41:
389:, extensive investigation failed to identify any association between this virus and any clinical illness. GB Virus C (and indeed, GBV-A and GBV-B) is named after the surgeon, G. Barker, who fell ill in 1966 with a non-A non-B hepatitis which at the time was thought to have been caused by a new, infectious hepatic virus.
349:
GBV-C infection has been found worldwide and currently infects around a sixth of the world's population. High prevalence is observed among subjects with the risk of parenteral exposures, including those with exposure to blood and blood products, those on hemodialysis, and intravenous drug users.
745:
Leary TP, Muerhoff AS, Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Schlauder GG, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK (1996). "Sequence and
Genomic Organization of GBV-C: A Novel Member of the Flaviviridae Associated with Human Non-A–E Hepatitis".
384:
Hepatitis G virus and GB virus C (GBV-C) are RNA viruses that were independently identified in 1995, and were subsequently found to be two isolates of the same virus. Although GBV-C was initially thought to be associated with chronic
350:
Sexual contact and vertical transmission may occur. About 10–25% of hepatitis C-infected patients and 14–36% of drug users who are seropositive for HIV-1 show the evidence of GBV-C infection.
220:, but in some individuals, infection persists for decades. However, the time interval between GBV-C infection and clearance of viraemia (detection of GBV-C RNA in plasma) is not known.
458:
Xiang J, George SL, WĂĽnschmann S, et al. (2004). "Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by GB virus C infection through increases in RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and SDF-1".
273:) protein like, for instance, hepatitis C virus. Nevertheless, viral particles have been found to have a nucleocapsid. The source of the nucleocapsid protein remains unknown.
1288:
Yoshiba M, Okamoto H, Mishiro S (October 1995). "Detection of the GBV-C Hepatitis Virus Genome in Serum from
Patients with Fulminant Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology".
2098:
269:(ORF) encoding two structural (E1 and E2) and five nonstructural (NS2, NS3, NS4, NS5A, and NS5B) proteins. GB-C virus does not appear to encode a C (core or
200:
with GBV-C can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. Research is active into the virus' effects on the
253:
models also demonstrated that GBV-C slows HIV replication. This beneficial effect may be related to action of several GBV-C viral proteins, including NS5A
1521:
310:
2564:
2112:
602:
353:
It has been classified into seven genotypes and many subtypes with distinct geographical distributions. Genotypes 1 and 2 are prevalent in
238:
of GBV-C have been documented. Because of shared modes of transmission, individuals infected with HIV are often coinfected with GBV-C; the
1102:
Singh, Shivank; Blackard, Jason T (2017). "Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa-A call for a renewed research agenda".
881:"The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae"
411:"The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae"
1778:
1609:
1649:
759:
1349:
1332:
1245:
Simons JN, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, et al. (June 1995). "Isolation of Novel Virus-like
Sequences Associated with Human Hepatitis".
1514:
832:"Translation initiation in GB viruses A and C: evidence for internal ribosome entry and implications for genome organization"
1742:
1799:
2118:
1644:
1601:
1147:"African origin of GB virus C determined by phylogenetic analysis of a complete genotype 5 genome from South Africa"
2104:
2033:
1507:
2569:
1483:
1045:"A Novel Genotype of GB Virus C: Its Identification and Predominance among Injecting Drug Users in Yunnan, China"
503:"Effect of GB Virus C Co-infection on Response to Generic HAART in African Patients with HIV-1 Clade C Infection"
1703:
1689:
289:, but replicates primarily in lymphocytes, and poorly, if at all, in hepatocytes. GBV-A and GBV-B are probably
2064:
246:
2141:
1908:
1902:
1813:
1807:
1697:
2271:
2197:
2191:
1864:
1146:
1043:
Feng Y, Zhao W, Feng Y, Dai J, Li Z, Zhang X, Liu L, Bai J, Zhang H, Lu L, Xia X (2011). Davis T (ed.).
880:
790:
663:"Effect of Early and Late GB Virus C Viraemia on Survival of HIV-infected Individuals: A Meta-analysis"
606:
376:
Genotype 5 appears to be basal in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting an
African origin for this virus.
40:
2328:
1935:
2602:
2037:
1949:
1854:
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1657:
1629:
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1833:
235:
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2027:
1965:
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1820:
1623:
265:
It has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of about 9.3 kb and contains a single
2212:
1793:
1663:
1634:
702:
Giret, M. T. M.; Kallas, E. G. (March 2012). "GBV-C: State of the Art and Future
Prospects".
361:
and in
Americas. Genotypes 3 and 4 are commons in Asia. Genotype 5 is present in Central and
1331:
Birkenmeyer LG, Desai SM, Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Simons JN, Montes CC, Mushahwar IK (1998).
2592:
2555:
2476:
2308:
1943:
1772:
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1056:
999:
35:
8:
1894:
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1997:
1753:
1443:
1416:
1362:
1313:
1270:
1127:
1079:
1044:
1020:
988:"Bayesian coalescent analysis reveals a high rate of molecular evolution in GB virus C"
987:
963:
932:
905:
771:
727:
581:
532:
483:
435:
410:
326:
266:
1301:
933:"Identification of GBV-D, a novel GB-like flavivirus from Old World frugivorous bats (
856:
831:
471:
2597:
2461:
2412:
2393:
2374:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2069:
1974:
1678:
1556:
1448:
1397:
1380:
Alter, H. J. (June 1996). "The
Cloning and Clinical Implications of HGV and HGBV-C".
1354:
1305:
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1111:
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1007:
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843:
802:
755:
711:
674:
633:
563:
514:
467:
430:
422:
213:
2400:
192:, is known to infect humans, but is not known to cause human disease. Reportedly,
2360:
2265:
2185:
2174:
2045:
2009:
1929:
1715:
1576:
1469:
1069:
953:
568:
551:
519:
502:
362:
354:
245:
Several but not all studies have suggested that coinfection with GBV-C slows the
89:
1393:
2540:
1596:
366:
358:
254:
224:
1011:
715:
2586:
1591:
1586:
1534:
409:
Stapleton, J. T.; Foung, S.; Muerhoff, A. S.; Bukh, J.; Simmonds, P. (2010).
334:
201:
77:
501:
Mosam A, Sathar MA, Dawood H, Cassol E, Esterhuizen TM, Coovadia HM (2007).
2452:
2302:
1980:
1841:
1452:
1212:
1172:
1123:
1088:
1029:
972:
914:
896:
816:
723:
688:
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182:
125:
113:
101:
1401:
1358:
1309:
1266:
1231:
1163:
865:
807:
767:
227:
are viraemic with GBV-C, and up to 13% of blood donors have antibodies to
2549:
2492:
2441:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2405:
2379:
2349:
2251:
2090:
2002:
1985:
1920:
1581:
1188:"Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent"
197:
1433:
879:
Stapleton JT, Foung S, Muerhoff AS, Bukh J, Simmonds P (February 2011).
760:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199601)48:1<60::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-A
2342:
2126:
1883:
1350:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199809)56:1<44::AID-JMV8>3.0.CO;2-N
1258:
239:
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2170:
2056:
2018:
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1542:
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1115:
386:
188:
137:
65:
2511:
661:
Zhang W, Chaloner K, Tillmann HL, Williams CF, Stapleton JT (2006).
2534:
2485:
2132:
1874:
1730:
1145:
Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Sathar MA, Dawson GJ, Desai SM (June 2005).
638:
621:
552:"HIV Entry Inhibition by the Envelope 2 Glycoprotein of GB Virus C"
228:
217:
2238:
1529:
290:
1186:
Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, et al. (April 1995).
830:
Simons JN, Desai SM, Schultz DE, Lemon SM, Mushahwar IK (1996).
1847:
744:
338:
20:
2498:
2257:
1889:
1330:
660:
370:
317:
298:
294:
177:
52:
791:"Conserved RNA Secondary Structures in Flaviviridae Genomes"
788:
297:. The GB viruses have been tentatively assigned to a fourth
1414:
1333:"Isolation of a GB Virus-related Genome from a Chimpanzee"
878:
408:
1724:
1144:
789:
Thurner C, Witwer C, Hofacker IL, Stadler PF (May 2004).
550:
Jung S, EichenmĂĽller M, Donhauser N, et al. (2007).
549:
321:
242:
of GBV-C viraemia in HIV patients ranges from 14 to 43%.
193:
341:
has been estimated at 10 to 10 substitutions/site/year.
1185:
829:
500:
622:"GB Virus C Replicates in Primary T and B Lymphocytes"
1287:
619:
457:
1415:
Reshetnyak, VI; Karlovich, TI; Ilchenko, LU (2008).
985:
931:Epstein JH, Quan PL, Briese T, et al. (2010).
309:", but this has yet to be formally endorsed by the
1244:
930:
373:. Infection with multiple genotypes is possible.
2584:
176:) and also known as human pegivirus – HPgV is a
1042:
986:Romano CM, Zanotto PM, Holmes EC (March 2008).
404:
402:
926:
924:
330:). GBV-D may be ancestral to GBV-A and GBV-C.
311:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
1515:
1101:
1379:
1138:
872:
782:
399:
1373:
1281:
1238:
1179:
921:
701:
613:
369:. Finally, genotype 7 has been reported in
204:in patients coinfected with GBV-C and HIV.
1779:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
1522:
1508:
979:
620:George SL, Varmaz D, Stapleton JT (2006).
1650:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1472:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1442:
1432:
1348:
1221:
1211:
1162:
1095:
1078:
1068:
1019:
962:
952:
904:
855:
806:
678:
637:
605:. My Health and Nutrition. Archived from
597:
595:
567:
518:
434:
1036:
695:
231:, indicating possible prior infection.
2585:
592:
2516:
2515:
1503:
1800:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
365:. Genotype 6 can be encountered in
285:and is phylogenetically related to
13:
320:, GBV-D, has been isolated from a
207:
14:
2614:
2119:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
1645:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1463:
1421:World Journal of Gastroenterology
234:Parenteral, sexual, and vertical
2105:Middle East respiratory syndrome
680:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00366.x
281:GBV-C is a member of the family
39:
1408:
1324:
885:The Journal of General Virology
848:10.1128/JVI.70.9.6126-6135.1996
823:
344:
1704:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1690:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
738:
654:
543:
494:
451:
1:
1302:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91802-7
472:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16453-2
392:
293:viruses, while GBV-C infects
1909:Tropical spastic paraparesis
1814:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1070:10.1371/journal.pone.0021151
954:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000972
569:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32803277c7
520:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3281532cb8
7:
2272:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
2192:Human parainfluenza viruses
1865:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1394:10.1056/NEJM199606063342310
1104:Reviews in Medical Virology
415:Journal of General Virology
276:
260:
10:
2619:
1192:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
379:
18:
2524:
2475:
2451:
2359:
2282:
2237:
2226:
2055:
2017:
1996:
1964:
1936:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1919:
1873:
1752:
1741:
1714:
1541:
1012:10.1007/s00239-008-9087-3
716:10.1007/s11904-011-0109-1
257:and E2 envelope protein.
34:
27:
2038:Infectious mononucleosis
1855:Chandipura vesiculovirus
1685:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1630:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1563:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1474:Medical Subject Headings
704:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
216:individuals clear GBV-C
1834:Encephalitis lethargica
1535:viral systemic diseases
316:Another member of this
223:About 2% of healthy US
2206:Human orthopneumovirus
1860:Herpesviral meningitis
1821:Arbovirus encephalitis
1213:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3401
897:10.1099/vir.0.027490-0
427:10.1099/vir.0.027490-0
1664:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1492:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
1164:10.1099/vir.0.80854-0
808:10.1099/vir.0.19462-0
168:), formerly known as
2309:Adenovirus infection
1773:Human polyomavirus 2
1602:Oropharyngeal cancer
186:and a member of the
36:Virus classification
1895:Post-polio syndrome
1531:Infectious diseases
1434:10.3748/wjg.14.4725
1417:"Hepatitis G virus"
1204:1995PNAS...92.3401S
1061:2011PLoSO...621151F
1004:2008JMolE..66..292R
2028:Epstein–Barr virus
1998:Respiratory system
1635:Burkitt's lymphoma
1259:10.1038/nm0695-564
935:Pteropus giganteus
327:Pteropus giganteus
267:open reading frame
247:progression of HIV
2580:
2579:
2518:Taxon identifiers
2509:
2508:
2471:
2470:
2222:
2221:
2153:Influenza virus A
2070:Human coronavirus
1960:
1959:
1950:Herpes of the eye
1157:(Pt 6): 1729–35.
801:(Pt 5): 1113–24.
287:hepatitis C virus
170:hepatitis G virus
159:
158:
2610:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2513:
2512:
2235:
2234:
2230:digestive system
2147:Orthomyxoviridae
2113:SARS coronavirus
2099:MERS coronavirus
2015:
2014:
1827:Orthomyxoviridae
1750:
1749:
1716:Immune disorders
1640:Hodgkin lymphoma
1616:Kaposi's sarcoma
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1500:
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1296:(8983): 1131–2.
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1236:
1235:
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1215:
1183:
1177:
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1116:10.1002/rmv.1951
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1082:
1072:
1040:
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1033:
1023:
983:
977:
976:
966:
956:
937:) in Bangladesh"
928:
919:
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908:
891:(Pt 2): 233–46.
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466:(9426): 2040–6.
455:
449:
448:
438:
406:
212:The majority of
44:
43:
25:
24:
16:Species of virus
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2603:Viral hepatitis
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2329:Gastroenteritis
2287:
2284:Gastroenteritis
2278:
2266:Cytomegalovirus
2229:
2218:
2186:Paramyxoviridae
2175:Avian influenza
2051:
2046:Cytomegalovirus
2010:viral pneumonia
2008:
2005:nasopharyngitis
2004:
2001:
1992:
1956:
1930:Cytomegalovirus
1915:
1869:
1757:
1744:
1737:
1710:
1577:Cervical cancer
1537:
1528:
1498:
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1427:(30): 4725–34.
1413:
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1382:N. Engl. J. Med
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947:(7): e1000972.
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363:Southern Africa
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214:immunocompetent
210:
208:Human infection
155:
115:Amarillovirales
91:Kitrinoviricota
38:
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1966:Cardiovascular
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1464:External links
1462:
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1407:
1388:(23): 1536–7.
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1094:
1055:(10): e21151.
1035:
978:
920:
871:
842:(9): 6126–35.
822:
781:
737:
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1986:Myocarditis
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1582:Anal cancer
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152:Pegivirus C
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2587:Categories
2556:GB virus C
2526:GB virus C
2477:Urogenital
2343:Astrovirus
2303:Adenovirus
2127:SARS-CoV-2
1884:Poliovirus
1759:meningitis
1486:GB virus C
393:References
240:prevalence
229:E2 protein
198:coinfected
162:GB virus C
19:See also:
2388:RNA virus
2369:DNA virus
2361:Hepatitis
2336:Norovirus
2324:Rotavirus
2318:RNA virus
2297:DNA virus
2243:Esophagus
2171:Influenza
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2019:DNA virus
1788:RNA virus
1767:DNA virus
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307:Pegivirus
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196:patients
189:Pegivirus
146:Species:
139:Pegivirus
74:Kingdom:
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355:Northern
277:Taxonomy
261:Virology
251:In vitro
218:viraemia
122:Family:
86:Phylum:
2239:Pharynx
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667:HIV Med
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380:History
305:named "
291:tamarin
134:Genus:
110:Order:
98:Class:
1903:HTLV-I
1848:Rabies
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1476:(MeSH)
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371:China
318:clade
299:genus
178:virus
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357:and
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1944:HSV
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
