Linux - Knowledge

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freely available code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system; code licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer programs as long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL. Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the Linux kernel, creating a fully functional and free operating system.

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manager, and compositing manager. Weston is the reference implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and KDE's KWin are being ported to Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version 19. Additionally, many window managers have been made for Wayland, such as Sway or Hyprland, as well as other graphical utilities such as Waybar or Rofi.

1068: 10296: 8950: 8451: 3504: 86: 2493:(LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distributions and free software / open-source projects have 790: 2428:

loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as

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billion, compared to $ 3.89 billion in 2019. Analysts project a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.7% between 2024 and 2032, culminating in a market size of USD 34.90 billion by the latter year. Analysts and proponents attribute the relative success of Linux to its security, reliability, low cost, and freedom from

889:, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. While Sun workstations did not use commodity PC hardware, for which Linux was later originally developed, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system. 7923:...we have tried to use the word "Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general... 5356:

The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the "you may not distribute it for money" condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU ─ pending approval of the persons who have helped write

2424:, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. 2346:

Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices. Also, a good userspace device library is the key to the success of having userspace applications to be

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Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of 2022, it has received relatively wide adoption. Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window

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under the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source code under this license must make the originating source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms. Other key components of a typical Linux

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of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks.

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is the executive director of the Free Software Foundation, which in turn supports the GNU components. Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and

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LMI has restructured its sublicensing program. Our new sublicense agreement is: Free – approved sublicense holders pay no fees; Perpetual – sublicense terminates only in breach of the agreement or when your organization ceases to use its mark; Worldwide – one sublicense covers your use of the mark

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Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on Minix and applications written for Minix were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems. GNU applications also replaced all Minix components, because it was advantageous to use the

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In 1982, a group of Unix hackers from Stanford and Berkeley founded Sun Microsystems on the belief that Unix running on relatively inexpensive 68000-based hardware would prove a winning combination for a wide variety of applications. They were right, and their vision set the pattern for an entire

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Many quantitative studies of free/open-source software focus on topics including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux. The Linux market is growing, and the Linux operating system market size is expected to see a growth of 19.2% by 2027, reaching $ 15.64

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considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups, but "Linux evolved in a completely different way. From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only

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and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network. Several X display servers exist, with the reference implementation,

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operating system. It was with this course that Torvalds first became exposed to Unix. In 1991, he became curious about operating systems. Frustrated by the licensing of Minix, which at the time limited it to educational use only, he began to work on his operating system kernel, which eventually

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Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface for end-users, designed for the use case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux-based.

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Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals,

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Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and free software. An analysis of the Linux kernel in 2017 showed that well over 85% of the code was developed by

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through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers."

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code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise, The GNU copyleft takes effect since the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright ─ read it.

3430:(LMI). Torvalds has stated that he trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of trademarks, but later changed this in favor of offering a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense. 2171:, is either a command-line interface (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI), or controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through 3400:

In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian version 4.0 (etch, which was released in 2007). This distribution contained close to 283 million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have required about seventy three thousand man-years and cost

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before 7.6 freely copyable (but not modifiable). As computer hardware standardized throughout the 1980s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture.

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The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Some

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professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the complete source code of Minix was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being

3426:, and then demanded royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in 1997, the case was settled. The licensing of the trademark has since been handled by the 1110:(HUT) who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux". 2575:, on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as 3293:

Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. News of the Russian military creating its own Linux distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost Project. The Indian state of

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were from Android. Android is also a popular operating system for tablets, being responsible for more than 60% of tablet sales as of 2013. According to web server statistics, as of October 2021 Android has a market share of about 71%, with

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of the Linux distribution Ubuntu (version "Natty") is made of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU); meanwhile, 6% is taken by the Linux kernel, increased to 9% when including its direct dependencies.

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processor family to achieve technology independence. In Spain, some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia.

3377:, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand person-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost about 1166:) with a short 'i' as in 'print' and 'u' as in 'blunt'. To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide with the kernel source code. However, in this recording, he pronounces Linux as 3225:

W3Techs publishes stats that use the top 10,000,000 Alexa domains and the top 1,000,000 Tranco domains, updated monthly and as of November 2020 estimate that Linux is used by 39% of the web servers, versus 21.9% being used by

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industry. While still priced out of reach of most individuals, workstations were cheap for corporations and universities; networks of them (one to a user) rapidly replaced the older VAXes and other time-sharing systems

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A minority of public figures and software projects other than Stallman and the FSF, notably distributions consisting of only free software, such as Debian (which had been sponsored by the FSF up to 1996), also use

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The adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as

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Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to version 3. He specifically dislikes some provisions in the new license which prohibit the use of the software in

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on a computer system, with the GNU C Library being the standard. It provides an implementation of the POSIX API, as well as extensions to that API. For embedded systems, alternatives such as

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A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a

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W3Cook publishes stats that use the top 1,000,000 Alexa domains, which as of May 2015 estimate that 96.55% of web servers run Linux, 1.73% run Windows, and 1.72% run FreeBSD.

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1.82 billion to develop in 2023 in the United States. Most of the source code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many other languages were used, including

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programmers who are being paid for their work, leaving about 8.2% to unpaid developers and 4.1% unclassified. Some of the major corporations that provide contributions include

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launched by the Linux kernel, and is at the root of the process tree. It starts processes such as system services and login prompts (whether graphical or in terminal mode).

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Android, which is based on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant operating system for smartphones. In April 2023, 68.61% of mobile devices accessing websites using

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Linux has a reputation for supporting old hardware very well by maintaining standardized drivers for a long time. There are several industry associations and hardware

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The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of

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GNU is the primary userland used in nearly all Linux distributions. The GNU userland contains system daemons, user applications, the GUI, and various libraries.

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have migrated to Linux. According to the Linux Movies Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and visual effects companies use Linux.

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is a trademark registered to Linus Torvalds. Initially, nobody registered it. However, on August 15, 1994, William R. Della Croce Jr. filed for the trademark

6690: 4020: 2229:, though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System, often simply called "X". It provides 682:

sales in the US. Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top one million web servers' operating systems are Linux), leads other

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languages. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.

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Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. This used to be the norm in the computer industry, with operating systems such as

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application stack. The use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing. Linux distributions have also become popular in the

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widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are

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A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis,

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Originally developed for Intel x86-based PCs, Torvalds' "hobby" has now been released for more hardware platforms than any other OS in history.

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when referring to the operating system as a whole. Most media and common usage, however, refers to this family of operating systems simply as

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may be used, modified, and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the

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Basic Unix commands, with GNU coreutils being the standard implementation. Alternatives exist for embedded systems, such as the copyleft

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platform. Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of

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Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being the dominant operating system on

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included the name "Freax" for about half a year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed it as too egotistical.

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For years, Linux has been the platform of choice in the film industry. The first major film produced on Linux servers was 1997's

2190:, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple 6713: 3790: 12151: 8515: 7944: 7152: 6856: 6065: 5952: 5060: 2616:. The original development tools used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found within the 11940: 11911: 11152: 11110: 11053: 8722: 6321: 6096: 5492: 4954: 4915: 4104: 3718: 2414: 2182:

CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output. The dominant shell used in Linux is the

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as the new display server protocol, in place of X11. Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems.

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Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional

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of "free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's

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are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for developing applications. These projects are based on the

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A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at

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In 2014, a new initiative was launched to automatically collect a database of all tested hardware configurations.

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Simplified history of Unix-like operating systems. Linux shares similar architecture and concepts (as part of the

2186:(bash), originally developed for the GNU Project. Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the 11634: 11604: 11381: 11213: 11120: 8170: 8039: 8000: 7849: 7664: 7515: 5792:"Free software is a matter of liberty, not price — Free Software Foundation — working together for free software" 3527: 3362:. It would also be impractical to obtain permission from all the copyright holders, who number in the thousands. 3085:

mainframes. Specialized distributions and kernel forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the

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market, with many devices shipping with customized Linux distributions installed, and Google releasing their own

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are either integrated directly with the kernel or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running.

912:(GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, 11827: 11725: 10960: 10432: 10353: 8561: 7879: 6796: 6471: 3235: 3086: 2895: 2891: 2214: 2015: 1880: 1429:, works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the 7339: 7096:"Gartner Says Worldwide Tablet Sales Grew 68 Percent in 2013, With Android Capturing 62 Percent of the Market" 5343: 4468: 4000:

The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing

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as the name when referring to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to be

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distribution are also mainly licensed under the GPL, but they may use other licenses; many libraries use the

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standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.

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programming language by Dennis Ritchie (except for some hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a

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is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The

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being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as

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BusyBox is an alternative userland used in many embedded Linux distributions. BusyBox replaces most

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applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions.

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with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX,

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Ritchie, D.M. (October 1984), "The UNIX System: The Evolution of the UNIX Time-sharing System",

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There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle

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descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the

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has gone to the extent of mandating that all state high schools run Linux on their computers.

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of installed libraries. Besides the most commonly used software library on Linux systems, the

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The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary

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Linus Torvalds is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development, while

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forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's

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or 386BSD had been available at the time (1991), he probably would not have created Linux.

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that allows code that calls the kernel via system calls not to be licensed under the GPL.

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project provides an alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages.

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devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as

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Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input devices:

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and the various distribution-specific support and community forums, such as ones for

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to install, remove, and update all of a system's software from one central location.

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is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development (including the

1399: 1379: 1329: 1295: 829: 631: 348: 295: 235: 122: 7936: 7587: 7156: 7042: 6860: 5056: 2104:(GUIs) for software applications. Numerous widget toolkits are available, including 1383: 12068: 11620: 11251: 10419: 10369: 10075: 10060: 10050: 9960: 9925: 9362: 9129: 8808: 8773: 8679: 8636: 8233: 8223: 8064: 8011: 7008: 6061: 5298: 5223: 4844: 4047: 3938: 3772: 3619:, vary with the specific distribution, desktop environment, and user configuration. 3442: 3339: 3199: 2934: 2933:

high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be compiled with optional Guile

2625: 2490: 2461: 2398: 2266: 2014:, which contain code that can be used by running processes. On Linux systems using 1579: 1563: 1302:, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution, which was later implemented in their 1233: 1120: 1114: 1052: 1044: 955: 925: 897: 882: 779: 663: 568: 505: 460: 411: 279: 271: 250: 6325: 6088: 4856: 4112: 3722: 3414:

The name "Linux" is also used for a laundry detergent made by Swiss company Rösch.

2317:(xfce), although users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred. 662:

as of May 2022. Linux is, as of March 2024, used by around 4 percent of

12012: 11974: 11945: 11521: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10361: 10199: 9988: 9867: 9801: 9761: 9618: 9573: 9427: 9213: 9076: 8884: 8874: 8803: 8778: 8768: 8684: 8674: 8641: 8596: 8571: 8566: 8551: 8419: 8180: 7981: 5762:"Staff and Board — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software" 5562: 4944: 4905: 3612: 2926: 2902: 2836: 2176: 2148: 2136: 1586: 1458: 1387: 1283: 1256: 1245: 859:

to anyone who asked. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by

821: 742: 698: 572: 529: 521: 267: 223: 219: 10938: 7645: 6232: 5112: 2941:

and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (

1457:(or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the 12126: 12098: 12022: 11984: 11856: 11318: 11241: 10652: 10177: 9739: 9646: 9600: 9316: 8920: 8869: 8849: 8844: 8793: 8702: 8631: 8541: 8481: 8343: 8243: 8185: 8069: 8025: 7650: 6497: 5335: 3646: 3616: 3184: 3171: 2793: 2769: 2596: 2580: 2502: 2433: 2429: 2246: 2164: 2121: 2097: 2019: 1696: 1594: 1392: 1198: 848: 817: 793: 604: 517: 371: 106: 10187: 8601: 5887: 3755:"Operating Systems — Introduction to Information and Communication Technology" 3611:

are an essential part of most distributions. Most Linux distributions use the

2921:

targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small,

12120: 12007: 11964: 11803: 11757: 11549: 11510: 11416: 11073: 10998: 10946: 10914: 10759: 10750: 10613: 10464: 10404: 10339: 10123: 10055: 10008: 9993: 9940: 9734: 9515: 9505: 9357: 9296: 9256: 9228: 9208: 8925: 8910: 8859: 8621: 8611: 8393: 8365: 8336: 8329: 8281: 8213: 7976: 7958: 7099: 5819: 5269: 5265: 4946:

For Fun and Profit: A History of the Free and Open Source Software Revolution

4320: 4227: 4198: 3366: 3195: 3122: 2962: 2922: 2848: 2813: 2801: 2617: 2421: 2376: 2222: 2113: 2109: 2035: 1884: 1629: 1430: 1411: 1402:, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, access to the 1260: 960: 929: 901: 243: 231: 9261: 8707: 7480: 6797:"Linux Operating System Market Size, Share and Forecast [2020-2027]" 5769: 1236:

of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux. Commercial use began when

11891: 11391: 11348: 11261: 10581: 10576: 10300: 10261: 10035: 10012: 9980: 9970: 9907: 9724: 9565: 9525: 9520: 9487: 9392: 9311: 9233: 9218: 9165: 9134: 8954: 8915: 8879: 8798: 8783: 8651: 8586: 8533: 8455: 8322: 8266: 8089: 8056: 7741: 7209: 7183: 6685: 6618: 6467: 6307: 5644: 5369: 5302: 5227: 4643: 4051: 3942: 3868: 3633: 3508: 3438: 3394: 3348: 3278: 3000: 2984: 2824: 2522: 2518: 2475: 2294: 2235: 2202: 1970: 1907: 1750: 1291: 1002:

in the fall of 1990, Torvalds enrolled in a Unix course. The course used a

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This article is about the family of operating systems. For the kernel, see

9011: 8556: 6770: 1032:, Linus Torvalds attempted unsuccessfully to obtain a digital copy of the 881:

began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Later,

12017: 11999: 11782: 11772: 11762: 11481: 11308: 11303: 10847: 10658: 10167: 10146: 10128: 9930: 9920: 9786: 9781: 9749: 9555: 9550: 9540: 9500: 9442: 9347: 9251: 9223: 9124: 9114: 9016: 8900: 8818: 8737: 8727: 8616: 8591: 8576: 8371: 8357: 8297: 8074: 7031: 6422:

design, Cynthia Sanchez: front-end and UI, Zvezdana Marjanovic: graphic.

5735: 4256: 3352: 3316: 3247: 3098: 3028: 2789: 2336: 2330: 2154:

User interface programs such as command shells or windowing environments.

2027: 2023: 1974: 1818: 1498: 1407: 1371: 1084: 1072: 1029: 917: 893: 852: 825: 767: 759: 730: 646:

than any other operating system. Because of the dominance of Linux-based

537: 499: 7554:"Neutralizing Laws That Prohibit Free Software — But Not Forbidding DRM" 5192: 3255:

holding 28%, and the remaining 1% attributed to various niche platforms.

3059: 10868: 10765: 10672: 10647: 10591: 10561: 10409: 10182: 10138: 10070: 10065: 9998: 9950: 9935: 9825: 9806: 9701: 9676: 9628: 9578: 9397: 9387: 9382: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9101: 9051: 8935: 8930: 8905: 8828: 8788: 8712: 8626: 8546: 7009:"Usage Statistics and Market Share of Unix for Websites, November 2021" 6771:"Why Open Source Software/Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers!" 3976:(Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. p. 33. 3696: 3458: 3405:

10.2 billion (in 2023 dollars) to develop by conventional means.

3145: 3094: 3036: 2864: 2809: 2785: 2529: 2514: 2117: 2078: 2026:. If the system is set up for the user to compile software themselves, 1977:, by being executed by the computer when it is turned on and after the 1954: 1701: 1403: 1303: 1279: 1263:, and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular 1055:

server. He also learned some system calls from Tanenbaum's Minix text.

987: 734: 722: 710: 667: 651: 611:. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the 588: 552: 381: 291: 99: 8964: 7853: 7530: 7507: 4988:. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. p. 12. 3102: 11954: 11861: 11787: 11752: 11338: 10703: 10366: 10236: 10172: 10085: 9945: 9915: 9897: 9872: 9756: 9638: 9623: 9608: 9495: 9417: 9271: 9119: 9056: 8646: 8350: 8316: 8208: 7765: 7714: 6859:. Computer Associates International. October 10, 2005. Archived from 5524:"Linux market share set to surpass Win 98, OS X still ahead of Vista" 3110: 2950: 2860: 2753: 2741: 2713: 2612:

support Linux either directly or through third-party community based

2592: 2576: 2565: 2498: 2479: 2274: 2198: 1892: 1690: 1375: 1249: 809: 635: 502: 263: 137: 11589: 7902: 7875: 7310:"LV: Minister: "Open standards improve efficiency and transparency"" 6931: 6475: 4476: 2363:

standard) but does not share non-free source code with the original

1973:. This is a program that loads the Linux kernel into the computer's 754:

Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source

275: 12083: 11376: 11256: 10861: 10713: 10679: 10566: 10521: 10506: 10251: 10246: 10194: 10118: 9955: 9892: 9838: 9833: 9684: 9656: 9583: 9530: 9412: 9326: 9306: 9266: 9193: 9109: 9036: 8854: 8377: 6145: 6030: 5162:"The Choice of a GNU Generation – An Interview With Linus Torvalds" 3303: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3004: 2852: 2765: 2737: 2725: 2557: 2483: 2391: 2355: 1989: 1978: 1966: 1958: 1913: 1272: 1218: 1214: 1088: 1003: 941: 913: 755: 738: 726: 702: 701:, i.e., devices whose operating system is typically built into the 694:(as of November 2017, having gradually displaced all competitors). 675: 671: 303: 283: 10854: 6953: 5816:

Email correspondence on the Linux Kernel development mailing list

4105:"DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD" 3315:

have also taken steps toward the adoption of Linux. North Korea's

12078: 11777: 10833: 10826: 10664: 10630: 10501: 10486: 10459: 10449: 10204: 10113: 10093: 10030: 9877: 9862: 9719: 9666: 9510: 9452: 9447: 9407: 9402: 9321: 9301: 9246: 9238: 9203: 9198: 9159: 9149: 9091: 9046: 9031: 9021: 8382: 6901: 6650:"Developers finally get Linux running on an Apple M1-powered Mac" 6149: 6034: 5909: 3838: 3808: 3390: 3312: 3114: 2733: 2721: 2717: 2677: 2645: 2613: 2541: 2471: 2298: 2201:, packaged together with extensive desktop environments, such as 2087: 2070: 1993: 1649: 1567: 1544: 1514: 1473:

Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the

1374:

software agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather

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With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the

841: 639: 364: 319: 311: 307: 299: 7261: 6424:"The makers' choice for sysadmins, developers and desktop users" 2945:), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like 10801: 10720: 10596: 10571: 10535: 10491: 10454: 10443: 10266: 10103: 10025: 9965: 9902: 9853: 9796: 9613: 9590: 9473: 9422: 9372: 9367: 9184: 9175: 9144: 9066: 7995: 6560: 6525: 6523: 6281:"How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?" 5295:"Chicken and egg: How was the first linux gcc binary created??" 4823: 3663: 3374: 3308: 3295: 2996: 2773: 2749: 2729: 2545: 2510: 2467: 2147:. Alternatively packages can be compiled from binary or source 2091: 2066: 2062: 1997: 1719: 1684: 1678: 1559: 1536: 1307: 1051:

documentation owned by the university for use in operating its

1007: 975: 971: 691: 679: 678:

education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$ 300

556: 544: 335: 323: 315: 8523: 6743: 3410: 3319:, developed as of 2002, is based on a version of Fedora Linux. 2568:

have built a significant business around Linux distributions.

1949:

Installed components of a Linux system include the following:

1461:. More recently, the Linux community has sought to advance to 1232:

started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with

12027: 11343: 10771: 10738: 10725: 10635: 10528: 10514: 10476: 10241: 10224: 10209: 9776: 9766: 9463: 9377: 9342: 7451:"North Korea's 'paranoid' computer operating system revealed" 7284:"LinuxMovies.org – Advancing Linux Motion Picture Technology" 6827:"Linux Operating System Market Size, Share, Trends 2024-2032" 6204: 6031:"The Wayland Situation: Facts About X vs. Wayland (Phoronix)" 4733: 3382: 3274: 3207: 3118: 3082: 3048: 3012: 2972: 2946: 2701: 2637: 2537: 2360: 2206: 2197:

On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the

1876: 1872: 1822: 1787: 1734: 1707: 1666: 1571: 1540: 1422: 1103: 1067: 1048: 1033: 1021: 947: 584: 416: 327: 6520: 6423: 6233:"What is Copyleft? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" 5795: 4875:"Open source licensing: What every technologist should know" 4521:. Computerworld (published December 9, 2009). Archived from 2285:

functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as

875:

product, where users were not legally allowed to modify it.

10641: 10624: 10496: 10362: 9771: 9744: 9661: 9437: 9432: 9061: 9041: 7792: 7710:"There Is a Linux Detergent Out There and It's Trademarked" 2875: 2844: 2777: 2709: 2681: 2653: 2588: 2437: 2364: 2314: 2310: 2286: 2226: 2218: 2140: 2058: 1985: 1799: 1713: 1645: 1529: 1502: 1237: 1229: 904:. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the 804:

operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at

801: 592: 287: 8006: 7421:"Some countries are choosing Linux systems over Microsoft" 6681:"OpenPrinting keeps old printers working, even on Windows" 5853:(Second ed.). O'Reilly & Associates. p. 16. 5621:. AT Internet/XiTi.com. September 24, 2007. Archived from 5445:

Garfinkel, Simson; Spafford, Gene; Schwartz, Alan (2003).

4078:"What Is Linux: An Overview of the Linux Operating System" 2532:

that carry software or even complete Linux distributions.

2505:

are another means of support, with notable examples being

2347:

able to work with all formats supported by those devices.

1135: 1094:

To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the

475: 12063: 10744: 10708: 10481: 10295: 8949: 8666: 8450: 6392: 5444: 4696: 4578: 3503: 3252: 3063:

Linux is ubiquitously found on various types of hardware.

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Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for

2340: 2270: 2105: 2031: 1625: 1255:

Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from

1241: 1129: 1117:

post by Torvalds, the word "Linux" should be pronounced (

1106:

in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the

620: 469: 400: 360: 331: 8017: 6089:"What Is Wayland and What Does It Mean for Linux Users?" 5459: 2489:

In many cities and regions, local associations known as

8012:

The History of Linux in GIT Repository Format 1992–2010

5555:"Vista to play second fiddle to XP until 2009: Gartner" 4542: 4540: 4041: 3869:"The Linux Kernel Archives: Frequently asked questions" 3737:"Unix Fundamentals — System Administration for Cyborgs" 3302:

uses Linux exclusively as the operating system for its

828:. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in 733:(Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Toyota), and 6118: 5399:

Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary

5262:

Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary

4402: 4400: 4352:"What a Year for Linux: Please Join us in Celebration" 3615:

system. Other components of the userland, such as the

3369:

7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 million

3347:(LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the 2022:

that manages the use of dynamic libraries is known as

928:) were completed, although low-level elements such as 427: 85: 4494:. ZDNet (published November 14, 2017). Archived from 4436: 4292:] Birthday Is Commemorated - Subtly - by Creator" 3480: 3457:, as do many large Linux distributions (for example, 2038:(glibc), there are numerous other libraries, such as 1174: 1159: 1141: 1138: 1132: 491: 481: 478: 472: 10989:

Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

4666:"Sharp Liquid Crystal Television Instruction Manual" 4537: 4136:"Best Linux distros of 2016: Something for everyone" 3632:. One notable Desktop distribution using BusyBox is 3523:

Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

2053:

is the library necessary to run programs written in

1252:'s monopoly in the desktop operating system market. 1126: 705:

and is highly tailored to the system. This includes

466: 7639: 7637: 7616:"More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size" 7609: 7607: 7605: 7586:. Linux-watch.com. February 7, 2006. Archived from 6979:"Linux vs. Windows usage statistics, November 2021" 5460:Santhanam, Anand; Vishal Kulkarni (March 1, 2002). 4397: 4379:"Trolltech rolls "complete" Linux smartphone stack" 4017:"Twenty Years of Linux according to Linus Torvalds" 3323: 2929:rapidly and dynamically extensible via an elegant, 2420:Free software projects, although developed through 1336:

system booting up displaying the Linux mascot, Tux.

1123: 528:(distro), which includes the kernel and supporting 463: 11357: 7643: 7395: 6561:"gfortran — the GNU Fortran compiler, part of GCC" 5947: 5945: 3925: 3923: 3533:Comparison of X Window System desktop environments 10968: 7901:Andrew D. Balsa; et al. (October 17, 2009). 7362:"Kerala shuts windows, schools to use only Linux" 6954:"Technologies Overview - methodology information" 6619:"Finally! Linux Runs Gracefully On Apple M1 Chip" 6322:"The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ – Compatibility issues" 5081: 4942: 4907:Acquisitions and Open Source Software Development 4408:"Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide" 4166:"10 Top Most Popular Linux Distributions of 2016" 3441:of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by 1079:Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention " 12118: 7821: 7634: 7602: 7065:"Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide" 6714:"Is my hardware Linux-compatible? Find out here" 6198: 5577: 5462:"Linux system development on an embedded device" 4222: 4220: 4193: 4191: 3645:The name "Linux" itself is a trademark owned by 1437:used to build the Linux kernel itself), and the 1192: 885:, founded as a spin-off of a student project at 7900: 7758: 7644:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 7528: 7508:"Re: GPL V3 and Linux ─ Dead Copyright Holders" 7505: 7041:. Linux-watch.com. May 29, 2007. Archived from 6347:comments, 26 Jul 2018 Steve OvensFeed 151up 9. 6205:Operating System Market Share (November 2009). 6176:"Part I. Video for Linux Two API Specification" 6143: 5942: 5706:"IBM, Brazilian government launch Linux effort" 5637: 5607: 5259: 4671:. Sharp Electronics. p. 24. Archived from 4601: 4489: 3920: 3896: 3894: 3351:implementation of the X Window System uses the 2859:scripting system, and the advanced text editor 1020:. This textbook included a copy of Tanenbaum's 7681:Amor, Juan José; et al. (June 17, 2007). 6496: 5849:Raymond, Eric S. (2001). O'Reilly, Tim (ed.). 5817: 5292: 5113:"MINIX is now available under the BSD license" 5057:"About the GNU Project – Initial Announcement" 4903: 3684: 3069:List of Linux-supported computer architectures 2851:, the traditional Unix message transfer agent 1344:is the lead maintainer for the stable branch. 1298:showing its support for Linux and rolling out 11605: 10954: 10347: 8980: 8509: 8033: 7928: 7122:"Mobile/Tablet Operating System Market Share" 6711: 5667: 5493:"Vista Aiding Linux Desktop, Strategist Says" 5084:"Open Source History: Why Did Linux Succeed?" 4697:Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (January 4, 2019). 4376: 4217: 4188: 3904:. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2628:. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for 2324: 1366:Linux kernel § Architecture and features 1356:software in the form of Linux distributions. 10994:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 7206:"Industry of Change: Linux Storms Hollywood" 6873: 6452:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6001: 5651:. Awio Web Services LLC. November 10, 2007. 5585:"Operating System Marketshare for Year 2007" 5107: 5105: 5049: 4837:AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 4640:"Sony Open Source Code Distribution Service" 4610:"Linux continues advance in smart TV market" 4571: 4285: 3891: 3690: 3468:As of May 2011, about 8% to 13% of the 2870:Most distributions also include support for 1013:Operating Systems: Design and Implementation 7551: 6377:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6086: 5362: 5220:"What would you like to see most in minix?" 5024: 4729:"From Earth to orbit with Linux and SpaceX" 4044:"Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT" 4042:Linus Benedict Torvalds (October 5, 1991). 3433:The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers 2890:. While not as common, Linux also supports 1248:, started offering Linux support to escape 963:until the licensing changed in April 2000. 23: 11612: 11598: 10961: 10947: 10354: 10340: 10284: 8987: 8973: 8516: 8502: 8040: 8026: 7934: 5924:"Why is Linux called a monolithic kernel?" 5159: 4897: 4690: 4607: 3206:has a market share of around 72.9%, while 3165: 1745: 1484: 24: 6592:"A survey of Linux Web development tools" 6301: 6028: 5484: 5411: 5102: 4936: 4516: 4439:"Chromebook shipments leap by 67 percent" 4349: 4321:"Operating System Market Share Worldwide" 3105:kernel fork may run on systems without a 2560:. Several corporations, notably Red Hat, 2297:provide more features such as a built-in 966:Although not released until 1992, due to 619:" to emphasize the use and importance of 516:first released on September 17, 1991, by 8470:Free and open-source software portal 7985:) is being considered for deletion. See 7824:"The FSF is no longer sponsoring Debian" 7683:"Measuring Etch: the size of Debian 4.0" 6736: 6531:"State of Linux Kernel Development 2017" 6466: 5703: 5546: 5515: 5438: 5420:"Index of /pub/linux/kernel/SillySounds" 5417: 5334: 5260:Torvalds, Linus; Diamond, David (2001). 4492:"Linux totally dominates supercomputers" 3409: 3058: 2354: 1328: 1213: 1202: 1066: 844:to different computer platforms easier. 788: 567:. Desktop Linux distributions include a 32:This is an accepted version of this page 8994: 7613: 7481:"GNU General Public License, version 2" 7019:from the original on September 25, 2021 6647: 6269:from the original on February 26, 2012. 6146:"The Video4Linux2 API: an introduction" 5889:The Cantrill Strikes Back | BSD Now 117 5848: 5591:. Net Applications. November 19, 2007. 5342:. Linux Kernel Archives. Archived from 5025:Lazzareschi, Carla (January 31, 1988). 4885:from the original on September 24, 2017 4834: 4449:from the original on September 29, 2015 4350:McPherson, Amanda (December 13, 2012). 4251: 4249: 4102: 4023:from the original on September 19, 2016 3761:from the original on February 21, 2016. 2603: 2065:(a glibc fork once used by Debian) and 796:, principal author of the Linux kernel 14: 12119: 7830:from the original on February 21, 2014 7799:from the original on February 13, 2008 7748:from the original on February 3, 2013. 7529:Torvalds, Linus (September 25, 2006). 7461:from the original on December 31, 2015 6807:from the original on November 12, 2021 6724:from the original on September 5, 2015 6678: 6629:from the original on November 13, 2021 6589: 6541:from the original on November 14, 2021 6291:from the original on October 16, 2011. 6059: 5965:from the original on September 4, 2019 5900:from the original on December 14, 2020 5534:from the original on November 16, 2007 5393: 5391: 5376:from the original on February 28, 2009 5172:from the original on February 25, 2009 4873:Meeker, Heather (September 21, 2017). 4872: 4801:from the original on September 6, 2022 4559:from the original on February 24, 2007 4331:from the original on February 15, 2020 4205:from the original on September 7, 2013 4176:from the original on December 30, 2016 4146:from the original on December 31, 2016 3969: 3879:from the original on September 5, 2015 3819:from the original on November 27, 2021 3779:from the original on January 20, 2016. 2030:will also be included to describe the 1313: 11619: 11593: 10942: 10335: 8968: 8497: 8021: 7947:from the original on February 7, 2014 7937:"How much GNU is there in GNU/Linux?" 7882:from the original on January 23, 2014 7842: 7761:"Linus gets tough on Linux trademark" 7759:Neil McAllister (September 5, 2005). 7707: 7564:from the original on December 1, 2013 7487:from the original on December 7, 2013 7418: 7238:from the original on January 11, 2023 7232:"Tux with Shades, Linux in Hollywood" 7093: 7075:from the original on October 11, 2020 6876:"Why customers are flocking to Linux" 6837:from the original on February 3, 2023 6750:from the original on January 26, 2021 6660:from the original on January 11, 2023 6213:from the original on January 25, 2010 6125:from the original on November 6, 2013 6099:from the original on January 27, 2021 6041:from the original on October 22, 2013 6006:. IBM Developer Works. Archived from 5930:from the original on October 17, 2013 5742:from the original on October 28, 2018 5704:McMillan, Robert (October 10, 2003). 5490: 5190: 5082:Christopher Tozzi (August 23, 2016). 4943:Christopher Tozzi (August 11, 2017). 4546: 4519:"IBM's newest mainframe is all Linux" 3269:. Since then major studios including 3039:, while the long-established editors 2339:API for video streams and radio, and 1926: 1187:near-close near-front unrounded vowel 1075:holding a very early version of Linux 59:Family of Unix-like operating systems 11517:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 10921: 7913:from the original on October 1, 2012 7680: 7541:from the original on April 22, 2014. 7506:Torvalds, Linus (January 26, 2006). 6693:from the original on January 7, 2023 6346: 6263:"POSIX.1 (FIPS 151-2) Certification" 6243:from the original on October 6, 2015 6156:from the original on October 7, 2013 6144:Jonathan Corbet (October 11, 2006). 6087:Leiva-Gomez, Miguel (May 18, 2023). 5830:from the original on August 12, 2021 5818:Linus Torvalds (November 30, 2001). 5552: 5521: 5447:Practical UNIX and Internet Security 5426:from the original on October 8, 2009 5397:Torvalds, Linus and Diamond, David, 5217: 5153: 4981: 4721: 4246: 4133: 1010:, and one of the required texts was 670:, which runs the Linux kernel-based 654:, Linux, including Android, has the 543:Popular Linux distributions include 536:, many of which are provided by the 498:) is a generic name for a family of 10984:Alternative terms for free software 8412:Professional related certifications 7903:"The linux-kernel mailing list FAQ" 7822:Richard Stallman (April 28, 1996). 7431:from the original on March 15, 2012 7316:from the original on August 9, 2011 7153:"Linux Helps Bring Titanic to Life" 7150: 6989:from the original on March 30, 2022 6768: 6616: 6571:from the original on April 18, 2020 6434:from the original on August 5, 2005 6349:"The evolution of package managers" 6302:Eissfeldt, Heiko (August 1, 1996). 6068:from the original on August 2, 2022 5716:from the original on March 15, 2015 5388: 5293:Linus Torvalds (October 14, 1992). 5123:from the original on March 4, 2016. 4963:from the original on August 5, 2022 4924:from the original on August 5, 2022 4741:from the original on August 3, 2020 4709:from the original on August 3, 2020 4577: 4490:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2017). 4418:from the original on March 21, 2024 4377:Linux Devices (November 28, 2006). 4234:from the original on March 19, 2017 3973:Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification 3389:, assembly language, Perl, Python, 3081:-based Android smartphones and the 3054: 2993:Integrated development environments 1028:On July 3, 1991, to implement Unix 630:Linux was originally developed for 559:. Commercial distributions include 56: 11324:Python Software Foundation License 7935:Côrte-Real, Pedro (May 31, 2011). 7722:from the original on June 22, 2015 7689:from the original on July 28, 2014 7614:Wheeler, David A (July 29, 2002). 7518:from the original on July 9, 2014. 7336:"Linux Spreads its Wings in India" 7132:from the original on June 28, 2021 6924:"OS Market Share and Usage Trends" 6777:from the original on April 5, 2006 6679:Proven, Liam (November 10, 2022). 6648:Jimenez, Jorge (October 8, 2021). 6421: 6403:from the original on July 11, 2020 6359:from the original on July 26, 2018 5685:from the original on July 11, 2011 5655:from the original on June 28, 2012 5595:from the original on June 24, 2013 5199:from the original on July 25, 2022 5193:"The Greatest OS That (N)ever Was" 5063:from the original on March 5, 2009 5037:from the original on July 21, 2022 5002:from the original on July 18, 2022 4904:Michael Vetter (August 10, 2021). 4861:However, UNIX was born in 1969 ... 4849:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x 4642:. Sony Electronics. Archived from 4620:from the original on June 29, 2020 4589:from the original on June 18, 2015 4469:"OS Market Share and Usage Trends" 4354:. Linux Foundation. Archived from 4084:from the original on June 12, 2020 4058:from the original on March 2, 2013 3908:from the original on June 24, 2013 3101:16-bit microprocessors, while the 2863:is built around a general purpose 2126:Enlightenment Foundation Libraries 692:world's 500 fastest supercomputers 57: 12178: 11387:Definition of Free Cultural Works 11004:Free software project directories 9353:Bharat Operating System Solutions 8191:List of software package managers 8176:Security-focused operating system 8007:Linux kernel website and archives 7989:to help reach a consensus. › 7968: 7368:from the original on May 15, 2011 6712:Bruce Byfield (August 14, 2007). 6119:"Linux TV: Television with Linux" 5736:"About Us - The Linux Foundation" 5503:from the original on July 9, 2009 4982:Eric, S. Raymond (October 1999). 4771:from the original on May 19, 2022 4298:from the original on May 18, 2015 4267:from the original on May 13, 2020 3518:Comparison of Linux distributions 3345:GNU Lesser General Public License 3230:. 40.1% used other types of Unix. 2158: 2128:(EFL) developed primarily by the 1988:program, such as the traditional 1108:Helsinki University of Technology 660:general-purpose operating systems 638:architecture, but has since been 11716:Object-oriented operating system 11574: 11573: 11563: 11024:Open-source software development 10920: 10909: 10908: 10316: 10315: 10305: 10294: 10283: 8948: 8476: 8475: 8463: 8449: 8001:Graphical map of Linux Internals 7894: 7878:. debian.org. December 8, 2013. 7868: 7815: 7785: 7752: 7734: 7701: 7674: 7576: 7545: 7522: 7499: 7473: 7443: 7419:Krane, Jim (November 30, 2001). 7412: 7388:"China's Microprocessor Dilemma" 7380: 7354: 7328: 7302: 7276: 7250: 7224: 7198: 7177: 7171: 7144: 7114: 7087: 7057: 7001: 6971: 6946: 6916: 6886: 6867: 6849: 6819: 6789: 6762: 6705: 6672: 6641: 6617:Das, Ankush (January 21, 2021). 6610: 6583: 6553: 6490: 6460: 5522:Paul, Ryan (September 3, 2007). 5316:from the original on May 9, 2013 5241:from the original on May 9, 2013 4699:"It's a Linux-powered car world" 4547:Lyons, Daniel (March 15, 2005). 4286:Barry Levine (August 26, 2013). 3990:from the original on May 9, 2013 3849:from the original on May 8, 2011 3583:Usage share of operating systems 3502: 3490: 3324:Copyright, trademark, and naming 3178:Usage share of operating systems 2688:compilers for Linux include the 2521:, etc. Linux distributions host 2100:are the libraries used to build 1445:. The GNU Project also develops 1119: 840:implementation of Unix made its 623:software in many distributions, 459: 93:the penguin, the mascot of Linux 84: 11382:Debian Free Software Guidelines 11214:Free Software Movement of India 10907:indicate discontinued systems. 8166:Distributions that run from RAM 7744:. Linux Journal. May 31, 2006. 7708:Stahe, Sylviu (June 19, 2015). 7665:Gross Domestic Product deflator 7584:"Keeping an Eye on the Penguin" 6801:www.fortunebusinessinsights.com 6415: 6385: 6340: 6314: 6306:. Linux Journal. Archived from 6295: 6273: 6255: 6225: 6207:"Operating System Market Share" 6168: 6137: 6111: 6080: 6060:Miller, Matthew (May 6, 2022). 6053: 6022: 6004:"Inside the Linux boot process" 5995: 5977: 5916: 5880: 5867: 5842: 5820:"Re: Coding style, a non-issue" 5810: 5784: 5754: 5728: 5697: 5681:. Google Inc. August 12, 2004. 5553:Beer, Stan (January 23, 2007). 5491:Galli, Peter (August 8, 2007). 5453: 5340:"Release notes for Linux v0.12" 5328: 5286: 5253: 5211: 5184: 5127: 5075: 5018: 4975: 4910:. Springer Nature. p. 13. 4866: 4828: 4813: 4783: 4753: 4658: 4632: 4510: 4483: 4461: 4430: 4370: 4343: 4313: 4279: 4158: 4127: 4096: 4070: 4035: 4009: 3963: 3861: 3656: 3639: 3622: 3568:List of games released on Linux 3528:Comparison of operating systems 3418:In the United States, the name 3202:is around 3.7%. In comparison, 2843:are supported in programs like 1815:, etc. (about 380 system calls) 944:, were stalled and incomplete. 11726:Supercomputer operating system 7850:"TiVo ─ GNU/Linux Source Code" 7531:"Re: GPLv3 Position Statement" 5958:. O'Reilly. July 23–26, 2001. 5418:Torvalds, Linus (March 1994). 5191:Moody, Glyn (August 1, 1997). 4791:"Linux kernel licensing rules" 3831: 3801: 3783: 3765: 3747: 3729: 3711: 3670:to measure computational power 3601: 2680:. First released in 2003, the 2390:are based on the principle of 2350: 2343:API for digital TV reception. 2018:-format executable files, the 1210:, a popular Linux distribution 615:uses and recommends the name " 13: 1: 12152:Free software programmed in C 11372:Contributor License Agreement 11186:Open-source-software movement 10970:Free and open-source software 7974: 7646:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 7552:Brett Smith (July 29, 2013). 7483:. GNU Project. June 2, 1991. 6182:. linuxtv.org. Archived from 6002:M. Tim Jones (May 31, 2006). 5499:. Ziff Davis Enterprise Inc. 4608:Eric Brown (March 29, 2019). 3839:"The Alpine Linux about page" 3677: 3588:Timeline of operating systems 3497:Free and open-source software 2796:, as well as graphically via 2388:open-source software licenses 2108:and Clutter developed by the 1193:Commercial and popular uptake 784: 595:. Distributions intended for 11701:Just enough operating system 11686:Distributed operating system 11543:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 11397:The Free Software Definition 8123:GNU/Linux naming controversy 6857:"The rise and rise of Linux" 6831:www.expertmarketresearch.com 5370:"Overview of the GNU System" 5135:"Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate" 4985:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 4549:"Linux rules supercomputers" 4294:. Simpler Media Group, Inc. 3543:Linux kernel version history 3330:GNU/Linux naming controversy 3283:Industrial Light & Magic 2451: 1981:initialization is performed. 869:regional operating companies 690:, and is used on all of the 7: 11814:User space and kernel space 11447:Mozilla software rebranding 11412:Permissive software license 10892:Windows Subsystem for Linux 8219:Linux Documentation Project 8161:Netbook-specific comparison 6472:"Linux Format DVD contents" 5989:Kernel.org git repositories 5953:"Anatomy of a Linux System" 5926:. stackoverflow.com. 2009. 5875:cannot asymptotically reach 5873:"You have to design it you 4517:Thibodeau, Patrick (2009). 4437:Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols. 3791:"PCLinuxOS Magazine – HTML" 3563:List of Linux distributions 3548:Linux Documentation Project 3476: 2192:inter-process communication 1425:, an implementation of the 1183:close front unrounded vowel 993: 10: 12183: 11721:Real-time operating system 11452:Proprietary device drivers 11402:The Open Source Definition 9546:Rocks Cluster Distribution 8118:Criticism of desktop Linux 7425:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 6746:. Linux Hardware Project. 6029:Jake Edge (June 8, 2013). 5059:. Gnu.org. June 23, 2008. 4795:Linux kernel documentation 4228:"Linux and the GNU System" 3327: 3175: 3169: 3158: 3066: 2455: 2370: 2328: 2325:Video input infrastructure 2238:, being the most popular. 1723:targets embedded systems, 1363: 1196: 1189:as in his newsgroup post. 910:GNU General Public License 812:, in the United States by 777: 773: 764:GNU General Public License 61: 12056: 11993: 11939: 11917:Multilevel feedback queue 11912:Fixed-priority preemptive 11900: 11835: 11826: 11796: 11743: 11734: 11696:Hobbyist operating system 11691:Embedded operating system 11673: 11627: 11559: 11537:Source-available software 11495: 11437:Digital rights management 11429: 11227: 11204: 11166: 11042: 10976: 10900: 10886:Windows Services for UNIX 10841:Microsoft POSIX subsystem 10790: 10689: 10610: 10545: 10429: 10418: 10380: 10279: 10155: 10137: 10084: 10007: 9979: 9852: 9824: 9815: 9712: 9675: 9637: 9599: 9564: 9486: 9335: 9183: 9174: 9100: 9002: 8944: 8893: 8837: 8761: 8693: 8665: 8532: 8443: 8410: 8290: 8242: 8201: 8141: 8128:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate 8105: 8055: 8047: 7535:Linux Kernel Mailing List 7512:Linux Kernel Mailing List 5794:. Fsf.org. Archived from 5160:Linksvayer, Mike (1993). 4949:. MIT Press. p. 52. 4019:. ZDNet. April 13, 2011. 3970:Eckert, Jason W. (2012). 3693:"Linux Logos and Mascots" 3573:List of operating systems 3360:digital rights management 2937:to this end. A number of 2925:, compiled C programs of 2249:exist for X11, including 2175:windows or on a separate 2137:package management system 2102:graphical user interfaces 1862: 1755: 1748: 1664: 1492: 1359: 1294:is also on the rise with 1062: 1025:became the Linux kernel. 863:and businesses. In 1984, 441: 436: 422: 410: 370: 354: 341: 259: 249: 215: 179: 161: 151: 143: 133: 112: 98: 83: 11960:General protection fault 11711:Network operating system 11665:User features comparison 11532:Shared Source Initiative 11329:Shared Source Initiative 11282:Free Software Foundation 11219:Free Software Foundation 11069:Configuration management 10257:Softlanding Linux System 9536:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7987:templates for discussion 7069:StatCounter Global Stats 5877:Security." Cantrill 2017 5766:Free Software Foundation 4583:"Linux Watch (WatchPad)" 4412:StatCounter Global Stats 4325:StatCounter Global Stats 3809:"The Busybox about page" 3649:and administered by the 3594: 3463:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2764:, Phoenix Object Basic, 2069:(which was designed for 1717:aims to be lightweight, 1455:graphical user interface 906:Free Software Foundation 865:AT&T divested itself 625:causing some controversy 613:Free Software Foundation 601:graphical user interface 561:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 104:Community contributors, 39:latest accepted revision 12142:Cross-platform software 11706:Mobile operating system 11467:SCO/Linux controversies 10046:Linux for PlayStation 2 7094:Egham (March 3, 2014). 5449:. O'Reilly. p. 21. 3375:Constructive Cost Model 3166:Market share and uptake 3154: 2784:is implemented through 2622:GNU Compiler Collection 2090:, and the BSD-licensed 1889:Linux Network Scheduler 1334:In-flight entertainment 1286:and, more recently, on 1275:designed for netbooks. 514:operating system kernel 165:September 17, 1991 11809:Loadable kernel module 11367:Comparison of licenses 11176:Free software movement 9695:Open Enterprise Server 8526:Linux operating system 8304:Free Software Magazine 8234:Linux User Group (LUG) 7793:"Linux Mark Institute" 7558:A Quick Guide to GPLv3 7039:"─ IDC Q1 2007 report" 6287:. the Debian project. 6093:www.maketecheasier.com 6062:"Announcing Fedora 36" 4288:"Linux' 22th [ 3931:"Re: How to pronounce 3902:"U.S. Reg No: 1916230" 3578:Loadable kernel module 3415: 3135:portable music players 3107:memory management unit 3075:computer architectures 3064: 2595:, and versions of the 2573:free software licenses 2458:Free software movement 2368: 1897:Linux Security Modules 1384:alpha-particles in DNA 1337: 1225: 1211: 1076: 1040:with a request to the 1000:University of Helsinki 797: 745:crew capsule, and the 656:largest installed base 437:Articles in the series 167:; 33 years ago 68:Linux (disambiguation) 66:. For other uses, see 11877:Process control block 11843:Computer multitasking 11681:Disk operating system 11442:License proliferation 10880:UserLAnd Technologies 10099:Damn Vulnerable Linux 9690:SUSE Linux Enterprise 9087:Resurrection Remix OS 7810:anywhere in the world 7457:. December 27, 2015. 7400:on September 18, 2009 7392:Microprocessor Report 7258:"Weta Digital – Jobs" 7180:"Linux and Star Trek" 6878:. IBM. Archived from 6863:on February 17, 2007. 5896:. November 26, 2015. 5675:"June 2004 Zeitgeist" 5530:. Ars Technica, LLC. 5468:. IBM. Archived from 3875:. September 2, 2014. 3773:"The X Window System" 3691:Linux Online (2008). 3413: 3210:covers around 16.13%. 3196:web server statistics 3137:, and mobile phones. 3062: 2939:Java virtual machines 2698:IBM XL C/C++ Compiler 2620:, which includes the 2610:programming languages 2358: 2032:programming interface 1858:Networking subsystem 1819:System Call Interface 1733:, etc. All aim to be 1441:implement many basic 1332: 1217: 1206: 1070: 1006:minicomputer running 970:, the development of 896:, started in 1983 by 861:academic institutions 792: 565:SUSE Linux Enterprise 520:. Linux is typically 12048:Virtual tape library 11640:Forensic engineering 11527:Open-source hardware 11462:Proprietary software 11457:Proprietary firmware 11158:Formerly open-source 11153:Formerly proprietary 11019:Open-source software 10875:UNIX System Services 10374:compatibility layers 10215:Linux Router Project 8524:Contributors to the 8229:Linux Mark Institute 7826:. tech-insider.org. 7264:on December 30, 2010 5985:"Admin Guide README" 5894:Jupiter Broadcasting 5772:on November 21, 2023 5712:. IDG News Service. 5625:on December 14, 2007 4525:on November 11, 2016 4498:on November 14, 2017 3651:Linux Mark Institute 3428:Linux Mark Institute 3371:source lines of code 3338:The Linux kernel is 3271:DreamWorks Animation 3191:Desktops and laptops 2995:available including 2969:are also available. 2812:(previously through 2604:Programming on Linux 2231:network transparency 2167:, also known as the 2004:. This is the first 1937:data storage devices 1282:and very popular on 998:While attending the 603:at all or include a 12137:Computing platforms 12057:Supporting concepts 12043:Virtual file system 11407:Open-source license 11009:Gratis versus libre 10602:Other distributions 10147:SUSE Studio Express 9914:Other derivatives: 8996:Linux distributions 7667:figures follow the 7159:on January 12, 2012 6598:on October 19, 2006 6508:on January 10, 2008 6328:on October 10, 2011 6186:on October 17, 2013 6010:on October 17, 2013 5679:Google Press Center 5565:on December 3, 2008 5338:(January 5, 1992). 5117:minix1.woodhull.com 4767:. August 18, 2021. 4678:on January 11, 2012 4134:himanshu, Swapnil. 3743:on October 5, 2016. 3662:As measured by the 3131:video game consoles 2841:regular expressions 1481: 1370:Many developers of 1314:Current development 1181:) with a short but 1018:Andrew S. Tanenbaum 968:legal complications 952:Andrew S. Tanenbaum 887:Stanford University 838:high-level language 758:collaboration. The 719:video game consoles 697:Linux also runs on 688:mainframe computers 674:, dominates the US 581:desktop environment 397:desktop environment 228:mainframe computers 80: 29:Page version status 12147:Finnish inventions 11980:Segmentation fault 11828:Process management 10021:BLAG Linux and GNU 9888:Linux Caixa Mágica 8814:Lennart Poettering 8748:Patrick Volkerding 8718:Benjamin Mako Hill 8582:Greg Kroah-Hartman 8156:Distributions list 8151:General comparison 8113:Criticism of Linux 7590:on January 3, 2013 7126:Netmarketshare.com 6874:Jeffrey S. Smith. 6769:Wheeler, David A. 6498:linux-magazine.com 6304:"Certifying Linux" 6180:Chapter 7. Changes 5645:"Global Web Stats" 5346:on August 19, 2007 5272:. pp. 78–80. 5141:on October 3, 2012 5090:on August 17, 2017 4820:Linux-syscall-note 4646:on October 4, 2011 4479:on August 6, 2015. 3945:. April 23, 1992. 3699:on August 15, 2010 3630:GNU Core Utilities 3609:GNU Core Utilities 3558:Linux Software Map 3553:Linux From Scratch 3538:Criticism of Linux 3416: 3334:SCO–Linux disputes 3161:Linux range of use 3065: 3017:ActiveState Komodo 2919:extension language 2690:Intel C++ Compiler 2507:LinuxQuestions.org 2373:Linux distribution 2369: 2184:Bourne-Again Shell 2051:C standard library 2012:Software libraries 1863:Other components: 1835:Process scheduling 1821:(SCI), aims to be 1660:C standard library 1472: 1427:C standard library 1354:package management 1342:Greg Kroah-Hartman 1338: 1226: 1212: 1077: 922:command-line shell 847:Due to an earlier 798: 715:smart home devices 632:personal computers 526:Linux distribution 447:Linux distribution 236:personal computers 123:assembly languages 78: 35: 12162:Operating systems 12114: 12113: 11970:Memory protection 11941:Memory management 11935: 11934: 11927:Shortest job next 11822: 11821: 11621:Operating systems 11587: 11586: 11487:Trusted Computing 11477:Software security 11425: 11424: 11106:Operating systems 11014:Long-term support 10936: 10935: 10786: 10785: 10370:operating systems 10329: 10328: 10275: 10274: 10220:MCC Interim Linux 10163:Caldera OpenLinux 9482: 9481: 8962: 8961: 8743:Mark Shuttleworth 8491: 8490: 7941:Split Perspective 7773:on April 12, 2008 7622:on April 21, 2006 7364:. March 4, 2008. 7212:on April 11, 2009 7151:Strauss, Daryll. 7102:on April 17, 2014 6934:on August 6, 2015 6590:Brockmeier, Joe. 6478:on August 8, 2008 6310:on April 4, 2016. 5710:www.infoworld.com 5472:on March 29, 2007 5218:Torvalds, Linus. 5119:. April 9, 2000. 5031:Los Angeles Times 4956:978-0-262-03647-4 4917:978-3-658-35084-0 4358:on April 17, 2014 3725:on March 8, 2016. 3666:list, which uses 3290:Use in government 3228:Microsoft Windows 3204:Microsoft Windows 3200:desktop computers 2888:dynamic languages 2855:contains its own 2491:Linux User Groups 2267:X window managers 2245:Several types of 2173:terminal emulator 2116:developed by the 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1847:Memory management 1817:The Linux kernel 1711:aims to be fast, 1524:System components 1489:User applications 1400:monolithic kernel 1380:natural selection 1259:to virtually all 830:assembly language 664:desktop computers 506:operating systems 452: 451: 47:19 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 12174: 12069:Computer network 11833: 11832: 11741: 11740: 11614: 11607: 11600: 11591: 11590: 11577: 11576: 11567: 11472:Software patents 11355: 11354: 11267:Creative Commons 11126:Web applications 10963: 10956: 10949: 10940: 10939: 10924: 10923: 10912: 10911: 10427: 10426: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10333: 10332: 10319: 10318: 10309: 10301:Linux portal 10299: 10298: 10287: 10286: 10076:Yellow Dog Linux 10061:Think Blue Linux 10051:Scientific Linux 9926:CrunchBang Linux 9822: 9821: 9363:Damn Small Linux 9181: 9180: 9072:Paranoid Android 8989: 8982: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8955:Linux portal 8953: 8952: 8809:Havoc Pennington 8774:Matthias Ettrich 8762:Other developers 8680:Richard Stallman 8518: 8511: 8504: 8495: 8494: 8479: 8478: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8456:Linux portal 8454: 8453: 8425:Linux Foundation 8224:Linux Foundation 8042: 8035: 8028: 8019: 8018: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7852:. Archived from 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7804: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7769:. Archived from 7756: 7750: 7749: 7742:"Linux Timeline" 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7678: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7641: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7618:. Archived from 7611: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7399: 7394:. Archived from 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7342:on July 28, 2011 7338:. Archived from 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7290:on March 1, 2012 7286:. Archived from 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7260:. Archived from 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7208:. Archived from 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7186:on July 12, 2011 7182:. Archived from 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7155:. Archived from 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7098:. Archived from 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7045:on April 1, 2021 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6930:. Archived from 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6904:on June 27, 2015 6900:. Archived from 6890: 6884: 6883: 6882:on June 3, 2008. 6871: 6865: 6864: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6744:"Linux Hardware" 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6594:. Archived from 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6535:Linux Foundation 6527: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6504:. Archived from 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6474:. Archived from 6464: 6458: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6376: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6324:. Archived from 6318: 6312: 6311: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5798:on July 14, 2012 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5768:. Archived from 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5561:. Archived from 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5415: 5409: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5137:. Archived from 5131: 5125: 5124: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5086:. Archived from 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5007: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4832: 4826: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4761:"Linux on Mars!" 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4581:(October 2001). 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4475:. Archived from 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4381:. Archived from 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4257:"What is Linux?" 4253: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4115:on April 2, 2013 4111:. Archived from 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3797:on May 15, 2013. 3793:. Archived from 3787: 3781: 3780: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3739:. Archived from 3733: 3727: 3726: 3721:. Archived from 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3695:. Archived from 3688: 3671: 3660: 3654: 3643: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3605: 3507: 3506: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3443:Richard Stallman 3404: 3380: 3365:A 2001 study of 3113:computers (with 3055:Hardware support 3051:remain popular. 2704:is available in 2626:GNU Build System 2462:Linux user group 2399:interoperability 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1729:was written for 1700:... (up to 2000 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1621:Other libraries: 1482: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1257:embedded systems 1177: 1170: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1101: 1053:Sun Microsystems 956:computer science 926:windowing system 898:Richard Stallman 883:Sun Microsystems 780:History of Linux 725:(Samsung and LG 699:embedded systems 686:systems such as 569:windowing system 494: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 432: 429: 423:Official website 224:embedded devices 216:Marketing target 211: 208: 206: 204: 202: 200: 198: 196: 194: 192: 190: 188: 175: 173: 168: 88: 81: 77: 75:Operating system 21: 12182: 12181: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12052: 12013:Defragmentation 11998: 11989: 11975:Protection ring 11944: 11931: 11903: 11896: 11818: 11792: 11730: 11669: 11623: 11618: 11588: 11583: 11555: 11522:Open-core model 11497: 11491: 11421: 11359: 11353: 11223: 11200: 11162: 11045: 11038: 10972: 10967: 10937: 10932: 10896: 10793: 10782: 10685: 10606: 10541: 10421: 10414: 10376: 10360: 10330: 10325: 10293: 10271: 10200:Foresight Linux 10151: 10133: 10080: 10003: 9989:Container Linux 9975: 9961:Musix GNU+Linux 9868:Black Lab Linux 9848: 9811: 9802:Tiny Core Linux 9708: 9671: 9633: 9619:OpenMandriva Lx 9595: 9574:Calculate Linux 9560: 9478: 9428:Raspberry Pi OS 9331: 9214:Ubuntu Cinnamon 9170: 9096: 9077:PixelExperience 8998: 8993: 8963: 8958: 8947: 8940: 8889: 8885:Eric S. Raymond 8875:Bradley M. Kuhn 8833: 8804:Miguel de Icaza 8779:Olivier Fourdan 8769:Timothee Besset 8757: 8723:Peter MacDonald 8689: 8685:Michael Tiemann 8675:Alexandre Oliva 8661: 8642:Stephen Tweedie 8597:David S. Miller 8572:Michael Kerrisk 8567:Matthew Garrett 8552:Andries Brouwer 8528: 8522: 8492: 8487: 8464: 8462: 8448: 8439: 8406: 8286: 8238: 8197: 8181:Package manager 8137: 8101: 8080:Booting process 8051: 8046: 7990: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7950: 7948: 7933: 7929: 7916: 7914: 7907:vger.kernel.org 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7859: 7857: 7856:on May 19, 2007 7848: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7820: 7816: 7802: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7757: 7753: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7690: 7679: 7675: 7656: 7654: 7642: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7612: 7603: 7593: 7591: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7560:. GNU Project. 7550: 7546: 7527: 7523: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7160: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7092: 7088: 7078: 7076: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6872: 6868: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6502:"Current Issue" 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6465: 6461: 6445: 6444: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6360: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6300: 6296: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6121:. linuxtv.org. 6117: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6000: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5903: 5901: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5458: 5454: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5416: 5412: 5396: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5349: 5347: 5336:Torvalds, Linus 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5019: 5005: 5003: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4957: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4871: 4867: 4833: 4829: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4614:linuxgizmos.com 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4385:on May 25, 2012 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4301: 4299: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4199:"GNU/Linux FAQ" 4197: 4196: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4170:www.tecmint.com 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4109:distrowatch.com 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3993: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3843:alpinelinux.org 3837: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3661: 3657: 3644: 3640: 3627: 3623: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3513: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3479: 3402: 3395:shell scripting 3378: 3336: 3326: 3260:Film production 3180: 3174: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3071: 3057: 2857:Turing complete 2746:object oriented 2606: 2464: 2454: 2379: 2371:Main articles: 2353: 2333: 2327: 2247:window managers 2177:virtual console 2161: 2098:Widget toolkits 1895: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1705: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1623: 1605: 1584: 1557: 1534: 1515:Mozilla Firefox 1459:X Window System 1388:Eric S. Raymond 1368: 1362: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1246:Hewlett-Packard 1201: 1195: 1185:, instead of a 1175: 1160: 1150: 1149: 1122: 1118: 1113:According to a 1099: 1065: 996: 950:was created by 822:Douglas McIlroy 787: 782: 776: 599:may not have a 530:system software 492: 462: 458: 445: 426: 406: 373: 220:Cloud computing 185: 171: 169: 166: 162:Initial release 105: 94: 76: 71: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12180: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12157:Linus Torvalds 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12108: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12099:User interface 12096: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12060: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12023:File attribute 12020: 12015: 12010: 12004: 12002: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11985:Virtual memory 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11951: 11949: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11908: 11906: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11857:Context switch 11854: 11839: 11837: 11830: 11824: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11749: 11747: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11677: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11624: 11617: 11616: 11609: 11602: 11594: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11581: 11571: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11546: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11507: 11501: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11363: 11361: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11233: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11210: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11172: 11170: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11059:Bioinformatics 11056: 11050: 11048: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10973: 10966: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10943: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10918: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10768: 10763: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10742: 10735: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10706: 10701: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10650: 10645: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10620: 10618: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10553: 10551: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10539: 10532: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10439: 10437: 10424: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10359: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10336: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10313: 10303: 10291: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10180: 10178:Familiar Linux 10175: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10149: 10143: 10141: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10090: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9985: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9858: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9830: 9828: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9742: 9740:Clear Linux OS 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9681: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9647:Austrumi Linux 9643: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9576: 9570: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9189: 9187: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9008: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8960: 8959: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8921:Allison Randal 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8870:Federico Heinz 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8850:Donna Benjamin 8847: 8845:Valerie Aurora 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8794:Ryan C. Gordon 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8733:Daniel Robbins 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8703:Solar Designer 8699: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8632:Linus Torvalds 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8542:H. Peter Anvin 8538: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8521: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8473: 8459: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8420:CompTIA Linux+ 8416: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8368: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8347: 8344:Linux Magazine 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8186:Package format 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7970: 7969:External links 7967: 7964: 7963: 7959:self-published 7927: 7893: 7876:"About Debian" 7867: 7841: 7814: 7784: 7751: 7733: 7700: 7673: 7669:MeasuringWorth 7663:United States 7651:MeasuringWorth 7633: 7601: 7575: 7544: 7521: 7498: 7472: 7442: 7411: 7379: 7353: 7327: 7301: 7275: 7249: 7223: 7197: 7170: 7143: 7113: 7086: 7056: 7030: 7000: 6970: 6945: 6915: 6885: 6866: 6848: 6818: 6788: 6761: 6735: 6704: 6671: 6640: 6623:It's FOSS News 6609: 6582: 6552: 6519: 6489: 6459: 6414: 6384: 6353:Opensource.com 6339: 6313: 6294: 6272: 6254: 6224: 6197: 6167: 6136: 6110: 6079: 6052: 6021: 5994: 5976: 5941: 5915: 5879: 5866: 5859: 5841: 5809: 5783: 5753: 5727: 5696: 5666: 5636: 5606: 5576: 5545: 5514: 5483: 5466:DeveloperWorks 5452: 5437: 5410: 5387: 5361: 5327: 5285: 5278: 5252: 5210: 5183: 5152: 5126: 5101: 5074: 5048: 5017: 4994: 4974: 4955: 4935: 4916: 4896: 4879:Opensource.com 4865: 4827: 4812: 4782: 4752: 4720: 4689: 4657: 4631: 4600: 4570: 4536: 4509: 4482: 4460: 4429: 4396: 4369: 4342: 4312: 4278: 4261:Opensource.com 4245: 4216: 4187: 4157: 4126: 4095: 4069: 4034: 4008: 3983:978-1111541538 3982: 3962: 3919: 3890: 3860: 3830: 3800: 3782: 3764: 3746: 3728: 3719:"GNU Userland" 3710: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3655: 3647:Linus Torvalds 3638: 3621: 3617:widget toolkit 3599: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3499: 3478: 3475: 3393:, and various 3325: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3243:Mobile devices 3240: 3239: 3232: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3192: 3185:vendor lock-in 3172:Linux adoption 3170:Main article: 3167: 3164: 3159:Main article: 3156: 3153: 3056: 3053: 2794:Virtual Pascal 2770:Chipmunk Basic 2624:(GCC) and the 2605: 2602: 2597:classic Mac OS 2581:business model 2453: 2450: 2352: 2349: 2329:Main article: 2326: 2323: 2165:user interface 2160: 2159:User interface 2157: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2133: 2122:The Qt Company 2095: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2020:dynamic linker 2009: 1992:and the newer 1982: 1957:, for example 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1924: 1923: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1830: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1697:pthread_create 1663: 1655: 1654: 1618: 1599: 1595:SurfaceFlinger 1580:Window manager 1576: 1553:System daemons 1549: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1491: 1486: 1412:Device drivers 1393:Bryan Cantrill 1361: 1358: 1315: 1312: 1261:supercomputers 1244:, followed by 1199:Linux adoption 1197:Main article: 1194: 1191: 1064: 1061: 995: 992: 930:device drivers 908:and wrote the 849:antitrust case 818:Dennis Ritchie 794:Linus Torvalds 786: 783: 778:Main article: 775: 772: 605:solution stack 518:Linus Torvalds 450: 449: 439: 438: 434: 433: 424: 420: 419: 414: 408: 407: 405: 404: 389: 378: 376: 374:user interface 368: 367: 358: 352: 351: 346: 339: 338: 261: 257: 256: 253: 247: 246: 244:supercomputers 232:mobile devices 217: 213: 212: 183: 177: 176: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 116: 110: 109: 107:Linus Torvalds 102: 96: 95: 89: 74: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12179: 12168: 12167:Unix variants 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12132:1991 software 12130: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12107: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11996: 11992: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11965:Memory paging 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11899: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11804:Device driver 11802: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11745:Architectures 11742: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11615: 11610: 11608: 11603: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11580: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11550:Revolution OS 11547: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11512: 11511:GNU Manifesto 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11417:Public domain 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11356: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11206:Organisations 11203: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11101:Office suites 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10999:Free software 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10964: 10959: 10957: 10952: 10950: 10945: 10944: 10941: 10929: 10928: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10792:Compatibility 10789: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10760:Research Unix 10757: 10753: 10752: 10751:BlackBerry 10 10748: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10626: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10526: 10524: 10523: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10465:DragonFly BSD 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10350: 10345: 10343: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10322: 10314: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10124:TopologiLinux 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10056:Red Hat Linux 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9994:Sabayon Linux 9992: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9941:Feather Linux 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9735:Chimera Linux 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9703: 9700: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9516:MIRACLE LINUX 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9506:CentOS Stream 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9358:BlankOn Linux 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9297:Peppermint OS 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9257:elementary OS 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245:Derivatives: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9229:Ubuntu Studio 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9209:Ubuntu Budgie 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9164: 9162:(3.0 onwards) 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Hyperbola GNU 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8990: 8985: 8983: 8978: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8926:Karen Sandler 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911:Keith Bergelt 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860:Mary Gardiner 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8695:Distributions 8692: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8637:Theodore Ts'o 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8622:Rusty Russell 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8612:Keith Packard 8610: 8608: 8607:Andrew Morton 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8519: 8514: 8512: 8507: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8484: 8483: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8394:Revolution OS 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8367: 8366:Linux Outlaws 8364: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8337:Linux Journal 8334: 8332: 8331: 8330:Linux Gazette 8327: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8282:Linux malware 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214:Linux Counter 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202:Organizations 8200: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8143:Distributions 8140: 8134: 8133:SCO and Linux 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106:Controversies 8104: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7972: 7960: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7693:September 16, 7688: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7666: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7638: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7178:Rowe, Robin. 7174: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7004: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6455: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6397:getfedora.org 6394: 6388: 6380: 6374: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6332:September 17, 6327: 6323: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5911: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5862: 5860:0-596-00108-8 5856: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5407:0-06-662072-4 5404: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5358: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5303:comp.os.minix 5300: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5279:0-06-662073-2 5275: 5271: 5270:HarperCollins 5267: 5266:New York City 5263: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5228:comp.os.minix 5225: 5221: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5166:Meta magazine 5163: 5156: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5001: 4997: 4995:0-596-00108-8 4991: 4987: 4986: 4978: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4939: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4900: 4889:September 24, 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4541: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4453:September 29, 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4330: 4326: 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3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367:Red Hat Linux 3363: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194:According to 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3162: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125:processors), 3124: 3123:Apple silicon 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2967:JVM languages 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2867:interpreter. 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825:shell scripts 2822: 2817: 2815: 2814:Borland Kylix 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:PascalABC.NET 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744:, as well as 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618:GNU toolchain 2615: 2611: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2579:. One common 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2523:mailing lists 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:Online forums 2500: 2497:chatrooms or 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2422:collaboration 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2377:Free software 2374: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:Enlightenment 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2130:Enlightenment 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:GNOME Project 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036:GNU C Library 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:device mapper 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1853:Virtual files 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1741:-compatible. 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:GNU C library 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1153: 1146: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1069: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1042:comp.os.minix 1039: 1038:documentation 1035: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 974:, from which 973: 969: 964: 962: 961:free software 957: 953: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902:free software 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 795: 791: 781: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 634:based on the 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508:based on the 507: 504: 501: 497: 496: 486: 456: 448: 444: 440: 435: 431: 425: 421: 418: 415: 413: 409: 402: 398: 394: 393:distributions 390: 387: 383: 380: 379: 377: 375: 369: 366: 362: 359: 357: 353: 350: 347: 344: 340: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 252: 248: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 184: 182: 178: 164: 160: 157: 154: 150: 146: 144:Working state 142: 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 115: 111: 108: 103: 101: 97: 92: 87: 82: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 12000:file systems 11892:Time-sharing 11548: 11541: 11509: 11392:Free license 11138:Android apps 10925: 10913: 10904: 10884: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10846: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10811: 10770: 10758: 10749: 10737: 10730: 10696: 10678: 10671: 10657: 10640: 10623: 10612: 10611: 10547: 10546: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10513: 10442: 10431: 10430: 10385:Architecture 10262:Splashtop OS 10036:Linpus Linux 9971:Sunwah Linux 9908:Ubuntu GNOME 9817:Discontinued 9816: 9526:Oracle Linux 9312:Ubuntu Touch 9234:Ubuntu Unity 9219:Ubuntu Kylin 9166:SystemRescue 9155:Parabola GNU 8946: 8916:Pamela Jones 8880:Bruce Perens 8799:Harald Hoyer 8784:Mark Galassi 8657:Chris Wright 8652:Harald Welte 8587:Benson Leung 8525: 8480: 8461: 8447: 8400: 8392: 8370: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8323:Linux Format 8321: 8309: 8302: 8277:Range of use 8094: 8057:Linux kernel 8048: 7980: 7949:. Retrieved 7940: 7930: 7922: 7915:. Retrieved 7906: 7896: 7884:. Retrieved 7870: 7860:December 12, 7858:. Retrieved 7854:the original 7844: 7832:. Retrieved 7817: 7808: 7803:February 24, 7801:. Retrieved 7787: 7777:February 24, 7775:. Retrieved 7771:the original 7764: 7754: 7736: 7724:. Retrieved 7713: 7703: 7691:. Retrieved 7676: 7668: 7657:November 30, 7655:. Retrieved 7649: 7624:. Retrieved 7620:the original 7592:. Retrieved 7588:the original 7578: 7566:. Retrieved 7557: 7547: 7524: 7501: 7489:. Retrieved 7475: 7465:December 31, 7463:. Retrieved 7455:The Guardian 7454: 7445: 7435:February 21, 7433:. Retrieved 7424: 7414: 7402:. Retrieved 7397:the original 7382: 7370:. Retrieved 7356: 7346:February 21, 7344:. Retrieved 7340:the original 7330: 7320:February 21, 7318:. Retrieved 7304: 7292:. Retrieved 7288:the original 7278: 7268:November 17, 7266:. Retrieved 7262:the original 7252: 7240:. Retrieved 7226: 7214:. Retrieved 7210:the original 7200: 7188:. 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Retrieved 5678: 5669: 5659:November 19, 5657:. Retrieved 5648: 5639: 5629:November 19, 5627:. Retrieved 5623:the original 5618: 5609: 5599:November 19, 5597:. Retrieved 5589:Market Share 5588: 5579: 5569:November 19, 5567:. Retrieved 5563:the original 5558: 5548: 5538:November 19, 5536:. Retrieved 5528:Ars Technica 5527: 5517: 5507:November 19, 5505:. Retrieved 5496: 5486: 5474:. Retrieved 5470:the original 5465: 5455: 5446: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5413: 5398: 5378:. Retrieved 5364: 5355: 5348:. Retrieved 5344:the original 5330: 5318:. Retrieved 5288: 5261: 5255: 5245:September 9, 5243:. Retrieved 5213: 5201:. Retrieved 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5165: 5155: 5145:February 19, 5143:. Retrieved 5139:the original 5129: 5116: 5092:. Retrieved 5088:the original 5077: 5065:. Retrieved 5051: 5039:. Retrieved 5030: 5020: 5011: 5004:. Retrieved 4984: 4977: 4965:. Retrieved 4945: 4938: 4926:. Retrieved 4906: 4899: 4887:. Retrieved 4878: 4868: 4860: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4815: 4803:. 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Using the 3364: 3357: 3337: 3279:Weta Digital 3264: 3181: 3150: 3139: 3077:, including 3072: 3001:Code::Blocks 2971: 2915:Guile Scheme 2869: 2818: 2768:, ProvideX, 2762:Basic for Qt 2607: 2586: 2570: 2534: 2527: 2488: 2465: 2426: 2419: 2396: 2380: 2345: 2334: 2319: 2295:Window Maker 2244: 2240: 2236:X.Org Server 2196: 2181: 2162: 2028:header files 1971:systemd-boot 1948: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1829:-compatible 1751:Linux kernel 1749: 1746:Kernel mode 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1658: 1624: 1620: 1614:AMD Catalyst 1612: 1606: 1601: 1585: 1578: 1558: 1551: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1493: 1488: 1479:kernel space 1449:, a popular 1416: 1408:file systems 1397: 1369: 1351: 1339: 1292:Linux gaming 1277: 1254: 1227: 1167: 1112: 1100:ftp.funet.fi 1093: 1080: 1078: 1073:floppy disks 1057: 1041: 1030:system calls 1027: 1011: 997: 965: 946: 918:text editors 891: 879:Onyx Systems 877: 857:trade secret 846: 814:Ken Thompson 799: 768:system calls 753: 748:Perseverance 747: 696: 629: 616: 549:Fedora Linux 542: 510:Linux kernel 454: 453: 443:Linux kernel 255:Multilingual 251:Available in 152:Source model 72: 64:Linux kernel 46: 37:This is the 31: 12018:Device file 12008:Boot loader 11922:Round-robin 11847:Cooperative 11783:Rump kernel 11773:Multikernel 11763:Microkernel 11660:Usage share 11482:Tivoization 11121:Video games 11096:Mathematics 10848:MKS Toolkit 10659:OpenSolaris 10168:CyanogenMod 10129:VectorLinux 9931:DoudouLinux 9921:Corel Linux 9787:Source Mage 9556:Sailfish OS 9551:Rocky Linux 9541:Red Star OS 9501:Asahi Linux 9443:SparkyLinux 9252:Bodhi Linux 9224:Ubuntu MATE 9125:EndeavourOS 9017:Android-x86 8901:Pia Andrews 8824:Dave Taylor 8819:Kay Sievers 8738:Jane Silber 8728:Ian Murdock 8617:Hans Reiser 8602:Ingo Molnár 8592:Robert Love 8577:Con Kolivas 8372:Linux Voice 8358:Ubuntu User 8311:Full Circle 8298:DistroWatch 8171:Lightweight 8085:Kernel oops 8075:Linux-libre 8070:Linus's law 7975:‹ The 7951:January 28, 7886:January 30, 7834:February 8, 7594:November 9, 7568:December 5, 7491:December 5, 7136:October 14, 6512:January 17, 6482:January 17, 6237:www.gnu.org 6190:October 16, 6160:October 16, 6129:October 16, 6072:October 28, 6045:October 11, 6014:October 16, 5969:October 10, 5934:October 16, 5619:XiTiMonitor 5372:. 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