33:
130:
composition of the weld becoming oxidised and fragile. TAG welding used rods of a metal suitable for the material to be welded permanently together. The rods could be a metal coated in oil to prevent the rod oxidising if needed or in more complicated welding of metals the rod would be coated in a "flux" that was not an active flux but a method of protecting the welding rods from oxidisation during storage (the major examples of this were rods for welding; pure aluminium, duralumin, magnesium/aluminium alloy and stainless steel rods used for repairing ultra high grade carbon steel as in WW2 Sherman tanks). At this time the most prevalent use of TAG welding is in the production of higher end aluminium alloy bicycles, these welds are clearly visible as ripples in the welded joint. Other than mostly bicycle production TAG has been surpassed by the use of tungsten alloy tips and argon gas combined with other inert gasses. TAG welding rods are now highly specific project metal alloy rods or more frequently mass production flexible "flux" cable/wire fed drum machines. These developments have rendered the TAG name as not specific and has fallen out of favour although the basic revolutionary process remains the same.
493:, and other metals. It can also be used in automatic GTAW of aluminum or magnesium when helium is used as a shielding gas. The negatively charged electrode generates heat by emitting electrons, which travel across the arc, causing thermal ionization of the shielding gas and increasing the temperature of the base material. The ionized shielding gas flows toward the electrode, not the base material, and this can allow oxides to build on the surface of the weld. Direct current with a positively charged electrode (DCEP) is less common, and is used primarily for shallow welds since less heat is generated in the base material. Instead of flowing from the electrode to the base material, as in DCEN, electrons go the other direction, causing the electrode to reach very high temperatures. To help it maintain its shape and prevent softening, a larger electrode is often used. As the electrons flow toward the electrode, ionized shielding gas flows back toward the base material, cleaning the weld by removing oxides and other impurities and thereby improving its quality and appearance.
359:
employed to weld small-diameter, thin-wall tubing such as that used in the bicycle industry. In addition, GTAW is often used to make root or first-pass welds for piping of various sizes. In maintenance and repair work, the process is commonly used to repair tools and dies, especially components made of aluminum and magnesium. Because the weld metal is not transferred directly across the electric arc like most open arc welding processes, a vast assortment of welding filler metal is available to the welding engineer. In fact, no other welding process permits the welding of so many alloys in so many product configurations. Filler metal alloys, such as elemental aluminum and chromium, can be lost through the electric arc from volatilization. This loss does not occur with the GTAW process. Because the resulting welds have the same chemical integrity as the original base metal or match the base metals more closely, GTAW welds are highly resistant to corrosion and cracking over long time periods, making GTAW the welding procedure of choice for critical operations like sealing
236:, but this proved unacceptable for welding aluminum and magnesium because it reduced weld quality, so it is rarely used with GTAW today. The use of any shielding gas containing an oxygen compound, such as carbon dioxide, quickly contaminates the tungsten electrode, making it unsuitable for the TIG process. In 1953, a new process based on GTAW was developed, called plasma arc welding. It affords greater control and improves weld quality by using a nozzle to focus the electric arc, but is largely limited to automated systems, whereas GTAW remains primarily a manual, hand-held method. Development within the GTAW process has continued as well, and today a number of variations exist. Among the most popular are the pulsed-current, manual programmed, hot-wire, dabber, and increased penetration GTAW methods.
975:
150 °C (302 °F) for thick magnesium workpieces to improve penetration and increase travel speed. Alternating current can provide a self-cleaning effect, removing the thin, refractory aluminum oxide layer that forms on aluminum within minutes of exposure to air. This oxide layer must be removed for welding to occur. When alternating current is used, pure tungsten electrodes or zirconiated tungsten electrodes are preferred over thoriated electrodes, as the latter are more likely to "spit" electrode particles across the welding arc into the weld. Blunt electrode tips are preferred, and pure argon shielding gas should be employed for thin workpieces. Introducing helium allows for greater penetration in thicker workpieces, but can make arc starting difficult.
474:
497:
the tungsten electrode from overheating while maintaining the heat in the base material. Surface oxides are still removed during the electrode-positive portion of the cycle and the base metal is heated more deeply during the electrode-negative portion of the cycle. Some power supplies enable operators to use an unbalanced alternating current wave by modifying the exact percentage of time that the current spends in each state of polarity, giving them more control over the amount of heat and cleaning action supplied by the power source. In addition, operators must be wary of
1052:
dropping to the background current, the weld area is allowed to cool and solidify. Pulsed-current GTAW has a number of advantages, including lower heat input and consequently a reduction in distortion and warpage in thin workpieces. In addition, it allows for greater control of the weld pool, and can increase weld penetration, welding speed, and quality. A similar method, manual programmed GTAW, allows the operator to program a specific rate and magnitude of current variations, making it useful for specialized applications.
272:
surface and contamination of the weld. Filler rods composed of metals with a low melting temperature, such as aluminum, require that the operator maintain some distance from the arc while staying inside the gas shield. If held too close to the arc, the filler rod can melt before it makes contact with the weld puddle. As the weld nears completion, the arc current is often gradually reduced to allow the weld crater to solidify and prevent the formation of crater cracks at the end of the weld.
967:
959:
414:
924:
current, argon shielding results in high weld quality and good appearance. Another common shielding gas, helium, is most often used to increase the weld penetration in a joint, to increase the welding speed, and to weld metals with high heat conductivity, such as copper and aluminum. A significant disadvantage is the difficulty of striking an arc with helium gas, and the decreased weld quality associated with a varying arc length.
406:
897:
293:
821:
either a clean finish or a ground finishâclean finish electrodes have been chemically cleaned, while ground finish electrodes have been ground to a uniform size and have a polished surface, making them optimal for heat conduction. The diameter of the electrode can vary between 0.5 and 6.4 millimetres (0.02 and 0.25 in), and their length can range from 75 to 610 millimetres (3.0 to 24.0 in).
979:
contents are often used for higher penetration in thicker materials. Thoriated electrodes are suitable for use in DCEN welding of aluminum. Direct current with a positively charged electrode (DCEP) is used primarily for shallow welds, especially those with a joint thickness of less than 1.6 mm (0.063 in). A thoriated tungsten electrode is commonly used, along with pure argon shielding gas.
470:) remains relatively constant, even if the arc distance and voltage change. This is important because most applications of GTAW are manual or semiautomatic, requiring that an operator hold the torch. Maintaining a suitably steady arc distance is difficult if a constant voltage power source is used instead since it can cause dramatic heat variations and make welding more difficult.
245:
211:, Tom Piper and Russell Meredith developed a welding process named Heliarc because it used a tungsten electrode arc and helium as a shielding gas (the torch design was patented by Meredith in 1941). It is now often referred to as tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), especially in Europe, but the American Welding Society's official term is gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW).
350:
Welders who do not work safely can contract emphysema and oedema of the lungs, which can lead to early death. Similarly, the heat from the arc can cause poisonous fumes to form from cleaning and degreasing materials. Cleaning operations using these agents should not be performed near the site of welding, and proper ventilation is necessary to protect the welder.
458:, a high purity glass, offers greater visibility. Devices can be inserted into the nozzle for special applications, such as gas lenses or valves to improve the control shielding gas flow to reduce turbulence and the introduction of contaminated atmosphere into the shielded area. Hand switches to control welding current can be added to the manual GTAW torches.
380:
moisture, dirt and other impurities, as these cause weld porosity and consequently a decrease in weld strength and quality. To remove oil and grease, alcohol or similar commercial solvents may be used, while a stainless steel wire brush or chemical process can remove oxides from the surfaces of metals like aluminum. Rust on steels can be removed by first
385:
maintain a clean weld pool during welding, the shielding gas flow should be sufficient and consistent so that the gas covers the weld and blocks impurities in the atmosphere. GTAW in windy or drafty environments increases the amount of shielding gas necessary to protect the weld, increasing the cost and making the process unpopular outdoors.
1026:. In some joints, a compatible filler metal is chosen to help form the bond, and this filler metal can be the same as one of the base materials (for example, using a stainless steel filler metal with stainless steel and carbon steel as base materials), or a different metal (such as the use of a nickel filler metal for joining steel and
322:, and thus is a great deal brighter, subjecting operators to strong ultraviolet light. The welding arc has a different range and strength of UV light wavelengths from sunlight, but the welder is very close to the source and the light intensity is very strong. Potential arc light damage includes accidental flashes to the eye or
389:
likelihood of excessive penetration and spatter (emission of small, unwanted droplets of molten metal) increases. Additionally, if the welding torch is too far from the workpiece the shielding gas becomes ineffective, causing porosity within the weld. This results in a weld with pinholes, which is weaker than a typical weld.
446:, and ports around the electrode provide a constant flow of shielding gas. Collets are sized according to the diameter of the tungsten electrode they hold. The body of the torch is made of heat-resistant, insulating plastics covering the metal components, providing insulation from heat and electricity to protect the welder.
991:
and stainless steels, the selection of filler material is important to prevent excessive porosity. Oxides on the filler material and workpieces must be removed before welding to prevent contamination, and immediately prior to welding, alcohol or acetone should be used to clean the surface. Preheating
820:
The electrode used in GTAW is made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy, because tungsten has the highest melting temperature among pure metals, at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F). As a result, the electrode is not consumed during welding, though some erosion (called burn-off) can occur. Electrodes can have
430:
GTAW welding torches are designed for either automatic or manual operation and are equipped with cooling systems using air or water. The automatic and manual torches are similar in construction, but the manual torch has a handle while the automatic torch normally comes with a mounting rack. The angle
396:
and can be prevented by changing the type of electrode or increasing the electrode diameter. In addition, if the electrode is not well protected by the gas shield or the operator accidentally allows it to contact the molten metal, it can become dirty or contaminated. This often causes the welding arc
349:
and nitric oxides. The ozone and nitric oxides react with lung tissue and moisture to create nitric acid and ozone burn. Ozone and nitric oxide levels are moderate, but exposure duration, repeated exposure, and the quality and quantity of fume extraction, and air change in the room must be monitored.
1064:
variation is used to precisely place weld metal on thin edges. The automatic process replicates the motions of manual welding by feeding a cold or hot filler wire into the weld area and dabbing (or oscillating) it into the welding arc. It can be used in conjunction with pulsed current, and is used
978:
Direct current of either polarity, positive or negative, can be used to weld aluminum and magnesium as well. Direct current with a negatively charged electrode (DCEN) allows for high penetration. Argon is commonly used as a shielding gas for DCEN welding of aluminum. Shielding gases with high helium
974:
Aluminum and magnesium are most often welded using alternating current, but the use of direct current is also possible, depending on the properties desired. Before welding, the work area should be cleaned and may be preheated to 175 to 200 °C (347 to 392 °F) for aluminum or to a maximum of
927:
Argon-helium mixtures are also frequently utilized in GTAW, since they can increase control of the heat input while maintaining the benefits of using argon. Normally, the mixtures are made with primarily helium (often about 75% or higher) and a balance of argon. These mixtures increase the speed and
358:
While the aerospace industry is one of the primary users of gas tungsten arc welding, the process is used in a number of other areas. Many industries use GTAW for welding thin workpieces, especially nonferrous metals. It is used extensively in the manufacture of space vehicles and is also frequently
1037:
When welding dissimilar metals, the joint must have an accurate fit, with proper gap dimensions and bevel angles. Care should be taken to avoid melting excessive base material. Pulsed current is particularly useful for these applications, as it helps limit the heat input. The filler metal should be
496:
Alternating current, commonly used when welding aluminum and magnesium manually or semi-automatically, combines the two direct currents by making the electrode and base material alternate between positive and negative charge. This causes the electron flow to switch directions constantly, preventing
923:
The selection of a shielding gas depends on several factors, including the type of material being welded, joint design, and desired final weld appearance. Argon is the most commonly used shielding gas for GTAW, since it helps prevent defects due to a varying arc length. When used with alternating
252:
Manual gas tungsten arc welding is a relatively difficult welding method, due to the coordination required by the welder. Similar to torch welding, GTAW normally requires two hands, since most applications require that the welder manually feed a filler metal into the weld area with one hand while
449:
The size of the welding torch nozzle depends on the amount of shielded area desired. The size of the gas nozzle depends upon the diameter of the electrode, the joint configuration, and the availability of access to the joint by the welder. The inside diameter of the nozzle is preferably at least
384:
the surface and then using a wire brush to remove any embedded grit. These steps are especially important when negative polarity direct current is used, because such a power supply provides no cleaning during the welding process, unlike positive polarity direct current or alternating current. To
267:
Once the arc is struck, the welder moves the torch in a small circle to create a welding pool, the size of which depends on the size of the electrode and the amount of current. While maintaining a constant separation between the electrode and the workpiece, the operator then moves the torch back
271:
Welders often develop a technique of rapidly alternating between moving the torch forward (to advance the weld pool) and adding filler metal. The filler rod is withdrawn from the weld pool each time the electrode advances, but it is always kept inside the gas shield to prevent oxidation of its
1051:
In the pulsed-current mode, the welding current rapidly alternates between two levels. The higher current state is known as the pulse current, while the lower current level is called the background current. During the period of pulse current, the weld area is heated and fusion occurs. Upon
284:
atmosphere surrounding the welding area. With the arc established, the voltage is lowered and current flows between the work piece and electrode. Despite the high temperatures of this electric arc, the main heat transfer mechanism in GTAW is the joule heating resulting from this current flow.
949:
and its alloys. Its applications involving carbon steels are limited not because of process restrictions, but because of the existence of more economical steel welding techniques, such as gas metal arc welding and shielded metal arc welding. Furthermore, GTAW can be performed in a variety of
887:
Filler metals are also used in nearly all applications of GTAW, the major exception being the welding of thin materials. Filler metals are available with different diameters and are made of a variety of materials. In most cases, the filler metal in the form of a rod is added to the weld pool
379:
Gas tungsten arc welding, because it affords greater control over the weld area than other welding processes, can produce high-quality welds when performed by skilled operators. Maximum weld quality is assured by maintaining cleanlinessâall equipment and materials used must be free from oil,
283:
and is used to produce an electric arc between the electrode and the workpiece. In order to initially create the arc, the welding area is flooded with inert gas and a high strike voltage (typically 1 kV per 1 mm) is generated by the welding machine to overcome the electric resistivity of the
388:
The level of heat input also affects weld quality. Low heat input, caused by low welding current or high welding speed, can limit penetration and cause the weld bead to lift away from the surface being welded. If there is too much heat input, however, the weld bead grows in width while the
129:
was the name given in the early 1970's to the then novel and revolutionary method of rod welding previously problematic metals. TAG welding was then the use of a tungsten tipped arc creating welding machine. The tip was centred in shroud that fed argon gas around tungsten tip to prevent the
450:
three times the diameter of the electrode, but there are no hard rules. The welder judges the effectiveness of the shielding and increases the nozzle size to increase the area protected by the external gas shield as needed. The nozzle must be heat resistant and thus is normally made of
1008:
do not require preheating, but martensitic and ferritic chromium stainless steels do. A DCEN power source is normally used, and thoriated electrodes, tapered to a sharp point, are recommended. Pure argon is used for thin workpieces, but helium can be introduced as thickness increases.
372:
431:
between the centerline of the handle and the centerline of the tungsten electrode, known as the head angle, can be varied on some manual torches according to the preference of the operator. Air cooling systems are most often used for low-current operations (up to about 200
1017:
Welding dissimilar metals often introduce new difficulties to GTAW welding, because most materials do not easily fuse to form a strong bond. However, welds of dissimilar materials have numerous applications in manufacturing, repair work, and the prevention of
220:, particles of tungsten were transferred to the weld. To address this problem, the polarity of the electrode was changed from positive to negative, but the change made it unsuitable for welding many non-ferrous materials. Finally, the development of
187:
had the idea of welding in an inert gas atmosphere in 1890, but even in the early 20th century, welding non-ferrous materials such as aluminum and magnesium remained difficult because these metals react rapidly with the air, resulting in porous,
227:
Developments continued during the following decades. Linde developed water-cooled torches that helped prevent overheating when welding with high currents. During the 1950s, as the process continued to gain popularity, some users turned to
264:. This spark is a conductive path for the welding current through the shielding gas and allows the arc to be initiated while the electrode and the workpiece are separated, typically about 1.5â3 mm (0.06â0.12 in) apart.
215:
developed a wide range of air-cooled and water-cooled torches, gas lenses to improve shielding, and other accessories that increased the use of the process. Initially, the electrode overheated quickly and, despite tungsten's high
192:-filled welds. Processes using flux-covered electrodes did not satisfactorily protect the weld area from contamination. To solve the problem, bottled inert gases were used in the beginning of the 1930s. A few years later, a
435:), while water cooling is required for high-current welding (up to about 600 A). The torches are connected with cables to the power supply and with hoses to the shielding gas source and where used, the water supply.
2025:
836:
Pure tungsten electrodes (classified as WP or EWP) are general purpose and low cost electrodes. They have poor heat resistance and electron emission. They find limited use in AC welding of e.g. magnesium and
421:
The equipment required for the gas tungsten arc welding operation includes a welding torch utilizing a non-consumable tungsten electrode, a constant-current welding power supply, and a shielding gas source.
932:, is used in the mechanized welding of light gauge stainless steel, but because hydrogen can cause porosity, its uses are limited. Similarly, nitrogen can sometimes be added to argon to help stabilize the
944:
Gas
Tungsten Arc Welding is most commonly used to weld stainless steel and nonferrous materials, such as aluminum and magnesium, but it can be applied to nearly all metals, with a notable exception being
32:
123:, allowing stronger, higher-quality welds. However, TIG welding is comparatively more complex and difficult to master, and furthermore, it is significantly slower than most other welding techniques.
936:
in austenitic stainless steels and increase penetration when welding copper. Due to porosity problems in ferritic steels and limited benefits, however, it is not a popular shielding gas additive.
920:
if they come in contact with the electrode, the arc, or the welding metal. The gas also transfers heat from the tungsten electrode to the metal, and it helps start and maintain a stable arc.
861:) as an alloying element improves arc stability and ease of starting while decreasing burn-off. Cerium addition is not as effective as thorium but works well, and cerium is not radioactive.
1682:
481:
The preferred polarity of the GTAW system depends largely on the type of metal being welded. Direct current with a negatively charged electrode (DCEN) is often employed when welding
2010:
1921:
275:
The physics of GTAW involves several complex processes, including thermodynamics, plasma physics, and fluid dynamics. The non-consumable tungsten electrode can be operated as a
392:
If the amount of current used exceeds the capability of the electrode, tungsten inclusions in the weld may result. Known as tungsten spitting, this can be identified with
253:
manipulating the welding torch in the other. Maintaining a short arc length, while preventing contact between the tungsten electrode and the workpiece, is also important.
992:
is generally not necessary for mild steels less than one inch thick, but low alloy steels may require preheating to slow the cooling process and prevent the formation of
1030:). Very different materials may be coated or "buttered" with a material compatible with particular filler metal, and then welded. In addition, GTAW can be used in
501:, in which the arc fails to reignite as it passes from straight polarity (negative electrode) to reverse polarity (positive electrode). To remedy the problem, a
330:. Operators wear opaque helmets with dark eye lenses and full head and neck coverage to prevent this exposure to UV light. Modern helmets often feature a
2090:
268:
slightly and tilts it backward about 10â15 degrees from vertical. Filler metal is added manually to the front end of the weld pool as it is needed.
442:
so it can transmit current and heat effectively. The tungsten electrode must be held firmly in the center of the torch with an appropriately sized
334:-type face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to the bright light of the struck arc. Transparent welding curtains, made of a strongly colored
2015:
847:) alloy electrodes offer excellent arc performance and starting, making them popular general purpose electrodes. However, thorium is somewhat
825:
516:
2052:
1675:
2026:
Nano- and
Submicron Particles Emission during Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Steel: Differences between Automatic and Manual Process
1934:
318:. Due to the absence of smoke in GTAW, the electric arc light is not covered by fumes and particulate matter as in stick welding or
108:
produces electrical energy, which is conducted across the arc through a column of highly ionized gas and metal vapors known as a
2083:
1994:
1966:
1910:
1887:
1868:
1847:
1800:
1065:
to weld a variety of alloys, including titanium, nickel, and tool steels. Common applications include rebuilding seals in
345:
matter. While the process doesn't produce smoke, the brightness of the arc in GTAW can break down surrounding air to form
338:
plastic film, are often used to shield nearby workers and bystanders from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc.
1559:
2021:
Tungsten
Electrode Guidebook: Guidebook for the Proper Selection and Preparation of Tungsten Electrodes for Arc Welding
928:
quality of the AC welding of aluminum, and also make it easier to strike an arc. Another shielding gas mixture, argon-
888:
manually, but some applications call for an automatically fed filler metal, which often is stored on spools or coils.
2076:
2045:
163:, uses a slightly different welding torch to create a more focused welding arc and as a result is often automated.
883:) increase the current capacity while improving arc stability and starting while also increasing electrode life.
296:
Two red colored transparent welding curtains for shielding nearby persons from UV light exposure during welding.
1278:
832:
in ISO 6848 and AWS A5.12, respectively, for use in GTAW electrodes, and are summarized in the adjacent table.
473:
2228:
2038:
1101:
397:
to become unstable, requiring that the electrode be ground with a diamond abrasive to remove the impurity.
2173:
498:
204:
180:
1608:
AWS D10.11M/D10.11 - An
American National Standard - Guide for Root Pass Welding of Pipe Without Backing
2150:
1096:
1005:
319:
116:
1980:. Trends in Welding Research 2002: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference. ASM International.
466:
Gas tungsten arc welding uses a constant current power source, meaning that the current (and thus the
2165:
1207:
1086:
848:
1145:
1141:
74:. The weld area and electrode are protected from oxidation or other atmospheric contamination by an
1978:
Optimizing long-term stainless steel closure weld integrity in DOE standard spent nuclear canisters
829:
528:
224:
units made it possible to stabilize the arc and produce high quality aluminum and magnesium welds.
1038:
added quickly, and a large weld pool should be avoided to prevent dilution of the base materials.
2367:
2115:
1031:
950:
other-than-flat positions, depending on the skill of the welder and the materials being welded.
2223:
2130:
1393:
115:
The process grants the operator greater control over the weld than competing processes such as
1858:
2208:
2203:
2178:
2155:
2135:
1958:
1563:
1106:
1091:
120:
2393:
2274:
2218:
1174:
1162:
602:
105:
17:
8:
2183:
851:, making inhalation of vapors and dust a health risk, and disposal an environmental risk.
304:
221:
1178:
2300:
2238:
2213:
2188:
2145:
2120:
1413:
1190:
997:
988:
764:
360:
335:
212:
196:, gas-shielded welding process emerged in the aircraft industry for welding magnesium.
160:
141:
94:
2398:
2342:
2337:
1990:
1962:
1906:
1883:
1864:
1843:
1811:
1796:
1417:
1274:
315:
208:
200:
2020:
1194:
232:
as an alternative to the more expensive welding atmospheres consisting of argon and
2198:
2099:
1405:
1182:
109:
2310:
908:
are necessary in GTAW to protect the welding area from atmospheric gases such as
844:
679:
314:
and protective long sleeve shirts with high collars, to avoid exposure to strong
137:
1163:"Tracking down the origin of arc plasma science-II. early continuous discharges"
2305:
2269:
1409:
1070:
331:
261:
229:
193:
102:
98:
1257:
2387:
2284:
2279:
2243:
2193:
2125:
966:
958:
917:
905:
381:
217:
78:
1186:
505:
power supply can be used, as can high-frequency to encourage arc stability.
2264:
2233:
2061:
455:
184:
176:
172:
90:
2315:
2107:
1950:
1066:
502:
438:
The internal metal parts of a torch are made of hard alloys of copper or
393:
342:
60:
1004:
should also be preheated to prevent cracking in the heat-affected zone.
2362:
2357:
1839:
1818:
1001:
993:
257:
413:
2352:
2347:
2259:
1930:
1902:
1074:
1027:
1023:
1019:
933:
876:
865:
467:
149:
145:
75:
67:
409:
GTAW torch with various electrodes, cups, collets, and gas diffusers
256:
To strike the welding arc, a high-frequency generator (similar to a
1954:
929:
909:
880:
869:
791:
490:
64:
203:
was developing an experimental aircraft from magnesium designated
2372:
2332:
1792:
1394:"Dominant Heat Transfer Mechanisms in the GTAW Plasma Arc Column"
1061:
840:
451:
405:
327:
323:
308:
276:
71:
2030:
913:
904:
As with other welding processes such as gas metal arc welding,
854:
486:
443:
432:
300:
233:
153:
86:
872:) has a similar effect as cerium, and is also not radioactive.
371:
292:
896:
858:
575:
482:
439:
346:
311:
280:
189:
82:
946:
916:, which can cause fusion defects, porosity, and weld metal
824:
A number of tungsten alloys have been standardized by the
1786:
2016:
Selection and
Preparation Guide for Tungsten Electrodes
244:
1919:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1340:
1316:
341:
Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and
1633:
1631:
1629:
1581:
1391:
1626:
970:Closeup view of an aluminum TIG weld AC etch zone
2385:
1896:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1379:
1355:
1304:
1244:
962:A TIG weld showing an accentuated AC etched zone
1726:
1724:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
136:is most commonly used to weld thin sections of
93:is normally used, though some welds, known as '
2011:Guidelines for Gas Tungsten Arc (GTAW) Welding
1923:Guidelines For Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1392:Vel´azquez-S´anchez, Alberto (June 26, 2021).
826:International Organization for Standardization
179:and of the continuous electric arc in 1802 by
2084:
2046:
1736:
1976:Watkins, Arthur D.; Mizia, Ronald E (2003).
1975:
1809:
1721:
1700:
1594:
1464:
1528:
1273:. North Branch, Minnesota: CarTech. p. 32.
2091:
2077:
2053:
2039:
1834:Cary, Howard B.; Helzer, Scott C. (2005).
1833:
1789:Welding handbook, welding processes Part 1
1771:
1759:
1620:
1522:
1510:
1493:
1452:
1440:
1328:
1289:
1227:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1436:
1434:
953:
1933:: Miller Electric Mfg Co. Archived from
1351:
1349:
1300:
1298:
1156:
1154:
965:
957:
895:
472:
412:
404:
370:
291:
243:
171:After the discovery of the short pulsed
31:
1944:
1747:
1730:
1715:
1676:"Arc Welding of Aluminum and Magnesium"
1637:
1547:
1476:
1240:
1238:
1236:
14:
2386:
1877:
1856:
1649:
1575:
1499:
1482:
1431:
1398:Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing
1367:
1160:
1148:. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1902.
2072:
2034:
1984:
1899:The procedure handbook of arc welding
1661:
1346:
1295:
1151:
1124:
1041:
1880:Welding: Principles and applications
1860:Welding: Principles and applications
1688:from the original on August 12, 2019
1673:
1233:
1097:Shielded metal arc ("stick") welding
1034:or overlaying dissimilar materials.
1012:
1863:(Fourth ed.). Thomson Delmar.
1167:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
1092:Gas metal arc ("MIG"/"MAG") welding
63:process that uses a non-consumable
24:
1882:(Fifth ed.). Thomson Delmar.
326:and skin damage similar to strong
25:
2410:
2004:
1947:Gas tungsten arc welding handbook
1787:American Welding Society (2004).
1610:. American Welding Society. 2007.
1046:
2060:
891:
425:
183:, arc welding developed slowly.
2151:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)
2141:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)
1920:Miller Electric Mfg Co (2013).
1780:
1765:
1753:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1614:
1600:
1569:
1553:
1516:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1334:
1322:
1310:
461:
353:
2136:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)
1283:
1263:
1250:
1221:
1201:
1130:
1118:
166:
13:
1:
1112:
2116:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)
1945:Minnick, William H. (1996).
1795:: American Welding Society.
1069:and building up saw blades,
939:
508:
400:
239:
7:
2098:
1989:. New York: CRC Press LLC.
1341:Miller Electric Mfg Co 2013
1317:Miller Electric Mfg Co 2013
1271:Advanced Automotive Welding
1080:
1006:Austenitic stainless steels
454:or a ceramic material, but
307:, including light and thin
59:when helium is used) is an
10:
2415:
1987:Welding processes handbook
1410:10.1007/s11090-021-10192-5
366:
320:shielded metal arc welding
117:shielded metal arc welding
49:tungsten inert gas welding
2328:
2293:
2252:
2174:Electric resistance (ERW)
2164:
2106:
2068:
1897:Lincoln Electric (1994).
1857:Jeffus, Larry F. (1997).
1836:Modern welding technology
1269:Uttrachi, Gerald (2012).
1208:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1087:List of welding processes
1055:
982:
363:canisters before burial.
287:
1465:Watkins & Mizia 2003
830:American Welding Society
417:GTAW torch, disassembled
41:Gas tungsten arc welding
1187:10.1109/TPS.2003.815477
101:' do not require it. A
1878:Jeffus, Larry (2002).
1838:. Upper Saddle River,
1772:Cary & Helzer 2005
1760:Cary & Helzer 2005
1621:Cary & Helzer 2005
1523:Cary & Helzer 2005
1511:Cary & Helzer 2005
1494:Cary & Helzer 2005
1453:Cary & Helzer 2005
1441:Cary & Helzer 2005
1358:, pp. 5.4-7â5.4-8
1329:Cary & Helzer 2005
1290:Cary & Helzer 2005
1247:, pp. 1.1-7â1.1-8
1228:Cary & Helzer 2005
971:
963:
954:Aluminum and magnesium
901:
875:Electrodes containing
478:
418:
410:
376:
297:
249:
37:
2368:Tools and terminology
1842:: Pearson Education.
1810:Arc-Zone.com (2009).
1380:Lincoln Electric 1994
1356:Lincoln Electric 1994
1305:Lincoln Electric 1994
1258:U.S. patent 2,274,631
1245:Lincoln Electric 1994
1107:Friction stir welding
969:
961:
899:
476:
416:
408:
374:
295:
247:
121:gas metal arc welding
35:
1985:Weman, Klas (2003).
1905:: Lincoln Electric.
1812:"Tungsten Selection"
1127:, pp. 31, 37â38
1077:, and mower blades.
106:welding power supply
36:Tungsten arc welding
2204:Friction stir (FSW)
2179:Electron-beam (EBW)
1179:2003ITPS...31.1060A
1161:Anders, A. (2003).
305:protective clothing
222:alternating current
218:melting temperature
159:A related process,
2301:Heat-affected zone
2229:Oxyacetylene (OAW)
1750:, pp. 197â206
1733:, pp. 156â169
1718:, pp. 135â149
1467:, pp. 424â426
1042:Process variations
998:heat-affected zone
972:
964:
902:
479:
419:
411:
377:
361:spent nuclear fuel
336:polyvinyl chloride
298:
250:
213:Linde Air Products
161:plasma arc welding
142:non-ferrous metals
38:
2381:
2380:
2324:
2323:
2184:Electroslag (ESW)
2131:Flux-cored (FCAW)
1996:978-0-8493-1773-6
1968:978-1-56637-206-0
1959:GoodheartâWillcox
1912:978-99949-25-82-7
1889:978-1-4018-1046-7
1870:978-0-8273-8240-4
1849:978-0-13-113029-6
1802:978-0-87171-729-0
1595:Arc-Zone.com 2009
1479:, pp. 120â21
1443:, pp. 42, 75
1319:, pp. 14, 19
1013:Dissimilar metals
900:GTAW system setup
818:
817:
477:GTAW power supply
316:ultraviolet light
209:Vladimir Pavlecka
201:Northrop Aircraft
16:(Redirected from
2406:
2214:Laser beam (LBW)
2121:Electrogas (EGW)
2093:
2086:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2000:
1981:
1972:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1916:
1893:
1874:
1853:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1775:
1774:, pp. 76â77
1769:
1763:
1762:, pp. 75â76
1757:
1751:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:Kapustka, Nick.
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1640:, pp. 71â73
1635:
1624:
1623:, pp. 72â73
1618:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:, pp. 14â16
1545:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:, pp. 71â72
1508:
1497:
1496:, pp. 74â75
1491:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1404:(5): 1497â1515.
1389:
1383:
1382:, pp. 9.4â7
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1343:, pp. 5, 17
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1307:, pp. 1.1â8
1302:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1212:"ĐŃгОвОК ŃаСŃŃĐ´"
1205:
1199:
1198:
1158:
1149:
1138:The Electric Arc
1134:
1128:
1122:
1102:Oxy-fuel welding
756:
718:
702:
694:
651:
598:
590:
513:
512:
375:GTAW fillet weld
134:Meta TIG welding
103:constant-current
95:autogenous welds
47:, also known as
21:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2320:
2311:Residual stress
2289:
2248:
2166:Other processes
2160:
2156:Submerged (SAW)
2102:
2097:
2064:
2059:
2007:
1997:
1969:
1937:
1926:
1913:
1890:
1871:
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1803:
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1714:
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1601:
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1582:
1574:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
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1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
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1354:
1347:
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1315:
1311:
1303:
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1268:
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1256:
1255:
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1243:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1159:
1152:
1136:Hertha Ayrton.
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1083:
1071:milling cutters
1058:
1049:
1044:
1015:
985:
956:
942:
906:shielding gases
894:
814:
795:
772:
768:
754:
746:
728:
716:
708:
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692:
683:
661:
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649:
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631:
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588:
579:
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531:
524:
519:
511:
464:
428:
403:
369:
356:
290:
242:
199:In early 1940s
169:
138:stainless steel
70:to produce the
57:heliarc welding
28:
27:Welding process
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2379:
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2340:
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2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:Photokeratitis
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:Magnetic pulse
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
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2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2095:
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2066:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2005:External links
2003:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1942:
1940:on 2015-12-08.
1917:
1911:
1894:
1888:
1875:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1831:
1821:: Arc-Zone.com
1807:
1801:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1752:
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1699:
1666:
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1384:
1372:
1360:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1294:
1282:
1262:
1249:
1232:
1230:, pp. 5â8
1220:
1200:
1150:
1129:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:Pulsed-current
1045:
1043:
1040:
1014:
1011:
984:
981:
955:
952:
941:
938:
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890:
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541:
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463:
460:
427:
424:
402:
399:
368:
365:
355:
352:
332:liquid crystal
289:
286:
262:electric spark
260:) provides an
248:GTAW weld area
241:
238:
230:carbon dioxide
194:direct current
168:
165:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2411:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
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2374:
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2369:
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2361:
2359:
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2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:Related terms
2292:
2286:
2285:Shielding gas
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Friction stud
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1652:, p. 361
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1578:, p. 332
1577:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1370:, p. 378
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:(5): 1060â9.
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
980:
976:
968:
960:
951:
948:
937:
935:
931:
925:
921:
919:
918:embrittlement
915:
911:
907:
898:
892:Shielding gas
889:
882:
878:
874:
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
834:
833:
831:
827:
822:
810:
808:
806:
803:
800:
799:
796:
789:
786:
783:
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777:
776:
773:
762:
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753:
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749:
742:
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731:
724:
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550:
547:
544:
543:
539:
534:
530:
527:
522:
518:
515:
514:
506:
504:
500:
499:rectification
494:
492:
488:
484:
475:
471:
469:
459:
457:
453:
447:
445:
441:
436:
434:
426:Welding torch
423:
415:
407:
398:
395:
390:
386:
383:
382:grit blasting
373:
364:
362:
351:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
294:
285:
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225:
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197:
195:
191:
186:
182:
181:Vasily Petrov
178:
174:
164:
162:
157:
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131:
128:
124:
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118:
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107:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:shielding gas
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2275:Power supply
2265:Filler metal
2219:Laser-hybrid
2146:Plasma (PAW)
2140:
2062:Metalworking
1986:
1977:
1946:
1935:the original
1929:. Appleton,
1922:
1898:
1879:
1859:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1817:. Carlsbad,
1788:
1781:Bibliography
1767:
1755:
1748:Minnick 1996
1731:Minnick 1996
1716:Minnick 1996
1690:. Retrieved
1669:
1664:, p. 31
1657:
1645:
1638:Minnick 1996
1616:
1607:
1602:
1571:
1555:
1548:Minnick 1996
1525:, p. 71
1518:
1477:Minnick 1996
1472:
1460:
1455:, p. 77
1448:
1421:. Retrieved
1401:
1397:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1336:
1331:, p. 75
1324:
1312:
1285:
1270:
1265:
1252:
1223:
1216:electric arc
1215:
1211:
1203:
1170:
1166:
1137:
1132:
1120:
1059:
1050:
1036:
1016:
987:For GTAW of
986:
977:
973:
943:
926:
922:
903:
886:
864:An alloy of
823:
819:
495:
480:
465:
462:Power supply
456:fused quartz
448:
437:
429:
420:
391:
387:
378:
357:
354:Applications
340:
299:
274:
270:
266:
255:
251:
226:
207:, for which
198:
185:C. L. Coffin
177:Humphry Davy
173:electric arc
170:
158:
133:
132:
126:
125:
114:
99:fusion welds
91:filler metal
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
29:
2394:Arc welding
2338:Fabrication
2316:Weldability
2108:Arc welding
1951:Tinley Park
1650:Jeffus 2002
1597:, p. 2
1576:Jeffus 1997
1368:Jeffus 2002
1292:, p. 8
1067:jet engines
1002:Tool steels
849:radioactive
503:square wave
394:radiography
343:particulate
175:in 1801 by
167:Development
127:TAG welding
61:arc welding
2388:Categories
2358:Metallurgy
2239:Ultrasonic
2234:Spot (RSW)
2189:Exothermic
1840:New Jersey
1819:California
1692:August 10,
1662:Weman 2003
1279:1934709964
1210:, Article
1125:Weman 2003
1113:References
1075:drill bits
994:martensite
879:oxide (or
868:oxide (or
857:oxide (or
843:oxide (or
258:Tesla coil
2353:Machining
2348:Jewellery
2260:Electrode
2253:Equipment
1961:Company.
1931:Wisconsin
1903:Cleveland
1564:AWS A5.12
1418:235638525
1028:cast iron
1024:oxidation
1020:corrosion
940:Materials
934:austenite
877:zirconium
866:lanthanum
837:aluminum.
811:~0.8% ZrO
509:Electrode
468:heat flux
401:Equipment
240:Operation
150:magnesium
146:aluminium
68:electrode
2399:Tungsten
2363:Smithing
2199:Friction
1955:Illinois
1791:. Miami
1683:Archived
1560:ISO 6848
1423:April 9,
1195:11047670
1081:See also
1032:cladding
930:hydrogen
910:nitrogen
881:zirconia
870:lanthana
828:and the
643:Sky-blue
628:~1.5% La
622:EWLa-1.5
491:titanium
156:alloys.
144:such as
65:tungsten
2373:Welding
2343:Forming
2333:Casting
2100:Welding
1825:15 June
1793:Florida
1681:. EWI.
1175:Bibcode
996:in the
841:Thorium
743:~4% ThO
725:~3% ThO
705:~2% ThO
452:alumina
367:Quality
328:sunburn
324:arc eye
309:leather
301:Welders
277:Cathode
97:', or '
2270:Helmet
1993:
1965:
1909:
1886:
1867:
1846:
1799:
1416:
1277:
1214:(eng.
1193:
1140:, pp.
1062:dabber
1056:Dabber
989:carbon
983:Steels
914:oxygen
855:Cerium
845:thoria
790:~0.3%
784:EWZr-1
736:Orange
717:Violet
697:EWTh-2
675:Yellow
672:EWTh-1
669:Yellow
654:~2% La
646:EWLa-2
593:EWLa-1
571:Orange
568:EWCe-2
540:Alloy
537:Color
532:Class
525:Color
520:Class
487:nickel
483:steels
444:collet
312:gloves
288:Safety
234:helium
154:copper
152:, and
110:plasma
87:helium
55:, and
2280:Robot
2244:Upset
2194:Forge
2126:Flash
1938:(PDF)
1927:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1414:S2CID
1191:S2CID
859:ceria
804:White
787:Brown
781:Brown
597:Black
589:Black
557:None
554:Green
548:Green
440:brass
347:ozone
303:wear
281:Anode
205:XP-56
190:dross
89:). A
83:argon
76:inert
1991:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1827:2015
1797:ISBN
1694:2022
1425:2023
1275:ISBN
1144:and
1060:The
1022:and
947:zinc
912:and
763:~2%
755:Blue
751:WY20
733:WT40
713:WT30
689:WT20
678:~1%
666:WT10
650:Blue
640:WL20
625:Gold
619:Gold
616:WL15
601:~1%
585:WL10
574:~2%
565:Gray
562:WC20
140:and
119:and
72:weld
45:GTAW
18:GTAW
1406:doi
1183:doi
1000:.
801:WZ8
792:ZrO
778:WZ3
701:Red
693:Red
680:ThO
576:CeO
551:EWP
535:AWS
529:AWS
523:ISO
517:ISO
279:or
85:or
53:TIG
51:or
2390::
1957::
1953:,
1949:.
1901:.
1738:^
1723:^
1702:^
1628:^
1583:^
1562:;
1530:^
1501:^
1484:^
1433:^
1412:.
1402:41
1400:.
1396:.
1348:^
1297:^
1235:^
1189:.
1181:.
1171:31
1169:.
1165:.
1153:^
1146:94
1142:20
1073:,
603:La
545:WP
489:,
485:,
148:,
112:.
2092:e
2085:t
2078:v
2054:e
2047:t
2040:v
1999:.
1971:.
1915:.
1892:.
1873:.
1852:.
1829:.
1805:.
1696:.
1566:.
1427:.
1408::
1218:)
1197:.
1185::
1177::
813:2
794:2
771:3
769:O
767:2
765:Y
745:2
727:2
707:2
682:2
660:3
658:O
656:2
634:3
632:O
630:2
609:3
607:O
605:2
578:2
433:A
81:(
43:(
20:)
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