:. NASA. Archived from
3383:. NASA. Archived from
3335:. NASA. Archived from
3280:. NASA. Archived from
3236:. NASA. Archived from
3192:. NASA. Archived from
3174:. UCLA. Archived from
3148:. NASA. Archived from
3130:. NASA. Archived from
3104:. NASA. Archived from
2995:. NASA. Archived from
2919:. RESA. Archived from
2804:"Galileo Launch Nears"
2377:. September 21, 2003.
2319:Exploration of Jupiter
2269:The Galileo Probe had
2023:Principal investigator
1998:Scientific instruments
1960:El Segundo, California
1951:
1592:
1562:Plasma subsystem (PLS)
1537:
1504:
1457:
1397:
1357:
1322:
1131:
970:
856:
830:revolutions per minute
732:
7100:Related organizations
6211:Venus Orbiter Mission
5862:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
5642:Atmosphere of Jupiter
5579:Jovian Europa Orbiter
5209:Peregrine Mission One
4753:(by termination date)
4528:Emirates Mars Mission
4403:(deep space missions)
4332:June 2, 2016, at the
3509:on February 10, 2007.
2917:"Galileo Engineering"
2346:Atmosphere of Jupiter
2259:forward contamination
2208:University of Florida
2106:University of Rostock
1988:Horsham, Pennsylvania
1945:
1782:1989-10-18UTC16:53:40
1721:Spacecraft properties
1609:electromagnetic waves
1591:Plasma-wave subsystem
1590:
1536:Magnetometer (stowed)
1535:
1502:
1455:
1395:
1355:
1327:charge-coupled device
1320:
1129:
1072:Space Shuttle program
962:
843:
722:
517:Plasma Wave Subsystem
418:2003-09-21UTC18:57:19
328:1989-10-18UTC16:53:40
300:Probe: 730 watt-hours
201:Spacecraft properties
81:Jupiter Orbiter Probe
8350:Astronomers Monument
8303:Galileo's telescopes
8241:Michelagnolo Galilei
8095:Galileo's escapement
7204:Orbital launches in
7145:JPL Science Division
6879:Mars Global Surveyor
6847:Mars Climate Orbiter
6395:Cancelled / concepts
5251:List of lunar probes
4838:Mars Global Surveyor
4750:Completed after 2000
4285:on February 12, 2024
3550:. University of Iowa
3528:on December 13, 2009
3439:on February 18, 2010
3433:"MAG â Magnetometer"
3310:on February 10, 2007
3178:on October 10, 1999.
2719:(October 10, 1989).
2697:on February 25, 2017
2464:"Galileo â Overview"
2255:deliberately crashed
2253:life, the probe was
2228:University of Idaho
2130:Ames Research Center
2047:Ames Research Center
1575:(0.14 to 8,300
1478:(whether the ion is
1402:Cassegrain telescope
1337:Cassegrain telescope
1215:arrived at Jupiter.
865:Kennedy Space Center
861:Pasadena, California
851:on STS-34, carrying
818:Ames Research Center
747:and two sets of six
729:Inertial Upper Stage
644:Ames Research Center
614:gravitational assist
68:Artist's concept of
8554:Attached spacecraft
8320:Galileo thermometer
8193:Discourse on Comets
8163:Letters on Sunspots
8100:Galilean invariance
5743:Spacecraft missions
5621:Tsiolkovsky mission
5574:Io Volcano Observer
5303:Spacecraft missions
4400:Active space probes
4340:Galileo image album
4170:2006ESASP.631E...6R
4133:1997JSpRo..34..705M
3826:, pp. 705â713.
3800:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
3728:on October 19, 2006
3681:on January 28, 2016
3612:on January 12, 2012
3413:on December 2, 2005
3222:on August 14, 2010.
2993:"What's in an RTG?"
2977:, pp. 190â198.
2936:, pp. 198â201.
2901:, pp. 193â198.
2889:, pp. 198â199.
2855:The Washington Post
2808:The Washington Post
2756:on January 26, 2021
2748:(October 9, 1989).
2555:, pp. 190â191.
2279:Jupiter Entry Probe
2007:
1913: /
1630:
1605:electrostatic waves
1262:extreme ultraviolet
1195:plutonium(IV) oxide
1137:monomethylhydrazine
1031:silicon on sapphire
905:anti-nuclear groups
58:
8360:In popular culture
8315:Tribune of Galileo
8147:De motu antiquiora
6496:Manned Venus flyby
5786:Parker Solar Probe
5691:Deep Space Network
5510:Interstellar Probe
5423:Atmospheric probes
5174:Hakuto-R Mission 1
4720:Interstellar space
4417:Parker Solar Probe
4068:on January 8, 2007
3874:Ritter et al. 2006
3134:on August 2, 2009.
3128:"SSI Imaging Team"
2725:The New York Times
2620:"Galileo In Depth"
2102:University of Bonn
2005:
1952:
1705:Distance travelled
1628:
1593:
1538:
1528:Magnetometer (MAG)
1505:
1458:
1398:
1358:
1323:
1321:Solid-state imager
1219:Telecommunications
1141:nitrogen tetroxide
1132:
985:phase locked loops
971:
857:
806:mission for NASA.
733:
445:Solid-State Imager
185:Distance travelled
54:
18:Galileo spacecraft
8434:
8433:
8288:Galileo's paradox
8283:Villa Il Gioiello
8078:Scientific career
8037:
8036:
7163:
7162:
7122:Goldstone Complex
7077:Canceled missions
7056:Proposed missions
6873:Mars Polar Lander
6525:
6524:
6431:Program overviews
6390:
6389:
6285:Proposed missions
6280:
6279:
6265:Venus Life Finder
6192:
6191:
5815:
5814:
5709:
5708:
5488:Proposed missions
5269:
5268:
5237:
5236:
4744:
4743:
4549:2001 Mars Odyssey
4196:978-1-62683-042-4
3928:978-3-319-73845-1
3638:(Press release).
3465:on July 21, 2004.
3266:on July 21, 2004.
2999:on April 11, 2010
2923:on June 13, 2008.
2717:Broad, William J.
2646:, pp. 68â69.
2588:on March 19, 2010
2567:, pp. 30â32.
2543:, pp. 32â33.
2531:, pp. 29â30.
2373:(Press release).
2334:Juno (spacecraft)
2285:1989-084A STS 34
2232:
2231:
2204:Bell Laboratories
2020:Power consumption
1940:
1939:
1888:Atmospheric entry
1883:atmospheric probe
1654:Atmospheric probe
1568:charged particles
1503:Heavy-ion counter
1130:Propulsion module
1097:telemetry control
980:data system buses
638:. West Germany's
561:
560:
542:
521:
520:
493:Heavy Ion Counter
16:(Redirected from
8561:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8463:
8462:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8442:
8400:Starry Messenger
8376:Lamp At Midnight
8277:And yet it moves
8235:Vincenzo Galilei
8217:Two New Sciences
8155:Sidereus Nuncius
8064:
8057:
8050:
8041:
8040:
7577:DFS Kopernikus 1
7261:Intelsat VA F-15
7209:
7208:
7207:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7167:
7166:
7025:Planned missions
7016:Lunar Flashlight
6627:Keck observatory
6566:Current missions
6552:
6545:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6491:List of missions
6407:Inspiration Mars
6289:
6288:
6201:
6200:
6197:Planned missions
6134:Tyazhely Sputnik
5845:
5844:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5758:
5757:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5686:Rings of Jupiter
5652:Moons of Jupiter
5461:Planned missions
5391:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5272:
4757:
4756:
4407:
4406:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4342:by Kevin M. Gill
4294:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4245:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4188:
4178:Siddiqi, Asif A.
4173:
4152:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4093:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4060:
4048:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3940:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3724:. Archived from
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3677:. Archived from
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3608:. Archived from
3606:FlightGlobal.com
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3577:science.nasa.gov
3569:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3483:on June 21, 2010
3473:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3339:on June 21, 2010
3329:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3284:on June 19, 2010
3274:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3240:on June 14, 2010
3230:
3224:
3223:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3056:. Archived from
3041:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2777:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2752:. Archived from
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2584:. Archived from
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2519:, pp. 9â10.
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2493:science.nasa.gov
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2383:
2382:
2367:
2252:
2238:during descent.
2200:Louis Lanzerotti
2151:at each altitude
2008:
2004:
1982:manufactured by
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1801:
1785:
1783:
1770:Start of mission
1697:Mission duration
1688:
1679:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1418:
1295:
1280:
1247:
1192:
1159:Electrical power
1050:desktop computer
968:
927:
917:
892:
855:into Earth orbit
812:
779:Copernican model
597:
538:
530:
509:Plasma Subsystem
437:
432:
431:
421:
419:
347:
331:
329:
316:Start of mission
223:General Electric
165:Mission duration
160:
157:
155:
153:
151:
136:
127:
126:
120:
66:
59:
53:
21:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8539:Galileo Galilei
8519:Galileo program
8509:
8508:
8505:
8495:
8493:
8483:
8481:
8471:
8469:
8457:
8447:
8445:
8437:
8435:
8430:
8424:Galileo's Dream
8416:Galileo Galilei
8368:Life of Galileo
8355:
8327:Galileo project
8264:
8223:
8134:
8120:Phases of Venus
8073:
8071:Galileo Galilei
8068:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8021:
7980:
7971:Molniya-3 No.46
7922:
7918:Intelsat VI F-2
7874:
7870:Gorizont No.31L
7851:Molniya-1 No.69
7806:Resurs-F1 No.48
7768:
7697:
7665:Resurs-F1 No.47
7650:Gorizont No.27L
7640:Nadezhda No.403
7628:
7624:Resurs-F1 No.46
7587:Molniya-3 No.45
7556:
7531:Resurs-F1 No.45
7487:
7446:
7356:
7332:Molniya-1 No.84
7270:
7251:Gorizont No.29L
7216:
7215:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7194:
7164:
7159:
7136:
7095:
7072:
7051:
7020:
6867:Mars Pathfinder
6744:Cassini-Huygens
6731:
6711:Voyager program
6561:
6556:
6526:
6521:
6510:
6464:
6426:
6386:
6360:
6276:
6253:
6228:
6188:
6127:Failed launches
6122:
6101:
6035:
5999:
5975:CassiniâHuygens
5893:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5811:
5774:
5754:Active missions
5749:
5740:
5710:
5705:
5625:
5522:
5516:
5483:
5456:
5437:
5418:
5392:
5383:
5371:CassiniâHuygens
5342:Voyager program
5321:Pioneer program
5309:
5300:
5270:
5265:
5233:
5123:
5043:LISA Pathfinder
4889:
4752:
4740:
4715:
4662:
4597:
4514:
4426:
4402:
4394:
4388:
4334:Wayback Machine
4302:
4297:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4234:
4210:
4208:
4197:
4186:
4176:
4105:
4103:
4091:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4003:
4001:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3929:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3710:
3706:
3702:, pp. 1â9.
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3387:on July 2, 2010
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3196:on June 5, 2010
3188:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3152:on May 28, 2010
3144:
3143:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3108:on July 1, 2010
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3060:on May 28, 2010
3039:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2386:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2315:
2267:
2250:
2244:
2215:Radio equipment
2186:alpha particles
2000:
1976:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1843:Deployment date
1808:
1797:
1781:
1779:
1675:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1585:
1564:
1530:
1497:
1475:
1450:
1445:
1429:
1416:
1410:photomultiplier
1390:
1350:
1315:
1310:
1293:
1278:
1245:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1188:
1161:
1124:
976:
969:main components
966:
925:
915:
888:
887:mission in the
810:
771:Galileo Galilei
737:Mariner program
699:
692:
683:
593:
590:Galileo Galilei
557:
556:
553:CassiniâHuygens
550:
543:
537:
435:
417:
415:
379:Entered service
354:
343:
327:
325:
303:
286:
269:
252:
232:
180:
148:
121:
116:
73:
50:
47:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8567:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8504:
8503:
8491:
8479:
8467:
8455:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8420:
8412:
8404:
8396:
8388:
8380:
8372:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8247:Vincenzo Gamba
8244:
8238:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8213:
8205:
8197:
8189:
8182:
8175:
8167:
8159:
8151:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8105:Galilean moons
8102:
8097:
8092:
8090:Galileo affair
8087:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8067:
8066:
8059:
8052:
8044:
8035:
8034:
8030:Crewed flights
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7941:
7936:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7861:Interkosmos 24
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7791:
7786:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7739:Resurs-F2 No.4
7736:
7727:
7711:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7541:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7379:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7352:Meteor-2 No.22
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7284:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7211:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7170:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
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7147:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7087:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7032:Europa Clipper
7028:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6996:
6989:
6987:TOPEX/Poseidon
6984:
6979:
6974:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6939:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6910:
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6904:
6903:
6895:
6882:
6875:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6850:
6843:
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6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
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6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6739:
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6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6708:
6703:
6697:
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6685:
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6655:
6642:
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6409:
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6398:
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6379:
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6358:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6292:Venus missions
6286:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6268:
6261:
6259:
6258:Descent probes
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6245:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6229:
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6146:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6106:Balloon probes
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6004:Descent probes
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
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5731:
5724:
5716:
5707:
5706:
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5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5630:Related topics
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5594:New Horizons 2
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5559:Europa Orbiter
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5534:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5506:
5500:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5469:Europa Clipper
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5453:(JUICE) (2023)
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
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5408:
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5398:
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5360:
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5119:
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5102:
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5017:
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4818:
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4807:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4770:NEAR Shoemaker
4763:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4742:
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4739:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4721:
4717:
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4708:
4703:
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4605:
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4580:
4573:
4562:
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4545:
4538:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4498:Tiandu 1 and 2
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4321:
4312:
4301:
4300:External links
4298:
4296:
4295:
4268:
4246:
4232:
4217:
4195:
4174:
4153:
4141:10.2514/2.3293
4127:(6): 705â713.
4112:
4078:
4049:
4032:
4010:
3991:
3967:
3945:
3941:
3927:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3878:
3866:
3864:, p. 836.
3854:
3842:Universe Today
3828:
3816:
3787:
3785:, p. 122.
3775:
3763:
3751:
3749:, p. 118.
3739:
3704:
3692:
3657:
3646:. May 17, 1989
3623:
3593:
3561:
3539:
3513:
3494:
3468:
3450:
3424:
3398:
3372:
3350:
3324:
3295:
3269:
3251:
3225:
3207:
3181:
3163:
3137:
3119:
3093:
3071:
3022:
3010:
2979:
2962:
2960:, p. 110.
2950:
2948:, p. 199.
2938:
2926:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2877:, p. 683.
2867:
2842:
2820:
2794:
2767:
2737:
2708:
2675:
2660:
2648:
2633:
2611:
2599:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2480:
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2440:
2384:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Europa Clipper
2321:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2266:
2263:
2243:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:David Atkinson
2223:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2174:
2167:
2166:
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2158:
2155:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:interferometer
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2026:Organizations
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
1999:
1996:
1975:
1972:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1859:End of mission
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
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1829:
1821:
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1690:
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1680:
1673:
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1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1597:dipole antenna
1584:
1581:
1563:
1560:
1546:magnetic field
1529:
1526:
1496:
1493:
1488:time-of-flight
1474:
1471:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1428:
1425:
1389:
1386:
1349:
1346:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Despun section
1306:
1281:best, because
1234:
1231:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1178:Seebeck effect
1160:
1157:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1052:at that time.
1033:), which is a
1020:microprocessor
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
975:
972:
873:Space Shuttle
846:Space Shuttle
775:Galilean moons
767:John R. Casani
685:Main article:
682:
679:
559:
558:
551:
545:
544:
531:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
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499:
495:
494:
491:
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471:
470:
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463:
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459:
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
443:
439:
438:
428:
427:
424:
423:
412:
408:
407:
404:
400:
399:
398:End of mission
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
380:
376:
375:
367:
363:
362:
341:
337:
336:
322:
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48:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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8324:
8321:
8318:
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8313:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8299:
8298:Museo Galileo
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8253:Maria Celeste
8251:
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8233:
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7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
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7925:
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7916:
7914:
7913:Meteor-3 No.4
7911:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7877:
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7842:
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7809:
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7615:
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7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7593:Okean-O1 No.4
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7574:
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7569:
7566:
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7563:
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7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7199:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7179:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7063:Europa Lander
7061:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6860:Mars Observer
6857:
6854:
6853:Mars Cube One
6851:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:Past missions
6734:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6553:
6548:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6455:Pioneer Venus
6453:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5888:Venus Express
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:Past missions
5839:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5800:Solar Orbiter
5798:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5519:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5503:Europa Lander
5501:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5185:
5184:Chandrayaan-3
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5110:Chandrayaan-2
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:Venus Express
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:Chandrayaan-1
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4668:Minor planets
4665:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:Other planets
4600:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Chandrayaan-2
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4422:Solar Orbiter
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:21st-century
4385:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4233:1-56881-092-X
4229:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4064:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4018:
4017:
4011:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3773:, p. 83.
3772:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3549:
3548:"Galileo PWS"
3543:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3360:
3359:"Galileo EPD"
3354:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3081:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3019:
3014:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2830:
2824:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2673:, p. 78.
2672:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2621:
2615:
2609:, p. 38.
2608:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2453:, p. 86.
2452:
2447:
2445:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:Galileo Probe
2272:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:Hasso Niemann
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:Deployed from
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:Space Shuttle
1796:
1792:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1629:Galileo Probe
1625:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1468:
1467:magnetosphere
1463:
1454:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:Pioneer Venus
1424:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:near infrared
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:plutonium-238
1171:
1166:
1163:At the time,
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
990:
986:
981:
965:
961:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:
924:
920:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:
891:
890:Space Shuttle
886:
882:
878:
876:
871:. Due to the
870:
866:
862:
854:
850:
849:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
762:
761:accelerometer
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
726:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
697:
691:
689:
678:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
596:
595:Space Shuttle
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
555: →
554:
549:
546:←
541:
536:
535:
529:
524:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
429:
425:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
374:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
352:
346:
345:Space Shuttle
342:
338:
335:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
299:
296:
295:
293:
289:
282:
279:
278:
276:
272:
265:
262:
261:
259:
255:
248:
245:
242:
241:
239:
235:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
208:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
159:
147:
143:
139:
137:
130:
125:
119:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
65:
60:
57:
52:
45:
43:
39:
35:shuttle, see
34:
30:
19:
8506:
8501:Solar System
8426:(2009 novel)
8423:
8418:(2002 opera)
8415:
8407:
8399:
8391:
8383:
8375:
8367:
8348:
8331:
8259:Marina Gamba
8215:
8207:
8199:
8191:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8145:
8029:
8007:Progress M-2
8002:Gran' No.36L
7943:
7901:
7895:
7793:
7759:Marco Polo 1
7754:Progress M-1
7713:
7619:Globus No.11
7591:
7498:
7473:Gran' No.33L
7381:
6992:
6970:
6935:
6913:
6898:
6890:
6877:
6865:
6858:
6845:
6834:
6802:
6794:
6788:
6772:Deep Space 2
6770:
6765:Deep Space 1
6763:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6722:
6715:
6667:
6658:
6651:Perseverance
6650:
6639:Mars Odyssey
6637:
6620:
6612:
6579:
6572:
6501:Terraforming
6476:Colonization
6353:
6248:MBR Explorer
6239:
5992:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5904:
5886:
5854:
5791:
5767:
5613:
5529:
5508:
5494:
5475:
5467:
5448:
5430:
5411:
5404:
5378:New Horizons
5376:
5369:
5363:
5353:
5346:
5332:
5325:
5214:
5196:
5188:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5114:
5097:
5090:
5064:
5047:
5032:Schiaparelli
5030:
5020:
5012:
5006:
4989:
4982:
4973:Chang'e 5-T1
4965:
4948:
4926:
4914:
4903:
4865:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4776:Deep Space 1
4774:
4733:
4726:
4700:New Horizons
4698:
4691:
4680:
4650:
4636:
4622:
4608:
4589:Perseverance
4588:
4575:
4568:
4547:
4542:Mars Express
4540:
4464:
4392:space probes
4351:
4324:
4315:
4309:mission site
4306:
4287:. Retrieved
4280:the original
4262:November 15,
4260:. Retrieved
4251:
4222:
4209:. Retrieved
4182:
4161:
4157:
4124:
4120:
4104:. Retrieved
4087:
4083:
4072:December 12,
4070:. Retrieved
4063:the original
4054:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4015:
4002:. Retrieved
3996:
3983:. Retrieved
3978:
3959:. Retrieved
3950:
3921:. Springer.
3918:
3910:Bibliography
3895:. Retrieved
3890:
3881:
3876:, p. 6.
3869:
3857:
3847:February 10,
3845:. Retrieved
3841:
3831:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3799:
3790:
3783:Meltzer 2007
3778:
3771:Blagdon 1980
3766:
3761:, p. 9.
3754:
3747:Meltzer 2007
3742:
3732:December 12,
3730:. Retrieved
3726:the original
3707:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:the original
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3636:jpl.nasa.gov
3635:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:the original
3605:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3576:
3552:. Retrieved
3542:
3530:. Retrieved
3526:the original
3516:
3507:the original
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3481:the original
3471:
3463:the original
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:the original
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3385:the original
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3327:
3319:
3314:December 10,
3312:. Retrieved
3308:the original
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3282:the original
3272:
3264:the original
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3238:the original
3228:
3220:the original
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3184:
3176:the original
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:the original
3140:
3132:the original
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3106:the original
3096:
3086:November 19,
3084:. Retrieved
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:the original
3046:jpl.nasa.gov
3045:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3020:, p. 4.
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2975:Tomayko 1988
2958:Tomayko 1988
2953:
2946:Tomayko 1988
2941:
2934:Tomayko 1988
2929:
2921:the original
2899:Tomayko 1988
2894:
2887:Tomayko 1988
2882:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2758:. Retrieved
2754:the original
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2692:the original
2678:
2671:Meltzer 2007
2651:
2644:Meltzer 2007
2624:. Retrieved
2614:
2607:Meltzer 2007
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:the original
2572:
2565:Meltzer 2007
2560:
2548:
2541:Meltzer 2007
2536:
2529:Meltzer 2007
2524:
2517:Meltzer 2007
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2365:
2305:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2247:
2245:
2233:
2160:L. Sromovsky
2149:radiant flux
2126:Boris Ragent
2113:Nephelometer
2098:Ulf von Zahn
2001:
1977:
1953:
1947:
1864:Last contact
1836:
1804:
1746:Payload mass
1726:Manufacturer
1700:61.4 minutes
1650:Mission type
1615:
1595:An electric
1594:
1571:52,000
1565:
1550:
1542:magnetometer
1539:
1508:
1506:
1476:
1459:
1443:Spun section
1433:
1430:
1420:
1413:
1399:
1370:spectrometer
1359:
1330:
1324:
1301:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1250:magnetometer
1242:
1236:
1228:
1212:
1202:covering of
1182:
1165:solar panels
1162:
1152:
1133:
1103:
1076:
1054:
1013:
993:
977:
963:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
930:
922:
912:
900:
895:
880:
874:
858:
852:
847:
833:
825:
808:West Germany
803:
799:
793:
786:
765:
734:
724:
706:Solar System
700:
687:
673:
664:
663:
658:
654:
652:
629:
624:
618:
609:
600:
564:
563:
562:
539:
532:
501:Magnetometer
350:
274:Payload mass
206:Manufacturer
90:Mission type
69:
55:
51:
41:
37:
32:
8489:Outer space
8477:Spaceflight
8410:(1999 book)
8402:(1996 book)
8394:(1975 film)
8386:(1968 film)
8378:(1947 play)
8370:(1943 play)
8201:The Assayer
8150:(1589â1592)
8130:Thermoscope
8017:Kosmos 2054
8012:Kosmos 2053
7976:Kosmos 2052
7961:Kosmos 2051
7956:Kosmos 2050
7934:Kosmos 2049
7891:Kosmos 2048
7886:Kosmos 2047
7856:Kosmos 2046
7841:Kosmos 2045
7836:Kosmos 2044
7831:Kosmos 2043
7827:Kosmos 2042
7823:Kosmos 2041
7819:Kosmos 2040
7815:Kosmos 2039
7811:Kosmos 2038
7764:Kosmos 2037
7749:Kosmos 2036
7709:Kosmos 2035
7693:Kosmos 2034
7688:Kosmos 2033
7683:Kosmos 2032
7678:Kosmos 2031
7660:Kosmos 2030
7645:Kosmos 2029
7614:Kosmos 2028
7604:Kosmos 2027
7582:Kosmos 2026
7573:Superbird-A
7568:Kosmos 2025
7552:Kosmos 2024
7548:Kosmos 2023
7544:Kosmos 2022
7526:Kosmos 2021
7521:Kosmos 2020
7511:Kosmos 2019
7483:Foton No.5L
7478:Kosmos 2018
7468:Kosmos 2017
7463:Kosmos 2016
7437:Kosmos 2015
7433:Kosmos 2014
7429:Kosmos 2013
7425:Kosmos 2012
7421:Kosmos 2011
7417:Kosmos 2010
7413:Kosmos 2009
7409:Kosmos 2008
7404:Kosmos 2007
7399:Progress 41
7394:Kosmos 2006
7368:Kosmos 2005
7347:Kosmos 2004
7337:Kosmos 2003
7322:Kosmos 2002
7317:Kosmos 2001
7312:Kosmos 2000
7307:Kosmos 1999
7303:Kosmos 1998
7299:Kosmos 1997
7295:Kosmos 1996
7291:Kosmos 1995
7287:Kosmos 1994
7282:Progress 40
7266:Kosmos 1993
7256:Kosmos 1992
7246:Kosmos 1991
7241:Kosmos 1990
7236:Kosmos 1989
7232:Kosmos 1988
7228:Kosmos 1987
6899:Opportunity
6758:Deep Impact
6273:(2031â2032)
5793:BepiColombo
5662:Exploration
5105:Longjiang-2
5091:Opportunity
5072:Longjiang-1
4950:Deep Impact
4610:BepiColombo
4318:legacy site
4289:October 29,
4211:October 29,
4106:January 19,
4004:December 7,
3897:December 3,
3809:January 18,
3554:December 5,
3417:December 5,
3365:December 5,
3172:"NIMS Team"
2860:November 5,
2835:November 9,
2813:November 5,
2760:November 4,
2746:Sagan, Carl
2730:November 4,
2701:November 5,
2626:December 6,
2592:October 28,
2502:October 27,
2473:December 7,
2304:1989-084E
2288:1989-084B
2242:Termination
2136:Foundation
2053:Foundation
2043:Alvin Seiff
1964:heat shield
1950:Entry Probe
1920: /
1917:6.5°N 4.4°W
1896:Impact site
1820:Launch site
1775:Launch date
1618:entry probe
1364:wavelength
1233:Instruments
710:heat shield
681:Development
570:space probe
436:Instruments
366:Launch site
321:Launch date
237:Launch mass
150:solarsystem
8513:Categories
8332:spacecraft
8261:(mistress)
8255:(daughter)
7795:Soyuz TM-8
7789:Himawari 4
7655:Olympus F1
7377:Meteosat 4
6795:spacecraft
6661:helicopter
6164:3MV-1 No.2
6154:2MV-2 No.1
6149:2MV-1 No.2
6144:2MV-1 No.1
5808:(en route)
5802:(en route)
5796:(en route)
5788:(en route)
5521:Cancelled,
5327:Pioneer 10
5217:helicopter
5156:Mangalyaan
4788:Pioneer 10
4706:OSIRIS-REx
4687:MINERVA-II
4205:2017059404
4026:October 1,
3937:1042249198
3891:lib.cas.cz
3824:Milos 1997
3586:August 20,
3503:"PLS Team"
3459:"MAG Team"
3407:"HIC Team"
3260:"PPR Team"
3216:"EUV Team"
2787:January 7,
2357:References
2298:(Orbus 21)
2294:1989-084C
2188:and heavy
2143:radiometer
2011:Instrument
1622:See also:
1378:antimonide
1362:micrometer
1289:sensor in
1122:Propulsion
875:Challenger
844:Launch of
832:, keeping
798:built the
783:spacecraft
745:gyroscopes
623:built the
411:Decay date
31:. For the
8453:Astronomy
8243:(brother)
7773:September
7734:Hipparcos
6778:Explorers
6724:Voyager 2
6717:Voyager 1
6659:Ingenuity
6645:Mars 2020
6377:Laplace-P
6372:Mercury-P
6241:Dragonfly
6169:Kosmos 27
6159:Kosmos 21
6139:Mariner 1
5982:MESSENGER
5937:Venera 11
5927:Mariner 5
5912:Mariner 2
5604:Pioneer H
5589:Laplace-P
5477:Tianwen-4
5348:Voyager 1
5215:Ingenuity
5138:Chang'e 5
5099:Beresheet
4984:MESSENGER
4861:Chang'e 1
4735:Voyager 2
4728:Voyager 1
4682:Hayabusa2
4676:Chang'e 2
4583:Mars 2020
4577:Tianwen-1
4569:Curiosity
4503:Chang'e 6
4493:Queqiao 2
4473:Chang'e 5
4460:Chang'e 4
4455:Chang'e 3
4242:245700546
4207:. SP-4041
4149:1533-6794
4102:. SP-4231
4100:124150579
3042:Antennas"
2182:electrons
2171:Lightning
2141:Net-flux
1992:D battery
1984:Honeywell
1974:Batteries
1922:6.5; -4.4
1757:580 watts
1677:1989-084E
1671:COSPAR ID
909:plutonium
788:Star Trek
604:, during
578:its moons
548:Voyager 1
118:1989-084B
112:COSPAR ID
42:Star Trek
33:Star Trek
8237:(father)
8188:" (1616)
8181:" (1615)
8125:Celatone
7985:December
7927:November
7865:Magion 2
7730:TV-SAT 2
7505:Magellan
7275:February
6977:Surveyor
6971:Stardust
6925:QuikSCAT
6835:Magellan
6814:Herschel
6608:GRACE-FO
6587:ACRIMSAT
6412:TMK-Mavr
6324:Venera-D
6223:EnVision
6204:Orbiters
6047:Venera 7
6011:Venera 3
5922:Venera 2
5906:Venera 1
5867:Venera 9
5856:Magellan
5848:Orbiters
5769:Akatsuki
5761:Orbiters
5679:Callisto
5674:Ganymede
5523:concepts
5442:En route
5415:(active)
5397:Orbiters
4928:Stardust
4905:Hayabusa
4624:Akatsuki
4445:CAPSTONE
4330:Archived
4180:(2018).
3985:March 6,
3961:March 7,
3685:March 4,
3650:March 6,
2379:Archived
2313:See also
2236:ablation
2014:Function
1805:Atlantis
1737:BOL mass
1660:Operator
1366:infrared
1341:tantalum
1298:vidicons
1204:graphite
1185:GPHS-RTG
1047:Apple II
1027:sapphire
1016:RCA 1802
954:Atlantis
934:Atlantis
903:neared,
896:Atlantis
877:disaster
848:Atlantis
749:nitrogen
731:booster.
601:Atlantis
403:Disposal
351:Atlantis
257:Dry mass
156:/galileo
101:Operator
8439:Portals
8392:Galileo
8384:Galileo
8269:Related
7966:Kvant 2
7902:Galileo
7879:October
7373:JCSAT-1
7342:Akebono
7221:January
7112:Caltech
7092:(MAX-C)
7068:FINESSE
7047:SPHEREx
6993:Ulysses
6936:Rosetta
6920:Pioneer
6914:Phoenix
6855:(MarCO)
6841:Mariner
6824:Jason-1
6803:Genesis
6789:Galileo
6614:InSight
6469:Related
6450:Mariner
6271:DAVINCI
6217:VERITAS
6040:Landers
5994:Shin-en
5968:Galileo
5615:Trident
5599:OKEANOS
5499:(2020s)
5496:Shensuo
5431:Galileo
5405:Galileo
5364:Ulysses
5307:Jupiter
5197:Zhurong
5189:Pragyan
5179:Luna 25
5163:InSight
5115:Pragyan
5049:Cassini
5028:ExoMars
5008:Rosetta
4991:PROCYON
4867:Ulysses
4850:Phoenix
4826:Huygens
4814:Genesis
4795:Galileo
4657:Jupiter
4644:Jupiter
4616:Mercury
4533:ExoMars
4508:ICUBE-Q
4488:Queqiao
4440:ARTEMIS
4352:Galileo
4325:Galileo
4316:Galileo
4307:Galileo
4166:Bibcode
4129:Bibcode
4088:Project
4086:Galileo
3616:May 15,
3532:May 15,
3487:May 15,
3443:May 15,
3391:May 15,
3343:May 15,
3288:May 15,
3244:May 15,
3200:May 15,
3156:May 15,
3112:May 15,
3064:May 15,
3037:Galileo
3033:Galileo
3003:May 15,
2306:Galileo
2290:Galileo
2248:Galileo
2178:protons
1948:Galileo
1881:Jupiter
1837:Galileo
1824:Kennedy
1780: (
1685:SATCAT
1616:Galileo
1601:plasmas
1551:Galileo
1509:Voyager
1421:Galileo
1414:Galileo
1406:grating
1382:silicon
1332:Voyager
1302:Voyager
1291:Galileo
1283:Galileo
1275:Voyager
1243:Galileo
1239:antenna
1213:Galileo
1208:iridium
1199:ceramic
1153:Galileo
1018:COSMAC
987:(PLL),
964:Galileo
950:Galileo
946:Galileo
942:Galileo
923:Galileo
913:Galileo
911:in the
901:Galileo
881:Galileo
869:Florida
853:Galileo
834:Galileo
826:Galileo
804:Galileo
800:Galileo
785:in the
759:and an
753:Canopus
725:Galileo
702:Jupiter
690:project
688:Galileo
665:Galileo
659:Galileo
655:Galileo
632:program
630:Galileo
625:Galileo
610:Galileo
574:Jupiter
565:Galileo
416: (
370:Kennedy
326: (
145:Website
133:SATCAT
96:orbiter
94:Jupiter
70:Galileo
56:Galileo
38:Galileo
8293:Sector
8228:Family
8220:(1638)
8212:(1632)
8204:(1623)
8196:(1619)
8174:(1613)
8166:(1613)
8158:(1610)
7997:USA-49
7992:Granat
7950:USA-48
7945:STS-33
7908:USA-47
7897:STS-34
7846:USA-46
7801:USA-45
7784:USA-44
7780:USA-43
7744:USA-42
7724:USA-41
7720:USA-40
7715:STS-28
7702:August
7673:Pion 4
7669:Pion 3
7609:USA-39
7599:USA-38
7539:Pion 2
7535:Pion 1
7516:USA-37
7500:STS-30
7458:Tele-X
7442:USA-36
7388:TDRS-4
7383:STS-29
7327:USA-35
7213:1990 â
7198:â 1988
7012:(WIRE)
7006:(WFPC)
6999:Viking
6949:(SRTM)
6942:Seasat
6930:Ranger
6891:Spirit
6829:Kepler
6696:(SMAP)
6690:(MISR)
6599:(AIRS)
6581:Psyche
6574:Euclid
6438:Venera
6365:Flybys
6355:Zephyr
6334:VISAGE
6267:(2025)
6250:(2028)
6244:(2028)
6233:Flybys
6225:(2031)
6219:(2031)
6213:(2028)
6113:Vega 1
6087:Vega 1
5988:IKAROS
5957:Vega 1
5917:Zond 1
5898:Flybys
5779:Flybys
5669:Europa
5513:(2036)
5505:(2025)
5480:(2029)
5472:(2024)
5314:Flybys
5060:MASCOT
5014:Philae
4997:IKAROS
4915:Spirit
4883:LCROSS
4878:SELENE
4802:Nozomi
4711:Psyche
4478:Danuri
4465:Yutu-2
4240:
4230:
4203:
4193:
4147:
4098:
3935:
3925:
3082:. NASA
3040:'s
3035:FAQ â
2831:. NASA
2622:. NASA
2271:COSPAR
2251:'s
1908:4°24âČW
1905:6°30âČN
1827:LC-39B
1810:STS-34
1794:Rocket
1786:
1522:nickel
1518:carbon
1484:sulfur
1480:oxygen
1417:'s
1374:indium
1294:'s
1279:'s
1254:plasma
1246:'s
1145:helium
967:'s
926:'s
916:'s
885:STS-34
811:'s
606:STS-34
582:Gaspra
373:LC-39B
356:STS-34
340:Rocket
332:
8465:Stars
8249:(son)
8139:Works
7451:April
7361:March
7086:(AFL)
6982:SVLBI
6961:(SIR)
6955:(SME)
6908:NSCAT
6901:rover
6893:rover
6809:GRACE
6783:GALEX
6702:(TES)
6684:(MLS)
6678:(MSL)
6672:(MRO)
6653:rover
6634:(LBT)
6592:ASTER
6506:VeSpR
6422:Vesta
6344:VOICE
6314:HOVER
6309:HAVOC
5747:Venus
5609:SMARA
5433:Probe
5205:2024
5199:rover
5191:rover
5170:2023
5144:2022
5134:2020
5128:2020s
5117:rover
5093:rover
5082:MarCO
5078:2019
5056:2018
5039:2017
5023:rover
5003:2016
4979:2015
4961:LADEE
4957:2014
4945:2013
4939:GRAIL
4935:2012
4923:2011
4917:rover
4900:2010
4894:2010s
4857:2009
4845:2008
4833:2006
4821:2005
4809:2004
4783:2003
4766:2001
4760:2000s
4652:Juice
4630:Venus
4591:rover
4571:rover
4555:MAVEN
4467:rover
4354:Probe
4283:(PDF)
4276:(PDF)
4256:(PDF)
4187:(PDF)
4164:: 6.
4092:(PDF)
4066:(PDF)
4059:(PDF)
4020:(PDF)
3975:(PDF)
3955:(PDF)
2695:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2308:Probe
2265:Names
2197:2.3 W
2157:7.0 W
2095:1.1 W
2040:6.3 W
1802:
1754:Power
1692:43337
1183:Each
1068:HAL/S
1064:2901s
989:Golay
893:
598:
348:
291:Power
152:.nasa
140:20298
78:Names
7939:COBE
7633:July
7561:June
7206:1989
7107:NASA
6819:IRAS
6751:Dawn
6706:SWOT
6621:Juno
6460:Vega
6339:VISE
6329:VICI
6319:VAMP
6304:CUVE
6299:AREE
5564:FIRE
5531:Argo
5412:Juno
5227:IM-1
5222:SLIM
5066:Dawn
5021:Yutu
4693:Lucy
4638:Juno
4520:Mars
4432:Moon
4291:2020
4264:2020
4238:OCLC
4228:ISBN
4213:2020
4201:LCCN
4191:ISBN
4145:ISSN
4108:2021
4096:OCLC
4074:2006
4028:2020
4006:2020
3987:2021
3963:2021
3933:OCLC
3923:ISBN
3899:2018
3849:2022
3811:2009
3804:NASA
3734:2006
3722:Ames
3718:NASA
3687:2016
3671:NASA
3652:2021
3640:NASA
3618:2011
3588:2024
3581:NASA
3556:2020
3534:2011
3489:2011
3445:2011
3419:2020
3393:2011
3367:2020
3345:2011
3316:2012
3290:2011
3246:2011
3202:2011
3158:2011
3114:2011
3088:2020
3066:2011
3050:NASA
3005:2011
2862:2020
2837:2020
2815:2020
2789:2017
2762:2020
2732:2020
2703:2020
2628:2020
2594:2020
2582:NASA
2504:2020
2497:NASA
2475:2021
2190:ions
2132:and
2123:14 W
2069:29 W
2049:and
2017:Mass
1968:ICBM
1664:NASA
1540:The
1520:and
1513:ions
1460:The
1400:The
1380:and
1258:dust
1197:, a
1139:and
1057:Itek
1043:6502
1039:CMOS
1023:CPUs
794:The
674:Juno
667:was
636:NASA
634:for
619:The
584:and
576:and
450:NIMS
384:SCET
154:.gov
105:NASA
7492:May
6443:3MV
6349:VOX
6184:482
6179:167
5745:to
5305:to
5087:MER
4911:MER
4565:MSL
4560:MRO
4536:TGO
4410:Sun
4162:631
4137:doi
4041:doi
3948:".
3675:JPL
3644:JPL
3054:JPL
2296:IUS
2277:or
2085:An
1814:IUS
1788:UTC
1687:no.
1482:or
1300:of
1287:CCD
1079:RAM
938:UTC
867:in
741:rpm
586:Ida
514:PWS
506:PLS
498:MAG
490:HIC
482:EPD
474:DDS
466:PPR
458:UVS
442:SSI
422:UTC
360:IUS
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135:no.
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7829:,
7825:,
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