222:
342:
464:, a part of the Crestone End of Life Project, obtained legal permission to perform "open-air cremations". Others have attempted to open up more outdoor funeral pyres but have faced disapproval. Crestone, Colorado is the only place where open-air cremations are legal in the United States. They can perform around 12 a year, regardless of religion and families can be involved in the process if they would like. At this time, the group only allows people who are part of the local community to choose this alternative burial.
210:
40:
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The process of constructing and properly burning a funeral pyre is a skilled task. Often, pyres would not burn with enough heat to properly cremate human remains. Pyres had to be maintained by stoking the flame and raking the pyre to allow good oxygen flow. Ancient literature refers to the skilled
200:
that had been tightly sealed and had no evidence of environmental disturbance it was found that on average bigger bone fragment sizes were observed meaning less bone breakage had occurred. It was concluded that if cremated bone is placed in an urn before burial the original bone fragment size will be
493:
A study conducted by Alunni, et al. examined the forensic science behind cremations on wooden pyres. The study concluded the average pyre does not completely destroy a human body effectively, and differences in suicide via pyres are evident in the remains. A pyre suicide shows signs of remains being
472:
In the time leading up to the 2nd century AD popular funeral practices in Rome consisted of cremation with a pyre. Ideal funeral practices meant burning an ornamental pyre for the deceased, that would burn with enough heat and a long enough time to only leave ashes and small bone fragments. Having
503:
experimental studies are necessary to fully understand the differences the body undergoes in a pyre. Coloring of bones before cremation is dependent on oxygen exposure, duration, and temperature. The bone color can range from black to brown or an oxidized white color. The type of bone and method of
352:
Chakrabarty RK, et al. examined the environmental effects of
Southern Asia's funeral pyres in their study, "Funeral pyres in South Asia: Brown carbon aerosol emissions and climate impacts". The heating of the atmosphere from carbonaceous aerosols resulting from human activities is a significant
377:
aerosols. These high chemical levels were also found to correlate to higher aerosol fraction levels during winter months in both Muslim Holy
Shrines and marriage places. The study concluded PM concentrations were significantly higher in indoor-ritual locations and suggested further studies and
143:, pyre materials were gathered based on local abundance and ease of access to the wood although materials were also selected due to the specific properties, potential traditional purpose, or due to economical reasons. In Templenoe, pyres typically consisted of oak and fruit wood compositions.
927:
Dewangan, Shippi; Pervez, Shamsh; Chakrabarty, Rajan; Watson, John G.; Chow, Judith C.; Pervez, Yasmeen; Tiwari, Suresh; Rai, Joyce (1 September 2016). "Study of carbonaceous fractions associated with indoor PM2.5/PM10 during Asian cultural and ritual burning practices".
327:
is the act of volunteered self immolation of a widow of the deceased husband with his corpse or remains. This involves volunteering oneself (and generally being in state of samadhi) to be burnt alive on the pyre with the remains of her husband for higher state of life.
201:
preserved. This study was intended to explain that more cautionary measures should be taken during and after any cremation occurs and to educate those who are studying cremated bone that the size of the fragments will be smaller than there were right after cremation.
386:
A traditional Hindu funeral pyre takes six hours and burns 500–600 kg (1,102–1,323 pounds) of wood to burn a body completely. Every year fifty to sixty million trees are burned during cremations in India, which results in about eight million tonnes of
368:
A second study examined the carbonaceous fractions associated with indoor PM2.5/PM10 during Asian cultural and ritual burning practices. (Dewangan, et al.) This study concluded drastically higher levels of biomass burning markers within
422:
working to reduce the environmental impact of funeral pyres. They claim to have created an alternative to wood-based funeral pyres, which reduces the number of trees which need to be cut down. Their alternative also promotes the
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was granted permission to be cremated on a traditional open-air pyre, when a court of appeals in the United
Kingdom ruled them legal inside of a building with an open roof and away from roads or homes. In the U.S., a group in
899:
Chakrabarty, Rajan K.; Pervez, Shamsh; Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.; Dewangan, Shippi; Robles, Jerome; Tian, Guoxun (14 January 2014). "Funeral Pyres in South Asia: Brown Carbon
Aerosol Emissions and Climate Impacts".
477:
job of an ustor, meaning a professional pyre builder derived from the Latin word 'ūrere' which means, to burn. However, regardless of professional build, pyres were unpredictable and would go wrong on a regular basis.
439:
In ancient times burning bodies was a practiced form of burial. Open-air cremations, known as funeral pyres, are uncommon and even illegal in some countries, particularly in the
Western World, because it is considered
494:
more charred rather than completely oxidized by high temperatures, are in anatomically correct positions, poor bone fragmentation, and is without suspicious burn patterns compared to an individual murdered via pyre.
448:. The law was created to prevent the creation of a private cremation industry and because of issues concerning property. But at the time environmental concerns did not play any factor in the creation of the law.
159:
pyres consisted of primarily Scots pine, birch, and oak trees, as pines, birch, and oak were dense in local woodlands. All parts of the tree were used including the trunk, branches, twigs, and even pine cones.
498:
remains are different from traditional human remains in the sense that their physical appearance including bone vary in color, fragmentation, and differ from their original shape and dimension. This is why
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A study was done on the bone fragments of cremations to show that not only will movement of the bone fragments cause breakage but also environmental factors play a part. After studying cremation remains in
798:
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cooling may also alter the bone form. Cooling is also an important consideration, for if the remains are cooled via water it increases warping. This knowledge is a consideration for
647:
Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena (2012). "The use of wood in funerary pyres: random gathering or special selection of species? Case study of three necropolises from Poland".
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rituals performed indoors compared to levels collected for residential indoors and ambient outdoors, with levels reaching three- to eightfold higher levels of
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actions be taken to investigate risk and health assessment and calls for regulatory agencies to propose new guidelines for indoor cultural/ritual locations.
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2625:
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used in other camps. Pyres have also been used to dispose of large quantities of livestock in agriculture, particularly those infected with disease.
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3022:
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2359:
806:
1004:
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2487:
2810:
2261:
734:
Mckinley, Jacqueline I. (1994). "Bone
Fragment Size in British Cremation Burials and its Implications for Pyre Technology and Ritual".
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1115:
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Alunni, Veronique; Grevin, Gilles; Buchet, Luc; Quatrehomme, Gérald (1 August 2014). "Forensic aspect of cremations on wooden pyre".
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writes of extreme cases in which bodies have been thrown from the pyre from the force of the flames. Other cases, described by
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883:
850:
357:. In this region, fossil fuel use and residential biofuels have been documented to be the primary emitter of light-absorbing
295:, India as it is considered one of the oldest standing cities. Hindu's believe that by resting the ashes of the dead in the
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221:
115:, "pyre" (the normal Greek word for fire anglicized) is also used for the sacred fires at altars, on which parts of the
523:
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1294:
1090:
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444:. While cremation is commonplace, open air cremations in the United Kingdom were considered to be unlawful under the
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leave a blue-green stain and are typically fused to the ribs, arms, and other areas where jewelry is commonly worn.
2595:
2482:
3007:
2398:
1436:
1250:
104:, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite or execution. As a form of
699:
Mckinley, Jacqueline (1994). "A pyre and grave goods in
British cremation burials; have we missed something?".
620:
O'Donnell, Lorna (2016). "The power of the pyre - A holistic study of cremation focusing on charcoal remains".
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2150:
1410:
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Pyres are crafted using wood. The composition of a pyre may be determined through use of charcoal analysis.
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281:
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17:
1304:
485:, involving deceased victims of poisoning, resulted in the human body bursting open and dousing the pyre.
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The Green
Revolution Foundation, under its parent organization Sarthak Charitable Trust, is a Delhi-based
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aerosols. The study determined the emitted organic carbon contributed 40% to smoke absorption of visible
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62:
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analysis helps to predict composition of the fuel and local forestry of the charcoal being studied.
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1970:
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religions, a practice which dates back several thousands of years. Funeral pyres were also used in
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87:
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Pyres and bonfires are used in celebrations and remembrance in services. Examples of these are
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2020:
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31:
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1144:
Noy, David (2000). "'Half-burnt on an
Emergency Pyre ': Roman Cremations which Went Wrong".
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During World War II, pyres were used in German death camps on Polish territory, such as
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Funeral pyres were used by the Nazis to cremate the bodies of 1,500,000+ prisoners in
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The funeral pyre of Chan Kusalo (the
Buddhist high monk of Northern Thailand) at
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183:, and copper-alloys are most commonly found in pyre cremation remains. The
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2005:
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108:, a body is placed upon or under the pyre, which is then set on fire.
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1941:
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835:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 783, 2007,
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The tiered funeral pyre of Burmese Buddhist Monk at Pa-Auk Village,
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1985:
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Traditionally, pyres are used for the cremation of the dead in the
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39:
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2100:
2010:
1864:
1765:
1723:
1586:
1505:
1458:
1446:
238:
1222:"Using Experiments and Forensics to Understand Cremated Remains"
799:"The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth"
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to use another's pyre was a sign of poverty or emergency cases.
2856:
2393:
2371:
2224:
2160:
2105:
1495:
1473:
1441:
1415:
960:"India's burning issue with emissions from Hindu funeral pyres"
926:
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Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India
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304:
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156:
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2192:
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1995:
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1537:
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duties such as praying, attending to their dead, or to die.
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2309:
2165:
2095:
2015:
1887:
1400:
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898:
346:
74:
44:
2180:
1946:
1904:
1069:"Hindu man wins court battle for open-air cremation pyre"
983:"India court orders action on crematorium near Taj Mahal"
197:
1005:"Sarthak charitable trust... Vasudha woodless cremation"
336:
265:
countries, where the 'Guy', either seen as an effigy of
303:. Hindus will travel great lengths in order to perform
1116:"Cremation by funeral pyre, now available in the USA"
1091:"Alternative Funerals - What are your options today?"
427:. As a result, the cost is reduced significantly and
310:
155:, in Kokotów, Pawłowice and Korytnica, it seems that
871:
1084:
1082:
415:of its waters, pose great environmental problems.
727:
381:
331:
190:
3111:
345:Buddhist monks procession in front of a pyre in
1079:
1060:
646:
488:
980:
902:Environmental Science & Technology Letters
772:"The question: Why are funeral pyres illegal?"
1258:
619:
434:
957:
175:Worked antler and bone objects, along with
1272:
1265:
1251:
865:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
170:
872:John Stratton Hawley (8 September 1994).
840:
769:
733:
698:
592:"'Illegal' funeral pyre burnt in secret"
340:
284:extermination camps, in contrast to the
220:
208:
119:were burnt as an offering to the deity.
38:
996:
796:
754:
675:"Treblinka Extermination Camp (Poland)"
589:
585:
583:
14:
3112:
1066:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1002:
958:Kermeliotis, Teo (17 September 2011).
953:
951:
508:to understand the remains from pyres.
299:in at Varanasi, the dead will achieve
2436:
2075:
1341:
1246:
1139:
1137:
1042:"Funeral Pyres An Option in Crestone"
337:Environmental impact in Southern Asia
2437:
1067:Taylor, Matthew (10 February 2010).
615:
613:
580:
1143:
1088:
1030:
981:Nirmala George (17 November 2015).
948:
24:
1134:
770:Fernando, Shehani (14 July 2006).
565:
311:Sati practice in Nepal & India
291:Pyres are lit around the clock in
25:
3141:
2389:Megalithic architectural elements
736:Journal of Archaeological Science
649:Journal of Archaeological Science
622:Journal of Archaeological Science
610:
2076:
1040:Moreno, Ivan (31 January 2011).
833:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
590:Norfolk, Andrew (13 July 2006).
3120:Burial monuments and structures
3008:Evolutionary origin of religion
1214:
1200:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.023
1179:
1164:
974:
920:
892:
821:
797:McBride, Pete (7 August 2014).
790:
261:in the United Kingdom and some
100: 'fire'), also known as a
1188:Forensic Science International
942:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.006
842:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_8607
692:
667:
640:
559:
517:
467:
382:Environmental impacts in India
332:Environmental impacts of pyres
191:Analysis of bone fragment size
13:
1:
2621:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2151:British megalith architecture
1176:. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
1172:"Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus"
1003:Sharma, Anita (20 May 2017).
511:
2616:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2156:Nordic megalith architecture
489:Forensic evaluation of pyres
355:climate change in South Asia
122:
75:
7:
878:. Oxford University Press.
573:Online Etymology Dictionary
10:
3146:
2764:British Isles and Brittany
2685:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1011:(in Hindi). Archived from
533:
525:
435:Legality of open-air pyres
252:
134:
86:
61:
60:
47:cremation ceremony in 2005
29:
2966:
2779:
2606:
2453:
2449:
2432:
2318:
2282:
2131:
2088:
2084:
2071:
1878:
1709:
1682:
1607:
1533:
1524:
1429:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1280:
713:10.1017/S0003598X00046275
661:10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.011
634:10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.009
146:
930:Building and Environment
403:and large quantities of
393:greenhouse gas emissions
365:, about 92 Gg annually.
323:(also known as suttee).
269:or the Pope, is burned.
2996:Evolutionary musicology
2399:Oldest extant buildings
2326:Archaeological features
1845:Prepared-core technique
1120:Thefuneralsite's Weblog
549:A Greek–English Lexicon
204:
171:Pyre remains in Britain
2958:Unchambered long cairn
2806:Mound Builders culture
2139:Neolithic architecture
1274:Prehistoric technology
748:10.1006/jasc.1994.1033
431:are cut by up to 60%.
349:
230:
218:
217:, Chiang Mai, Thailand
113:ancient Greek religion
48:
2633:List of Stone Age art
1835:Microblade technology
1783:Langdale axe industry
1381:Ard / plough
540:Liddell, Henry George
425:Swachh Bharat Mission
344:
224:
212:
151:From analyzing three
139:Specifically, in the
42:
32:Pyre (disambiguation)
3040:Prehistoric medicine
3035:Prehistoric counting
3018:Prehistoric religion
3013:Paleolithic religion
2991:Behavioral modernity
2348:Causewayed enclosure
2240:Abri de la Madeleine
1364:Neolithic Revolution
809:on 22 September 2014
451:In February 2010, a
30:For other uses, see
3079:Prehistoric warfare
1825:Magdalenian culture
1788:Levallois technique
1719:Earliest toolmaking
1158:10.1093/gr/47.2.186
3030:Origin of language
3023:Spiritual drug use
2933:Rectangular dolmen
2835:Dartmoor kistvaens
2648:Carved stone balls
2360:Circular enclosure
2319:Other architecture
2262:Alp pile dwellings
1850:Solutrean industry
1761:Gravettian culture
1411:Secondary products
1095:US Funerals Online
462:Crestone, Colorado
446:Cremation Act 1902
409:thrown into rivers
407:, which are later
350:
231:
219:
49:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3052:Prehistoric music
3001:music archaeology
2658:Cup and ring mark
2483:Clothing/textiles
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
1870:Yubetsu technique
1855:Striking platform
1820:Lithic technology
1705:
1704:
1690:Game drive system
1609:Projectile points
1501:Mortar and pestle
1228:. 1 November 2011
1148:. Second Series.
1146:Greece & Rome
1122:. 21 October 2009
1089:Marsden, Sara J.
914:10.1021/ez4000669
885:978-0-19-536022-6
852:978-3-540-00238-3
829:"(12472) Samadhi"
679:www.jewishgen.org
655:(11): 3386–3395.
566:Harper, Douglas.
319:groups practiced
73:
27:Form of cremation
16:(Redirected from
3137:
3067:Divje Babe flute
2974:Archaeoastronomy
2717:Petrosomatoglyph
2451:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2283:Water management
2086:
2085:
2073:
2072:
1976:Denticulate tool
1798:Lithic reduction
1531:
1530:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1129:
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1112:
1106:
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1103:
1101:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:on 25 April 2020
1017:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
955:
946:
945:
924:
918:
917:
896:
890:
889:
869:
863:
862:
861:
859:
844:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
805:. Archived from
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
767:
752:
751:
731:
725:
724:
707:(258): 132–134.
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
671:
665:
664:
644:
638:
637:
617:
608:
607:
605:
603:
587:
578:
577:
563:
557:
536:
535:
528:
527:
521:
411:, adding to the
259:Guy Fawkes Night
117:animal sacrifice
97:
90:
82:
80:
68:
66:
65:
21:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3095:
2962:
2948:Stone box grave
2918:Megalithic tomb
2823:Cotswold-Severn
2775:
2680:Guardian stones
2608:Prehistoric art
2602:
2445:
2420:
2409:Timber trackway
2314:
2278:
2274:Wattle and daub
2127:
2106:Standing stones
2080:
2059:
1874:
1701:
1678:
1603:
1520:
1430:Food processing
1425:
1374:New World crops
1346:
1333:
1276:
1271:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1226:Bones Don't Lie
1220:
1219:
1215:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1142:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1080:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
979:
975:
965:
963:
956:
949:
925:
921:
897:
893:
886:
870:
866:
857:
855:
853:
827:
826:
822:
812:
810:
795:
791:
781:
779:
768:
755:
732:
728:
697:
693:
683:
681:
673:
672:
668:
645:
641:
618:
611:
601:
599:
588:
581:
564:
560:
554:Perseus Project
522:
518:
514:
491:
479:The Elder Pliny
470:
437:
384:
363:solar radiation
353:contributor to
339:
334:
313:
255:
215:Wat Chedi Luang
207:
193:
173:
149:
137:
125:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Alligator drum
3049:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2984:lunar calendar
2981:
2970:
2968:
2967:Other cultural
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2771:Venus figurine
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Megalithic art
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2655:
2653:Cave paintings
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2455:Material goods
2447:
2446:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2171:Cliff dwelling
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:Fire hardening
1753:
1748:
1746:Clovis culture
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1669:Manis Mastodon
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:throwing stick
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1360:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1213:
1178:
1163:
1152:(2): 186–196.
1133:
1107:
1078:
1059:
1029:
995:
973:
947:
919:
891:
884:
864:
851:
820:
789:
753:
742:(3): 339–342.
726:
691:
666:
639:
609:
579:
558:
515:
513:
510:
506:archaeologists
490:
487:
469:
466:
436:
433:
389:carbon dioxide
383:
380:
338:
335:
333:
330:
312:
309:
254:
251:
206:
203:
192:
189:
172:
169:
148:
145:
136:
133:
124:
121:
111:In discussing
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3142:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Simple dolmen
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Passage grave
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:Gallery grave
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:Burial mounds
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Statue menhir
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:Stone carving
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Sewing needle
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Timber circle
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:Tor enclosure
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:fulacht fiadh
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:spear-thrower
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:Bow and arrow
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Grinding slab
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Domestication
1394:
1392:
1391:Digging stick
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Founder crops
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:New Stone Age
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
984:
977:
961:
954:
952:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
887:
881:
877:
876:
868:
854:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
824:
808:
804:
800:
793:
777:
773:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
680:
676:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
614:
597:
593:
586:
584:
575:
574:
569:
562:
555:
551:
550:
545:
544:Scott, Robert
541:
537:
529:
520:
516:
509:
507:
502:
497:
486:
484:
480:
474:
465:
463:
458:
457:Davender Ghai
454:
449:
447:
443:
432:
430:
426:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:deforestation
398:
397:Air pollution
394:
390:
379:
376:
372:
366:
364:
360:
356:
348:
343:
329:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
223:
216:
211:
202:
199:
188:
186:
185:copper-alloys
182:
178:
168:
166:
161:
158:
154:
144:
142:
132:
130:
120:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
96:
89:
85:
81:
79:
71:
64:
58:
57:Ancient Greek
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2884:wedge-shaped
2869:Funeral pyre
2868:
2862:Great dolmen
2818:Chamber tomb
2799:Round barrow
2754:Stone circle
2626:Blombos Cave
2554:Grooved ware
2478:Chalcolithic
2382:Thornborough
2300:Flush toilet
2235:Blombos Cave
2230:Rock shelter
2186:Quiggly hole
2078:Architecture
2053:illustration
1695:Buffalo jump
1516:Storage pits
1479:Aşıklı Höyük
1469:Ground stone
1305:Subdivisions
1230:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1166:
1149:
1145:
1124:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1073:The Guardian
1072:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1020:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1008:
998:
986:. Retrieved
976:
964:. Retrieved
933:
929:
922:
908:(1): 44–48.
905:
901:
894:
874:
867:
856:, retrieved
832:
823:
811:. Retrieved
807:the original
802:
792:
780:. Retrieved
776:The Guardian
775:
739:
735:
729:
704:
700:
694:
682:. Retrieved
678:
669:
652:
648:
642:
625:
621:
600:. Retrieved
595:
571:
561:
547:
519:
492:
475:
471:
450:
438:
417:
385:
375:carbonaceous
367:
359:black carbon
351:
314:
297:Ganges river
290:
271:
263:Commonwealth
256:
232:
194:
174:
162:
153:necropolises
150:
138:
126:
110:
102:funeral pyre
101:
94:
91:
84:
77:
52:
50:
36:
18:Funeral pyre
2906:unchambered
2901:Long barrow
2891:Grave goods
2847:Court cairn
2842:Clava cairn
2794:Bowl barrow
2732:Rock cupule
2675:Golden hats
2668:Hill figure
2569:Unstan ware
2549:Cord-marked
2414:Sweet Track
2336:Burnt mound
2257:Stilt house
2245:Sibudu Cave
2038:Tally stick
2006:Quern-stone
1991:Hammerstone
1981:Fire plough
1952:Pesse canoe
1910:Bannerstone
1880:Other tools
1793:Lithic core
1741:Aurignacian
1629:Bare Island
1511:Quern-stone
1194:: 167–172.
1022:12 November
988:19 November
936:: 229–236.
628:: 161–171.
468:Roman pyres
305:ritualistic
181:flake tools
83:; from
3114:Categories
3045:trepanning
2938:Ring cairn
2896:Jar burial
2879:transepted
2811:U.S. sites
2712:Petroglyph
2638:Bird stone
2596:wine press
2269:Stone roof
2252:Roundhouse
2144:long house
2121:Stonehenge
2089:Ceremonial
2033:Stone tool
1860:Tool stone
1830:Metallurgy
1734:Mousterian
1711:Toolmaking
1649:Cumberland
1622:Transverse
1592:Schöningen
1484:Qesem cave
1452:Earth oven
1406:Irrigation
1317:Technology
1285:Prehistory
1046:CBS Denver
858:24 January
782:19 January
602:19 January
512:References
455:man named
286:crematoria
267:Guy Fawkes
141:Bronze Age
3130:Cremation
3089:symbolism
2953:Tor cairn
2911:Grønsalen
2852:Cremation
2744:Sculpture
2722:Pictogram
2707:Petroform
2527:amber use
2495:Cosmetics
2305:Reservoir
2290:Check dam
2220:Pueblitos
2215:Pit-house
2198:Longhouse
2132:Dwellings
2001:Microlith
1932:Bow drill
1927:Bone tool
1920:prismatic
1729:Acheulean
1644:Cresswell
1617:Arrowhead
1543:Boomerang
1459:Granaries
1421:Terracing
1300:Stone Age
1075:. London.
721:161202654
701:Antiquity
596:The Times
429:emissions
282:Treblinka
249:culture.
227:Mon State
165:Treblinka
123:Materials
106:cremation
70:romanized
2727:Rock art
2690:painting
2663:Geoglyph
2488:timeline
2468:Beadwork
2208:Mehrgarh
2203:Mudbrick
2111:megalith
1986:Fire-saw
1808:debitage
1803:analysis
1771:Hand axe
1751:Cupstone
1329:Glossary
1290:Timeline
1232:24 April
1208:24949561
1126:23 April
1100:23 April
1052:20 March
1048:. Denver
813:24 April
778:. London
684:24 April
598:. London
501:forensic
496:Cremated
483:Plutarch
413:toxicity
293:Varanasi
243:Germanic
129:Charcoal
3084:Symbols
2695:pigment
2581:Weaving
2544:Cardium
2539:Pottery
2534:Mirrors
2522:Jewelry
2463:Baskets
2443:culture
2295:Cistern
2101:Pyramid
2043:Weapons
2021:Scraper
2011:Racloir
1971:Cleaver
1959:Chopper
1865:Uniface
1776:Grooves
1766:Hafting
1724:Oldowan
1683:Systems
1634:Cascade
1597:woomera
1587:harpoon
1560:history
1526:Hunting
1506:Pottery
1447:Cooking
1356:Farming
1322:history
1295:Outline
1016:(Video)
1009:YouTube
552:at the
278:Sobibor
253:Secular
135:Ireland
72::
3062:flutes
2857:Dolmen
2781:Burial
2591:winery
2564:Linear
2394:Midden
2372:Cursus
2365:Goseck
2225:Pueblo
2176:Dugout
2161:Burdei
1840:Mining
1664:Lamoka
1659:Folsom
1639:Clovis
1496:Metate
1474:Hearth
1442:Basket
1416:Sickle
1206:
966:4 July
882:
849:
719:
568:"pyre"
371:burial
301:Moksha
274:Belzec
157:Polish
147:Poland
2979:sites
2923:Mummy
2643:Cairn
2559:Jōmon
2510:shoes
2505:Hides
2377:Henge
2331:Broch
2193:Jacal
2048:Wheel
1996:Knife
1942:Canoe
1937:Burin
1915:Blade
1813:flake
1674:Plano
1582:baton
1572:Spear
1538:Arrow
1491:Manos
1344:Tools
962:. CNN
803:Proof
717:S2CID
453:Hindu
442:taboo
317:Hindu
315:Some
247:Roman
235:Hindu
177:flint
3125:Fire
3072:gudi
2830:Cist
2759:list
2586:Wine
2515:Ötzi
2500:Glue
2473:Beds
2441:and
2439:Arts
2310:Well
2166:Cave
2096:Kiva
2026:side
2016:Rope
1964:tool
1898:bone
1888:Adze
1654:Eden
1567:Nets
1437:Fire
1401:Goad
1386:Celt
1234:2017
1204:PMID
1128:2017
1102:2017
1054:2017
1024:2018
990:2015
968:2013
880:ISBN
860:2022
847:ISBN
815:2017
784:2011
686:2017
604:2011
526:πυρά
347:Laos
325:Sati
321:Sati
280:and
245:and
239:Sikh
237:and
205:Uses
198:urns
179:and
78:purá
63:πυρά
53:pyre
45:Ubud
2181:Hut
2116:row
1947:Oar
1905:Axe
1893:Awl
1196:doi
1192:241
1154:doi
938:doi
934:106
910:doi
837:doi
744:doi
709:doi
657:doi
630:doi
534:πῦρ
420:NGO
405:ash
391:or
95:pûr
88:πῦρ
43:An
3116::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
