Humour - Knowledge

788:. To identify the aspects of humour which might contribute to an increase in pain tolerance the study separated its fifty-six female participants into three groups, cheerfulness, exhilaration and humour production. The subjects were further separated into two groups, high Trait-Cheerfulness and high Trait-Seriousness according to the State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory. The instructions for the three groups were as follows: the cheerfulness group were told to get excited about the movie without laughing or smiling, the exhilaration group was told to laugh and smile excessively, exaggerating their natural reactions, the humour production group was told to make humorous comments about the video clip as they watched. To ensure that the participants actually found the movie humorous and that it produced the desired effects the participants took a survey on the topic which resulted in a mean score of 3.64 out of 5. The results of the Cold Press Test showed that the participants in all three groups experienced a higher pain threshold and a higher pain tolerance than previous to the film. The results did not show a significant difference between the three groups. 809: 1244: 655:; humour) caught on as a new term for humour, sparking a fad for humour literature, as well as impassioned debate about what type of humorous sensibility best suited China, a poor, weak country under partial foreign occupation. While some types of comedy were officially sanctioned during the rule of Mao Zedong, the Party-state's approach towards humour was generally repressive. Social liberalisation in the 1980s, commercialisation of the cultural market in the 1990s, and the advent of the internet have each—despite an invasive state-sponsored censorship apparatus—enabled new forms of humour to flourish in China in recent decades. 61: 872:, so in the interest of encouraging employee consent to the rigours of the labour process, management often ignore, tolerate and even actively encourage playful practices, with the purpose of furthering organisational goals. Essentially, fun in the workplace is no longer being seen as frivolous. The most current approach of managed fun and laughter in the workplace originated in North America, where it has taken off to such a degree, that it has humour consultants flourishing, as some states have introduced an official "fun at work" day. The results have carried claims of 848:. In fact, one of the most agreed upon key impacts that workplace humour has on people's well-being, is the use of humour as a coping strategy to aid in dealing with daily stresses, adversity or other difficult situations. Sharing a laugh with a few colleagues may improve moods, which is pleasurable, and people perceive this as positively affecting their ability to cope. Fun and enjoyment are critical in people's lives and the ability for colleagues to be able to laugh during work, through banter or other, promotes harmony and a sense of cohesiveness. 765: 707: 910:

Conflict is inherent in these interactions. The use of humour plays an important role in conflict resolution and ultimately in school success and psychological adjustment. The use of humour that is socially acceptable leads to a lower likelihood of being a victim of bullying, whereas the use of self-disparaging humour leads to a higher likelihood of being bullied. When students are bullied, the use of self-disparaging humour can lead to an exacerbation of the negative effects on the student's psychological adjustment to school.

81: 667:, an audience, and the subject matter of the humour. The two transformations associated with this particular model involves the subject matter of the humour, and the change in the audience's perception of the humorous person, therefore establishing a relationship between the humorous speaker and the audience. The social transformation model views humour as adaptive because it communicates the present desire to be humorous as well as future intentions of being humorous. This model is used with deliberate 800:

certain period of time. One group was exposed to humorous content, while the other was not. The anxiety levels were measured through self-report measures as well as the heart rate. Subjects which rated high on sense of humour reported less anxiety in both groups, while subjects which rated lower on sense of humour reported less anxiety in the group which was exposed to the humorous material. However, there was not a significant difference in the heart rate between the subjects.

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constituents of psychological wellbeing. Additionally, adaptive humour styles may enable people to preserve their sense of wellbeing despite psychological problems. In contrast, maladaptive humour types (aggressive and self-defeating) are associated with poorer overall psychological wellbeing, emphasis on higher levels of anxiety and depression. Therefore, humour may have detrimental effects on psychological wellbeing, only if that humour is of negative characteristics.

4717: 450: 4727: 731:. For example, self-defeating or aggressive humour. Research has proposed 2 types of humour that each consist of 2 styles, making 4 styles in total. The two types are adaptive versus maladaptive humour. Adaptive humour consist of facilitative and self-enhancing humour, and maladaptive is self-defeating and aggressive humour. Each of these styles can have a different impact on psychological and individuals' overall subjective wellbeing. 70: 1107: 930: 90: 3803: 5702: 1051:

satisfaction by allowing the humour to release stress and anxiety caused by changes in the individuals life. Laughing and humour can be a substitute for the decrease in satisfaction by allowing individuals to feel better about their situations by alleviating the stress. This, in turn, can help them to maintain a sense of satisfaction towards their new and changing life style.

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and serves as a social bonding function. Humour may also help the transition in helping the individual to maintain positive feelings towards those who are enforcing the changes in their lives. These new social interactions can be critical for these transitions in their lives and humour will help these new social interactions to take place making these transitions easier.

243:, attempts to explain humour's existence. The theory says "humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, but simultaneously seems okay, acceptable or safe." Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in social interaction by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions. 1038:, and a more positive self-concept as well as other health benefits which have been recorded and acknowledged through various studies. Even patients with specific diseases have shown improvement with ageing using humour. Overall there is a strong correlation through constant humour in ageing and better health in the individuals. 796:

by longer periods of muscle relaxation. The cardiovascular benefits of laughter also seem to be just a figment of imagination as a study that was designed to test oxygen saturation levels produced by laughter, showed that even though laughter creates sporadic episodes of deep breathing, oxygen saturation levels are not affected.

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women with a sense of humour as potential partners. When women were given the forced-choice design in the study, they chose funny men as potential relationship partners even though they rated them as being less honest and intelligent. Post-Hoc analysis showed no relationship between humour quality and favourable judgments.

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and humour do not always have a one-to-one association. While most previous theories assumed the connection between the two almost to the point of them being synonymous, psychology has been able to scientifically and empirically investigate the supposed connection, its implications, and significance.

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The use of humour plays an important role in youth development. Studies have shown that humour is especially important in social interactions with peers. School entry is the time when the importance of parents fades into the background and social interaction with peers becomes increasingly important.

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Humour may also be used to offset negative feelings about a workplace task or to mitigate the use of profanity, or other coping strategies, that may not be otherwise tolerated. Not only can humour in the workplace assist with defusing negative emotions, but it may also be used as an outlet to discuss

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where one is communicating with desires to be accepted into someone else's specific social group. Although self-deprecating humour communicates weakness and fallibility in the bid to gain another's affection, it can be concluded from the model that this type of humour can increase romantic attraction

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Madelijn Strick, Rob Holland, Rick van Baaren, and Ad van Knippenberg (2009) of Radboud University conducted a study that showed the distracting nature of a joke on bereaved individuals. Subjects were presented with a wide range of negative pictures and sentences. Their findings showed that humorous

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Self-defeating humour. People with this style of humour tend to amuse others by using self-disparaging jokes, and also tend to laugh along with others when being taunted. It is hypothesised that people attempt to use this style of humour as a means of social acceptance – which is often unsuccessful.

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are two major factors in the desire for future interaction. Women regard physical attractiveness less highly compared to men when it came to dating, a serious relationship, and sexual intercourse. However, women rate humorous men more desirable than nonhumorous individuals for a serious relationship

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90% of men and 81% of women, all college students, report having a sense of humour is a crucial characteristic looked for in a romantic partner. Humour and honesty were ranked as the two most important attributes in a significant other. It has since been recorded that humour becomes more evident and

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or other facilities of care. With this transition certain social interactions with friend and family may be limited forcing the individual to look elsewhere for these social interactions. Humour has been shown to make transitions easier, as humour is shown reduce stress and facilitate socialisation

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This brings into question the definition of humour, then. If it is to be defined by the cognitive processes which display laughter, then humour itself can encompass a variety of negative as well as positive emotions. However, if humour is limited to positive emotions and things which cause positive

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In 2009, Diana Szameitat conducted a study to examine the differentiation of emotions in laughter. They hired actors and told them to laugh with one of four different emotional associations by using auto-induction, where they would focus exclusively on the internal emotion and not on the expression

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There have been claims that laughter can be a supplement for cardiovascular exercise and might increase muscle tone. However an early study by Paskind J. showed that laughter can lead to a decrease in skeletal muscle tone because the short intense muscle contractions caused by laughter are followed

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In the study on humour and psychological well-being, research has concluded that high levels of adaptive type humour (affiliative and self-enhancing) is associated with better self-esteem, positive affect, greater self-competency, as well as anxiety control and social interactions. All of which are

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show that humour is in fact a major factor in achieving, and sustaining, higher psychological wellbeing. This hypothesis is known as general facilitative hypothesis for humour. That is, positive humour leads to positive health. Not all contemporary research, however, supports the previous assertion

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Humour can also help ageing individuals maintain a sense of satisfaction in their lives. Through the ageing process many changes will occur, such as losing the right to drive a car. This can cause a decrease in satisfaction in the lives of the individual. Humour helps to alleviate this decrease of

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elicited after negative pictures and sentences were presented. In addition, the humour therapy was more effective in reducing negative affect as the degree of affect increased in intensity. Humour was immediately effective in helping to deal with distress. The escapist nature of humour as a coping

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A study designed to test the positive physiological effects of humour, the relationship between being exposed to humour and pain tolerance in particular, was conducted in 1994 by Karen Zwyer, Barbara Velker, and Willibald Ruch. To test the effects of humour on pain tolerance the test subjects were

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suggest humour can positively affect one's desirability for a specific relationship partner, but this effect is only most likely to occur when men use humour and are evaluated by women. No evidence was found to suggest men prefer women with a sense of humour as partners, nor women preferring other

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There are also potential relationships between humour and having a healthy immune system. SIgA is a type of antibody that protects the body from infections. In a method similar to the previous experiment, the participants were shown a short humorous video clip and then tested for the effects. The

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37%, and taunt 50%. Their second experiment tested the behavioural recognition of laughter during an induced emotional state and they found that different laughter types did differ with respect to emotional dimensions. In addition, the four emotional states displayed a full range of high and low

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As humour is often used to ease tension, it might make sense that the same would be true for anxiety. A study by Yovetich N, Dale A, Hudak M. was designed to test the effects humour might have on relieving anxiety. The study subject were told that they would be given to an electric shock after a

991:, have shown several positive outcomes of humour as an underlying positive trait in amusement and playfulness. Several studies have shown that positive emotions can restore autonomic quiescence after negative affect. For example, Frederickson and Levinson showed that individuals who expressed 573:

pointedly make fun of Confucian seriousness and make Confucius himself a slow-witted figure of fun. Joke books containing a mix of wordplay, puns, situational humour, and play with taboo subjects like sex and scatology, remained popular over the centuries. Local performing arts, storytelling,

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to surface. Additionally, humour may be used as a tool to mitigate the authoritative tone by managers when giving directives to subordinates. Managers may use self-deprecating humour as a way to be perceived as more human and "real" by their employees. The attachment to the notion of fun by

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once said, "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." Counter to this argument, protests against "offensive" cartoons invite the dissection of humour or its lack by aggrieved individuals and

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Humour is often used to make light of difficult or stressful situations and to brighten up a social atmosphere in general. It is regarded by many as an enjoyable and positive experience, so it would be reasonable to assume that it might have some positive physiological effects on the body.

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factors and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of

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that humour is in fact a cause for healthier psychological wellbeing. Some of the previous researches' limitations is that they tend to use a unidimensional approach to humour because it was always inferred that humour was deemed positive. They did not consider other types of humour, or

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phenomenon and has increasingly been recognised as also creating a sense of involvement and possible comradery among workers. Sharing humour at work not only offers a relief from boredom, but can also build relationships, improve camaraderie between colleagues and create positive

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Some theoreticians of the comic consider exaggeration to be a universal comic device. It may take different forms in different genres, but all rely on the fact that the easiest way to make things laughable is to exaggerate to the point of absurdity their salient traits,

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theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a

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Another way that research indicates that humour helps with the ageing process, is through helping the individual to create and maintain strong social relationship during transitory periods in their lives. One such example is when people are moved into

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Adaptive Humour use has shown to be effective for increasing resilience in dealing with distress and also effective in buffering against or undoing negative affects. In contrast, maladaptive humour use can magnify potential negative effects.

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Aggressive humour. Racist jokes, sarcasm and disparagement of individuals for the purpose of amusement. This type of humour is used by people who do not consider the consequences of their jokes, and mainly focus on the entertainment of the

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benefits to workers, improved customer experiences and an increase in productivity that organisations can enjoy, as a result. Others examined results of this movement while focusing around the science of happiness—concerned with

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Humour can serve as a strong distancing mechanism in coping with adversity. In 1997, Kelter and Bonanno found that Duchenne laughter correlated with reduced awareness of distress. Positive emotion is able to loosen the grip of

213:, whose physical nature makes it accessible to them. By contrast, more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context, and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience. 503:(satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension" and made no reference to light and cheerful events or troublesome beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the 1006:

on people's thinking. A distancing of thought leads to a distancing of the unilateral responses people often have to negative arousal. In parallel with the distancing role plays in coping with distress, it supports the

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Shelley A. Crawford & Nerina J. Caltabiano (2011): Promoting emotional well-being through the use of humour, The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 6: 3,

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sender arousal and valence. This study showed that laughter can be correlated with both positive (joy and tickle) and negative (schadenfreude and taunt) emotions with varying degrees of arousal in the subject.

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Self-enhancing style humour. People that fall under this dimension of humour tend to take a humorous perspective of life. Individuals with self-enhancing humour tend to use it as a mechanism to cope with

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contemporary companies has resulted in workplace management coming to recognise the potentially positive effects of "workplay" and realise that it does not necessarily undermine workers' performance.

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People of all ages and cultures respond to humour. Most people are able to experience humour—be amused, smile or laugh at something funny (such as a pun or joke)—and thus are considered to have a

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Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray., & Weir (2003). "Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the humor styles questionnaire".

885:, community building and national well-being—and drew attention to the ability to achieve "flow" through playfulness and stimulate "outside the box" thinking. Parallel to this movement is the " 998:

Using humour judiciously can have a positive influence on cancer treatment. The effectiveness for humour‐based interventions in patients with schizophrenia is uncertain in a Cochrane review.

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One of the main focuses of modern psychological humour theory and research is to establish and clarify the correlation between humour and laughter. The major empirical findings here are that

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McGraw, A. Peter; Warren, Caleb; Williams, Lawrence E.; Leonard, Bridget (October 2012). "Too Close for Comfort, or Too Far to Care? Finding Humor in Distant Tragedies and Close Mishaps".

1982: 894: 173:. The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour to be inexplicable, strange, or even irrational. Though ultimately decided by subjective personal 293:

was thought to include a combination of ridiculousness and wit in an individual; the paradigmatic case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt the term

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The social transformation model of humour predicts that specific characteristics, such as physical attractiveness, interact with humour. This model involves linkages between the

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Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include

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Different cultures have different typical expectations of humour so comedy shows are not always successful when transplanted into another culture. For example, a 2004

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Affiliative style humour. Individuals with this dimension of humour tend to use jokes as a means of affiliating relationships, amusing others, and reducing tensions.

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communities. This process of dissecting humour does not necessarily banish a sense of humour but directs attention towards its politics and assumed universality.

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Lundy, Tan, Cunningham (1998). "Heterosexual romantic preferences: The importance of humor and physical attractiveness for different types of relationships".

5551: 1077:"Humour seems to engage a core network of cortical and subcortical structures, including temporo-occipito-parietal areas involved in detecting and resolving 751:

It is also mentioned that these people may have an implicit feeling of negativity. So they use this humour as a means of hiding that inner negative feeling.

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significantly more important as the level of commitment in a romantic relationship increases. Recent research suggests expressions of humour in relation to

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Kuiper, Grimshaw, Leite., & Kirsh (2004). "Humor is not always the best medicine: Specific components of sense of humor and psychological well-being".

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process in three areas. The areas are improving physical health, improving social communications, and helping to achieve a sense of satisfaction in life.

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during the negative arousal of a sad and troubling event recovered from the negative affect approximately 20% faster than individuals who did not smile.

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has been found to increase one's desirability and physical attractiveness to others for committed relationships. The results of a study conducted by

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Goldstein, Jeffrey H., et al. (1976) "Humour, Laughter, and Comedy: A Bibliography of Empirical and Nonempirical Analyses in the English Language."

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mechanism suggests that it is most useful in dealing with momentary stresses. Stronger negative stimuli requires a different therapeutic approach.

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itself, however, depicts the Master as fond of humorous self-deprecation, once comparing his wanderings to the existence of a homeless dog. Early

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It is generally known that humour contributes to higher subjective wellbeing (both physical and psychological). Previous research on humour and

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Keltner, D.; Bonanno, G. A. (1997). "A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement".

5481: 2882:"Associations between adolescents' interpersonal relationships, school well-being, and academic achievement during educational transitions" 538:, which tells of a boiler explosion on a sugar plantation that killed several of the workers, their natural wit and humour shine though." 3098: 1877: 1679: 1117:

Humour can be verbal, visual, or physical. Non-verbal forms of communication–for example, music or visual art–can also be humorous.

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Jocelyn Chey and Jessica Milner Davis, eds. "Humour in Chinese Life and Letters: Classical and Traditional Approaches" (HKUP, 2011)

897:. This happiness movement suggests that investing in fun at the workplace, by allowing for laughter and play, will not only create 1936: 3867: 3647:

McGhee, Paul E. (1984) "Current American Psychological Research on Humor." Jahrbuche fur Internationale Germanistik 16.2: 37–57.

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Strick, Madelijn; et al. (2009). "Finding Comfort in a Joke: Consolatory Effects of Humor Through Cognitive Distraction".

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Bolton, Sharon C.; Houlihan, Maeve (2 October 2009). "Are we having fun yet? A consideration of workplace fun and engagement".

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Modern Chinese humour has been heavily influenced not only by indigenous traditions, but also by foreign humor, circulated via

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Mobbs, D.; Greicius, M. D.; Abdel-Azim, E.; Menon, V.; Reiss, A. L. (2003), "Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centres",

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Kuiper, Nicholas A.; Aiken, Audrey; Pound, Maria Sol (2014). "Humor use, reactions to social comments, and social anxiety".

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Studies have shown that constant humour in the ageing process gives health benefits to individuals. Such benefits as higher

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Xiao, Dong Yue (2010). "Exploration of Chinese humor: Historical review, empirical findings, and critical reflections".

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Furthermore, humorous people are perceived by others to be more cheerful but less intellectual than nonhumorous people.

549:& Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, with its emphasis on ritual and propriety, have traditionally looked down upon humour as 2274:"Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources" 1920: 1909:"Discovering Humour in Modern China: The Launching of the Analects Fortnightly Journal and the 'Year of Humour' (1933)" 1078: 3659: 3525: 824:

aspect of human experience and is therefore decidedly relevant in organisational contexts, such as the workplace.

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Szameitat, Diana P., et al. Differentiation of Emotions in Laughter at the Behavioural Level. 2009 Emotion 9 (3).

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Vrticka, Pascal; Black, Jessica M.; Reiss, Allan L. (30 October 2013). "The neural basis of humour processing".

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Yovetich, N. A.; Dale, J. A.; Hudak, M. A. (1990). "Benefits of humor in reduction of threat-induced anxiety".

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Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth, Trost (1990). "Evolution, traits, and the stages of the parental investment model".

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theory that positive emotions lead to increased multilateral cognitive pathway and social resource building.

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Roth, G.; Yap, R.; Short, D. (2006). "Examining humour in HRD from theoretical and practical perspectives".

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Humour can be a way of dealing with the menacing or unpleasant: Sprayed comment below a memorial plaque for

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Kuiper & Martin (1998). "Laughter and stress in daily life: Relation to positive and negative affect".

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C. Harbsmeier, "Confucius-Ridens, Humor in the Analects." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50. 1: 131–61.

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and a greater sense of well-being, but it will also enhance energy, performance and commitment in workers.

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Hewitt, L. (1958). "Student perceptions of traits desired in themselves as dating and marriage partners".

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is an ignorance in the weak, who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed. Later, in Greek philosophy,

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of laughter itself. They found an overall recognition rate of 44%, with joy correctly classified at 44%,

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There are many taxonomies of humour; the following is used to classify humorous tweets in (Rayz 2012).

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Buijzen, Moniek; Valkenburg, Patti M. (2004), "Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media",

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Goodwin, R. (1990). "Sex differences among partner preferences: Are the sexes really very similar?".

1243: 1181: 478: 5195: 385:(1449a, pp. 34–35), suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour. 5571: 5355: 4756: 4015: 1439: 723: 474: 182: 17: 5110: 177:, the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables, including 5631: 5581: 5005: 4297: 4164: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 1094: 690: 682: 668: 641: 43: 5135: 5561: 5511: 5268: 4970: 4836: 4665: 4149: 4066: 3853: 3807: 3486: 1252: 715: 47: 2421: 1963: 5689: 5263: 5238: 5216: 5125: 4950: 4923: 4897: 4831: 4371: 4287: 4000: 3609:. Ed. Antony J. Chapman and Hugh C. Foot. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. 469–504. 2541:"Do cheerfulness, exhilaration, and humor production moderate pain tolerance? A FACS study". 2522: 2408: 2159: 2040: 1841: 1384: 1082: 959:

affect, it must be delimited from laughter and their relationship should be further defined.

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As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on

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Fry, W. F.; Stoft, P. E. (1971). "Mirth and oxygen saturation levels of peripheral blood".

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Humour is an underlying character trait associated with the positive emotions used in the

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vernacular fiction, and poetry offer a wide variety of humorous styles and sensibilities.

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about humour: "Indeed Allah loves those who are playful among people without obscenity."

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Others believe that "the appropriate use of humour can facilitate social interactions".

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representation, and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as

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Kiuru, N., Wang, M.-T., Salmela-Aro, K., Kannas, L., Ahonen, T., Hirvonen, R. (2020).

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Samson, Andrea C.; Lackner, Helmut Karl; Weiss, Elisabeth M.; Papousek, Ilona (2012).

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Verbal humor and variation in English: Sociolinguistic notes on a variety of jokes

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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

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said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."

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have the best sense of humour in the world. Even in the most solemn song, like

394: 198: 154:, which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body, known as humours ( 151: 3732: 3259: 3066: 2811: 2344: 2247: 1065:, it is reported that a study's results indicate that humour is rooted in the 80: 5721: 5671: 5461: 5320: 5243: 5185: 5100: 5080: 4940: 4892: 4730: 4702: 4697: 4645: 4640: 4615: 4351: 4093: 4041: 4031: 3905: 3815: 3773: 2962: 2905: 2879: 2858: 2819: 2701: 2464: 1732:

Webber, Edwin J. (January 1958), "Comedy as Satire in Hispano-Arabic Spain",

1473: 1465: 1394: 1379: 1140: 1090: 951: 878: 768: 606: 586: 582: 403: 203: 98:

From top-left to bottom-right or from top to bottom (mobile): various people

4862: 3502: 2832: 2606:"Humor and Laughter May Influence Health: III. Laughter and Health Outcomes" 2455: 1983:"Humour in Chinese Life and Culture: Resistance and Control in Modern Times" 1897:: A New History of Laughter in China" (University of California Press, 2015) 1588:"Perception of other people's mental states affects humor in social anxiety" 1541: 992: 5275: 5140: 5020: 5000: 4852: 4670: 4590: 4558: 4538: 4528: 4511: 4496: 4491: 4399: 4317: 4267: 4046: 3930: 3910: 3697: 3612:

Hurley, Matthew M., Dennett, Daniel C., and Adams, Reginald B. Jr. (2011),

3354: 3159: 3084: 3024: 2923: 2639: 2590: 2482: 2317: 2151: 1611: 1481: 1389: 1238: 1191: 1066: 1043: 836: 813: 772: 728: 546: 531: 398: 240: 209: 186: 3224: 3194: 2709: 2674: 2621: 2572: 2514: 1801: 1577: 1560: 190: 5444: 5397: 5253: 5205: 5165: 5115: 4907: 4675: 4660: 4631: 4563: 4523: 4501: 4456: 4431: 4426: 4376: 4341: 4103: 4051: 3985: 3667: 3578:

García-Barriocanal, Elena; Sicilia, Miguel-Angel; Palomar, David (2005),

1414: 1248: 1027: 633: 610: 494: 255: 3788: 3286:

Crew Solomon, Jennifer (January 1996). "American Behavioral Scientist".

2938: 1913:

Humour in Chinese Life and Letters: Classical and Traditional Approaches

852:

personal painful events, in a lighter context, thus ultimately reducing

844:. Humour in the workplace may also relieve tension and can be used as a 5414: 5392: 5285: 5070: 5030: 4990: 4857: 4772: 4635: 4436: 4381: 4302: 4292: 4195: 4185: 4076: 3965: 3955: 3950: 3830: 3532: 2954: 2557:"Humor and Laughter May Influence Health IV. Humor and Immune Function" 2108: 1662:

Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History of the Modern World

1373: 890: 882: 873: 821: 637: 622: 598: 578: 550: 415: 372: 228: 3015: 2939:"The thrill of bullying. Bullying, humour and the making of community" 2666: 2186:

Bressler, Balshine (2006). "The influence of humour on desirability".

2081: 1753: 816:

wearing a large pair of pants in an attempt to amuse those around them

281:

are often used when theorising about the subject. The connotations of

30:"Hilarity", "Hilarious", and "Funny" redirect here. For the ship, see 5325: 5295: 5090: 5035: 4955: 4887: 4680: 4312: 3975: 3749: 3536:

Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 411–418

3006: 2500: 1767: 1696:. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press p. 12 1307: 1226: 1166: 1148: 898: 784:

first exposed to a short humorous video clip and then exposed to the

614: 590: 527: 482: 376: 333: 233: 194: 143: 4220: 3581:

A Graphical Humor Ontology for Contemporary Cultural Heritage Access

3346: 1561:"Humor and Resiliency: Towards a Process Model of Coping and Growth" 449: 5626: 5360: 5310: 5290: 5155: 4595: 4466: 4240: 3920: 3890: 3444: 2073: 1842:"The Invention of Li Yu – Patrick Hanan – Harvard University Press" 1745: 1322: 1171: 1086: 947: 938: 857: 828: 664: 559: 490: 486: 367: 362: 270: 147: 139: 115: 69: 39: 1908: 1106: 929: 409: 305:

are still two different words, the former referring to a person's

5439: 5387: 5345: 5330: 5300: 4620: 4404: 2443:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

1363: 1144: 1031: 686:

or marriage, but only when these men were physically attractive.

636:

culture, cinema, television, and the internet. During the 1930s,

602: 342: 89: 27:

Tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement

3706:

Humor in American Literature: A Selected Annotated Bibliography.

3577: 3288:

Humor and Aging Well: A Laughing Matter or a Matter of Laughing?

1980: 461:

The terms comedy and satire became synonymous after Aristotle's

425:(emotional responses), which can be inspired in the audience by 5372: 5280: 5258: 4548: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4210: 4205: 3960: 3876: 3834: 3802: 3246:

Kupier, N. A.; Martin, R. A. (1993). "Humor and self-concept".

2272:

Bos, E. H.; Snippe, E.; de Jonge, P.; Jeronimus, B. F. (2016).

1020: 869: 672:

towards the humorist when other variables are also favourable.

618: 594: 564: 454: 289:

are said to be that of response versus stimulus. Additionally,

111: 3711:

Pogel, Nancy; and Paul P. Somers Jr. (1988) "Literary Humor."

2129: 1937:"Research - School of Modern Languages – Newcastle University" 493:. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from 5145: 4741: 4610: 4471: 3940: 3915: 3626:

Holland, Norman. (1982) "Bibliography of Theories of Humor."

1330: 1280: 1161: 554: 523: 437: 427: 358: 155: 107: 99: 3673: 3281: 3279: 3277: 650: 5366: 5340: 3945: 1451: 1285: 1211:

that an object or a person can become funny in three ways:

1081:(mismatch between expected and presented stimuli); and the 792:

participants showed a significant increase in SIgA levels.

499: 431:, the imitations of emotions that the actors perform. Each 3704:

Nilsen, Don L. F. (1992) "Satire in American Literature."

3574:, University of Central Oklahoma. Retrieved on 2007-07-06. 3518:

Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour

3126:"Humour-based interventions for people with schizophrenia" 1505:

The Humor Code: A Global Search for What Makes Things Funn

718:– the German text means "Alois, we will never forget you!" 5335: 3970: 3845: 3274: 1915:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 191–218, 251–254. 1176: 832: 338: 3211:

Abel, M (2002). "Humor, stress, and coping strategies".

1333:, and therefore UK sitcoms are not appreciated by them. 893:

which seeks to empirically theorise the optimisation of

273:

from English) to mean any type of comedy. However, both

3715:. Ed. Lawrence E. Mintz. London: Greenwood, 1988. 1–34. 3713:

Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics

3652:

Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics

2833:

Legkauskas, V., Magelinskaitė-Legkauskienė, Š. (2021).

2754:

Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online

1592:

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

775:

enjoying a joke, in spite of their language differences

254:

Some claim that humour should not be explained. Author

3614:

Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind

2234:

Kuiper & Martin (1993). "Humor and self-concept".

2018: 820:

Humour is a ubiquitous, highly ingrained, and largely

577:

Famous Chinese humourists include the ancient jesters

166:, "body fluid"), controlled human health and emotion. 5552:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

2610:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

2561:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

1503:

McGraw, Peter; Warner, Joel (2014). "Introduction".

530:, stated in a 1957 interview that he thought that: " 2330: 2233: 3635:The Psychology Of Humour: An Integrative Approach. 2936: 2185: 1630:, "Prudence and Racial Humor: Troubling Epithets" 3539: 3330: 3124:Tsujimoto, Y.; Nakamura, Y.; et al. (2021). 3123: 2687: 585:; writers of the Ming and Qing dynasties such as 365:(as a semi-historical dialogue character) in the 5719: 3206: 3204: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2603: 2554: 1527: 444: 316:Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed 2604:Bennett, Mary Payne; Lengacher, Cecile (2008). 2555:Bennett, Mary Payne; Lengacher, Cecile (2009). 1765: 1680:A cultural analysis of the Russo-Soviet Anekdot 835:play in organisational life has been seen as a 371:(p. 49b) the view that the essence of the 3587:, Madrid: University of Alcalá, archived from 3172: 3044: 3042: 2797: 2750:"Healthy humour: Using humour to cope at work" 2503:Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 2236:Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 1507:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 10. 1019:Humour has been shown to improve and help the 658: 4757: 3861: 3201: 2969: 1329:that Americans and Germans do not understand 648: 5482:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 3718: 3285: 3245: 3175:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2527:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2413:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2164:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2045:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1641:"The Quotations Page: Quote from E.B. White" 1502: 1197: 138:) is the tendency of experiences to provoke 3616:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 3416:"Automatic Humor Classification on Twitter" 3048: 3039: 1981:Jessica Milner Davis; Jocelyn Chey (2013). 1706:Force, Nichole; Read, M. A. (17 May 2016). 1205:explains in his lecture in the documentary 701: 160: 4764: 4750: 3868: 3854: 2943:Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 2436: 1229:fit into one or more of these categories. 675: 3768:(1) (published 12 December 2006): 14–34, 3756:Wogan, Peter (Spring 2006), "Laughing At 3687: 3530:Bricker, Victoria Reifler (Winter, 1980) 3487:"Dialogic ethics and the virtue of humor" 3149: 3074: 3014: 2988: 2986: 2913: 2765: 2629: 2580: 2472: 2454: 2307: 2297: 1705: 1576: 239:The benign-violation theory, endorsed by 193:. For example, young children may favour 3824:) is being considered for deletion. See 3721:Human Resource Development International 2652: 1911:. In Chey, J.; Milner Davis, J. (eds.). 1242: 1105: 928: 807: 763: 759: 714:who first described the memory-damaging 705: 448: 3840:International Society for Humor Studies 3248:International Journal of Humor Research 3213:International Journal of Humor Research 3130:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2747: 2094: 1961: 1906: 327: 14: 5720: 2992: 2983: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2267: 2265: 2059: 1731: 505:Latin translations of the 12th century 309:or to the archaic concept of the four 4745: 3849: 3755: 3637:London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press. 2496: 2494: 2492: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1883:from the original on 26 October 2015. 1325:article discusses a stereotype among 1083:mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system 868:can unleash creativity, thus raising 553:or unseemly. Humour was perceived as 3484: 3428:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3210: 1787: 1376:, the study of laughing and laughter 3750:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3533:The Function of Humor in Zinacantan 3479:Aspects of verbal humour in English 2774: 2748:Plester, Barbara (1 January 2009). 2724: 2262: 987:Studies, such as those testing the 803: 593:; and modern comic writers such as 345:. Eighteenth-century German author 24: 3464: 3051:"What Good Are Positive Emotions?" 2489: 2381:Journal of Research in Personality 2359: 2222: 2208:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.06.002 2172: 2144:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x 2033:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00174.x 1993: 1120: 889:" scholarship that has emerged in 856:and allowing more happy, positive 469:, where it was elaborated upon by 465:was translated into Arabic in the 357:Western humour theory begins with 25: 5749: 3828:to help reach a consensus. › 3781: 3654:. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988. 1766:Michael Garnice (11 March 2012). 1437:, "The Planet Without Laughter", 984:theory of cognitive development. 352: 201:puppet shows or cartoons such as 5700: 4725: 4716: 4715: 3801: 3787: 3708:New York: Garland, 1992. 543–48. 3049:Fredrickson, Barbara L. (1998). 2886:Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2839:Early Child Development and Care 2655:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 88: 79: 68: 59: 3650:Mintz, Lawrence E., ed. (1988) 3628:Laughing; A Psychology of Humor 3491:Journal of Political Philosophy 3432: 3408: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3324: 3314: 3239: 3166: 3117: 3091: 2930: 2873: 2826: 2681: 2646: 2597: 2548: 2535: 2324: 2123: 2088: 2053: 1974: 1955: 1929: 1900: 1887: 1867:"Comic Visions of Modern China" 1859: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1781: 1759: 1725: 1699: 1232: 435:was associated with a specific 4771: 3630:. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 209–223. 3142:10.1002/14651858.CD013367.pub2 1686: 1671: 1654: 1633: 1621: 1565:Europe's Journal of Psychology 1521: 1496: 1445: 1428: 1247:An exaggerating caricature of 1215:by behaving in an unusual way, 1030:, lower levels of depression, 642:phono-semantic transliteration 13: 1: 3813: 3792:The dictionary definition of 3689:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00751-7 3440:"Do the Americans get irony?" 3375:Rowan Atkinson/David Hinton, 2851:10.1080/03004430.2019.1603149 2767:10.1080/1177083X.2009.9522446 2393:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00534-2 1660:Ritu Gairola Khanduri. 2014. 1421: 1218:by being in an unusual place, 1054: 511:thus gained a new meaning in 445:In Arabic and Persian culture 5612:Aestheticization of politics 3055:Review of General Psychology 2299:10.1371/journal.pone.0150867 2188:Evolution and Human Behavior 1559:Kuiper, Nicholas A. (2012). 1073:. The study states, in part: 904: 567:philosophical texts such as 518: 146:. The term derives from the 7: 3476:Alexander, Richard (1997), 3470:Alexander, Richard (1984), 3334:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3300:10.1177/0002764296039003004 3099:"Humor in Cancer Treatment" 2937:Søndergaard, D. M. (2018). 2545:. Retrieved 11 August 2015. 1604:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.08.007 1336: 1262: 1062:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1059:In an article published in 924: 659:Social transformation model 557:and sarcasm. The Confucian 216: 10: 5754: 3875: 3842:(archived 11 January 2010) 3762:Visual Anthropology Review 3607:It's a Funny Thing, Humour 3571:Historical views of humour 3554:10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2 3187:10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.687 2898:10.1007/s10964-019-01184-y 2062:Marriage and Family Living 1666:Cambridge University Press 1369:Form-versus-content humour 1316: 1236: 1155: 1129:of or imitative of reality 1101: 917: 913: 827:The significant role that 220: 29: 5680: 5604: 5453: 5226: 4933: 4845: 4779: 4711: 4576: 4484: 4390: 4255: 4173: 4137: 4130: 4121: 4024: 3993: 3984: 3883: 3733:10.1080/13678860600563424 3485:Basu, S (December 1999), 3260:10.1515/humr.1993.6.3.251 3067:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 2812:10.1108/01425450910991721 2248:10.1515/humr.1993.6.3.251 1708:"The Way of the Comedian" 1198:Behaviour, place and size 1113:is a component of humour. 1014: 962: 649: 617:, and performers such as 3826:templates for discussion 3774:10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14 2702:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.51 1466:10.1177/0956797612443831 1440:This Book Needs No Title 1221:by being the wrong size. 724:psychological well-being 702:Psychological well-being 541: 388: 249: 5632:Evolutionary aesthetics 5582:The Aesthetic Dimension 4165:Theatre of ancient Rome 3747:Smuts, Aaron. "Humor". 3633:Martin, Rod A. (2007). 3503:10.1111/1467-9760.00082 2456:10.3390/ijerph191811415 2345:10.1023/A:1021392305352 1768:"Mento Music Lord Flea" 1542:10.1515/humor-2014-0072 972:therapy attenuated the 691:Self-deprecating humour 683:physical attractiveness 676:Physical attractiveness 669:self-deprecating humour 265:lamented the misuse of 44:Humour (disambiguation) 5562:Avant-Garde and Kitsch 5512:Lectures on Aesthetics 2333:Motivation and Emotion 2132:Journal of Personality 2021:Personal Relationships 1907:Suoqiao, Qian (2011). 1895:The Age of Irreverence 1694:Rabelais and His World 1255: 1253:James McNeill Whistler 1114: 1099: 934: 817: 812:A person working in a 776: 719: 467:medieval Islamic world 458: 185:, level of education, 161: 48:Funny (disambiguation) 42:. For other uses, see 5707:Philosophy portal 4372:Theatre of the Absurd 3568:Carrell, Amy (2000), 3403:Enjoyment of Laughter 3225:10.1515/humr.15.4.365 2690:Psychological Reports 2515:10.1515/humr.2004.002 1802:10.1515/HUMR.2010.018 1677:Seth Benedict Graham 1578:10.5964/ejop.v8i3.464 1454:Psychological Science 1385:Humour in translation 1246: 1109: 1089:, key structures for 1075: 932: 811: 767: 760:Physiological effects 709: 452: 413:) as one of the nine 322:recreational drollery 179:geographical location 32:USS Hilarity (AM-241) 5652:Philosophy of design 5532:In Praise of Shadows 5522:The Critic as Artist 4347:Shakespearean comedy 4145:Ancient Greek comedy 3810:at Wikimedia Commons 3390:Techniques of Satire 475:Islamic philosophers 453:Muhammad al-Baqir's 441:portrayed on stage. 361:, who attributed to 328:Sociological factors 128:Commonwealth English 38:. For the name, see 34:. For the film, see 5662:Philosophy of music 5637:Mathematical beauty 3516:Billig, M. (2005). 3401:M. Eastman/W. Fry, 2622:10.1093/ecam/nem041 2573:10.1093/ecam/nem149 2437:Burger, C. (2022). 2290:2016PLoSO..1150867B 2200:2006EHumB..27...29B 1846:www.hup.harvard.edu 716:Alzheimer's disease 695:McMaster University 513:Medieval literature 263:Arthur Schopenhauer 234:mystical experience 5733:Defence mechanisms 5657:Philosophy of film 5647:Patterns in nature 5617:Applied aesthetics 5592:Why Beauty Matters 5378:Life imitating art 5239:Art for art's sake 4335:Comédie larmoyante 4330:Sentimental comedy 4325:Restoration comedy 4288:Commedia dell'arte 4160:Corral de comedias 3105:on 19 October 2018 2955:10.1111/jtsb.12153 2800:Employee Relations 2109:10.1007/bf00289765 1964:"Stifled Laughter" 1893:Christopher Rea, " 1692:Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1410:Theories of humour 1256: 1115: 989:undoing hypothesis 935: 818: 777: 720: 459: 223:Theories of humour 5715: 5714: 5667:Psychology of art 5542:Art as Experience 4739: 4738: 4517:Musical comedians 4480: 4479: 4278:Comedy of manners 4273:Comedy of humours 4263:Boulevard theatre 4251: 4250: 4155:Comédie-Italienne 4150:Comédie-Française 4117: 4116: 3806:Media related to 3643:978-0-12-372564-6 3622:978-0-262-01582-0 3448:. 27 January 2004 2667:10.1159/000286308 2103:(9–10): 501–513. 1943:on 2 October 2016 1514:978-1-4516-6541-3 1460:(10): 1215–1223. 1400:List of humorists 1349:Australian humour 1327:British comedians 1009:broaden and build 1004:negative emotions 982:broaden-and-build 974:negative emotions 786:cold pressor test 347:Georg Lichtenberg 16:(Redirected from 5745: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5557: 5547: 5537: 5527: 5517: 5507: 5497: 5487: 5477: 5467: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4666:Self-referential 4283:Comedy of menace 4135: 4134: 4128: 4127: 3991: 3990: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3805: 3791: 3776: 3744: 3701: 3691: 3682:(5): 1041–1048, 3602: 3601: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3564: 3542:Media Psychology 3520:. London: Sage. 3512: 3511: 3509: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3283: 3272: 3271: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3153: 3136:(10): CD013367. 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3101:. Archived from 3095: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3018: 3007:10.1037/a0015951 2990: 2981: 2978: 2967: 2966: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2917: 2892:(5): 1057–1072. 2877: 2871: 2870: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2795: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2745: 2722: 2721: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2633: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2518: 2498: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2458: 2434: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2404: 2376: 2357: 2356: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2311: 2301: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2231: 2220: 2219: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2155: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2036: 2016: 1991: 1990: 1987:www.hkupress.org 1978: 1972: 1971: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1939:. Archived from 1933: 1927: 1926: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1871: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1712:psychcentral.com 1703: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1675: 1669: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1582: 1580: 1553: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1449: 1443: 1435:Raymond Smullyan 1432: 1301:Self-deprecation 1187:Self-deprecation 1127:Being reflective 1034:, and perceived 804:In the workplace 654: 653: 407:defined humour ( 164: 148:humoral medicine 136:American English 92: 83: 72: 63: 36:Hilarious (film) 21: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5676: 5600: 5595: 5585: 5575: 5572:Critical Essays 5565: 5555: 5545: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5465: 5449: 5222: 5136:Ortega y Gasset 4929: 4841: 4775: 4770: 4740: 4735: 4707: 4572: 4554:Animated sitcom 4476: 4442:Musical theatre 4392: 4386: 4362:Stand-up comedy 4308:One-person show 4298:Improvisational 4247: 4169: 4113: 4067:Science fiction 4020: 3980: 3901:Comedy festival 3879: 3874: 3829: 3784: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3507: 3505: 3467: 3465:Further reading 3462: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3388:Emil Draitser, 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3347:10.1038/nrn3566 3341:(12): 860–868. 3329: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3284: 3275: 3244: 3240: 3209: 3202: 3171: 3167: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3047: 3040: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2970: 2935: 2931: 2878: 2874: 2831: 2827: 2796: 2775: 2746: 2725: 2686: 2682: 2651: 2647: 2602: 2598: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2520: 2519: 2499: 2490: 2435: 2422: 2406: 2405: 2377: 2360: 2329: 2325: 2284:(3): e0150867. 2270: 2263: 2232: 2223: 2184: 2173: 2157: 2156: 2128: 2124: 2093: 2089: 2058: 2054: 2038: 2037: 2017: 1994: 1979: 1975: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1734:Hispanic Review 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1676: 1672: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1628:Nicholas Kuiper 1626: 1622: 1618: 1585: 1558: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1501: 1497: 1450: 1446: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1359:Canadian humour 1339: 1319: 1265: 1241: 1235: 1200: 1158: 1123: 1121:Root components 1104: 1071:cerebral cortex 1057: 1017: 993:Duchenne smiles 965: 927: 922: 916: 907: 895:human potential 846:coping strategy 806: 762: 712:Alois Alzheimer 704: 678: 661: 544: 521: 447: 419:, or principle 391: 355: 330: 252: 225: 219: 171:sense of humour 121: 120: 119: 118: 95: 94: 93: 85: 84: 75: 74: 73: 65: 64: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5751: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642:Neuroesthetics 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622:Arts criticism 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5588: 5578: 5568: 5558: 5548: 5538: 5528: 5518: 5508: 5498: 5492:On the Sublime 5488: 5478: 5468: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5356:Interpretation 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5256: 5251: 5249:Artistic merit 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4898:Psychoanalysis 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4422:Comédie-ballet 4419: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4367:Street theatre 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3896:Comedic device 3893: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3811: 3799: 3783: 3782:External links 3780: 3779: 3778: 3753: 3745: 3727:(1): 121–127. 3716: 3709: 3702: 3671: 3648: 3645: 3631: 3624: 3610: 3603: 3594:on 23 May 2006 3575: 3566: 3548:(2): 147–167, 3537: 3528: 3514: 3497:(4): 378–403, 3482: 3474: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3431: 3407: 3394: 3381: 3377:Funny Business 3368: 3323: 3313: 3294:(3): 249–271. 3273: 3254:(3): 251–270. 3238: 3219:(4): 365–381. 3200: 3181:(4): 687–702. 3165: 3116: 3090: 3061:(3): 300–319. 3038: 3001:(4): 574–578. 2982: 2968: 2929: 2872: 2825: 2806:(6): 556–568. 2773: 2723: 2680: 2645: 2596: 2567:(2): 159–164. 2547: 2534: 2488: 2420: 2358: 2339:(2): 133–153. 2323: 2261: 2242:(3): 251–270. 2221: 2171: 2122: 2087: 2074:10.2307/348256 2068:(4): 344–349. 2052: 2027:(3): 311–325. 1992: 1973: 1968:www.danwei.org 1954: 1928: 1922:978-9888083527 1921: 1899: 1886: 1858: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1780: 1758: 1746:10.2307/470561 1724: 1698: 1685: 1670: 1653: 1632: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1598:(1): 625–631. 1583: 1571:(3): 475–491. 1555: 1520: 1513: 1495: 1444: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1405:Surreal humour 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1354:British humour 1351: 1346: 1344:American humor 1340: 1338: 1335: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1264: 1261: 1237:Main article: 1234: 1231: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1208:Funny Business 1203:Rowan Atkinson 1199: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1130: 1122: 1119: 1103: 1100: 1056: 1053: 1016: 1013: 964: 961: 933:A man laughing 926: 923: 920:Humor research 918:Main article: 915: 912: 906: 903: 805: 802: 761: 758: 753: 752: 748: 744: 736: 703: 700: 677: 674: 660: 657: 543: 540: 520: 517: 495:Greek dramatic 471:Arabic writers 446: 443: 395:Sanskrit drama 390: 387: 354: 353:Ancient Greece 351: 329: 326: 285:as opposed to 251: 248: 221:Main article: 218: 215: 199:Punch and Judy 152:ancient Greeks 97: 96: 87: 86: 78: 77: 76: 67: 66: 58: 57: 56: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5750: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5673: 5672:Theory of art 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462:Hippias Major 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321:Entertainment 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Art manifesto 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:Appropriation 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5126:Merleau-Ponty 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941:Abhinavagupta 4939: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4893:Postmodernism 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698:Ventriloquism 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Observational 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4462:Opéra comique 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452:Opéra bouffon 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410:Café-chantant 4408: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Sketch comedy 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 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3798:at Wiktionary 3797: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758:First Contact 3754: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660:0-313-24551-7 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3590: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3526:1-4129-1143-5 3523: 3519: 3515: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3405:(2008) p. 156 3404: 3398: 3392:(1994) p. 135 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 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