118:
elements which might be viewed as related but do not share the distinct properties of poor metals: Po is estimated to melt at 254 C and might be poor metal by properties but is too radioactive (longest halflife 125 years) for practical use; At same reasoning as Po; Sb melts at 630 C and is regarded as semimetal rather than poor metal; Te is also regarded as semimetal not poor metal; of other metals, next lowest melting point is Pu, but its melting point at 640 Celsius leaves a 220 degree gap between Zn and Pu, thus making the "poor metals" from In to Zn a natural group.
1791:
1754:
The 3 binary systems between the three heavier alkali metals are all miscible in solid at melting point, but all form poor solid solutions that have melting point minima. This is distinct from eutectic: at eutectic point, two solid phases coexist, and close to eutectic point, the liquidus temperature
117:
A practical reason here is that the chemical behaviour of alkali metals is very distinct from poor metals. Of the 9 poor metals Hg (mp -38 C) and Ga (mp +29 C) have each their distinct practical issues, and the remaining 7 poor metals from In (mp +156 C) to Zn (mp +419 C) can be viewed together. Of
54:
Fusible alloys are typically made from low melting metals. There are 14 low melting metallic elements that are stable for practical handling. These are in 2 distinct groups: The 5 alkali metals have 1 s electron and melt between +181 (Li) and +28 (Cs) Celsius; The 9 poor metals have 10 d electrons
1235:
where low soldering temperature was required. Can be used as a coating of copper particles to facilitate their bonding under pressure/heat and creating a conductive metallurgical joint. Sensitive to shear rate. Good for electronics. Used in thermoelectric applications. Good thermal fatigue
1279:
temperatures. Wets many surfaces incl. quartz, glass, and many ceramics. Deforms indefinitely under load. Does not become brittle even at low temperatures. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics, will bond to aluminium. Can be used for soldering to thin metal films or glass with an
1395:
resistance and tensile strength. Lies between soft solder and silver brazing alloys, thereby avoiding damage to critical electronics and substrate deformation and segregation. Best solder for
Aluminum wire to Copper busses or Copper wire to Aluminum busses or contacts. UNS#: L91090
1345:. Common in electronics; exceptional tinning and wetting properties, also good for stainless steel. One of the most common solders. Low cost and good bonding properties. Used in both SMT and through-hole electronics. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those. Sn
180:, as a safeguard in the event of the water level being allowed to fall too low. When this happens the plug, being no longer covered with water, is heated to such a temperature that it melts and allows the contents of the boiler to escape into the furnace. In automatic
1224:. Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties. Combination with lead-tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure. Low-temperature eutectic solder with high strength. Particularly strong, very brittle. Used extensively in
1727:
practically do not dissolve Li even when liquid and therefore their melting points are not lowered by presence of Li Na is in liquid phase miscible with all three heavier alkali metals, but on freezing forms intermetallic compounds and eutectics:
184:
the orifices of each sprinkler is closed with a plug that is held in place by fusible metal, which melts and liberates the water when, owing to an outbreak of fire in the room, the temperature rises above a predetermined limit.
188:
Bismuth on solidification expands by about 3.3% by volume. Alloys with at least half of bismuth display this property too. This can be used for mounting of small parts, e.g. for machining, as they will be tightly held.
1140:. Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point. Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties. Combination with lead-tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure.
1755:
rises rapidly as just one separates, whereas at poor solid solution melting point minimum, there is a single solid phase, and away from the minimum the liquidus temperature rises only slowly.
1353:
is slightly cheaper and is often used instead for cost reasons, as the melting point difference is insignificant in practice. On slow cooling gives slightly brighter joints than Sn
1540:
Taking the pairwise alloys of the 7 poor metals other than Hg and Ga, and ordering the pairs (total 21) by alphabetic of these elements Bi, Cd, In, Pb, Sn, Tl, Zn are as follows:
1536:
Then organized by practical group and alphabetic symbols of components: Most of the pairwise phase diagrams of 2 component metal systems have data available for analysis, like at
1275:, dissolution rate of gold is 17 times slower than in tin-based solders and up to 20% of gold can be tolerated without significant embrittlement. Good performance at
2397:
1843:
Oshe, R.W. (ed.), "Handbook of
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals", Oxford. UK, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, 1985, p. 987
153:
as they are stable under heating and can give much higher thermal conductivity than most other coolants; particularly with alloys made with a high
1806:
899:
466:
929:, used for mounting lenses and other optical components for grinding. Used for mounting small delicate oddly-shaped components for machining.
55:
and from none (Zn, Cd, Hg) to three (Bi) p electrons, they melt between -38 (Hg) and +419 (Zn) Celsius. From a practical view, low-melting
1811:
2384:
925:. Slightly expands on cooling, later shows slight shrinkage in couple hours afterwards. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics.
2379:
2323:
1961:
1874:
1903:
1826:
2259:
2394:
2296:
2122:
2095:
2068:
2038:
1769:
1927:"A Guide to Low Temperature Solder Alloys | Indium Corporation® | Indium Corporation Blogs | Indium | Solder Alloys"
624:
Starting with a table of component elements and selected binary and multiple systems ordered by melting point:
1236:
performance. Yield strength 7,119 psi (49.08 MPa), tensile strength 5,400 psi (37 MPa).
1926:
1436:. Good strength, non-dulling. Use in food processing equipment, wire tinning, and alloying. Susceptible to
31:, i.e. easily meltable, at relatively low temperatures. Fusible alloys are commonly, but not necessarily,
2369:
Weast, R.C., "CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics", 55th ed, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, p. F-22
2421:
1692:
Considering the binary systems between alkali metals: Li only has appreciable solubility in pair
1363:
Yield strength 3,950 psi (27.2 MPa), tensile strength 4,442 psi (30.63 MPa).
1225:
2085:
2233:
2139:
2313:
2286:
2058:
2028:
1951:
1530:
For soldering aluminium. Good wettability of aluminium, relatively good corrosion resistance.
1463:
solder in low-temperature physics. Does not wet metals well, forms a mechanically weak joint.
2190:
2112:
166:
1796:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2388:
1990:
1281:
154:
8:
1994:
2354:
2315:
Solders and soldering: materials, design, production, and analysis for reliable bonding
1232:
193:
42:
below 183 °C (361 °F; 456 K). Fusible alloys in this sense are used for
2416:
2319:
2292:
2202:
2118:
2091:
2064:
2034:
2006:
1957:
1907:
1870:
1537:
1156:
679:
63:
176:
Such alloys are used for making the fusible plugs inserted in the furnace crowns of
2358:
1998:
1830:
945:
392:
126:
1747:
1740:
1721:
1715:
1697:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
2401:
1733:
1709:
1460:
1190:
1013:
355:
281:
170:
122:
2263:
2219:
995:
181:
28:
1660:
also NOT eutectic because the solid solution is higher melting than components
2410:
2206:
2010:
1802:
1797:
619:
39:
1764:
922:
429:
177:
70:
1625:
is NOT eutectic because Pb solid solution in In only raises melting point
918:
1890:
1815:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 369.
130:
2114:
Handbook of lead-free solder technology for microelectronic assemblies
2002:
1639:
also NOT eutectic because Tl solid solution in In raises melting point
2110:
1862:
1392:
1276:
1271:. Used for die attachment of some chips. More suitable for soldering
952:
762:
575:
318:
134:
38:
Sometimes the term "fusible alloy" is used to describe alloys with a
1978:
1468:
1437:
1412:
1384:
847:
272:
258:
217:
107:
32:
2362:
1484:
1445:
1289:
831:
815:
538:
265:
251:
223:
150:
95:
83:
76:
1388:
1330:
1254:
1163:
244:
162:
158:
103:
43:
2284:
2351:
1576:
an intermetallic alloy and the lower melting eutectic at +188
56:
24:
21:
2165:
1516:
1500:
1272:
230:
198:
99:
87:
1548:
simple eutectic (Bi at 271 C, Cd at 321, eutectic at 146)
1419:
1229:
731:
237:
138:
91:
79:-containing alloys (but neither alkali metal nor mercury)
2395:
Jenson, W.B. "Ask the
Historian - Onion's fusible alloy"
2260:"Tin-Zinc Solders for Aluminium to Aluminium and Copper"
1956:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 210–.
979:
Cerrobend. Used in low-temperature physics as a solder.
1108:
Lichtenberg's alloy, also called Onions' Fusible Alloy
2235:
Technical Data Sheet Sn42/Bi58 Solid Wire Rev.A 03/14
2141:
Technical Data Sheet Sn42/Bi58 Solid Wire Rev.A 03/14
1943:
1555:
has ordered phases, eutectic at +72 - in table above
1949:
1867:Experimental techniques in low-temperature physics
1538:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/diagrams.php
863:Bi 40.3, Pb 22.2, In 17.2, Sn 10.7, Cd 8.1, Tl 1.1
2083:
2060:Surface mount technology: principles and practice
2030:Solder joint reliability: theory and applications
2408:
1979:"The Origin of the Name "Onion's Fusible Alloy""
2311:
1953:Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference
1748:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Cs-Na.php
1741:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Na-Rb.php
1722:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Cs-Li.php
1716:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Li-Rb.php
1698:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Li-Na.php
1686:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Tl-Zn.php
1679:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Sn-Zn.php
1672:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Sn-Tl.php
1665:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Pb-Zn.php
1658:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Pb-Tl.php
1651:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Pb-Sn.php
1644:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/In-Zn.php
1637:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/In-Tl.php
1630:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/In-Sn.php
1623:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/In-Pb.php
1616:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Cd-Zn.php
1609:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Cd-Tl.php
1602:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Cd-Sn.php
1595:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Cd-Pb.php
1588:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Cd-In.php
1581:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Bi-Zn.php
1574:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Bi-Tl.php
1567:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Bi-Sn.php
1560:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Bi-Pb.php
1553:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Bi-In.php
1546:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Bi-Cd.php
902:. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics.
2111:Karl J. Puttlitz, Kathleen A. Stalter (2004).
1921:
1919:
1917:
1734:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/K-Na.php
1710:https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/K-Li.php
121:Some reasonably well-known fusible alloys are
59:can be divided into the following categories:
2056:
2262:. Kapp Alloy & Wire, Inc. Archived from
2188:
876:Bi 40.63, Pb 22.1, In 18.1, Sn 10.65, Cd 8.2
2318:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 396–.
2026:
2022:
2020:
1914:
1861:
2252:
2090:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 5–8.
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
888:Bi 44.7, Pb 22.6, In 19.1, Cd 5.3, Sn 8.3
628:Low melting alloys and metallic elements
2305:
2278:
2213:
2104:
2052:
2050:
2017:
1801:
199:Low-melting alloys and metallic elements
2285:Madara Ogot, Gul Okudan-Kremer (2004).
1883:
2409:
1976:
1846:
1092:ChipQuik desoldering alloy, lead-free
2288:Engineering design: a practical guide
2191:"Choosing the best bumb for the buck"
2047:
658:"CsNaK", reactive with water and air
149:Melted fusible alloys can be used as
2291:. Trafford Publishing. p. 445.
2231:
2137:
2077:
203:
2312:Howard H. Manko (8 February 2001).
13:
2343:
2087:Electronic materials and processes
1950:François Cardarelli (2008-03-19).
1002:Bi 50.0, Pb 25.0, Sn 12.5, Cd 12.5
984:Bi 49.5, Pb 27.3, Sn 13.1, Cd 10.1
14:
2433:
2373:
1977:Jensen, William B. (2010-10-01).
1770:List of elements by melting point
1681:eutectic at +198 - in table above
1653:eutectic at +183 - in table above
1569:eutectic at +139 - in table above
1562:eutectic at +125 - in table above
1035:Bi 42.5, Pb 37.7, Sn 11.3, Cd 8.5
674:used in low-reading thermometers
1893:. Retrieved on February 6, 2015.
1789:
2225:
2182:
2158:
2131:
1891:MSDS for Chip Quik Alloy w/Lead
1704:The other three alkali metals:
1097:Bi 50, Pb 30, Sn 20, Impurities
613:
144:
49:
2222:. (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-06.
1970:
1904:"Lens Blocking alloy 136 58oC"
1896:
1837:
1819:
1782:
968:Bi 50, Pb 26.7, Sn 13.3, Cd 10
633:Composition in weight-percent
1:
2189:T.Q. Collier (May–Jun 2008).
1983:Journal of Chemical Education
1775:
1387:-to-Aluminum and Aluminum-to-
1869:. Clarendon. pp. 207–.
1865:; Meeson, Philip J. (2002).
641:
638:
635:
632:
7:
1758:
647:Cs 73.71, K 22.14, Na 4.14
10:
2438:
2084:Charles A. Harper (2003).
1889:Johnson Manufacturing Co,
1383:Designed specifically for
907:Bi 49, Pb 18, In 21, Sn 12
617:
506:41.5 °C (107 °F)
471:47.2 °C (117 °F)
191:
113:Other alloys (rarely used)
2380:Fusible (Low Temp) Alloys
2166:"Oregon State University"
2063:. Springer. p. 385.
2033:. Springer. p. 178.
1179:Bi 50.0, Pb 28.0, Sn 22.0
1145:Bi 50.0, Pb 31.2, Sn 18.8
1113:Bi 52.5, Pb 32.0, Sn 15.5
934:Bi 32.5, In 51.0, Sn 16.5
770:Ga 69.8, In 17.6, Sn 12.5
751:Ga 62.5, In 21.5, Sn 16.0
738:Ga 61, In 25, Sn 13, Zn 1
543:30.0 °C (86 °F)
1066:Bi 54, In 29.7, Sn 16.3
580:−19 °C (−2 °F)
434:58 °C (136 °F)
397:62 °C (144 °F)
360:70 °C (158 °F)
323:74 °C (165 °F)
286:98 °C (208 °F)
27:capable of being easily
2170:Oregon State University
1812:Encyclopædia Britannica
1391:soldering. It has good
1226:through-hole technology
786:Ga 68.5, In 21.5, Sn 10
2057:Ray P. Prasad (1997).
1126:Bi 52, Pb 32.0, Sn 16
192:Further information:
169:are used for cooling
167:neutron cross-section
2027:John H. Lau (1991).
1282:ultrasonic soldering
1051:Bi 57, In 26, Sn 17
155:thermal conductivity
1995:2010JChEd..87.1050J
1233:mainframe computers
1081:Bi 56, Sn 30, In 14
629:
2400:2016-03-04 at the
2355:ASTM International
2195:Advanced Packaging
1863:White, Guy Kendall
627:
165:. Metals with low
110:-containing alloys
73:-containing alloys
66:-containing alloys
2325:978-0-07-134417-3
2003:10.1021/ed100764f
1989:(10): 1050–1051.
1963:978-1-84628-669-8
1876:978-0-19-851428-2
1750:eutectic at -31,8
1736:eutectic at -12,6
1534:
1533:
1184:(201–208 °F)
1086:(174–196 °F)
611:
610:
503:Bi-Pb-Sn-Cd-In-Tl
204:Well-known alloys
2429:
2387:. Archived from
2366:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1906:. Archived from
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1859:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1743:eutectic at -4,5
1688:eutectic at +292
1674:eutectic at +168
1667:eutectic at +318
1646:eutectic at +143
1632:eutectic at +120
1618:eutectic at +266
1611:eutectic at +204
1604:eutectic at +176
1597:eutectic at +248
1590:eutectic at +128
1583:eutectic at +255
1318:Sn 63.0, Pb 37.0
1305:Sn 62.3, Pb 37.7
1197:Bi 55.5, Pb 44.5
1020:In 66.3, Bi 33.7
996:Lipowitz's alloy
855:(102.74 °F)
802:Ga 75.5, In 24.5
797:Galinstan alloy
781:Galinstan alloy
652:(−108.8 °F)
630:
626:
208:
207:
171:nuclear reactors
106:, and sometimes
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2407:
2406:
2402:Wayback Machine
2376:
2349:
2346:
2344:Further reading
2341:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2266:on 16 July 2013
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2025:
2018:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1860:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1805:, ed. (1911). "
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1761:
1700:eutectic at +92
1524:(787.1 °F)
1523:
1508:(621.5 °F)
1507:
1492:(610.0 °F)
1491:
1475:
1461:superconducting
1453:(520.7 °F)
1452:
1427:(449.4 °F)
1426:
1405:
1401:Sn 92.0, Zn 8.0
1373:
1369:Sn 91.0, Zn 9.0
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1322:
1309:
1297:(356.9 °F)
1296:
1261:
1245:
1214:
1201:
1183:
1171:(208.0 °F)
1170:
1149:
1130:
1117:
1101:
1085:
1070:
1055:
1039:
1024:
1006:
989:(159.6 °F)
988:
972:
960:(146.3 °F)
959:
939:(140.9 °F)
938:
911:
892:
881:(115.7 °F)
880:
868:(106.7 °F)
867:
854:
838:
822:
806:
790:
774:
755:
742:
724:
720:K 78.0, Na 22.0
711:
707:K 76.7, Na 23.3
700:(−35.5 °F)
699:
695:Cs 77.0, K 23.0
687:(−37.8 °F)
686:
667:
663:Hg 91.5, Tl 8.5
651:
642:Name or remark
622:
616:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
206:
201:
196:
182:fire sprinklers
147:
52:
12:
11:
5:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2422:Fusible alloys
2419:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:on 2012-10-12.
2385:Fusible Alloys
2382:
2375:
2374:External links
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
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2342:
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2338:
2324:
2304:
2297:
2277:
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2123:
2103:
2096:
2076:
2069:
2046:
2039:
2016:
1969:
1962:
1942:
1913:
1910:on 2016-10-17.
1895:
1882:
1875:
1845:
1836:
1833:on 2004-08-07.
1829:Archived from
1818:
1803:Chisholm, Hugh
1780:
1779:
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1774:
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1465:
1464:
1459:Used as a non-
1457:
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1407:
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1350:
1346:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1228:assemblies in
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1157:Newton's metal
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:(178 °F)
1067:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:(174 °F)
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
990:
985:
981:
980:
977:
974:
969:
965:
964:
961:
956:
949:
948:
943:
940:
935:
931:
930:
927:Lens Alloy 136
915:
913:
908:
904:
903:
897:
894:
889:
885:
884:
882:
877:
873:
872:
869:
864:
860:
859:
856:
851:
844:
843:
840:
839:(85.6 °F)
835:
828:
827:
824:
823:(83.5 °F)
819:
812:
811:
808:
807:(60.3 °F)
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
787:
783:
782:
779:
776:
775:(51.4 °F)
771:
767:
766:
760:
757:
756:(51.3 °F)
752:
748:
747:
744:
743:(47.3 °F)
739:
735:
734:
729:
726:
721:
717:
716:
713:
708:
704:
703:
701:
696:
692:
691:
688:
683:
676:
675:
672:
669:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
648:
644:
643:
640:
637:
636:Melting point
634:
615:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
278:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
221:
215:
212:
205:
202:
200:
197:
194:Bismuth–indium
157:metal such as
146:
143:
115:
114:
111:
80:
74:
67:
51:
48:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2434:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2363:10.1520/B0774
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2298:1-4120-3850-2
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2124:0-8247-4870-0
2120:
2117:. CRC Press.
2116:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2097:0-07-140214-4
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2070:0-412-12921-3
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2040:0-442-00260-2
2036:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:Fusible Metal
1804:
1799:
1798:public domain
1785:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1522:419.5 °C
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1506:327.5 °C
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1490:321.1 °C
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:(579 °F)
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:271.5 °C
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:231.9 °C
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:(390 °F)
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:(388 °F)
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:(361 °F)
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:(361 °F)
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1295:180.5 °C
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:(315 °F)
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:(282 °F)
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:(280 °F)
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:(257 °F)
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:94–98 °C
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:(207 °F)
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:(205 °F)
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:(203 °F)
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:(198 °F)
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:79–91 °C
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:(165 °F)
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:(162 °F)
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:(160 °F)
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
973:(158 °F)
970:
967:
966:
962:
957:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:Field's metal
944:
941:
936:
933:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
914:
912:(136 °F)
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
893:(117 °F)
890:
887:
886:
883:
878:
875:
874:
870:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:39.30 °C
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
753:
750:
749:
745:
740:
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:(9.1 °F)
710:−12.7 °C
709:
706:
705:
702:
698:−37.5 °C
697:
694:
693:
689:
685:−38.8 °C
684:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
668:(−72 °F)
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
650:−78.2 °C
649:
646:
645:
631:
625:
621:
620:Solder alloys
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
394:
393:Field's metal
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
274:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
219:
216:
214:Melting point
213:
210:
209:
195:
190:
186:
183:
179:
178:steam boilers
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:Field's metal
124:
119:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
61:
60:
58:
47:
45:
41:
40:melting point
36:
34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
18:fusible alloy
2389:the original
2350:
2329:. Retrieved
2314:
2307:
2287:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:the original
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2234:
2227:
2215:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2140:
2133:
2113:
2106:
2086:
2079:
2059:
2029:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1952:
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1908:the original
1898:
1885:
1866:
1839:
1831:the original
1821:
1810:
1784:
1765:Liquid metal
1753:
1726:
1703:
1691:
1535:
1433:
1380:
1362:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1268:
1241:Bi 57, Sn 43
1221:
1210:Bi 58, Sn 42
1191:Rose's metal
1169:97.8 °C
1137:
1014:Wood's metal
987:70.9 °C
958:63.5 °C
937:60.5 °C
926:
923:Cerrolow 136
900:Cerrolow 117
879:46.5 °C
866:41.5 °C
837:29.8 °C
821:28.6 °C
805:15.7 °C
791:(52 °F)
773:10.8 °C
754:10.7 °C
725:(12 °F)
623:
614:Other alloys
467:Cerrolow 117
430:Cerrolow 136
356:Wood's metal
282:Rose's metal
187:
175:
148:
145:Applications
123:Wood's metal
120:
116:
71:alkali metal
53:
50:Introduction
37:
17:
15:
1474:304 °C
1404:199 °C
1372:198 °C
1321:183 °C
1308:183 °C
1260:157 °C
1244:139 °C
1213:138 °C
1200:125 °C
919:desoldering
741:8.5 °C
723:−11 °C
666:−58 °C
2411:Categories
2270:23 October
2232:Qualitek.
2220:msl747.PDF
2175:2022-04-06
2138:Qualitek.
1936:2022-10-08
1931:indium.com
1776:References
1148:97 °C
1129:96 °C
1116:95 °C
1100:92 °C
1069:81 °C
1054:79 °C
1046:Cerrosafe
1038:74 °C
1023:72 °C
1005:71 °C
971:70 °C
910:58 °C
891:47 °C
789:11 °C
639:Eutectic?
618:See also:
546:Pure metal
131:Rose metal
2207:1065-0555
2201:(4): 24.
2011:0021-9584
1393:corrosion
1381:KappAloy9
1329:Eutectic
1277:cryogenic
917:ChipQuik
763:Galinstan
576:Galinstan
319:Cerrosafe
135:Galinstan
2417:Coolants
2398:Archived
2357:. 1900.
2331:17 April
1827:"F.A.Q."
1759:See also
1438:tin pest
1413:Tin foil
1385:Aluminum
607:<1.5
592:9.5–10.5
273:Antimony
259:Thallium
218:Eutectic
151:coolants
108:thallium
35:alloys.
33:eutectic
1991:Bibcode
1800::
1343:ASTM63B
1339:ASTM63A
921:alloy.
586:<1.5
539:Gallium
266:Gallium
252:Cadmium
224:Bismuth
96:cadmium
84:bismuth
77:Gallium
64:Mercury
2322:
2295:
2205:
2121:
2094:
2067:
2037:
2009:
1960:
1873:
1794:
1746:Cs-Na
1739:Na-Rb
1720:Cs-Li
1714:Li-Rb
1696:Li-Na
1684:Tl-Zn
1677:Sn-Zn
1670:Sn-Tl
1663:Pb-Zn
1656:Pb-Tl
1649:Pb-Sn
1642:In-Zn
1635:In-Tl
1628:In-Sn
1621:In-Pb
1614:Cd-Zn
1607:Cd-Tl
1600:Cd-Sn
1593:Cd-Pb
1586:Cd-In
1579:Bi-Zn
1572:Bi-Tl
1565:Bi-Sn
1558:Bi-Pb
1551:Bi-In
1544:Bi-Cd
1511:(yes)
1495:(yes)
1479:(yes)
1389:Copper
1331:solder
1300:(yes)
1284:iron.
1174:(yes)
963:(yes)
858:(yes)
842:(yes)
826:(yes)
765:alloy
690:(yes)
245:Indium
163:sodium
159:indium
137:, and
104:indium
57:alloys
44:solder
2244:3 May
2239:(PDF)
2150:3 May
2145:(PDF)
1732:K-Na
1708:K-Li
1527:(yes)
1456:(yes)
1430:(yes)
1265:(yes)
604:68–69
595:21–22
211:Alloy
82:Only
69:Only
29:fused
25:alloy
22:metal
20:is a
2333:2011
2320:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2272:2012
2246:2018
2203:ISSN
2152:2018
2119:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2007:ISSN
1958:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1434:Sn99
1335:Sn63
1313:yes
1273:gold
1269:In99
1249:yes
1222:Bi58
1205:yes
1138:Bi52
1121:yes
1074:yes
1059:yes
1028:yes
871:yes
810:yes
746:yes
715:yes
521:17.7
518:10.7
515:22.2
512:40.3
486:19.1
480:22.6
477:44.7
409:16.5
403:32.5
372:13.3
369:26.7
335:11.3
332:37.7
329:42.5
231:Lead
100:zinc
88:lead
2359:doi
1999:doi
1809:".
1519:100
1503:100
1487:100
1471:100
1448:100
1422:100
1377:yes
1292:100
1257:100
1230:IBM
1218:yes
1166:100
1134:yes
1010:yes
992:yes
976:yes
955:100
942:yes
896:yes
850:100
834:100
818:100
759:yes
732:NaK
682:100
671:yes
655:yes
567:100
527:1.1
524:8.1
509:yes
489:5.3
483:8.3
474:yes
437:yes
400:yes
363:yes
341:8.5
238:Tin
161:or
139:NaK
92:tin
2413::
2353:.
2199:17
2197:.
2193:.
2168:.
2049:^
2019:^
2005:.
1997:.
1987:87
1985:.
1981:.
1929:.
1916:^
1848:^
1517:Zn
1501:Pb
1485:Cd
1469:Tl
1446:Bi
1440:.
1420:Sn
1409:no
1361:.
1359:40
1357:Pb
1355:60
1351:40
1349:Pb
1347:60
1341:,
1337:,
1333:.
1326:no
1290:Li
1255:In
1187:no
1164:Na
1153:no
1105:no
1089:no
1043:no
848:Rb
832:Ga
816:Cs
794:no
778:no
728:no
680:Hg
583:no
570:–
533:–
498:–
461:–
449:21
446:12
443:18
440:49
424:–
412:51
387:–
378:10
366:50
350:–
326:no
313:–
298:25
295:25
292:50
289:no
276:%
173:.
141:.
133:,
129:,
125:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
46:.
16:A
2365:.
2361::
2335:.
2301:.
2274:.
2248:.
2209:.
2178:.
2154:.
2127:.
2100:.
2073:.
2043:.
2013:.
2001::
1993::
1966:.
1939:.
1879:.
953:K
601:–
598:–
589:–
564:-
561:-
558:-
555:-
552:-
549:-
530:–
495:–
492:–
458:–
455:–
452:–
421:–
418:–
415:–
406:–
384:–
381:–
375:–
347:–
344:–
338:–
310:–
307:–
304:–
301:–
269:%
262:%
255:%
248:%
241:%
234:%
227:%
220:?
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.