142:
241:, although this was usually only required for engines working under a constant load. By shutting off the supply of steam early, the steam within the cylinder was allowed to expand whilst doing work against the piston. This provided considerable savings in efficiency of both coal and water consumption. In 1844, William Williams, a pattern-maker for Stephenson, made the remarkable invention of realising that if a closed gab was made into a curved link, so that it fitted the pin closely throughout its travel, then the valve gear could also be set into an intermediate position, and that this would also have the effect of giving expansive working. This gear was the genesis of the well-known
49:
164:, with a gab clutch. The eccentric is loose on the crankshaft and can rotate freely between two stops. These stops represent the positions for the eccentric to run the engine in each direction. When the gab was disengaged and the crankshaft stopped, the manual lever was used to drive the engine valves in reverse, which also re-set the eccentric to the opposing position. The gab could now be re-engaged and the engine restarted in the opposing direction.
195:
17:
186:
is to display it on a track with raised ends, so that the locomotive can be allowed to roll backwards under its own weight, and re-setting its own eccentrics. A better solution was to use fixed eccentrics, but to provide two of them, one for each direction. The required eccentric, and direction, was
204:
A better solution was to use a single double-sided gab. These were initially X-shaped and sat between the two connecting pins. X-gabs were also usually reversed, so that the gab was placed on the valve spindle and the pins were instead connected to the eccentric rods. The gab now stayed still
190:
The first locomotive gab gears used two 'open' gabs, side by side, each potentially (when engaged) hooking over the same pin. If both gabs were ever engaged simultaneously these would jam, probably damaging the valve rod. On the footplate of a rattling locomotive with no suspension and a poor
191:
trackbed, this is known to have been the cause of breakdowns, whether by driver error or by a loose gab slipping into accidental engagement. As the gabs, unlike in the stationary engine, were remote from the driver they were provided with wide V-shaped jaws to help them engage with the pins.
224:
The final form of the gab valve gear was the 'closed' gab. Like the X-gab, this was a coupled pair of gabs, although in this case they faced inwards and there was a single pin between them. Once again, the gabs were driven by the eccentrics and the pin drove the valve spindle.
153:, it was useful to do this by means of the valve gear. This allows the engine to be stopped within a fraction of a revolution, where using a throttle or stop valve in the steam supply slowed the engine gradually and so would be far less precise.
132:
The simplest form of gab valve gear or 'gab clutch' was a simple notch in the valve rod, where it hooked over the valve spindle. A hand lever allowed this notch to be lifted, thus disengaging the valve drive and promptly stopping the engine.
212:
Another mechanism, used on
Stephenson's locomotives in the 1830s, was the 'coupled gab'. Two open gabs were used, as for the manual open gab, although in this case they were both operated automatically by a single
181:
used slip-eccentrics although these were soon considered impractical, owing to the lack of access to the crank axles acting as both carrying axle and crankshaft. A somewhat contrived method used for the replica
26:
The hooked rod from the right is driven by the eccentric. When engaged, it rocks the valve arbor, the square shaft, back and forth. Bellcranks behind the shaft work the valves via the vertical pullrods.
105:
432:
1487:
270:
For railway locomotives of this period, the extra range permitted by reduced water consumption was perhaps even more valuable than the coal savings.
1147:
80:
from 1724, and probably medieval in origin from other forms related to gossip or idle chatter. The OED also gives the steam engine sense of
205:
vertically and the pins were moved up and down to engage them. This was done by joining both pins with a short vertical bar. The driver's
1492:
1394:
425:
1307:
1180:
116:, that in turn drove a strap and a long rod to the valve's actuating spindle. This was a simple valve gear but worked well for
1317:
366:
1516:
575:
1213:
986:
418:
141:
882:
877:
1025:
1341:
1253:
209:
moved the centre of this bar, thus the pins, up and down to engage one at a time with opposite faces of the X-gab.
59:. The red handwheel is the steam stop valve, the lever in front of the engine driver disengages the valve gear gab.
1835:
1790:
1675:
1536:
1387:
1207:
1875:
1312:
956:
1551:
221:, the other through a reversing linkage from this, so that as one engaged the other was already lifted clear.
1556:
1201:
600:
1188:
160:
were required to be reversed, for hoisting and lowering of the shaft cage. These engines began by using the
1526:
976:
1326:
1044:
1016:
900:
512:
455:
915:
1380:
794:
56:
1780:
1610:
1346:
1335:
1193:
892:
505:
161:
77:
1120:
1052:
1356:
1351:
1272:
1141:
996:
941:
663:
619:
358:
238:
1159:
920:
1686:
1650:
1591:
1361:
1259:
1133:
1100:
981:
683:
632:
570:
48:
41:. Its simplest form allowed an engine to be stopped and started. A double form, mostly used on
1765:
1665:
1586:
1482:
1226:
951:
872:
845:
642:
560:
470:
242:
109:
1286:
1854:
1561:
971:
910:
771:
637:
585:
522:
475:
1750:
8:
1581:
1541:
1280:
814:
688:
605:
595:
172:
With the development of the first steam locomotives, reversing was an obvious necessity.
21:
1814:
398:
1740:
1531:
1464:
776:
1620:
1474:
1077:
925:
864:
819:
799:
786:
766:
748:
693:
647:
517:
460:
362:
234:
173:
1576:
1521:
1412:
1153:
1114:
840:
758:
728:
580:
85:
42:
1730:
200:
The upper position is in neutral, the lower positions in forward and reverse gear.
92:. This is cited in the OED from 1792. The OED also cites the obviously derivative
1824:
1725:
1059:
1001:
809:
804:
718:
673:
214:
206:
177:
117:
1819:
1809:
1770:
1710:
1705:
1670:
1566:
1497:
1245:
1094:
1066:
743:
565:
465:
150:
52:
1635:
1869:
1799:
1745:
1720:
1715:
1640:
1615:
1033:
1006:
905:
824:
660:
120:
that ran continuously for long periods, and in only one direction. For early
1760:
1645:
1625:
1234:
991:
738:
723:
678:
532:
527:
441:
157:
38:
1775:
1755:
1735:
1655:
1429:
1086:
657:
627:
500:
121:
104:
One of the first self-acting valve gears used for steam engines was the
1695:
1660:
1630:
1571:
1507:
1439:
1417:
1403:
1165:
1108:
733:
668:
652:
590:
547:
537:
149:
Where an engine had to be stopped and started precisely, such as for a
113:
34:
1844:
1454:
1449:
1434:
1421:
961:
946:
218:
1372:
1849:
1444:
850:
308:(1792) No. 1879. 8 'Clear of the notch or gabb of the catch lever'
261:
This was the first time that such a single lever control was used.
1804:
1700:
331:
329:
410:
194:
1459:
966:
703:
326:
16:
1601:
485:
145:
Loose eccentric reversing gear, with a rudimentary gab
76:may derive from a word for mouth, recorded by the
84:as a notch in the valvegear as possibly being of
1867:
352:
335:
348:
346:
344:
1388:
426:
187:selected by engaging only one gab at a time.
341:
1395:
1381:
433:
419:
375:
353:Semmens, P.W.B.; Goldfinch, A.J. (2003) .
284:
317:
193:
140:
47:
15:
1308:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1868:
1402:
1376:
414:
381:
290:
136:
396:
13:
1160:National Museum of Scotland engine
400:A Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads
14:
1887:
440:
355:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
127:
1342:List of steam technology patents
293:Railways: Mechanical Engineering
1676:Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie
228:
1327:Murdoch's model steam carriage
1313:History of steam road vehicles
390:
336:Semmens & Goldfinch (2003)
311:
299:
264:
255:
167:
1:
1254:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
277:
977:Return connecting rod engine
386:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
63:
7:
901:Condensing steam locomotive
237:was already recognised for
10:
1892:
1208:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
320:Nautical Steam Engineering
99:
45:, allowed easy reversing.
1833:
1789:
1684:
1611:AAR type A switcher truck
1600:
1506:
1473:
1411:
1300:
1271:
1244:
1225:
1214:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
1179:
1132:
1085:
1076:
1043:
1024:
1015:
934:
891:
883:Single- and double-acting
863:
833:
785:
757:
711:
702:
618:
546:
493:
484:
448:
162:slip-eccentric valve gear
78:Oxford English Dictionary
1053:Newcomen Memorial Engine
248:
217:. One was actuated by a
1357:Timeline of steam power
1352:Stationary steam engine
1235:Woolf's compound engine
1142:Soho Manufactory engine
997:Steeple compound engine
664:straight line mechanism
397:Wood, Nicholas (1838).
359:Oxford University Press
318:Robinson, R.S. (1839).
1651:Krauss-Helmholtz bogie
1362:Water-returning engine
1336:Lean's Engine Reporter
1109:Chacewater Mine engine
982:Six-column beam engine
201:
146:
88:origin, from the word
60:
27:
20:The valve gear gab of
1876:Locomotive valve gear
1666:Radial steering truck
1483:AAR wheel arrangement
1202:London Steam Carriage
306:Specif. Kellys Patent
243:Stephenson valve gear
197:
144:
124:this was acceptable.
51:
33:was an early form of
22:Calvert's beam engine
19:
1493:Swiss classification
1148:Bradley Works engine
972:Reciprocating engine
795:Babcock & Wilcox
638:Centrifugal governor
382:Snell, J.B. (1964).
291:Snell, J.B. (1971).
156:Winding engines for
106:eccentric valve gear
689:Sun and planet gear
1741:Klien-Lindner axle
1488:UIC classification
1465:Dual Control Stand
1189:Richard Trevithick
787:Water-tube boilers
601:Gresley conjugated
239:stationary engines
202:
147:
137:Stationary engines
61:
28:
1863:
1862:
1766:Road–rail vehicle
1751:Luttermöller axle
1621:Articulated bogie
1475:Wheel arrangement
1370:
1369:
1296:
1295:
1175:
1174:
859:
858:
759:Fire-tube boilers
614:
613:
368:978-0-19-860782-3
235:expansive working
108:. This placed an
43:steam locomotives
1883:
1636:Cleminson system
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1320:fardier Ă vapeur
1154:Whitbread Engine
1115:Smethwick Engine
1083:
1082:
1022:
1021:
841:Feedwater heater
709:
708:
491:
490:
435:
428:
421:
412:
411:
405:
404:
394:
388:
387:
379:
373:
372:
350:
339:
333:
324:
323:
315:
309:
303:
297:
296:
288:
271:
268:
262:
259:
118:rotative engines
112:on the engine's
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1829:
1785:
1726:Equalising beam
1680:
1596:
1502:
1469:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1371:
1366:
1292:
1267:
1240:
1221:
1171:
1128:
1072:
1060:Fairbottom Bobs
1045:Newcomen engine
1039:
1011:
957:Expansion valve
930:
916:Watt's separate
887:
855:
829:
781:
753:
698:
674:Parallel motion
610:
561:Stephenson link
542:
480:
449:Operating cycle
444:
439:
409:
408:
395:
391:
380:
376:
369:
361:. p. 112.
351:
342:
334:
327:
316:
312:
304:
300:
289:
285:
280:
275:
274:
269:
265:
260:
256:
251:
231:
215:reversing lever
207:reversing lever
199:
170:
139:
130:
102:
66:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1836:exhaust system
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1791:Exhaust system
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Trailing wheel
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Carrying wheel
1708:
1706:Beugniot lever
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:Scheffel bogie
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Whyte notation
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1095:Kinneil Engine
1091:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1067:Elsecar Engine
1064:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
987:Steeple engine
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
936:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
875:
869:
867:
861:
860:
857:
856:
854:
853:
848:
846:Feedwater pump
843:
837:
835:
831:
830:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
789:
783:
782:
780:
779:
774:
769:
763:
761:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
713:
712:Simple boilers
706:
700:
699:
697:
696:
694:Watt's linkage
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
655:
650:
645:
643:Connecting rod
640:
635:
630:
624:
622:
616:
615:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
550:
544:
543:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
509:
508:
497:
495:
488:
482:
481:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
450:
446:
445:
438:
437:
430:
423:
415:
407:
406:
389:
384:Early Railways
374:
367:
340:
338:, p. 111.
325:
310:
298:
282:
281:
279:
276:
273:
272:
263:
253:
252:
250:
247:
230:
227:
169:
166:
151:winding engine
138:
135:
129:
128:Gab valve gear
126:
101:
98:
65:
62:
53:Winding engine
31:Gab valve gear
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1888:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Leading wheel
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Gölsdorf axle
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Driving wheel
1719:
1717:
1716:Coupled wheel
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Grovers bogie
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Arnoux system
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Bagnall–Price
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:Puffing Devil
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1181:High-pressure
1178:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1134:Rotative beam
1131:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1034:Savery Engine
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1007:Working fluid
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
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933:
927:
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904:
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842:
839:
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826:
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710:
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701:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Rotative beam
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:hypocycloidal
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
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641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
623:
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584:
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579:
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569:
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531:
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487:
483:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
451:
447:
443:
442:Steam engines
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
416:
413:
402:
401:
393:
385:
378:
370:
364:
360:
356:
349:
347:
345:
337:
332:
330:
322:. p. 97.
321:
314:
307:
302:
294:
287:
283:
267:
258:
254:
246:
244:
240:
236:
226:
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196:
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119:
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111:
107:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
58:
54:
50:
46:
44:
40:
39:steam engines
36:
32:
24:, disengaged.
23:
18:
1761:Railway tire
1687:running gear
1646:Jacobs bogie
1626:Bissel truck
1546:
1415:positioning
1347:Modern steam
1334:
1319:
1281:Porter-Allen
1260:
1194:
1121:
1101:
1058:
992:Safety valve
921:"Pickle-pot"
815:Thimble tube
555:
399:
392:
383:
377:
354:
319:
313:
305:
301:
292:
286:
266:
257:
232:
229:Developments
223:
211:
203:
189:
183:
176:
174:Stephenson’s
171:
155:
148:
131:
122:mill engines
103:
93:
89:
81:
73:
69:
67:
30:
29:
1776:Train wheel
1756:Radial axle
1736:Journal box
1656:Mason Bogie
1592:Walschaerts
1430:Cab forward
1078:Watt engine
878:Oscillating
834:Boiler feed
679:Plate chain
658:Tusi couple
571:Walschaerts
456:Atmospheric
233:The use of
168:Locomotives
96:from 1839.
57:Blists Hill
1696:Adams axle
1661:Pony truck
1631:Blomberg B
1587:Stephenson
1572:Kuhn slide
1508:Valve gear
1440:Steeplecab
1418:Short hood
1404:Locomotive
1287:Ljungström
1273:High-speed
1166:Lap Engine
1122:Resolution
1026:Precursors
911:Kirchweger
873:Locomotive
820:Three-drum
800:Field-tube
767:Locomotive
749:Lancashire
669:Link chain
653:Crankshaft
620:Mechanisms
548:Valve gear
357:. Oxford:
295:. Longman.
278:References
198:X-gab gear
184:Locomotion
178:Locomotion
158:mineshafts
114:crankshaft
35:valve gear
1845:Blastpipe
1562:Hackworth
1455:Cowl unit
1450:Hood unit
1435:Sharknose
1422:Long hood
1318:Cugnot's
1261:Salamanca
962:Hydrolock
947:Crosshead
893:Condenser
729:Egg-ended
219:bellcrank
110:eccentric
94:gab-lever
68:The word
64:Etymology
1870:Category
1850:Smokebox
1838:elements
1815:Lemaître
1781:Wheelset
1689:elements
1582:Southern
1542:Caprotti
1445:Cab unit
1301:See also
1227:Compound
1102:Old Bess
942:Blowback
865:Cylinder
851:Injector
810:Stirling
805:Sentinel
719:Haystack
633:Cataract
606:Southern
596:Caprotti
471:Compound
37:used on
1855:Chimney
1834:Common
1825:Lemprex
1805:Kylchap
1701:Axlebox
1557:Gresley
1537:Bulleid
1532:Baguley
1017:History
926:Surface
744:Cornish
704:Boilers
586:Corliss
523:Corliss
506:D slide
476:Uniflow
466:Cornish
100:Origins
86:Flemish
1820:Lempor
1810:Kylpor
1685:Other
1460:Boxcab
1406:design
1329:(1784)
1323:(1769)
1289:(1908)
1283:(1862)
1264:(1812)
1256:(1805)
1246:Murray
1237:(1803)
1216:(1804)
1210:(1803)
1204:(1803)
1198:(1801)
1168:(1788)
1162:(1786)
1156:(1785)
1150:(1783)
1144:(1782)
1125:(1781)
1117:(1779)
1111:(1778)
1105:(1777)
1097:(1768)
1069:(1795)
1063:(1760)
1055:(1725)
1036:(1698)
1002:Stroke
967:Piston
952:Cutoff
825:Yarrow
777:Launch
772:Scotch
533:Sleeve
528:Poppet
513:Piston
494:Valves
486:Valves
365:
1800:Giesl
1793:types
1604:types
1602:Bogie
1577:Lentz
1552:Gooch
1522:Baker
1517:Allan
1510:types
935:Other
739:Flued
724:Wagon
648:Crank
591:Lentz
581:Baker
576:Allan
501:Slide
249:Notes
90:gabbe
1087:Beam
628:Beam
538:Bash
518:Drop
461:Watt
363:ISBN
74:gabb
1567:Joy
1547:Gab
1413:Cab
906:Jet
734:Box
566:Joy
556:Gab
82:gab
72:or
70:gab
55:at
1872::
1420:/
343:^
328:^
245:.
1396:e
1389:t
1382:v
434:e
427:t
420:v
403:.
371:.
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