5707:
1195:
1227:
1716:
2008:
693:
3145:
1642:). On September 25, 626,Tang Taizong allied with Iligh Khan and met with the khan on the border bridge, Tang Taizong accused Iligh Khan of crossing the border, the khan saw that Taizong was imposing, mistakenly thought that the reinforcements of the Tang Dynasty had arrived, plus two years ago, he had seen Li Shimin, who was still the crown prince at that time, in Binzhou (彬州), and was asked to duel. The khan was afraid and agreed to retreat in an alliance, which is called the Weishui Alliance (渭水之盟) or the Alliance of Bian Qiao (便橋會盟 / 便桥会盟). On the third day after the meeting, the khan sent 3,000 horses and 10,000 sheep to the border to be prepared as compensation for the Tang dynasty, which Emperor Taizong did not accept, believing that this was too little. All in all, 67 incursions into
1171:
1569:
6221:
2076:
6838:
2031:
5879:
1909:. He installed two khagans to rule the ten arrows (tribes) of Göktürks. Five arrows of Tulu (咄陆) were ruled by khagans bearing the title of Xingxiwang (興昔亡可汗) while five arrows of Nushipi (弩失畢可汗) were ruled by Jiwangjue (繼往絕可汗). Five Tulu corresponded to the area east of Lake Balkash while five arrows of Nushipi corresponded to the land east of the Aral Sea. Göktürks now carried Chinese titles and fought by their side in their wars. The era spanning from 657 to 699 in the steppes was characterized by numerous rulers – weak, divided, and engaged in constant petty wars under the Anxi Protectorate until the rise of Turgesh.
2050:
862:
74:
2102:
2142:
6663:
868:
80:
1277:
49:
1984:
1159:
1913:
5821:
5809:
1298:
5046:
Current research shows that only during the time of the Turk qaghanates (552-630, 682-742 CE) were different types of stelae widely used in Inner Asia: there are rows of balbals in association with ritual sites, kamennye babas in association with memorials, and also inscription stelae were erected at
1151:
would be matched in
Byzantine writings. With the insults reflecting a breakdown of the alliance, the likely cause is that the anger was due to the Turks not having their expectations met from their agreements and realising they were being used when they no longer aligned with the current goals of the
4218:
The collapse of the
Hephthalite domains made neighbours of the Türk Khāqānate and the Sasanian Empire, both sharing a border that ran the length of the River Oxus. Further Turkish expansion to the west and around the Caspian Sea saw them dominate the western steppes and its people and extend this
4470:
They were superstitious, treacherous, foul, faithless, possessed by an insatiate desire for riches. They scorn their oath, do not observe agreements, and are not satisfied by gifts. Even before they accept the gift, they are making plans for treachery and betrayal of their agreements. They are
808:
in the West has been interpreted as a nomadic faction fleeing the westward expansion of the Göktürks, although the specifics are a matter of irreconcilable debate given the lack of clear sources and chronology. Rene
Grousset links the Avars with the downfall of the Hephthalites rather than the
5278:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William
Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold
689:, this reference indicates that the Türks specialized in metallurgy, although it is unclear if they were miners or, indeed, blacksmiths. Whatever the case, that the Turks were "slaves" need not be taken literally, but probably represented a form of vassalage, or even unequal alliance.
1194:
1226:
4727:上自出玄武门，与高士廉、房玄龄等立骑径诣渭水上，与颉利隔水而语，责以负约。突厥大惊，皆下马罗拜。俄而诸军继至，旌甲蔽野，颉利见执失思力不返，而上挺身轻出，军容甚盛，有惧色。上麾诸军使却而布陈，独留与颉利语。萧瑀以上轻敌，叩马固谏，上曰："吾筹之已熟，非卿所知。突厥所以敢倾国而来，直抵郊甸者，以我国内有难，朕新即位，谓我不能抗御故也。我若示之心弱，闭门拒守，虏必放兵大掠，不可复制。故朕轻骑独出，示若轻之；又震曜军容，使之必战；出虏不意，使之失图。虏入我地既深，必有惧心，故与战则克，与和则固矣。制服突厥，在此一举，卿第观之！"
1170:
3978:'Beyond A-na-kui's disdainful reference to his "blacksmith slaves" there is ample evidence to show that the Turks were indeed specializing in metallurgy, though it is difficult to establish whether they were miners or rather blacksmiths.'
1623:. This was besieged by the Turkic army on September 11, 615, but Sui reinforcements and a false report from Princess Yicheng to her husband about a northern attack on the khaganate caused him to lift the siege before its completion.
1972:. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses".
1657:, in 628, Taizong mentioned that "There has been a frost in midsummer. The sun had risen from same place for five days. The moon had had the same light level for three days. The field was filled with red atmosphere (dust storm)."
4219:
frontier down to the
Caucasus where they also shared a border with the Sasanians. Khusrow is noted at the time for improving the fortifications on either side of the Caspian, Bāb al-Abwāb at Derbent and the Great Wall of Gorgān.
5107:
Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Zi-Yang; Zhu, Kong-Yang; Du, Pan-Xin; Ren, Xiao-Ying; Xiong, Jian-Xue; Lu, Xiao-Yu; Ding, Yi; Han, Sheng; Liu, Wei-Peng; Jin, Li (November 2023).
4471:
clever at estimating suitable opportunities to do this and taking prompt advantage of them. They prefer to prevail over their enemies not so much by force as by deceit, surprise attacks, and cutting off supplies.
5574:
3944:'Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan [=Rouran or Ruanruan] qaghan, whom they [the Türks] served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with the qaghan's armies.
1132:(also known as Silziboulos in Greek writings) of the Göktürks to send an embassy directly to the Byzantine Empire's capital Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered silk as a gift to emperor
2007:
1147:
due to alleged treachery. They required the members of the
Byzantine delegation at the funeral of Istämi to lacerate their faces to humiliate them. The subsequent hostility shown by the new ruler
3106:
1660:
Illig Qaghan was brought down by a revolt of his Tiele vassal tribes (626–630), allied with
Emperor Taizong of Tang. This tribal alliance figures in Chinese records as the Huihe (Uyghur).
681:) comment was recorded in Chinese chronicles, some claim that the Göktürks were indeed blacksmith servants for the Rouran elite, and that "blacksmith slavery" may have indicated a form of
5706:
1583:
The civil war left the empire divided into eastern and western parts. The eastern part, still ruled from Otukan, remained in the orbit of the Sui and retained the name Göktürk. The
5165:
History of civilizations of
Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting
3099:
853:
478:
464:
439:
425:
2030:
5581:
809:
Rouran, while Denis Sinor argues that Rouran-Avar identification is "repeated from article to article, from book to book with no shred of evidence to support it".
4428:
At a subsequent embassy, Tardu yelled at
Valentine in anger, venting his rage saying "Are you not those very Romans who use ten tongues and lie with all of them?
3092:
1653:
covered the ground to a depth of several feet, preventing the nomads' livestock from grazing and causing a massive die-off among the animals. According to the
1361:
the leader of the western Türks, made a bid for total independence. He now seized the title and led an army east to claim the seat of imperial power, Otukan.
5214:
The Age of
Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century – Vol. 4, Part II : The Achievements (History of Civilizations of Central Asia)
1715:
1968:, the ruling clan of the Göktürks, was found to be nearly entirely derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (96-98%) and also displayed affinity for the
1346:
instead. Factions formed around both leaders. Before long, four rivals claimed the title. They were successfully played off against each other by the
7006:
3477:
1555:
4408:
1676:
5878:
5068:
Aktualʹnye voprosy arkheologii i ėtnologii T︠S︡entralʹnoĭ Azii: materialy II mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchnoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, Ulan-Udė, 4-6 dekabri︠a︡ 2017
4502:
658:, sent an emissary to Bumin to rebuke him, saying, "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" As Anagui's "blacksmith slave" (
7869:
7381:
5065:
3144:
861:
73:
9545:
7374:
4483:
1898:
but failed, causing him to relocate the Türks. These khagans were not well respected among their peers and a new group of leaders known as the
8372:
2141:
3521:
4240:"The Geopolitics on the Silk Road: Resurveying the Relationship of the Western Türks with Byzantium through Their Diplomatic Communications"
9525:
9520:
7695:
5072:
Actual problems of archaeology and ethnology of Central Asia: materials of the II International conference (Ulan-Ude, 4-6th December, 2017)
5701:
5066:
Bazarov, B. V.; Institut mongolovedenii︠a︡, buddologii i tibetologii (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk. Sibirskoe otdelenie), eds. (2017).
3963:, p. 26. Contacts had already begun in 545 A.D. between the so-called "blacksmith-slave" Türk and certain of the kingdoms of north China,
3167:
1961:
611:
in 657 in a series of military campaigns. The Second Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744, when it was overthrown by the
2075:
6220:
692:
6837:
5028:
Bemmann, Jan; Brosseder, Ursula. "A Long Standing Tradition – Stelae in the Steppes with a Special Focus on the Slab Grave Culture".
7874:
6907:
6893:
6666:
3371:
3362:
1851:
1706:
1100:
7886:
5396:
Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity
1615:
during an earlier visit—sent a warning ahead, allowing the emperor and empress time to flee to the commandery seat at present-day
7864:
7187:
6917:
6897:
5567:
2049:
1403:
604:
3545:"The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93
1952:
The population of the First Turkic Khaganate displayed genetic heterogeneity. Türk remains analysed displayed on average c. 62%
3925:
650:. For this service he expected to be rewarded with a Rouran princess, thus marrying into the royal family. However, the Rouran
17:
9325:
8707:
6873:
5542:
5480:
5448:
5430:
5259:
5079:
5039:
4907:
4765:
4636:
4609:
4341:
4289:
4211:
4161:
4014:
3977:
3960:
3937:
3863:
3790:
3470:
1548:
4321:
828:, bringing the Ashina into conflict with their former allies, the Sasanian Empire. In 589, the Sasanian Empire attacked and
6705:
5394:
Nachaeva, Ekaterina (2011). "The "Runaway" Avars and Late Antique Diplomacy". In Ralph W. Mathisen; Danuta Shanzer (eds.).
717:
48:
9231:
1842:), whose lands were divided by the Chui River. The division fostered the growth of separatist tendencies. Soon, chieftain
7099:
6868:
1158:
824:; their cavalry kept roaming the steppes of Crimea until 590. As for the southern borders, they were drawn south of the
781:
to defeat and destroy the Hephthalites, who were allies of the Rouran. This war tightened the Ashina clan's grip on the
9377:
8377:
5524:
4869:
4785:
4706:
1811:
succeeded in routing a large Persian force. Tung Yabghu's murder in 630 forced the Göktürks to evacuate Transcaucasia.
773:
independent while the eastern khagan was formally recognized as the senior. In 557, Istämi forged an alliance with the
4769:
2101:
700:, a Sogdian trader (right), who is shown welcoming a Turkic leader (left, with long hair combed in the back). 579 CE,
8021:
5505:
5471:
Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "T'ai-Tsung (Reign 626–49): The Consolidator". In Denis Twitchett; John Fairbank (eds.).
5384:
5357:
4455:
4384:
3908:
3765:
3516:
3463:
3124:
1541:
197:
9003:
7804:
3290:
2783:
1859:
1855:
1752:
829:
8165:
4683:
3396:
1113:. The first contact is believed to be 563 and relates to the incident in 558 where the slaves of the Turks (the
6643:
3898:
1650:
659:
595:
The Khaganate collapsed in 603, after a series of conflicts and civil wars which separated the polity into the
1983:
1850:, whose relation ship with the Duolu is possible but not proven, seceded from the Khaganate. The Tang dynasty
1683:
was taken prisoner and sent to Chang'an. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate collapsed and was incorporated into the
9441:
7879:
7832:
5649:
4847:
4100:
3154:
2852:
2845:
1867:
1710:
1055:
624:
608:
4358:
directly suggests that this embassy reached an agreement for a joint attack on the Persians planned for 573.
1338:, died in 581, the realm split in two over the succession. He had willed the title of khagan to Muqan's son
9436:
9320:
3501:
4034:
3237:
1630:
and drove on to Chang'an. On September 23, 626, Illig Qaghan and his iron cavalry reached the bank of the
9510:
9446:
8483:
7180:
4820:
1863:
1596:
790:
1568:
746:
Having excelled both in battle and diplomacy, Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of the new khanate at
7784:
7464:
7031:
6998:
6960:
6885:
6272:
6033:
4883:
4577:
4555:
4513:
4487:
3496:
1612:
1384:
vassals, which led to the end of Tardu's reign in 603. Among the dissident tribes were the Uyghurs and
812:
Istämi's policy of western expansion brought the Göktürks into Europe. In 576 the Göktürks crossed the
7613:
5458:
Vovin, A. (2019). "Groping in the Dark: The First Attempt to Interpret the Bugut Brahmi Inscription".
9404:
8552:
8116:
7063:
7016:
6973:
6855:
6629:
6111:
6045:
6027:
5900:
3878:
3683:
Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".
565:
1364:
In order to buttress his position, Ishbara of the Eastern Khaganate, acknowledged the suzerainty of
1143:
Another set of embassies occurred in 575–576 led by Valentine which were received with hostility by
785:. The alliance with China was further reinforced in 568 through the marriage of the Turkic princess
9535:
9362:
9337:
9187:
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6698:
6117:
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6015:
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4105:
3491:
3047:
2693:
2672:
1696:
1436:
1428:
1397:
1323:
1313:
1287:
1283:
1104:
The First Turkic Khaganate at its greatest extent, in 576, with neighbouring contemporary polities.
600:
596:
471:
457:
352:
348:
5150:
4897:
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4004:
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8390:
8138:
7842:
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6652:
6132:
6099:
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6069:
6054:
5897:
5591:
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3407:
3133:
2701:
1953:
1931:
1895:
1875:
1672:
1452:
573:
4601:
Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750
9515:
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7837:
7173:
6090:
6081:
6024:
5959:
5944:
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3444:
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2863:
1957:
1796:
1702:
1664:
1267:
1259:
325:
285:
5173:
4924:
4599:
9505:
9382:
9342:
9155:
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8094:
8084:
8043:
8014:
7854:
7827:
7794:
7779:
7073:
7039:
6983:
6378:
6369:
6063:
6039:
5894:
5377:
The Uighur Empire According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories: A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations
4658:
4201:
3585:
2577:
1905:
In 657, the Tang emperor could impose indirect rule along the Silk Road as far as modern-day
1728:
1572:
9270:
4450:. Emperor of the East Maurice, Orbicius, George T. Dennis. Philadelphia. 1984. p. 116.
4279:
3801:
to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
1687:
of Tang. Emperor Taizong said, "It's enough for me to compensate my dishonor at Wei River."
9475:
9305:
9275:
9150:
9081:
9052:
8971:
8305:
8143:
8133:
7105:
6968:
6912:
6662:
6375:
2351:
1627:
1109:
The Göktürks played a major role with the Byzantine Empire's relationship with the Persian
9255:
8:
9167:
9047:
9013:
8915:
8735:
8730:
8542:
8261:
8197:
8072:
8057:
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7759:
7567:
6863:
6798:
6691:
6384:
6381:
6332:
6036:
5891:
3439:
3310:
2831:
2441:
1604:
1492:
1365:
1177:
956:
148:
8883:
8873:
7789:
5110:"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate"
5109:
4252:
9280:
9260:
9243:
9194:
9059:
8868:
8819:
8752:
8670:
8611:
8606:
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5683:
5313:
5280:
4477:
4402:
3700:
3511:
2948:
2819:
1969:
1891:
1890:
The Tang retained a member of the Ashina clan as a puppet khagan of the Türks. In 639,
1740:
1181:
755:
721:
444:
4203:
The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia
3955:
Denis Sinor, Inner Asia: history-civilization-languages: a syllabus, Routledge, 1997,
1947:
1822:. The name refers to the "ten arrows" that were granted by the khagan to ten leaders (
9540:
9389:
9285:
9221:
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9042:
8757:
8685:
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8451:
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6602:
6363:
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5353:
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5129:
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4903:
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4605:
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4337:
4285:
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4157:
4010:
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3300:
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2573:
2504:
1668:
1600:
1484:
854:
Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire § Göktürk relations: 6th–7th centuries
589:
546:
4725:. In 1086, the government of Emperor Shenzong of Song. pp. 《资治通鉴·卷第一百九十一·唐纪七》.
1814:
The Western Turkic Khaganate was modernized through an administrative reform of the
1372:, the Sui capital, around 600, demanding Emperor Yangdi end his interference in the
867:
655:
79:
9238:
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9020:
8976:
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8893:
8861:
8856:
8720:
8715:
8697:
8658:
8591:
8574:
8515:
8505:
8500:
8441:
8397:
8367:
8327:
8310:
8293:
8256:
8007:
7891:
7552:
7439:
7434:
7360:
7044:
6813:
6783:
6741:
6599:
6417:
6179:
5613:
5308:
5292:
5121:
4842:
4815:
4329:
4247:
3692:
2925:
2795:
2618:
2521:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2387:
2342:
2333:
2316:
1744:
1500:
1468:
1066:
1013:
945:
647:
639:
612:
577:
538:
430:
302:
154:
7557:
9456:
9424:
9297:
9265:
9248:
9204:
9199:
9177:
9172:
9130:
9123:
9098:
8958:
8953:
8794:
8675:
8569:
8564:
8532:
8357:
8347:
8241:
8234:
8229:
8214:
8170:
8052:
8038:
7711:
7656:
7620:
7542:
7537:
7134:
7127:
7117:
6827:
6587:
6338:
6213:
6057:
6009:
5906:
5834:
5802:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5638:
5559:
5491:
4687:
3012:
2984:
2682:
2495:
2486:
2468:
2405:
2378:
2369:
1935:
1808:
1748:
1114:
1110:
1024:
923:
805:
774:
160:
8878:
1854:
against the khaganate and its vassals, the oasis states of the Tarim Basin. The
9399:
9394:
9357:
9332:
9315:
9226:
9211:
9182:
9140:
8988:
8948:
8943:
8898:
8824:
8784:
8774:
8764:
8579:
8458:
8352:
8219:
8101:
7690:
7685:
7585:
7419:
7388:
7367:
7269:
7246:
6846:
6822:
6773:
6723:
6569:
6529:
6515:
6185:
5886:
5855:
5296:
3005:
2604:
2594:
2477:
2459:
2450:
2396:
2360:
2154:
2130:
1879:
1667:
defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the
1343:
1241:
1237:
1213:
1205:
1140:
occurred which was well received and likely solidified their alliance for war.
874:
786:
581:
511:
111:
4333:
3881:
X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 – 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler
1276:
1152:
Byzantine Empire (who correspondingly lacked trust in the Turks as partners).
9499:
9480:
9367:
9162:
9135:
9108:
9086:
9064:
8831:
8814:
8799:
8643:
8596:
8584:
8510:
8402:
8276:
8271:
8246:
8128:
7912:
7774:
7680:
7631:
7562:
7457:
7449:
7353:
7323:
7236:
7196:
7154:
6988:
6940:
6808:
6803:
6746:
6608:
6554:
6509:
6350:
6308:
6173:
5995:
5962:
5858:
5852:
5738:
5665:
5304:
5133:
4676:
4261:
3834:
History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D
3813:
Tryjarski, E. (2002). "Runes and runelike scripts of Eurasian area. Part 1".
3662:
3330:
3270:
3072:
3061:
2911:
2654:
2253:
2109:
2083:
2057:
2040:
2017:
1918:
1858:
in 640 led to the retreat of the Western Turks, who were defeated during the
1784:
1524:
1476:
1335:
1044:
967:
798:
736:
697:
569:
522:
8908:
8888:
6683:
5552:
5348:
Mackerras, Colin (1990), "Chapter 12 – The Uighurs", in Sinor, Denis (ed.),
4394:
1755:
the Sasanians in 628, successfully restoring the southern borders along the
553:. The khaganate became the first Central Asian transcontinental empire from
9372:
9113:
9103:
9069:
8998:
8993:
8920:
8710:
8692:
8653:
8648:
8628:
8623:
8495:
8488:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8362:
8300:
8281:
8266:
8202:
7983:
7651:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7444:
7328:
7285:
7256:
7251:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7144:
7110:
6945:
6927:
6605:
6593:
6561:
6537:
6521:
6518:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6470:
6320:
6278:
6129:
6120:
6042:
5965:
5956:
5846:
5322:
4465:
4355:
4060:
4055:
3742:
3340:
3260:
3189:
3035:
2747:
2714:
2643:
2208:
2021:
1965:
1815:
1680:
1643:
1588:
1576:
1381:
1351:
1118:
1004:
841:
813:
751:
643:
635:
550:
530:
518:
298:
216:
58:
7495:
3897:
Oğuz, Burhan (1976). "«Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e".
1800:
9091:
9076:
8925:
8638:
8547:
8537:
8463:
8111:
8106:
7717:
7666:
7661:
7636:
7547:
7482:
7477:
7414:
7333:
7313:
7215:
6935:
6617:
6614:
6566:
6496:
6439:
6335:
6326:
6281:
6266:
6257:
6251:
6126:
6093:
6051:
6021:
6018:
5985:
5953:
5837:
4379:. R. C. Blockley. Liverpool, Great Britain: F. Cairns. pp. 173–177.
4374:
4143:. D Sinor. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientarum Hung. 58 (1) 3 – 14, 2005
3320:
2686:
2172:
1990:
1871:
1756:
1684:
1608:
1369:
1347:
980:
934:
821:
725:
713:
686:
125:
4445:
9118:
8935:
8809:
8769:
8702:
7809:
7577:
7488:
7472:
7338:
7318:
7276:
7149:
7051:
6950:
6714:
6611:
6533:
6476:
6458:
6344:
6341:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6302:
6260:
6248:
6242:
6227:
6194:
6182:
6158:
6137:
6096:
6087:
6084:
6078:
6060:
6030:
5950:
5861:
5768:
5497:
5232:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
4837:
4239:
3704:
3023:
2972:
2899:
2759:
2114:
1923:
1584:
1516:
1339:
1144:
1088:
993:
576:, the First Khaganate's early official texts and coins were written in
526:
5125:
4310:
Eliot, C. (1908). Turkey in Europe. United Kingdom: E. Arnold. Page 76
2771:
1460:
667:
664:
9008:
8779:
8663:
8633:
8414:
8288:
8079:
7599:
7592:
6423:
6407:
6353:
6299:
6269:
6263:
6254:
6239:
6233:
6123:
6066:
6048:
5849:
5747:
4680:
3645:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).
2887:
2735:
2559:
2535:
2307:
2217:
2036:
2013:
1847:
1780:
1768:
1760:
1724:
1720:
1631:
1592:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1326:: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence.
1316:: Lighter area is direct rule, darker areas show sphere of influence.
1245:
1217:
1137:
1133:
825:
782:
558:
554:
542:
514:
107:
7262:
6525:
5473:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China Part I
5029:
4538:
4447:
Maurice's Strategikon : handbook of Byzantine military strategy
4320:
Whittow, Mark (2018-04-26), Di Cosmo, Nicola; Maas, Michael (eds.),
3696:
1176:
Turkic horsemen with long hair on the tomb of a Sogdian trader, the
1129:
762:
534:
260:
8409:
8192:
8150:
8089:
7927:
7754:
7734:
7606:
6455:
6445:
6427:
6317:
6275:
6236:
6230:
6191:
6188:
6155:
6105:
5988:
5843:
5840:
5756:
5753:
5633:
5618:
5332:
I Made Him Praiseworthy: The Kül Tegin Inscription in World History
3185:
2960:
2629:
2531:
2244:
2181:
1994:
1635:
1077:
701:
178:
174:
5820:
5808:
5281:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
4141:
History and historiography of the Nomad Empires of Central Eurasia
2549:
1912:
8322:
8251:
8207:
8062:
7962:
7952:
7122:
6793:
6736:
6731:
6448:
6356:
6311:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6161:
5979:
5784:
5773:
5744:
5623:
3280:
3176:
2936:
2723:
2298:
2262:
2226:
2199:
2190:
2163:
2092:
2066:
1899:
1835:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1639:
1616:
1603:
during an imperial tour of the northern frontier almost captured
1508:
1444:
1035:
833:
794:
185:
8123:
8155:
8030:
7988:
7947:
7922:
7907:
7744:
7424:
7292:
6572:
6541:
6451:
6420:
6414:
6391:
6293:
6287:
6245:
6149:
5971:
5931:
5796:
5750:
5628:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
3526:
3506:
3250:
3207:
2289:
2280:
2271:
1843:
1772:
1736:
1620:
1304:
1233:
1201:
1136:
and where they discussed an alliance. In 569 an embassy led by
1125:
905:
896:
885:
817:
747:
682:
672:
651:
5196:
China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks
4556:"Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi"
4503:"Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi"
8789:
7957:
7937:
7932:
7917:
7749:
7739:
7409:
7241:
7056:
6512:
6347:
6329:
4578:"THE SILK ROAD CULTURE AND ANCIENT TURKISH WALL PAINTED TOMB"
3900:
Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri
3879:
Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate",
2875:
2563:
2545:
2235:
1998:
1827:
1764:
1358:
1185:
1148:
837:
766:
729:
705:
241:
229:
131:
54:
5493:
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy
5031:
Actual Problems of Archaeology and Ethnology of Central Asia
4328:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 271–286,
4224:
1297:
7165:
6778:
6200:
5924:
5790:
5779:
5762:
4978:
4322:"Byzantium's Eurasian Policy in the Age of the Türk Empire"
4154:
Die Awaren: ein Steppenvolk im Mitteleuropa, 567–822 n. Chr
3216:
3198:
2088:
2062:
1906:
1209:
778:
7999:
5379:. Australian National University Press. pp. 744–840.
5251:
The empire of the steppes : a history of central Asia
4966:
4591:
634:
The origins of the Turkic Khanate trace back to 546, when
98:
The First Turkic Khaganate at its greatest extent, in 576.
7942:
4743:. Later Jin Shi Jingtang government. pp. 《旧唐书》本纪第二.
1240:(right) brokering an alliance with Turks (left). 579 CE,
769:
of the West". This western branch of the Ashina clan was
1675:). Illig Qaghan fled to Ishbara Shad, but on May 2, 630
720:. In 552, Bumin defeated Anagui and his forces north of
5088:
5002:
4944:
4942:
4110:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
3928:. In Perry, John Curtis; Smith, Bardwell Leith (eds.).
1164:
Göktürk petroglyphs from Mongolia (6th to 8th century).
3616:
3614:
847:
646:
groups planning a revolt against their overlords, the
5439:
Skaff, Jonathan Karem (2009). Nicola Di Cosmo (ed.).
5277:
4618:
1719:
Western Turkic officers during an audience with king
592:
was invented at the first half of the sixth century.
4990:
4939:
4181:
4073:
3735:
Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500
3601:
3599:
1826:) of its two constituent tribal confederations, the
716:
against the Rouran, their common enemy, by marrying
5519:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
5341:
The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1–2
5271:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492
3626:
3611:
3548:
1663:On March 27, 630, a Tang army under the command of
1611:wife Princess Yicheng—who had been well treated by
5589:
4563:Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research
4510:Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research
1368:in order to seek their protection. Tardu attacked
4598:Cosmo, Nicola Di; Maas, Michael (26 April 2018).
4585:The Journal of International Civilization Studies
3596:
2145:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
1679:'s army advanced to Ishbara Shad's headquarters.
605:Tang China conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate
9497:
5352:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 317–342,
5187:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
4925:"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"
4604:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 350–354.
4326:Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity
3832:de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim (1996).
3722:. 18. Türk Tarih Kongresi, 1-4 Ekim 2018 Ankara.
3644:
1964:-associated ancestry. A sample belonging to the
5106:
4421:
3903:(in Turkish). İstanbul: Matbaası. p. 147.
3831:
3783:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
4373:Menander, Protector, activeth century (1985).
4273:
4271:
4035:"Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art"
1818:(reigned 634–639) and came to be known as the
8015:
7181:
6713:
6699:
5575:
4237:
4174:
4172:
4170:
3647:"East–West Orientation of Historical Empires"
3580:
3578:
3471:
3100:
1771:valley, about 6 km south east of modern
1549:
1282:The khaganate in 552 after its division into
375:6,000,000 km (2,300,000 sq mi)
9472:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
5027:
4833:
4831:
4407:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3566:
5882:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
4860:
4858:
4631:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 185–186.
4368:
4366:
4268:
3883:, V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.
3720:Göktürk Çağı Türk Nüfusu Üzerine Düşünceler
1690:
1649:Before mid-October 627, heavy snows on the
1626:In 626, Illig Qaghan took advantage of the
1391:
1124:The second contact occurred when Maniah, a
537:. The First Turkic Khaganate succeeded the
8022:
8008:
7188:
7174:
6706:
6692:
5582:
5568:
5414:Inner Asia: History-Civilization-Languages
5368:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
5338:
4959:
4957:
4899:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
4802:Old Book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol.194 & Vol.195
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4650:
4648:
4628:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
4553:
4500:
4482:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4167:
4006:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
3926:"Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian"
3575:
3569:The History of the Central Asian Republics
3478:
3464:
3107:
3093:
1556:
1542:
549:and rapidly expanded their territories in
5423:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
5374:
5350:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
5347:
5312:
4828:
4597:
4575:
4251:
3846:馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, p. 10–11
3812:
3682:
3522:Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
1938:after rebelling against the Tang in 681.
1799:for details). In April 630 Tung's deputy
1380:successfully incited a revolt of Tardu's
27:552–603 khaganate founded by the Göktürks
5470:
5393:
5365:
5247:
5211:
5184:
5171:
5094:
4984:
4972:
4855:
4695:
4372:
4363:
4128:
4032:
3991:
3620:
1911:
1714:
1707:Tang campaigns against the Western Turks
1567:
1334:When the fourth ruler of the khaganate,
691:
9296:
6660:
5702:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
5517:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
5268:
5074:]. Ulan-Udė: Izd-vo BNT︠s︡ SO RAN.
4954:
4663:
4645:
4319:
4028:
4026:
3949:
3755:
3749:
3732:
1599:. Shibi Khan's surprise attack against
1404:Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks
750:, but died only months later. His son,
14:
9498:
6598:
6551:
6486:
6426:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
5718:
5680:
5646:
5500:: State University of New York Press,
5329:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5202:
5193:
5162:
5008:
4948:
4922:
4902:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243.
4895:
4745:乙酉，又幸便桥，与颉利刑白马设盟，突厥引退。九月丙戌，颉利献马三千匹、羊万口
4624:
4540:Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM
4238:Qiang, Li; Kordosis, Stefanos (2018).
4187:
4146:
4116:
4086:
4049:
4009:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 228.
4002:
3858:陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002,
3584:
1775:. In 627 Tung Yabghu, assisted by the
1002:
954:
943:
903:
883:
820:. Five years later they laid siege to
9546:Former countries in Mongolian history
8003:
7169:
6687:
6649:
6626:
6584:
6467:
6436:
6404:
6388:
6360:
6210:
6198:
6170:
6006:
5976:
5969:
5929:
5922:
5818:
5788:
5777:
5760:
5728:
5700:
5698:
5563:
5514:
5489:
5457:
5438:
5420:
5411:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
4996:
4654:
4376:The history of Menander the Guardsman
4277:
4206:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65.
3932:. Leiden: Brill Archive. p. 65.
3923:
3797:The first people to use the ethnonym
3632:
3554:
1634:north of Bian Bridge (in present-day
1117:) ran away during their war with the
1086:
1075:
1064:
1042:
1033:
991:
978:
965:
932:
912:
894:
872:
712:A disappointed Bumin allied with the
638:made a preemptive strike against the
84:
6596:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
5402:
5114:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
4929:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
4799:
4543:. Miho Museum. p. 121, panel 8.
4199:
4023:
3896:
3785:. Infobase Publishing. p. 829.
3780:
3605:
1053:
1011:
921:
741:
685:within Rouran society. According to
9526:Historical transcontinental empires
9521:Former countries in Chinese history
7100:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
6869:Protectorate of the Western Regions
5532:
5205:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
4896:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
4625:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
4536:
4253:10.1553/medievalworlds_no8_2018s109
4033:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (August 2009).
4003:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
3717:
1803:sent the Göktürk cavalry to invade
1597:transition between the Sui and Tang
1022:
848:Relations with the Byzantine Empire
24:
6219:
5877:
5819:
5650:Chronology of the Neolithic period
5441:Military Culture in Imperial China
5339:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964),
5212:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2000),
5052:
5014:
4554:ALTINKILIÇ, Dr. Arzu Emel (2020).
4501:ALTINKILIÇ, Dr. Arzu Emel (2020).
4443:, ed. Dennis and Gamillscheg, 360;
2140:
1787:which culminated in the taking of
25:
9557:
6224:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
5225:, Istanbul: Istanbul publications
5144:
4758:Medieval Chinese warfare, 300–900
4720:
3651:Journal of World-Systems Research
1783:, launched a massive invasion of
1743:constructed an alliance with the
1595:at its weakest moment during the
1342:, but the high council appointed
789:, daughter of Muqan Qaghan, with
6836:
6661:
5807:
5705:
4738:
4246:. medieval worlds (8): 109–125.
3781:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010).
3517:Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates
3143:
2100:
2074:
2048:
2029:
2006:
1982:
1296:
1275:
1225:
1193:
1169:
1157:
866:
860:
476:
462:
437:
423:
78:
72:
47:
7805:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
6667:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
5230:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005),
5156:
5100:
5047:important Turkic ritual sites .
4916:
4889:
4877:
4808:
4793:
4774:
4750:
4732:
4714:
4569:
4547:
4530:
4494:
4433:
4415:
4313:
4304:
4281:The First Türk Empire (553–682)
4193:
4134:
4122:
4092:
3996:
3985:
3966:
3917:
3890:
3872:
3852:
3840:
3825:
3806:
3774:
3726:
3711:
1885:
1860:Tang campaigns against Karasahr
1856:Tang campaign against Karakhoja
1208:with a Turkic Chieftain in his
840:) remained a dependency of the
151:(official, dynastic and common)
6644:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
5475:. Cambridge University Press.
5425:, Cambridge University Press,
3758:Türk Model Devleti Gök Türkler
3676:
3638:
3560:
3539:
1651:Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
844:until the end of the century.
677:
663:
564:Although the Göktürks spoke a
157:(official, diplomacy, coinage)
13:
1:
7828:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
5490:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006),
5241:Central Asia in World History
5223:The history of East Turkestan
4424:Central Asia in World History
4200:Haug, Robert (27 June 2019).
4101:History of Northern Dynasties
3590:Central Asia in World History
3532:
2131:History of the Turkic peoples
1868:conquest of the Western Turks
1711:Conquest of the Western Turks
7195:
5443:. Harvard University Press.
5254:. Rutgers University Press.
4284:. UNESCO. pp. 327–332.
3502:Horses in East Asian warfare
1307:at their height, c. 600 AD:
1253:
609:the Western Turkic Khaganate
337:• Brief re-unification
7:
8029:
7875:Tang Western Turk campaigns
5416:. Indiana University Press.
5370:, Columbia University Press
5366:Millward, James A. (2007),
4512:: 1101–1110. Archived from
2937:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
2784:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
2122:
1941:
1866:in 648, leading to the 657
1864:Tang campaign against Kucha
1579:, 7th century CE, Mongolia.
1509:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
568:directly antecedent to the
10:
9562:
7865:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
7785:Turks in the Tang military
7465:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
6969:against Northwest khanates
6454:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
5711:
5660:(Eastern migration of the
5659:
5297:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
5172:Baratova, Larissa (2005).
3497:Turks in the Tang military
2544:Chief gods and goddesses:
2043:and Bagha Qaghan fighting.
1975:
1945:
1763:rivers. Their capital was
1700:
1694:
1401:
1395:
1257:
851:
734:
622:
618:
498:, also referred to as the
9465:
9417:
8934:
8338:
8037:
7971:
7900:
7818:
7727:
7630:
7526:
7398:
7302:
7203:
7091:
7030:
6997:
6959:
6926:
6884:
6854:
6845:
6834:
6722:
6640:
6630:Muslim conquest of Persia
6581:
6548:
6483:
6464:
6433:
6401:
6207:
6167:
6146:
6143:
6136:
5941:
5870:
5815:
5735:
5682:
5656:
5644:
5632:
5627:
5598:
5375:Mackerras, Colin (1972).
5243:, Oxford University Press
5239:Golden, Peter B. (2011),
5185:Barfield, Thomas (1989),
4334:10.1017/9781316146040.021
2965:11th century–13th century
1902:were established by 699.
765:(d. 576) bore the title "
629:
533:(d. 552) and his brother
402:
398:
388:
384:
379:
371:
366:
362:
353:Eastern Turkic Khaganates
345:
335:
322:
312:
295:
291:
281:
277:
267:
254:
250:
240:
236:
223:
210:
206:
196:
184:
170:
141:
118:
103:
67:
44:
39:
32:
7400:Western Turkic Khaganate
7304:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
6762:Western Turkic Khaganate
6757:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
5403:Roux, Jean-Paul (2000).
4422:Peter B. Golden (2011).
3924:Moses, Larry W. (1976).
3048:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
2694:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
2673:Western Turkic Khaganate
2619:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1948:Göktürks § Genetics
1697:Western Turkic Khaganate
1691:Western Turkic Khaganate
1501:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1437:Western Turkic Khaganate
1429:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1398:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1392:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1288:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1284:Western Turkic Khaganate
625:Timeline of the Göktürks
601:Western Turkic Khaganate
597:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
566:Siberian Turkic language
529:under the leadership of
472:Western Turkic Khaganate
458:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
7528:Second Turkic Khaganate
6767:Second Turkic Khaganate
6653:Second Turkic Khaganate
5330:Kamola, Stefan (2023),
5248:Grousset, René (1970).
5174:"Turko-Sogdian Coinage"
4923:Grenet, Frantz (2004).
3930:Essays on Tʻang Society
3756:Taşağıl, Ahmet (2021).
3408:History of Central Asia
2702:Second Turkic Khaganate
1954:Ancient Northeast Asian
1932:Second Turkic Khaganate
1896:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1876:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1591:(620–630) attacked the
1453:Second Turkic Khaganate
1414:Early Turkic Khaganates
574:Second Turkic Khaganate
7205:First Turkic Khaganate
6752:First Turkic Khaganate
6490:First Turkic Khaganate
6225:
5945:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
5883:
5824:
5634:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
5515:Xiong, Victor (2008),
5269:Haywood, John (1998),
5194:Benson, Linda (1998),
4278:Sinor, Dennis (1996).
3760:. Bilge Kültür Sanat.
3685:Social Science History
2864:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
2665:First Turkic Khaganate
2146:
1958:Western Steppe Herders
1927:
1880:Khagan of the Göktürks
1797:Third Perso-Turkic War
1732:
1703:Third Perso-Turkic War
1580:
1421:First Turkic Khaganate
1376:. In retaliation, Sui
916:FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE
804:The appearance of the
709:
584:state to use the name
496:First Turkic Khaganate
88:FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE
34:First Turkic Khaganate
9442:Medieval great powers
7795:Tonyukuk inscriptions
7780:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
6894:against Western Turks
6223:
5881:
5823:
5421:Sinor, Denis (1990),
5412:Sinor, Denis (1969).
5221:Bughra, Imin (1983),
5203:Bregel, Yuri (2003),
5163:Asimov, M.S. (1998),
4486:) CS1 maint: others (
3733:Kwanten, Luc (1979).
3567:Peter Roudik (2007).
2973:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
2605:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
2144:
1915:
1718:
1701:Further information:
1573:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
1571:
1402:Further information:
799:Northern Zhou dynasty
735:Further information:
695:
142:Common languages
9452:European colonialism
9437:Ancient great powers
7833:Göktürk–Persian wars
7673:Mengchi Protectorate
7644:Kunling Protectorate
7106:Greater Central Asia
5592:Ancient Central Asia
5407:(in French). Fayard.
5273:, Barnes & Noble
5178:Encyclopedia Iranica
4756:David Andrew Graff,
3815:Archivum Ottomanicum
1870:by the Tang general
1807:, where his general
1628:Xuanwu Gate Incident
1128:diplomat, convinced
1101:class=notpageimage|
9447:Modern great powers
7979:Göktürk family tree
7770:Orkhon inscriptions
7760:Old Turkic language
7568:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
6333:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
5216:, UNESCO Publishing
5167:, UNESCO Publishing
4987:, pp. 225–228.
4800:Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945).
4760:, Routledge, 2002,
4156:, C.H.Beck (2002),
3492:Göktürk family tree
3372:Colonization period
3311:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2853:Eastern Kara-Khanid
2846:Western Kara-Khanid
2832:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1735:The Western khagan
1493:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1477:Karluk Yabghu State
1366:Emperor Yang of Sui
1178:Miho funerary couch
832:the Türks. Much of
580:. It was the first
517:established by the
500:First Turkic Empire
390:• 6th century
347:• Division of
314:• Established
9511:552 establishments
7614:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun
7430:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
7347:Ashina Jiesheshuai
6576:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
6226:
5884:
5873:Hellenistic Period
5825:
5684:Afanasievo culture
5405:Histoire des Turcs
5291:(4): 890–904.e29.
4975:, pp. 99–100.
4723:《资治通鉴·卷第一百九十一·唐纪七》
4686:2010-05-22 at the
4576:Narantsatsral, D.
4098:Li Yanshou (李延寿),
3512:Orkhon inscription
2949:Khwarazmian Empire
2820:Karluk Yabgu State
2558:Epics and heroes:
2147:
1970:Slab-grave culture
1928:
1894:attempted to kill
1892:Ashina Jiesheshuai
1741:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
1733:
1581:
1182:Northern Dynasties
756:Hephthalite Empire
710:
445:Hephthalite Empire
9491:
9490:
9413:
9412:
9378:Polish–Lithuanian
8553:Gurjara-Pratihara
7997:
7996:
7860:Göktürk civil war
7855:Goguryeo–Tang War
7800:Ongin inscription
7765:Old Turkic script
7703:Anxi Protectorate
7163:
7162:
7139:Chinese Turkestan
7087:
7086:
6908:Mongolian Plateau
6681:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6603:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
6364:Kushano-Sasanians
5829:Achaemenid Empire
5720:Andronovo Culture
5544:978-7-5004-0432-3
5482:978-0-521-21446-9
5460:Journal Asiatique
5450:978-0-674-03109-8
5432:978-0-521-24304-9
5261:978-0-8135-1304-1
5189:, Basil Blackwell
5126:10.1111/jse.12938
5081:978-5-7925-0494-3
5041:978-5-7925-0494-3
4909:978-1-83860-868-2
4766:978-0-415-23955-4
4638:978-1-83860-868-2
4611:978-1-108-54810-6
4537:Inagaki, Hajime.
4343:978-1-316-14604-0
4291:978-92-3-103211-0
4213:978-1-78831-722-1
4162:978-3-406-48969-3
4016:978-1-83860-868-2
3961:978-0-7007-0380-7
3939:978-90-04-04761-7
3864:978-957-11-2881-8
3792:978-1-4381-1913-7
3488:
3487:
3453:
3452:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3397:Great game period
3391:
3390:
3383:Russian Turkestan
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3301:Oghuz Yabgu State
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3168:Oxus Civilization
3117:
3116:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3024:Qarlughid Kingdom
2990:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2888:Pecheneg Khanates
2881:
2869:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2808:Oghuz Yabgu State
2801:
2789:
2777:
2772:Türgesh Khaganate
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2706:
2698:
2677:
2669:
2635:
2610:
2585:
2584:
2512:
2511:
2324:
2323:
2135:
1781:Emperor Heraclius
1669:Battle of Yinshan
1601:Yanmen Commandery
1566:
1565:
1485:Oghuz Yabgu State
1461:Türgesh Khaganate
1268:Göktürk civil war
1260:Göktürk civil war
984:
971:
742:Western expansion
590:Old Turkic script
588:politically. The
547:Mongolian Plateau
508:Göktürk Khaganate
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
450:
449:
326:Göktürk civil war
18:Göktürk Khaganate
16:(Redirected from
9553:
9294:
9293:
8959:Austro-Hungarian
8659:Chagatai Khanate
8024:
8017:
8010:
8001:
8000:
7892:Battle of Bolchu
7887:Li-Sun rebellion
7440:Sy Yabghu Khagan
7190:
7183:
7176:
7167:
7166:
6852:
6851:
6840:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6665:
6479:Kun-khi Ghadfar
6309:Bahram VI Chobin
6180:Kujula Kadphises
5811:
5709:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5529:
5510:
5486:
5467:
5454:
5435:
5417:
5408:
5399:
5390:
5371:
5362:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5316:
5274:
5265:
5244:
5235:
5226:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5168:
5138:
5137:
5120:(6): 1056–1064.
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5063:
5050:
5049:
5025:
5012:
5011:, p. 15-16.
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4952:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4843:New Book of Tang
4835:
4826:
4825:
4816:Old Book of Tang
4812:
4806:
4805:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4782:New Book of Tang
4778:
4772:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4674:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4518:
4507:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4473:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4235:
4222:
4221:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4165:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4119:, p. 13-14.
4114:
4108:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4071:
4070:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3970:
3964:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3718:Karatay, Osman.
3715:
3709:
3708:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3586:Golden, Peter B.
3582:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3433:
3432:
3404:
3403:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3137:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3076:
3051:
3039:
3027:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2926:Sultanate of Rum
2915:
2903:
2900:Ghaznavid Empire
2891:
2879:
2867:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2796:Uyghur Khaganate
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2724:Khazar Khaganate
2704:
2696:
2675:
2667:
2633:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:Pre-14th century
2572:Major concepts:
2527:
2526:
2522:Turkic Mythology
2339:
2338:
2334:Turkic Languages
2317:Crimean Karaites
2254:Cherniye Klobuki
2160:
2159:
2134:pre–14th century
2133:
2127:
2126:
2104:
2078:
2052:
2039:illustration of
2033:
2016:illustration of
2010:
1986:
1745:Byzantine Empire
1729:Afrasiyab murals
1655:New Book of Tang
1558:
1551:
1544:
1529:
1521:
1517:Ghaznavid Empire
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1469:Uyghur Khaganate
1465:
1457:
1449:
1445:Khazar Khaganate
1441:
1433:
1425:
1408:
1407:
1321:
1311:
1300:
1279:
1229:
1197:
1180:. Circa 570 CE.
1173:
1161:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1000:
998:
989:
987:
982:
976:
974:
969:
963:
961:
952:
950:
941:
939:
930:
928:
919:
917:
910:
908:
901:
899:
892:
890:
881:
879:
870:
864:
761:Bumin's brother
718:Princess Changle
679:
670:
613:Uyghur Khaganate
539:Rouran Khaganate
504:Turkic Khaganate
480:
479:
466:
465:
454:
453:
441:
440:
431:Rouran Khaganate
427:
426:
420:
419:
404:
403:
303:Rouran Khaganate
301:revolts against
91:
89:
82:
76:
51:
30:
29:
21:
9561:
9560:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9551:
9550:
9536:Nomadic empires
9496:
9495:
9492:
9487:
9476:American Empire
9461:
9457:African empires
9409:
9292:
8984:Central African
8930:
8748:Romano-Germanic
8334:
8068:Middle Assyrian
8041:
8033:
8028:
7998:
7993:
7967:
7896:
7820:
7814:
7728:Göktürk culture
7723:
7712:Tokhara Yabghus
7657:Ashina Yuanqing
7634:
7626:
7621:El Bilga Khatun
7543:Qapaghan Qaghan
7538:Ilterish Qaghan
7530:
7522:
7402:
7394:
7306:
7298:
7207:
7199:
7194:
7164:
7159:
7135:Western Regions
7128:Chinese Tartary
7118:Eurasian nomads
7083:
7040:against Dzungar
7026:
7007:against Mongols
6993:
6955:
6922:
6880:
6864:against Xiongnu
6847:Chinese empires
6841:
6832:
6724:Nomadic empires
6718:
6712:
6682:
6677:
6655:
6646:
6632:
6592:
6590:
6588:Tokhara Yabghus
6565:
6560:(vassal of the
6559:
6557:
6494:
6492:
6475:
6473:
6444:
6442:
6412:
6410:
6396:
6394:
6368:
6366:
6339:Farrukh Hormizd
6218:
6216:
6214:Sasanian Empire
6178:
6176:
6154:
6152:
6034:Mithridates III
6014:
6012:
6010:Parthian Empire
5998:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5982:
5949:
5947:
5907:Seleucid Empire
5903:
5876:
5874:
5833:
5831:
5806:
5803:Pazyryk Culture
5800:
5794:
5783:
5772:
5766:
5743:
5741:
5704:
5689:Proto-Tocharian
5686:
5672:,as far as the
5670:Eurasian Steppe
5662:Yamnaya culture
5639:Altai Mountains
5609:
5594:
5588:
5545:
5527:
5508:
5483:
5451:
5433:
5387:
5360:
5262:
5159:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5064:
5053:
5042:
5026:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4940:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4863:
4856:
4850:
4836:
4829:
4823:
4813:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4779:
4775:
4755:
4751:
4737:
4733:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4688:Wayback Machine
4681:Academia Sinica
4675:
4664:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4596:
4592:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4535:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4475:
4474:
4458:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4420:
4416:
4400:
4399:
4387:
4371:
4364:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4276:
4269:
4244:Medieval Worlds
4236:
4225:
4214:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4168:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4074:
4068:
4054:
4050:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4001:
3997:
3992:Nachaeva (2011)
3990:
3986:
3980:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3793:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3754:
3750:
3731:
3727:
3716:
3712:
3697:10.2307/1170959
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3597:
3583:
3576:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3484:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3157:
3135:
3128:
3113:
3084:
3083:
3013:Tughlaq dynasty
2985:Delhi Sultanate
2683:Tokhara Yabghus
2644:Tiele (Gaoche)
2609:202 BCE–13th CE
2597:
2587:
2586:
2530:Belief system:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2469:Karachay-Balkar
2336:
2326:
2325:
2157:
2125:
2118:
2105:
2096:
2079:
2070:
2053:
2044:
2034:
2025:
2011:
2002:
1987:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1936:Ilterish Qaghan
1934:was founded by
1888:
1878:was proclaimed
1862:in 644 and the
1809:Chorpan Tarkhan
1749:Sasanian Empire
1713:
1699:
1693:
1646:were recorded.
1562:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:Eastern Gokturk
1319:
1317:
1314:Western Gokturk
1309:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1230:
1221:
1198:
1189:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1115:Pannonian Avars
1111:Sasanian Empire
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:Paleo-Siberians
1056:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
985:
981:
979:
977:
972:
968:
966:
964:
959:
957:
955:
953:
948:
946:
944:
942:
937:
935:
933:
931:
926:
924:
922:
920:
915:
913:
911:
906:
904:
902:
897:
895:
893:
888:
886:
884:
882:
875:
873:
871:
856:
850:
806:Pannonian Avars
775:Sassanid Empire
754:, defeated the
744:
739:
696:Panel from the
632:
627:
621:
477:
463:
438:
424:
391:
355:
338:
328:
315:
305:
270:
269:• 575–599
257:
256:• 552–575
226:
225:• 599–603
213:
191:
166:
137:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
85:
83:
63:
62:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9559:
9549:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9531:Former empires
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9469:
9467:
9463:
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9460:
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9444:
9439:
9434:
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9408:
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9387:
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9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9313:
9308:
9302:
9300:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9258:
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9241:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9214:
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9202:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
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9158:
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9106:
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9089:
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9057:
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9023:
9018:
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9011:
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8986:
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8979:
8974:
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8956:
8951:
8946:
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8932:
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8923:
8918:
8913:
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8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
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8886:
8881:
8871:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
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8839:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8755:
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8728:
8723:
8718:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8641:
8636:
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8626:
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8609:
8604:
8599:
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8560:
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8535:
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8525:
8520:
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8518:
8513:
8508:
8498:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8412:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8344:
8342:
8340:Post-classical
8336:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8320:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8249:
8244:
8239:
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8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8195:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8139:Middle Kingdom
8136:
8126:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8095:Neo-Babylonian
8092:
8087:
8085:Old Babylonian
8077:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8060:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8035:
8034:
8027:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8004:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7883:
7882:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7830:
7824:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7715:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7691:Ashina Huaidao
7688:
7686:Ashina Huseluo
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7639:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7586:Ashina Duoxifu
7581:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7461:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7420:Heshana Qaghan
7417:
7412:
7406:
7404:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7389:Ashina Shibobi
7385:
7378:
7371:
7368:Ashina Nishufu
7364:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7289:
7281:
7280:
7273:
7270:Empress Ashina
7266:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7247:Ishbara Qaghan
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7211:
7209:
7201:
7200:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7170:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7103:
7095:
7093:
7092:Related topics
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7012:against Turpan
7009:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6874:Chief Official
6866:
6860:
6858:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6806:
6801:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6717:history series
6711:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6597:
6586:
6583:
6582:625 CE–651 CE
6579:
6578:
6570:Heshana Khagan
6553:
6550:
6549:560 CE–625 CE
6546:
6545:
6530:Empress Ashina
6516:Ishbara Qaghan
6488:
6485:
6484:560 CE–651 CE
6481:
6480:
6469:
6466:
6465:440 CE–560 CE
6462:
6461:
6438:
6435:
6434:370 CE–540 CE
6431:
6430:
6406:
6403:
6402:320 CE–467 CE
6399:
6398:
6390:
6387:
6362:
6359:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6197:
6186:Vima Kadphises
6172:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6148:
6145:
6144:141 BCE–30 CE
6141:
6140:
6135:
6112:Parthamaspates
6046:Mithridates IV
6028:Mithridates II
6008:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5978:
5975:
5968:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5887:Argead dynasty
5872:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5856:Artaxerxes III
5827:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5797:Arzhan culture
5787:
5776:
5759:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5716:2000–1900 BCE
5713:
5712:
5710:
5699:
5697:
5696:2400–2000 BCE
5693:
5692:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5658:
5657:3500–2500 BCE
5654:
5653:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5543:
5530:
5526:978-0810860537
5525:
5512:
5506:
5487:
5481:
5468:
5455:
5449:
5436:
5431:
5418:
5409:
5400:
5391:
5385:
5372:
5363:
5358:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5279:(2020-11-12).
5275:
5266:
5260:
5245:
5236:
5227:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5169:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5145:External links
5143:
5140:
5139:
5099:
5097:, p. 149.
5087:
5080:
5051:
5040:
5013:
5001:
4999:, p. 183.
4989:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4938:
4915:
4908:
4888:
4876:
4866:Zizhi Tongjian
4854:
4827:
4807:
4792:
4773:
4749:
4731:
4721:司, 马光 (1086).
4713:
4703:Zizhi Tongjian
4694:
4662:
4644:
4637:
4617:
4610:
4590:
4568:
4546:
4529:
4493:
4456:
4432:
4426:. p. 39.
4414:
4385:
4362:
4342:
4312:
4303:
4290:
4267:
4223:
4212:
4192:
4180:
4166:
4145:
4133:
4129:Grousset (1970
4121:
4109:
4091:
4072:
4048:
4022:
4015:
3995:
3984:
3965:
3948:
3938:
3916:
3909:
3889:
3871:
3851:
3839:
3836:. p. 478.
3824:
3805:
3791:
3773:
3766:
3748:
3737:. p. 35.
3725:
3710:
3675:
3637:
3635:, p. 133.
3625:
3610:
3595:
3574:
3559:
3557:, p. 101.
3547:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
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3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
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3065:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3042:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3006:Khalji dynasty
3002:
2999:Mamluk dynasty
2992:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2961:Kerait Khanate
2956:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2895:
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2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2155:Turkic peoples
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1946:Main article:
1943:
1940:
1887:
1884:
1727:. 648–651 CE,
1695:Main article:
1692:
1689:
1677:Zhang Baoxiang
1587:(609–619) and
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1396:Main article:
1393:
1390:
1357:Istämi's son,
1344:Ishbara Qaghan
1318:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:Main article:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1242:Tomb of An Jia
1231:
1224:
1222:
1214:Tomb of An Jia
1199:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1099:
1098:
865:
859:
858:
857:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
743:
740:
656:Yujiulü Anagui
648:Rouran Khanate
631:
628:
620:
617:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
460:
451:
448:
447:
442:
434:
433:
428:
416:
415:
410:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
376:
373:
369:
368:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
332:
329:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
306:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
286:Post-classical
283:
282:Historical era
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
234:
233:
227:
224:
221:
220:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
172:
168:
167:
165:
164:
158:
152:
145:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
129:
122:
120:
116:
115:
112:Nomadic empire
105:
101:
100:
97:
77:
71:
70:
69:
68:
65:
64:
53:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9558:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9494:
9482:
9481:Soviet empire
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9466:Miscellaneous
9464:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9416:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9384:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9295:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9065:German Empire
9063:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9041:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8833:
8830:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8805:Turco-Persian
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8020:
8018:
8013:
8011:
8006:
8005:
8002:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7775:Orkhon Valley
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7681:Ashina Buzhen
7679:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7633:
7632:Western Turks
7629:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7563:Tengri Qaghan
7561:
7559:
7558:Yollıg Khagan
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7458:El Kulug Shad
7455:
7454:
7451:
7450:Ishbara Tolis
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7382:Ashide Fengji
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:Ashina She'er
7358:
7355:
7354:Ashina Funian
7351:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7334:Qilibi Qaghan
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:Taspar Qaghan
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7179:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7156:
7155:Greater China
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6989:Northern Yuan
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6941:Northern Liao
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6903:against Tibet
6901:
6899:
6898:Eastern Turks
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6839:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6809:Mongol Empire
6807:
6805:
6804:Khamag Mongol
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6716:
6709:
6704:
6702:
6697:
6695:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6647:
6645:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6609:Ishbara Tolis
6607:
6604:
6601:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6555:Western Turks
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6510:Taspar Qaghan
6508:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6491:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6472:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6441:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6411:
6409:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6351:Yazdegerd III
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6222:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6174:Kushan Empire
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6139:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6118:Mithridates V
6116:
6115:Sinatruces II
6113:
6110:
6109:Vologases III
6107:
6104:
6103:Artabanus III
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6073:Tiridates III
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6016:Mithridates I
6013:
6011:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5996:Hunnic tribes
5990:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5974:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5963:Euthydemus II
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5946:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5880:
5875:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5859:Artaxerxes IV
5857:
5854:
5853:Artaxerxes II
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5739:Median Empire
5732:
5731:
5726:2000–900 BCE
5725:
5724:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5703:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5666:Pontic steppe
5663:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5648:Preceded by:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5585:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:. 中国社会科学出版社.
5536:
5531:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5507:9780791482681
5503:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5466:(1): 121–134.
5465:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5386:0-7081-0457-6
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5361:
5359:0-521-24304-1
5355:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5198:, M.E. Sharpe
5197:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5096:
5095:Barfield 1989
5091:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4985:Wechsler 1979
4981:
4974:
4973:Grousset 1970
4969:
4960:
4958:
4951:, p. 15.
4950:
4945:
4943:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4892:
4885:
4880:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4519:on 2020-10-24
4515:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4457:0-8122-7899-2
4453:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4386:0-905205-25-1
4382:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4359:
4357:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4307:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4272:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4190:, p. 14.
4189:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4152:Walter Pohl,
4149:
4142:
4137:
4131:, p. 82)
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4089:, p. 13.
4088:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3988:
3979:
3975:
3972:Denis Sinor,
3969:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3910:9789758586226
3906:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3843:
3835:
3828:
3821:. Mouton: 49.
3820:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3767:9786059521598
3763:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3621:Baratova 2005
3617:
3615:
3608:, p. 79.
3607:
3602:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3571:. p. 24.
3570:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3331:Mongol Empire
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:Kimek Khanate
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3073:Ottoman State
3070:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:Bahri dynasty
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2912:Seljuk Empire
2909:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:Sabiri People
2712:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:Bahram Chobin
2038:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:Bahram Chobin
2015:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:, and c. 11%
1959:
1955:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Transcaucasia
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Central Plain
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1525:Seljuk Empire
1523:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Taspar Qaghan
1325:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1261:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1019:
1008:
999:
997:
988:
975:
962:
951:
940:
929:
918:
909:
900:
891:
880:
878:
869:
863:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
807:
802:
800:
797:-led Chinese
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
738:
737:Ashina Revolt
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
703:
699:
698:Tomb of Anjia
694:
690:
688:
684:
680:
674:
669:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Orkhon Turkic
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:power of the
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
475:
473:
470:
469:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
446:
443:
436:
435:
432:
429:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
397:
393:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
344:
340:
334:
330:
327:
321:
317:
311:
307:
304:
300:
294:
290:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
262:
259:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
222:
218:
215:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
189:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
90:
81:
75:
66:
60:
56:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
9506:Ashina tribe
9493:
9232:Contemporary
9082:Indo-Persian
9070:Nazi Germany
9014:Contemporary
8916:Vijayanagara
8836:
8815:Great Seljuk
8726:Thessalonica
8654:Golden Horde
8294:Carthaginian
8073:Neo-Assyrian
8058:Neo-Sumerian
7984:Ashina tribe
7819:Göktürk wars
7652:Ashina Mishe
7573:Özmiş Khagan
7517:Ashina Tuizi
7510:Tardush Shad
7503:Ashina Duzhi
7445:Duolu Qaghan
7375:Ashide Wenfu
7339:Chebi Qaghan
7329:Illig Qaghan
7324:Chulo Qaghan
7319:Shibi Qaghan
7286:Yangsu Tegin
7257:Tulan Qaghan
7252:Bagha Qaghan
7242:Ashina Anluo
7232:Muqan Qaghan
7227:Issik Qaghan
7222:Bumin Qaghan
7204:
7145:China proper
7111:Central Asia
7098:
6946:Eastern Liao
6936:Western Liao
6751:
6650:
6641:
6638:673–751 CE
6627:
6624:651–673 CE
6606:Duolu Qaghan
6594:Tardush Shad
6585:
6562:Tang dynasty
6552:
6538:Yangsu Tegin
6522:Tulan Qaghan
6519:Bagha Qaghan
6513:Ashina Anluo
6507:Muqan Qaghan
6504:Issik Qaghan
6501:Bumin Qaghan
6489:
6487:
6471:Hephthalites
6468:
6437:
6405:
6389:
6361:
6321:Ardashir III
6279:Yazdegerd II
6211:
6199:
6171:
6147:
6133:Artabanus IV
6130:Vologases VI
6121:Vologases IV
6100:Vologases II
6076:Artabanus II
6070:Artabanus II
6055:Tiridates II
6043:Phraates III
6007:
6004:160–141 BCE
5993:
5977:
5970:
5966:Antimachus I
5957:Euthydemus I
5942:
5939:256–160 BCE
5930:
5923:
5918:Antiochus II
5905:
5904:
5898:Alexander II
5885:
5871:
5868:331–256 BCE
5847:Artaxerxes I
5826:
5816:539–331 BCE
5789:
5778:
5767:
5761:
5736:
5733:626–539 BCE
5668:through the
5647:
5608:Territories/
5534:
5533:薛宗正 (1992).
5516:
5492:
5472:
5463:
5459:
5440:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5395:
5376:
5367:
5349:
5340:
5334:, De Gruyter
5331:
5288:
5284:
5270:
5250:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5186:
5177:
5164:
5157:Bibliography
5117:
5113:
5102:
5090:
5071:
5067:
5045:
5030:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4963:Gumilev 238.
4932:
4928:
4918:
4898:
4891:
4879:
4873:(in Chinese)
4865:
4864:Sima Guang,
4851:(in Chinese)
4841:
4824:(in Chinese)
4814:
4810:
4801:
4795:
4789:(in Chinese)
4781:
4780:Ouyang Xiu,
4776:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4739:刘, 昫 (945).
4734:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4710:(in Chinese)
4702:
4701:Sima Guang,
4697:
4691:(in Chinese)
4655:Xiong (2006)
4627:
4620:
4600:
4593:
4584:
4571:
4565:: 1101–1110.
4562:
4549:
4539:
4532:
4521:. Retrieved
4514:the original
4509:
4496:
4469:
4446:
4440:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4375:
4356:Mark Whittow
4353:
4347:, retrieved
4325:
4315:
4306:
4295:. Retrieved
4280:
4243:
4217:
4202:
4195:
4183:
4178:Grousset 81.
4153:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4099:
4094:
4069:(in Chinese)
4061:Book of Zhou
4059:
4056:Linghu Defen
4051:
4042:
4038:
4005:
3998:
3987:
3981:(in English)
3973:
3968:
3951:
3943:
3929:
3919:
3899:
3892:
3886:(in English)
3880:
3874:
3868:(in Chinese)
3854:
3848:(in Chinese)
3842:
3833:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3782:
3776:
3757:
3751:
3734:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3691:(3/4): 129.
3688:
3684:
3678:
3668:16 September
3666:. Retrieved
3654:
3650:
3640:
3628:
3589:
3568:
3562:
3550:
3541:
3341:Golden Horde
3261:Hephthalites
3136:Central Asia
3071:
3060:
3046:
3036:Golden Horde
3034:
3022:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2924:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2851:
2844:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2748:Kangar Union
2746:
2734:
2722:
2713:
2680:
2664:
2653:
2642:
2628:
2617:
2603:
2108:
2082:
2056:
2022:Bagha Qaghan
1966:Ashina tribe
1951:
1929:
1917:
1904:
1889:
1886:Tang vassals
1839:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1747:against the
1734:
1731:, Samarkand.
1681:Illig Qaghan
1662:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1644:China proper
1625:
1613:Empress Xiao
1605:Emperor Yang
1589:Illig Qaghan
1582:
1420:
1363:
1356:
1333:
1142:
1123:
1119:Hephthalites
1108:
1068:
1057:
1046:
995:
914:
876:
814:Kerch Strait
811:
803:
770:
760:
752:Muqan Qaghan
745:
711:
676:
636:Bumin Qaghan
633:
594:
585:
563:
551:Central Asia
531:Bumin Qaghan
525:in medieval
507:
503:
499:
495:
493:
413:Succeeded by
412:
407:
299:Bumin Qaghan
273:Tardu (last)
217:Bumin Qaghan
86:
59:Ashina tribe
8820:Khwarezmian
8753:Carolingian
8558:Rashtrakuta
8262:Shaishunaga
8161:Hellenistic
8144:New Kingdom
8134:Old Kingdom
7821:and battles
7790:Ülüş system
7718:Turk Shahis
7667:Ashina Zhen
7662:Ashina Xian
7637:Jimi system
7553:Bilgä Qaǧan
7548:Inel Qaghan
7478:Irbis Seguy
7435:Külüg Sibir
7415:Niri Qaghan
7314:Yami Qaghan
7216:Ashina Tuwu
6918:Tarim Basin
6618:Ashina Helu
6615:Irbis Seguy
6600:Külüg Sibir
6567:Niri Qaghan
6497:Ashina Tuwu
6440:Alchon Huns
6336:Azarmidokht
6327:Khosrow III
6282:Hormizd III
6267:Yazdegerd I
6258:Ardashir II
6252:Adur Narseh
6208:224–350 CE
6168:30 –224 CE
6127:Vologases V
6094:Vardanes II
6091:Vologases I
6082:Gotarzes II
6052:Phraates IV
6022:Hyspaosines
5986:Modu Chanyu
5960:Demetrius I
5954:Diodotus II
5915:Antiochus I
5892:Alexander I
5343:, Macmillan
5009:Kamola 2023
4949:Kamola 2023
4657:, pp.
4441:Strategikon
4188:Kamola 2023
4164:, p. 26–29.
4117:Kamola 2023
4087:Kamola 2023
4039:Transoxiana
3321:Qara Khitai
3238:Middle Ages
3134:History of
2687:Turk Shahis
2634:71 BC–?? AD
2352:Azerbaijani
2173:Oghuz Turks
1991:Niri Qaghan
1872:Su Dingfang
1816:Ashina clan
1685:Jimi system
1354:dynasties.
836:(including
822:Chersonesus
726:Zhangjiakou
714:Western Wei
687:Denis Sinor
607:in 630 and
519:Ashina clan
408:Preceded by
212:• 552
9500:Categories
9390:Portuguese
9271:Revival Le
9261:Vietnamese
8904:Later Tran
8874:Vietnamese
8770:Singhasari
8758:Holy Roman
8382:Bulgarian
8318:Satavahana
8289:Phoenician
8225:Achaemenid
8186:Indo-Greek
8166:Macedonian
8080:Babylonian
7810:Qara bodun
7696:Ashina Xin
7578:Ashina Shi
7489:Bagha Shad
7473:Yukuk Shad
7277:Apa Qaghan
7150:Sinosphere
7052:Lifan Yuan
6951:Later Liao
6715:Inner Asia
6612:Yukuk Shad
6534:Apa Qaghan
6477:Akhshunwar
6459:Mihirakula
6397:Wanunkhur
6379:Hormizd II
6370:Ardashir I
6345:Khosrow IV
6342:Hormizd VI
6324:Shahrbaraz
6315:Khosrow II
6306:Khosrow II
6303:Hormizd IV
6261:Shapur III
6249:Hormizd II
6243:Bahram III
6228:Ardashir I
6195:Vasudeva I
6189:Kanishka I
6183:Vima Takto
6159:Sapadbizes
6138:Eucratides
6097:Pacorus II
6088:Vonones II
6085:Meherdates
6079:Vardanes I
6064:Orodes III
6061:Phraates V
6040:Sinatruces
5951:Diodotus I
5912:Seleucus I
5862:Darius III
5769:Massagetae
5590:Rulers of
5398:. Ashgate.
5151:Turk Bitig
4997:Skaff 2009
4838:Ouyang Xiu
4786:Vol. 215-I
4523:2020-10-22
4349:2022-01-23
4297:2022-01-23
3976:, p. 101.
3657:(2): 222.
3633:Vovin 2019
3555:Sinor 1969
3533:References
3345:1240s–1446
3255:200s–1000s
2760:Turk Shahi
2442:Karakalpak
2115:Kyrgyzstan
1989:Statue of
1924:Kyrgyzstan
1852:campaigned
1609:ethnic Han
1607:, but his
1585:Shibi Khan
1512:c.950–1241
1340:Apa Qaghan
1305:khaganates
1212:. 579 CE,
1145:Turxanthos
996:ZHANGZHUNG
791:Emperor Wu
623:See also:
527:Inner Asia
380:Population
186:Demonym(s)
163:(official)
149:Old Turkic
9383:Couronian
9021:Ethiopian
9009:Manchukuo
8964:Brazilian
8810:Ghaznavid
8780:Srivijaya
8731:Trebizond
8716:Byzantine
8698:North Sea
8693:Norwegian
8681:Almoravid
8664:Ilkhanate
8634:Majapahit
8607:Muromachi
8516:Solomonic
8501:Ethiopian
8415:Caliphate
8348:Aragonese
8176:Ptolemaic
7870:Xueyantuo
7720:(665–870)
7714:(625-758)
7600:Kul Tigin
7593:Kulun Beg
7531:(682–744)
7496:Böri Shad
7403:(581–657)
7307:(581–630)
7208:(552–581)
7064:Manchuria
7017:Manchuria
6974:Manchuria
6424:Grumbates
6408:Kidarites
6376:Hormizd I
6354:Peroz III
6300:Khosrow I
6270:Shapur IV
6264:Bahram IV
6255:Shapur II
6240:Bahram II
6234:Hormizd I
6124:Osroes II
6067:Vonones I
6049:Orodes II
6025:Artabanus
5901:Antigonus
5850:Darius II
5748:Phraortes
5664:from the
5305:0092-8674
5134:1674-4918
4935:: Fig. B.
4870:Vol. 193.
4741:《旧唐书》本纪第二
4707:Vol. 182.
4478:cite book
4439:Maurice,
4403:cite book
4262:2412-3196
3866:, p. 155
3663:1076-156X
3606:Roux 2000
3412:XIX a.d.–
3387:1867–1918
3335:1206–1368
3325:1124–1218
3077:1299–1922
3052:1250–1517
3040:1242–1502
3028:1224–1266
2989:1206–1526
2977:1136–1225
2953:1077–1231
2941:1067–1239
2916:1037–1194
2736:Xueyantuo
2578:Grey wolf
2560:Ergenekon
2536:Shamanism
2308:Krymchaks
2218:Kutrigurs
2037:Shahnameh
2020:fighting
2014:Shahnameh
1956:, c. 27%
1848:Dulo clan
1801:Böri Shad
1795:(see the
1769:Chu River
1761:Amu Darya
1725:Samarkand
1721:Varkhuman
1632:Wei River
1528:1037–1194
1386:Xueyantuo
1378:diplomacy
1374:civil war
1254:Civil war
1138:Zemarchus
1134:Justin II
1028:KHAGANATE
1015:BYZANTINE
826:Amu Darya
816:into the
783:Silk Road
722:Huaihuang
683:vassalage
559:Black Sea
555:Manchuria
543:hegemonic
515:khaganate
394:3 million
171:Religion
134:(western)
128:(eastern)
108:Khaganate
9541:Khanates
9516:Göktürks
9363:Japanese
9326:Scottish
9306:American
9298:Colonial
9227:Imperial
9195:Moroccan
9131:Japanese
9109:Afsharid
8968:Burmese
8954:Austrian
8909:Later Le
8884:Early Le
8869:Venetian
8795:Tiwanaku
8708:Hellenic
8671:Moroccan
8602:Kamakura
8592:Japanese
8575:Saffarid
8528:Georgian
8442:Chalukya
8420:Rashidun
8410:Calakmul
8378:Bruneian
8257:Haryanka
8235:Sasanian
8230:Parthian
8181:Bactrian
8171:Seleucid
8151:Goguryeo
8129:Egyptian
8063:Assyrian
8053:Akkadian
8044:Colonies
7880:Conquest
7755:Kurultai
7735:Tengrism
7607:Tonyukuk
7197:Göktürks
7079:Xinjiang
7069:Mongolia
7045:genocide
6979:Mongolia
6814:Chagatai
6747:Göktürks
6564:657–742)
6456:Toramana
6446:Khingila
6428:Goboziko
6385:Varahran
6382:Peroz II
6318:Kavad II
6276:Bahram V
6237:Bahram I
6231:Shapur I
6192:Huvishka
6156:Arseiles
6106:Osroes I
6037:Orodes I
6031:Gotarzes
6019:Phraates
5989:Laoshang
5841:Darius I
5838:Cambyses
5757:Astyages
5754:Cyaxares
5676:region)
5619:Margiana
5614:Khorasan
5553:28622013
5323:33157037
4848:Vol. 93.
4840:et al.,
4684:Archived
4679:九年 八月癸未
4395:14355502
4106:Vol. 99.
4066:Vol. 50.
4058:et al.,
3588:(2011).
3315:840–1212
3305:750–1055
3295:743–1220
3271:Göktürks
3265:440s–710
3251:Sogdians
3186:Dingling
3125:a series
3123:Part of
2904:963–1186
2892:860–1091
2880:856–1335
2868:848–1036
2836:840–1212
2812:750–1055
2788:743–1035
2728:618–1048
2655:Göktürks
2630:Dingling
2532:Tengrism
2505:Krymchak
2245:Kipchaks
2182:Saragurs
2123:See also
1995:Xinjiang
1942:Genetics
1882:in 658.
1753:defeated
1671:(陰山之戰 /
1636:Xianyang
1520:977–1186
1504:840–1207
1496:840–1212
1488:766–1055
1370:Chang'an
1303:Gokturk
1248:, China.
1220:, China.
925:SASANIAN
830:defeated
771:de facto
724:(modern
523:Göktürks
510:, was a
179:Buddhism
175:Tengrism
9430:largest
9425:Empires
9405:Swedish
9400:Spanish
9395:Russian
9358:Italian
9333:Chinese
9321:English
9316:British
9311:Belgian
9286:Vietnam
9276:Tay son
9222:Tsarist
9217:Russian
9212:Ottoman
9178:Dzungar
9173:Khoshut
9146:Mexican
9141:Maratha
9124:Pahlavi
9104:Safavid
9099:Iranian
9026:Haitian
8989:Chinese
8949:Ashanti
8921:Wagadou
8847:Eastern
8842:Western
8825:Timurid
8785:Tibetan
8775:Songhai
8765:Serbian
8686:Almohad
8676:Idrisid
8580:Samanid
8570:Tahirid
8565:Iranian
8543:Kannauj
8523:Genoese
8459:Chinese
8452:Eastern
8447:Western
8435:Fatimid
8430:Abbasid
8425:Umayyad
8398:Burmese
8358:Ayyubid
8353:Angevin
8323:Xianbei
8311:Eastern
8306:Western
8252:Magadha
8215:Iranian
8208:Xiongnu
8193:Hittite
8102:Chinese
8090:Kassite
8039:Ancient
8031:Empires
7963:Elteber
7953:Tarkhan
7123:Tartary
6913:Beiting
6828:Dzungar
6823:Timurid
6774:Tibetan
6737:Xianbei
6732:Xiongnu
6449:Javukha
6413:Yosada
6373:Peroz I
6357:Narsieh
6312:Vistahm
6297:Kavad I
6291:Kavad I
6285:Peroz I
6273:Khosrow
6162:Heraios
5980:Xiongnu
5785:Skunkha
5774:Tomyris
5745:Deioces
5624:Bactria
5314:7664836
5234:, Brill
5207:, Brill
4886:四年 三月庚辰
4821:Vol. 3.
4770:p. 186.
4466:9575024
3743:4193301
3705:1170959
3285:665–744
3281:Karluks
3275:552–745
3177:Scythia
3155:Ancient
2824:756–940
2800:744–840
2776:699–766
2764:665-850
2752:659–750
2740:628–646
2705:682–744
2697:581–650
2676:581–657
2668:552–581
2433:Qasgqai
2424:Chuvash
2415:Bashkir
2388:Turkmen
2343:Turkish
2299:Dolgans
2263:Uyghurs
2227:Karluks
2200:Bulgars
2191:Utigurs
2164:Onogurs
2107:Turkic
2093:Siberia
2081:Turkic
2067:Siberia
2055:Turkic
1976:Gallery
1916:Turkic
1900:Turgesh
1846:of the
1836:Nushibi
1805:Armenia
1793:Tbilisi
1789:Derbent
1777:Khazars
1767:in the
1665:Li Jing
1640:Shaanxi
1617:Daixian
1577:Göktürk
1575:mural,
1480:756–840
1472:744–840
1464:699–766
1456:682–744
1448:650–969
1440:581–742
1432:581–645
1424:552–603
1236:trader
1234:Sogdian
1204:trader
1202:Sogdian
1126:Sogdian
1047:Khitans
1037:TUYUHUN
877:Kyrgyzs
834:Bactria
795:Xianbei
793:of the
660:Chinese
619:History
578:Sogdian
572:of the
557:to the
541:as the
521:of the
506:or the
349:Western
324:•
297:•
263:(first)
219:(first)
155:Sogdian
119:Capital
40:552–603
9368:Mongol
9353:German
9348:French
9338:Danish
9281:Dainam
9256:Tongan
9244:Somali
9239:Sokoto
9205:'Alawi
9183:Kalmyk
9163:Mongol
9156:Second
9136:Korean
9087:Mughal
9077:Indian
9060:German
9053:Second
9043:French
9036:Second
8972:Second
8944:Afghan
8936:Modern
8862:Kyrgyz
8857:Uighur
8852:Second
8832:Turkic
8800:Toltec
8736:Epirus
8721:Nicaea
8644:Mongol
8597:Yamato
8533:Huetar
8391:Second
8328:Rouran
8277:Shunga
8272:Maurya
8247:Kushan
8220:Median
8198:Hunnic
8156:Harsha
7989:Ashide
7972:Family
7948:Khatun
7923:Yabghu
7908:Khagan
7901:Titles
7843:Second
7745:Otuken
7635:under
7483:Hallig
7425:Sheguy
7293:Tamgan
7263:Istämi
6794:Mongol
6789:Kyrgyz
6784:Uyghur
6742:Rouran
6573:Sheguy
6542:Tamgan
6526:Istämi
6452:Mehama
6421:Kidara
6415:Kirada
6392:Kangju
6294:Jamasp
6288:Balash
6246:Narseh
6150:Yuezhi
5972:Yuezhi
5932:Yuezhi
5895:Philip
5844:Xerxes
5751:Madyes
5629:Sogdia
5551:
5541:
5523:
5504:
5498:Albany
5479:
5447:
5429:
5383:
5356:
5321:
5311:
5303:
5258:
5132:
5078:
5038:
4906:
4764:
4635:
4608:
4464:
4454:
4393:
4383:
4340:
4288:
4260:
4210:
4160:
4013:
3959:
3936:
3907:
3862:
3789:
3764:
3741:
3703:
3661:
3527:Ashide
3507:Kangly
3445:Sports
3429:Topics
3363:Modern
3208:Kangju
3127:on the
2496:Karaim
2487:Gagauz
2406:Kyrgyz
2379:Uyghur
2370:Kazakh
2290:Yakuts
2281:Kumyks
2272:Tatars
2110:Balbal
2084:Balbal
2058:Balbal
1919:Balbal
1844:Kubrat
1840:irkins
1838:(five
1834:) and
1830:(five
1773:Tokmok
1737:Sheguy
1709:, and
1621:Shanxi
1322:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1238:An Jia
1206:An Jia
1130:Istämi
1090:TOCHA-
1069:Tungus
1017:EMPIRE
983:NORTH.
970:NORTH.
960:GUPTAS
947:CHALU-
936:ALCHON
927:EMPIRE
907:CHENLA
842:Ashina
818:Crimea
787:Ashina
763:Istämi
748:Otukan
678:duànnú
675::
673:pinyin
662::
652:khagan
640:Uyghur
630:Origin
603:. The
582:Turkic
535:Istämi
512:Turkic
502:, the
261:Istämi
246:
232:(last)
202:
198:Qaghan
161:Rouran
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