52:
400:, extensive investigation failed to identify any association between this virus and any clinical illness. GB Virus C (and indeed, GBV-A and GBV-B) is named after the surgeon, G. Barker, who fell ill in 1966 with a non-A non-B hepatitis which at the time was thought to have been caused by a new, infectious hepatic virus.
360:
GBV-C infection has been found worldwide and currently infects around a sixth of the world's population. High prevalence is observed among subjects with the risk of parenteral exposures, including those with exposure to blood and blood products, those on hemodialysis, and intravenous drug users.
756:
Leary TP, Muerhoff AS, Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Schlauder GG, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK (1996). "Sequence and
Genomic Organization of GBV-C: A Novel Member of the Flaviviridae Associated with Human Non-A–E Hepatitis".
395:
Hepatitis G virus and GB virus C (GBV-C) are RNA viruses that were independently identified in 1995, and were subsequently found to be two isolates of the same virus. Although GBV-C was initially thought to be associated with chronic
361:
Sexual contact and vertical transmission may occur. About 10–25% of hepatitis C-infected patients and 14–36% of drug users who are seropositive for HIV-1 show the evidence of GBV-C infection.
231:, but in some individuals, infection persists for decades. However, the time interval between GBV-C infection and clearance of viraemia (detection of GBV-C RNA in plasma) is not known.
469:
Xiang J, George SL, WĂĽnschmann S, et al. (2004). "Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by GB virus C infection through increases in RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and SDF-1".
284:) protein like, for instance, hepatitis C virus. Nevertheless, viral particles have been found to have a nucleocapsid. The source of the nucleocapsid protein remains unknown.
1299:
Yoshiba M, Okamoto H, Mishiro S (October 1995). "Detection of the GBV-C Hepatitis Virus Genome in Serum from
Patients with Fulminant Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology".
2109:
280:(ORF) encoding two structural (E1 and E2) and five nonstructural (NS2, NS3, NS4, NS5A, and NS5B) proteins. GB-C virus does not appear to encode a C (core or
211:
with GBV-C can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. Research is active into the virus' effects on the
264:
models also demonstrated that GBV-C slows HIV replication. This beneficial effect may be related to action of several GBV-C viral proteins, including NS5A
1532:
321:
2575:
2123:
613:
364:
It has been classified into seven genotypes and many subtypes with distinct geographical distributions. Genotypes 1 and 2 are prevalent in
249:
of GBV-C have been documented. Because of shared modes of transmission, individuals infected with HIV are often coinfected with GBV-C; the
1113:
Singh, Shivank; Blackard, Jason T (2017). "Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa-A call for a renewed research agenda".
892:"The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae"
422:"The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae"
1789:
1620:
1660:
770:
1360:
1343:
1256:
Simons JN, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, et al. (June 1995). "Isolation of Novel Virus-like
Sequences Associated with Human Hepatitis".
1525:
843:"Translation initiation in GB viruses A and C: evidence for internal ribosome entry and implications for genome organization"
1753:
1810:
2129:
1655:
1612:
1158:"African origin of GB virus C determined by phylogenetic analysis of a complete genotype 5 genome from South Africa"
2115:
2044:
1518:
2580:
1494:
1056:"A Novel Genotype of GB Virus C: Its Identification and Predominance among Injecting Drug Users in Yunnan, China"
514:"Effect of GB Virus C Co-infection on Response to Generic HAART in African Patients with HIV-1 Clade C Infection"
1714:
1700:
300:, but replicates primarily in lymphocytes, and poorly, if at all, in hepatocytes. GBV-A and GBV-B are probably
2075:
257:
2152:
1919:
1913:
1824:
1818:
1708:
2282:
2208:
2202:
1875:
1157:
1054:
Feng Y, Zhao W, Feng Y, Dai J, Li Z, Zhang X, Liu L, Bai J, Zhang H, Lu L, Xia X (2011). Davis T (ed.).
891:
801:
674:"Effect of Early and Late GB Virus C Viraemia on Survival of HIV-infected Individuals: A Meta-analysis"
617:
387:
Genotype 5 appears to be basal in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting an
African origin for this virus.
51:
2339:
1946:
2613:
2048:
1960:
1865:
1695:
1668:
1640:
1573:
1484:
1844:
246:
1510:
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2238:
2216:
2095:
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2087:
2083:
2038:
1976:
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1831:
1634:
276:
It has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of about 9.3 kb and contains a single
2223:
1804:
1674:
1645:
713:
Giret, M. T. M.; Kallas, E. G. (March 2012). "GBV-C: State of the Art and Future
Prospects".
372:
and in
Americas. Genotypes 3 and 4 are commons in Asia. Genotype 5 is present in Central and
17:
1342:
Birkenmeyer LG, Desai SM, Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Simons JN, Montes CC, Mushahwar IK (1998).
2603:
2566:
2487:
2319:
1954:
1783:
1210:
1067:
1010:
46:
8:
1905:
1626:
1214:
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2008:
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1454:
1427:
1373:
1324:
1281:
1138:
1090:
1055:
1031:
999:"Bayesian coalescent analysis reveals a high rate of molecular evolution in GB virus C"
998:
974:
943:
916:
782:
738:
592:
543:
494:
446:
421:
337:
277:
1312:
944:"Identification of GBV-D, a novel GB-like flavivirus from Old World frugivorous bats (
867:
842:
482:
2608:
2472:
2423:
2404:
2385:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2080:
1985:
1689:
1567:
1459:
1408:
1391:
Alter, H. J. (June 1996). "The
Cloning and Clinical Implications of HGV and HGBV-C".
1365:
1316:
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854:
813:
766:
722:
685:
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574:
525:
478:
441:
433:
224:
2411:
203:, is known to infect humans, but is not known to cause human disease. Reportedly,
2371:
2276:
2196:
2185:
2056:
2020:
1940:
1726:
1587:
1480:
1080:
964:
579:
562:
530:
513:
373:
365:
256:
Several but not all studies have suggested that coinfection with GBV-C slows the
100:
1404:
2551:
1607:
377:
369:
265:
235:
1022:
726:
2597:
1602:
1597:
1545:
420:
Stapleton, J. T.; Foung, S.; Muerhoff, A. S.; Bukh, J.; Simmonds, P. (2010).
345:
212:
88:
512:
Mosam A, Sathar MA, Dawood H, Cassol E, Esterhuizen TM, Coovadia HM (2007).
2463:
2313:
1991:
1852:
1463:
1223:
1183:
1134:
1099:
1040:
983:
925:
907:
827:
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699:
658:
588:
539:
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455:
437:
281:
193:
136:
124:
112:
1412:
1369:
1320:
1277:
1242:
1174:
876:
818:
778:
238:
are viraemic with GBV-C, and up to 13% of blood donors have antibodies to
2560:
2503:
2452:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2416:
2390:
2360:
2262:
2101:
2013:
1996:
1931:
1592:
1199:"Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent"
208:
1444:
890:
Stapleton JT, Foung S, Muerhoff AS, Bukh J, Simmonds P (February 2011).
771:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199601)48:1<60::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-A
2353:
2137:
1894:
1361:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199809)56:1<44::AID-JMV8>3.0.CO;2-N
1269:
250:
2398:
2379:
2346:
2334:
2328:
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2181:
2067:
2029:
1798:
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1553:
1541:
1126:
397:
199:
148:
76:
2522:
672:
Zhang W, Chaloner K, Tillmann HL, Williams CF, Stapleton JT (2006).
2545:
2496:
2143:
1885:
1741:
1156:
Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Sathar MA, Dawson GJ, Desai SM (June 2005).
649:
632:
563:"HIV Entry Inhibition by the Envelope 2 Glycoprotein of GB Virus C"
239:
228:
2249:
1540:
301:
1197:
Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, et al. (April 1995).
841:
Simons JN, Desai SM, Schultz DE, Lemon SM, Mushahwar IK (1996).
1858:
755:
349:
31:
2509:
2268:
1900:
1341:
671:
381:
328:
309:
305:
188:
63:
802:"Conserved RNA Secondary Structures in Flaviviridae Genomes"
799:
308:. The GB viruses have been tentatively assigned to a fourth
1425:
1344:"Isolation of a GB Virus-related Genome from a Chimpanzee"
889:
419:
1735:
1155:
800:
Thurner C, Witwer C, Hofacker IL, Stadler PF (May 2004).
561:
Jung S, EichenmĂĽller M, Donhauser N, et al. (2007).
560:
332:
253:
of GBV-C viraemia in HIV patients ranges from 14 to 43%.
204:
352:
has been estimated at 10 to 10 substitutions/site/year.
1196:
840:
511:
633:"GB Virus C Replicates in Primary T and B Lymphocytes"
1298:
630:
468:
1426:
Reshetnyak, VI; Karlovich, TI; Ilchenko, LU (2008).
996:
942:Epstein JH, Quan PL, Briese T, et al. (2010).
320:", but this has yet to be formally endorsed by the
1255:
941:
384:. Infection with multiple genotypes is possible.
2595:
187:) and also known as human pegivirus – HPgV is a
1053:
997:Romano CM, Zanotto PM, Holmes EC (March 2008).
415:
413:
937:
935:
341:). GBV-D may be ancestral to GBV-A and GBV-C.
322:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
1526:
1112:
1390:
1149:
883:
793:
410:
1384:
1292:
1249:
1190:
932:
712:
624:
380:. Finally, genotype 7 has been reported in
215:in patients coinfected with GBV-C and HIV.
1790:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
1533:
1519:
990:
631:George SL, Varmaz D, Stapleton JT (2006).
1661:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1483:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1453:
1443:
1359:
1232:
1222:
1173:
1106:
1089:
1079:
1030:
973:
963:
915:
866:
817:
689:
648:
616:. My Health and Nutrition. Archived from
608:
606:
578:
529:
445:
1047:
706:
242:, indicating possible prior infection.
14:
2596:
603:
2527:
2526:
1514:
1811:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
376:. Genotype 6 can be encountered in
296:and is phylogenetically related to
24:
331:, GBV-D, has been isolated from a
218:
25:
2625:
2130:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
1656:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1474:
1432:World Journal of Gastroenterology
245:Parenteral, sexual, and vertical
2116:Middle East respiratory syndrome
691:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00366.x
292:GBV-C is a member of the family
50:
1419:
1335:
896:The Journal of General Virology
859:10.1128/JVI.70.9.6126-6135.1996
834:
355:
1715:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1701:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
749:
665:
554:
505:
462:
13:
1:
1313:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91802-7
483:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16453-2
403:
304:viruses, while GBV-C infects
1920:Tropical spastic paraparesis
1825:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1081:10.1371/journal.pone.0021151
965:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000972
580:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32803277c7
531:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3281532cb8
7:
2283:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
2203:Human parainfluenza viruses
1876:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1405:10.1056/NEJM199606063342310
1115:Reviews in Medical Virology
426:Journal of General Virology
287:
271:
10:
2630:
1203:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
390:
29:
2535:
2486:
2462:
2370:
2293:
2248:
2237:
2066:
2028:
2007:
1975:
1947:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1930:
1884:
1763:
1752:
1725:
1552:
1023:10.1007/s00239-008-9087-3
727:10.1007/s11904-011-0109-1
268:and E2 envelope protein.
45:
38:
2049:Infectious mononucleosis
1866:Chandipura vesiculovirus
1696:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1641:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1574:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1485:Medical Subject Headings
715:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
227:individuals clear GBV-C
1845:Encephalitis lethargica
1546:viral systemic diseases
327:Another member of this
234:About 2% of healthy US
2217:Human orthopneumovirus
1871:Herpesviral meningitis
1832:Arbovirus encephalitis
1224:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3401
908:10.1099/vir.0.027490-0
438:10.1099/vir.0.027490-0
1675:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1503:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
1175:10.1099/vir.0.80854-0
819:10.1099/vir.0.19462-0
179:), formerly known as
2320:Adenovirus infection
1784:Human polyomavirus 2
1613:Oropharyngeal cancer
197:and a member of the
47:Virus classification
1906:Post-polio syndrome
1542:Infectious diseases
1445:10.3748/wjg.14.4725
1428:"Hepatitis G virus"
1215:1995PNAS...92.3401S
1072:2011PLoSO...621151F
1015:2008JMolE..66..292R
2039:Epstein–Barr virus
2009:Respiratory system
1646:Burkitt's lymphoma
1270:10.1038/nm0695-564
946:Pteropus giganteus
338:Pteropus giganteus
278:open reading frame
258:progression of HIV
2591:
2590:
2529:Taxon identifiers
2520:
2519:
2482:
2481:
2233:
2232:
2164:Influenza virus A
2081:Human coronavirus
1971:
1970:
1961:Herpes of the eye
1168:(Pt 6): 1729–35.
812:(Pt 5): 1113–24.
298:hepatitis C virus
181:hepatitis G virus
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
2621:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2524:
2523:
2246:
2245:
2241:digestive system
2158:Orthomyxoviridae
2124:SARS coronavirus
2110:MERS coronavirus
2026:
2025:
1838:Orthomyxoviridae
1761:
1760:
1727:Immune disorders
1651:Hodgkin lymphoma
1627:Kaposi's sarcoma
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1506:
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1467:
1457:
1447:
1423:
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1416:
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1307:(8983): 1131–2.
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1226:
1194:
1188:
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1127:10.1002/rmv.1951
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1103:
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1044:
1034:
994:
988:
987:
977:
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948:) in Bangladesh"
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902:(Pt 2): 233–46.
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477:(9426): 2040–6.
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449:
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223:The majority of
55:
54:
36:
35:
27:Species of virus
21:
2629:
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2624:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
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2614:Viral hepatitis
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2340:Gastroenteritis
2298:
2295:Gastroenteritis
2289:
2277:Cytomegalovirus
2240:
2229:
2197:Paramyxoviridae
2186:Avian influenza
2062:
2057:Cytomegalovirus
2021:viral pneumonia
2019:
2016:nasopharyngitis
2015:
2012:
2003:
1967:
1941:Cytomegalovirus
1926:
1880:
1768:
1755:
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1721:
1588:Cervical cancer
1548:
1539:
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1471:
1438:(30): 4725–34.
1424:
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1393:N. Engl. J. Med
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958:(7): e1000972.
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374:Southern Africa
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225:immunocompetent
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219:Human infection
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126:Amarillovirales
102:Kitrinoviricota
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1475:External links
1473:
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1418:
1399:(23): 1536–7.
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1148:
1105:
1066:(10): e21151.
1046:
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370:Central Africa
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289:
286:
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270:
266:phosphoprotein
220:
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191:in the family
168:
167:
160:
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154:
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114:Flasuviricetes
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342:
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247:transmissions
243:
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230:
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213:immune system
210:
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1765:Encephalitis
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1261:
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356:Epidemiology
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314:Flaviviridae
313:
294:Flaviviridae
293:
291:
282:nucleocapsid
275:
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236:blood donors
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194:Flaviviridae
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2604:Pegiviruses
2561:Wikispecies
2361:Coronavirus
2102:Common cold
2014:acute viral
1997:Myocarditis
1841:(probable)
1593:Anal cancer
952:PLOS Pathog
765:(1): 60–7.
312:within the
163:Pegivirus C
40:Pegivirus C
2598:Categories
2567:GB virus C
2537:GB virus C
2488:Urogenital
2354:Astrovirus
2314:Adenovirus
2138:SARS-CoV-2
1895:Poliovirus
1770:meningitis
1497:GB virus C
404:References
251:prevalence
240:E2 protein
209:coinfected
173:GB virus C
30:See also:
2399:RNA virus
2380:DNA virus
2372:Hepatitis
2347:Norovirus
2335:Rotavirus
2329:RNA virus
2308:DNA virus
2254:Esophagus
2182:Influenza
2068:RNA virus
2030:DNA virus
1799:RNA virus
1778:DNA virus
1684:RNA virus
1562:DNA virus
1554:Oncovirus
398:hepatitis
318:Pegivirus
260:disease.
207:patients
200:Pegivirus
157:Species:
150:Pegivirus
85:Kingdom:
78:Riboviria
2609:HIV/AIDS
2552:Q1484758
2546:Wikidata
2497:BK virus
2300:diarrhea
2144:COVID-19
1886:Myelitis
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1378:38749195
1329:42480382
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1258:Nat. Med
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1100:21998624
1060:PLOS ONE
1041:18320258
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743:22887740
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597:45809720
589:17314528
548:19630054
540:17545721
499:54317667
491:15207954
456:21084497
366:Northern
288:Taxonomy
272:Virology
262:In vitro
229:viraemia
133:Family:
97:Phylum:
2250:Pharynx
1754:Central
1455:2739332
1413:8618611
1370:9700632
1321:7475605
1278:7585124
1243:7724574
1211:Bibcode
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1068:Bibcode
1032:3324782
1011:Bibcode
975:2895649
917:3081076
877:8709237
779:8825712
678:HIV Med
447:3081076
391:History
316:named "
302:tamarin
145:Genus:
121:Order:
109:Class:
1914:HTLV-I
1859:Rabies
1709:HTLV-I
1487:(MeSH)
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1301:Lancet
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306:humans
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2269:Mumps
2239:Human
1669:MCPyV
1481:GBV-C
1374:S2CID
1325:S2CID
1282:S2CID
1234:42174
1139:S2CID
783:S2CID
739:S2CID
593:S2CID
544:S2CID
495:S2CID
382:China
329:clade
310:genus
189:virus
177:GBV-C
71:Realm
64:Virus
18:GBV-C
2576:NCBI
2224:hMPV
2096:OC43
2092:HKU1
2088:NL63
2084:229E
1742:AIDS
1621:KSHV
1460:PMID
1409:PMID
1366:PMID
1317:PMID
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1239:PMID
1180:PMID
1131:PMID
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980:PMID
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873:PMID
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775:PMID
731:PMID
696:PMID
655:PMID
585:PMID
567:AIDS
536:PMID
518:AIDS
487:PMID
452:PMID
368:and
344:The
2504:MuV
2473:CBV
2448:HEV
2436:HDV
2424:HCV
2412:HAV
2405:CBV
2386:HBV
2263:MuV
2194:V,
1986:CBV
1955:HSV
1932:Eye
1819:LCV
1805:MeV
1736:HIV
1690:HCV
1635:EBV
1582:HPV
1568:HBV
1450:PMC
1440:doi
1401:doi
1397:334
1356:doi
1309:doi
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1266:doi
1229:PMC
1219:doi
1170:doi
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970:PMC
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912:PMC
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814:doi
767:doi
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686:doi
645:doi
641:193
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333:bat
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
