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1025:āaround 70 ps. Through time-of-flight measurements, photon path-length may be directly observed by dividing resolved time by the speed of light. Information about hemodynamic changes can be found in the attenuation, decay, and time profile of the back-scattered signal. For this photon-counting technology is introduced, which counts 1 photon for every 100 pulses to maintain linearity. TD-fNIRS does have a slow sampling rate as well as a limited number of wavelengths. Because of the need for a photon-counting device, high-speed detection, and high-speed emitters, time-resolved methods are the most expensive and technically complicated.
1139:. Multi-channel fNIRS measurements create a topographical map of neural activation, whereby temporal correlation between spatially separated events can be analyzed. Functional connectivity is typically assessed in terms correlations between the hemodynamic responses of spatially distinct regions of interest (ROIs). In brain studies, functional connectivity measurements are commonly taken for resting state patient data, as well as data recorded over stimulus paradigms. A study led by Alessandro Crimi team highlighted that the functional connectivity measures obtained with fNIRS measurements are quite different from those obtained via
1118:
230:. Transillumination (forward-scattering) was of limited utility in adults because of light attenuation and was quickly replaced by reflectance-mode based techniques - resulting in development of NIRS systems proceeding rapidly. Then, by 1985, the first studies on cerebral oxygenation were conducted by M. Ferrari. Later, in 1989, following work with David Delpy at University College London, Hamamatsu developed the first commercial NIRS system: NIR-1000 cerebral oxygenation monitor. NIRS methods were initially used for cerebral oximetry in the 1990s. In 1993, four publications by Chance et al.
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has a higher degree of mobility than MEG has. When looking at fNIRS, they are similar to an EEG. They have a high degree of mobility as well as temporal resolution, and they have low spatial resolution. PET scans and fMRIs are grouped together, however they are distinctly different from the other neuroimaging scans. They have a high degree of immobility, medium/high spatial resolution, and a low temporal resolution. All of these neuroimaging scans have important characteristics and are valuable, however they have distinct characteristics.
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274:. The idea had been successfully implemented in launching their first fNIRS (or Optical Topography, as they call it) device based on Frequency Domain in 2001: Hitachi ETG-100. Later, Harumi Oishi (大ē³ ę“ē¾), a PhD-to-be at Nagoya University, published her doctoral dissertation in 2003 with the subject of "language learners' cortical activation patterns measured by ETG-100" under the supervision of Professor Toru Kinoshita (ęØäø å¾®)āpresenting a new prospect on the use of fNIRS. The company has been advancing the ETG series ever since.
68:
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978:{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\Delta {\text{OD}}_{\lambda _{1}}\\\Delta {\text{OD}}_{\lambda _{2}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\epsilon _{\lambda _{1}}^{\text{Hb}}d&\epsilon _{\lambda _{1}}^{{\text{HbO}}_{2}}d\\\epsilon _{\lambda _{2}}^{\text{Hb}}d&\epsilon _{\lambda _{2}}^{{\text{HbO}}_{2}}d\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\Delta ^{\text{Hb}}\\\Delta ^{{\text{HbO}}_{2}}\end{pmatrix}}}
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dynamic scattering from moving cells causes the detected intensity to temporally fluctuate. These fluctuations can be quantified by the temporal intensity autocorrelation curve of a single speckle. The decay of the autocorrelation curve is fitted with the solution of the correlation diffusion equation to obtain an index of cerebral blood flow.
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separation channels measure the signal coming from the scalp, they allow the removal of the signal of superficial layers. This leaves behind the actual brain response. Short separation channel detectors are usually placed 8mm away from a source. They do not need to be in a specific direction or in the same direction as a detector.
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fNIRS devices have many attractive features - they are small, lightweight, portable and wearable. They have the potential to be used in clinics, global health, a natural environment, and as a health tracker. Nevertheless, the negatives are salient and must be considered when interpreting the signal.
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Meanwhile, in the mid-80's, Japanese researchers at the central research laboratory of
Hitachi Ltd set out to build a NIRS-based brain monitoring system using a pulse of 70-picosecond rays. This effort came into light when the team, along with their leading expert, Dr Hideaki Koizumi (å°ę³ č±ę), held an
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There are six different ways for infrared light to interact with the brain tissue: direct transmission, diffuse transmission, specular reflection, diffuse reflection, scattering, and absorption. fNIRS focuses primarily on absorption: differences in the absorption spectra of deoxy-Hb and oxy-Hb allow
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When comparing and contrasting neuroimaging devices it is important to look at the temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and the degree of immobility. In particular, EEG (electroencephalograph) and MEG (magnetoencephalography) have high temporal resolution, but a low spatial resolution. EEG also
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Disadvantages of fNIRS include: low brain sensitivity given that it can only detect changes on the cortical surface and low spatial resolution. Importantly, the signal is sensitive to hair and skin pigment differences, making it difficult to do between-subject designs. Dense or extremely curly hair
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Due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, CW-fNIRS is by far the most common form of functional NIRS since it is the cheapest to make, applicable with more channels, and ensures a high temporal resolution. However, it does not distinguish between absorption and scattering changes, and cannot
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Continuous wave (CW) system uses light sources with constant frequency and amplitude. In fact, to measure absolute changes in HbO concentration with the mBLL, we need to know photon path-length. However, CW-fNIRS does not provide any knowledge of photon path-length, so changes in HbO concentration
1151:
NIRS monitoring is helpful in a number of ways. Preterm infants can be monitored reducing cerebral hypoxia and hyperoxia with different patterns of activities. It is an effective aid in
Cardiopulmonary bypass, is strongly considered to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs and extended stays.
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Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a non-invasive optical imaging technique that utilizes coherent near-infrared light to measure local microvascular cerebral blood flow by quantifying the temporal light intensity fluctuations generated by dynamic scattering of moving red blood cells. This
1008:
Changes in the back-scattered signal's amplitude and phase provide a direct measurement of absorption and scattering coefficients of the tissue, thus obviating the need for information about photon path-length; and from the coefficients we determine the changes in the concentration of hemodynamic
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Still, the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of CW-based devices prove themselves to be the most favorable for a number of clinical applications: neonatal care, patient monitoring systems, diffuse optical tomography, and so forth. Moreover, thanks to its portability, wireless CW systems have been
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With our constant need for oxygen, our body has developed multiple mechanisms that detect oxygen levels, which in turn can activate appropriate responses to counter hypoxia and generate a higher oxygen supply. Moreover, understanding the physiological mechanism underlying the bodily response to
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Typically, the light emitter and detector are placed ipsilaterally (each emitter/detector pair on the same side) on the subject's skull so recorded measurements are due to back-scattered (reflected) light following elliptical pathways. fNIRS is most sensitive to hemodynamic changes which occur
76:
changes in absorbed light can be used to reliably measure changes in hemoglobin concentration. Different fNIRS techniques can also use the way in which light propagates to estimate blood volume and oxygenation. The technique is safe, non-invasive, and can be used with other imaging modalities.
75:
fNIRS estimates the concentration of hemoglobin from changes in absorption of near infrared light. As light moves or propagates through the head, it is alternately scattered or absorbed by the tissue through which it travels. Because hemoglobin is a significant absorber of near-infrared light,
1184:
as well as other layouts that are specifically optimized to maintain a consistent 30mm distance between each location. In addition to the standard positions of electrodes, short separation channels can be added. Short separation channels allow the measurement of scalp signals. Since the short
1079:
This toolbox is a set of Matlab-based tools for the analysis of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). This toolbox defines the +nirs namespace and includes a series of tools for signal processing, display, and statistics of fNIRS data. This toolbox is built around an object-oriented
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Sitaram, Ranganatha; Zhang, Haihong; Guan, Cuntai; Thulasidas, Manoj; Hoshi, Yoko; Ishikawa, Akihiro; Shimizu, Koji; Birbaumer, Niels (February 2007). "Temporal classification of multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy signals of motor imagery for developing a brainācomputer interface".
1012:
Because of the need for modulated lasers as well as phasic measurements, FD system-based devices are more technically complex (therefore more expensive and much less portable) than CW-based ones. However, the system is capable of providing absolute concentrations of HbO and HbR.
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results in cognitive tasks. fNIRS has several advantages in cost and portability over fMRI, but cannot be used to measure cortical activity more than 4 cm deep due to limitations in light emitter power and has more limited spatial resolution. fNIRS includes the use of
1070:
HOMER3 allows users to obtain estimates and maps of brain activation. It is a set of matlab scripts used for analyzing fNIRS data. This set of scripts has evolved since the early 1990s first as the Photon
Migration Imaging toolbox, then HOMER1 and HOMER2, and now HOMER3.
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techniques. Through neuro-vascular coupling, neuronal activity is linked to related changes in localized cerebral blood flow. fNIRS and fMRI are sensitive to similar physiologic changes and are often comparative methods. Studies relating fMRI and fNIRS show highly
1247:
Hyperscanning involves two or more brains monitored simultaneously to investigate interpersonal (across-brains) neural correlates in various social situations, which proves fNIRS to be a suitable modality for investigating live brain-to-brain social interactions.
1215:(DOT/NIRDOT) for functional purposes. Multiplexing fNIRS channels can allow 2D topographic functional maps of brain activity (e.g. with Hitachi ETG-4000, Artinis Oxymon, NIRx NIRScout, etc.) while using multiple emitter spacings may be used to build 3D
1163:
Diffuse optical tomography is the 3D version of
Diffuse optical imaging. Diffuse optical images are obtained using NIRS or fluorescence-based methods. These images can be used to develop a 3D volumetric model which is known as the Diffuse Optical
58:
and is capable of measuring changes both in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentration, but can only measure from regions near the cortical surface. fNIRS may also be referred to as
Optical Topography (OT) and is sometimes referred to simply as NIRS.
397:
1004:
Frequency domain (FD) system comprises NIR laser sources which provide an amplitude-modulated sinusoid at frequencies near 100 MHz. FD-fNIRS measures attenuation, phase shift and the average path length of light through the tissue.
270:
open symposium to announce the principle of "Optical
Topography" in January 1995. In fact, the term "Optical Topography" derives from the concept of using light on "2-Dimensional mapping combined with 1-Dimensional information", or
2457:
Shaw, Keely; Singh, Jyotpal; Sirant, Luke; Neary, J. Patrick; Chilibeck, Philip D. (November 2020). "Effect of Dark
Chocolate Supplementation on Tissue Oxygenation, Metabolism, and Performance in Trained Cyclists at Altitude".
2413:
Naseer, Noman; Hong, Keum-Shik (October 2013). "Classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals corresponding to the right- and left-wrist motor imagery for development of a brainācomputer interface".
2795:
Kim, Gyoung; Buntain, Noah; Hirshfield, Leanne; Costa, Mark R.; Chock, T. Makana (2019). "Processing Racial
Stereotypes in Virtual Reality: An Exploratory Study Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FNIRS)".
1965:
Sutin, Jason; Zimmerman, Bernhard; Tyulmankov, Danil; Tamborini, Davide; Wu, Kuan Cheng; Selb, Juliette; Gulinatti, Angelo; Rech, Ivan; Tosi, Alberto; Boas, David A.; Franceschini, Maria Angela (20 September 2016).
2746:"Testing the potential of a virtual reality neurorehabilitation system during performance of observation, imagery and imitation of motor actions recorded by wireless functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)"
1880:
Quaresima, Valentina; Ferrari, Marco (January 2019). "Functional Near-Infrared
Spectroscopy (fNIRS) for Assessing Cerebral Cortex Function During Human Behavior in Natural/Social Situations: A Concise Review".
139:(mBLL). The Beer lambert-law has to deal with concentration of hemoglobin. This technique also measures relative changes in light attenuation as well as using mBLL to quantify hemoglobin concentration changes.
659:
2370:
Naseer, Noman; Hong, Melissa Jiyoun; Hong, Keum-Shik (February 2014). "Online binary decision decoding using functional near-infrared spectroscopy for the development of brainācomputer interface".
2623:"Short separation regression improves statistical significance and better localizes the hemodynamic response obtained by near-infrared spectroscopy for tasks with differing autonomic responses"
2170:
Aasted, Christopher M.; YĆ¼cel, Meryem A.; Cooper, Robert J.; Dubb, Jay; Tsuzuki, Daisuke; Becerra, Lino; Petkov, Mike P.; Borsook, David; Dan, Ippeita; Boas, David A. (5 May 2015).
2530:"A case-study of NIRS application for infant cerebral hemodynamic monitoring: A report of data analysis for feature extraction and infant classification into healthy and unhealthy"
1402:
Ferrari, Marco; Quaresima, Valentina (November 2012). "A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application".
1121:
Measurement of brain oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes at high alltitude induced hypoxia with a portable fNIRS device (PortaLite, Artinis
Medical Systems)
1088:
AtlasViewer allows fNIRS data to be visualized on a model of the brain. In addition, it also allows the user to design probes which can eventually be placed onto a subject.
560:
127:
nearest to the scalp and these superficial artifacts are often addressed using additional light detectors located closer to the light source (short-separation detectors).
2221:
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
421:
309:
2023:
Carp, S. A.; Tamborini, D.; Mazumder, D.; Wu, K. C.; Robinson, M. R.; Stephens, K. A.; Shatrovoy, O.; Lue, N.; Ozana, N.; Blackwell, M. H.; Franceschini, M. A. (2020).
603:
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Piper, Sophie K.; Krueger, Arne; Koch, Stefan P.; Mehnert, Jan; Habermehl, Christina; Steinbrink, Jens; Obrig, Hellmuth; Schmitz, Christoph H. (15 January 2014).
681:
580:
538:
468:
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Piper, Sophie K.; Krueger, Arne; Koch, Stefan P.; Mehnert, Jan; Habermehl, Christina; Steinbrink, Jens; Obrig, Hellmuth; Schmitz, Christoph H. (January 2014).
518:
1028:
TD-based devices have the highest depth sensitivity and are capable of presenting most accurate values of baseline hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation.
1328:
Among all other facts, what makes fNIRS a special point of interest is that it is compatible with some of these modalities, including: MRI, EEG, and MEG.
1155:
There are inconclusive results for use of NIRS with patients with traumatic brain injury, so it has been concluded that it should remain a research tool.
1256:
Modern fNIRS systems are combined with virtual or augmented reality in studies on brain-computer interfaces, neurorehabilitation or social perception.
50:, fNIRS is one of the most common non-invasive neuroimaging techniques which can be used in portable contexts. The signal is often compared with the
226:
In 1977, Jƶbsis reported that brain tissue transparency to NIR light allowed a non-invasive and continuous method of tissue oxygen saturation using
2944:
Lloyd-Fox, Sarah; Papademetriou, M.; Darboe, M. K.; Everdell, N. L.; Wegmuller, R.; Prentice, A. M.; Moore, S. E.; Elwell, C. E. (22 April 2014).
2501:
Blanco, R; Koba, C; Crimi, A (2024). "Investigating the interaction between EEG and fNIRS: a multimodal network analysis of brain connectivity".
2837:
2621:
YĆ¼cel, Meryem A.; Selb, Juliette; Aasted, Christopher M.; Petkov, Mike P.; Becerra, Lino; Borsook, David; Boas, David A. (11 September 2015).
1849:"The Age of Neuroergonomics: Towards Ubiquitous and Continuous Measurement of Brain Function with fNIRS: The age of neuroergonomics and fNIRS"
1592:
Kohno, Satoru; Miyai, Ichiro; Seiyama, Akitoshi; Oda, Ichiro; Ishikawa, Akihiro; Tsuneishi, Shoichi; Amita, Takashi; Shimizu, Koji (2007).
300:
are relative to an unknown path-length. Many CW-fNIRS commercial systems use estimations of photon path-length derived from computerized
1594:"Removal of the skin blood flow artifact in functional near-infrared spectroscopic imaging data through independent component analysis"
614:
249:
demonstrated the feasibility of fNIRS in adult humans. NIRS techniques were further expanded on by the work of Randall Barbour,
2813:
2236:
1643:"How short is short? Optimum sourceādetector distance for short-separation channels in functional near-infrared spectroscopy"
1180:
fNIRS electrode locations can be defined using a variety of layouts, including names and locations that are specified by the
55:
1716:
Jƶbsis (1997). "Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters".
1751:
Ayaz, Hasan; Shewokis, Patricia A.; Curtin, Adrian; Izzetoglu, Meltem; Izzetoglu, Kurtulus; Onaral, Banu (8 October 2011).
51:
2918:
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2866:
2219:
Ayaz, H.; Shewokis, P. A.; Bunce, S.; Onaral, B. (2011). "An optical brain computer interface for environmental control".
1193:
The use of fNIRS as a functional neuroimaging method relies on the principle of neuro-vascular coupling also known as the
1303:
may prohibit placement of electrodes close to the scalp, limiting the ability to use the technique with all individuals.
88:
2160:
Santosa, H., Zhai, X., Fishburn, F., & Huppert, T. (2018). The NIRS Brain AnalyzIR Toolbox. Algorithms, 11(5), 73.
1263:
Mobile and wireless fNIRS and EEG systems synchronized with all-in-one head mounted display (PhotonCap, Cortivision)
1114:
oxygen deprivation is of major importance and NIRS devices have shown to be a great tool in this field of research.
253:, Arno Villringer, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, Enrico Gratton, and others. Currently, wearable fNIRS are being developed.
91:
in which (a) skin, tissue, and bone are mostly transparent to NIR light (700ā900 nm spectral interval) and (b)
135:
Changes in light intensity can be related to changes in relative concentrations of hemoglobin through the modified
107:
the measurement of relative changes in hemoglobin concentration through the use of light attenuation at multiple
2080:
Buckley, Erin M.; Parthasarathy, Ashwin B.; Grant, P. Ellen; Yodh, Arjun G.; Franceschini, Maria Angela (2014).
2744:
Holper, Lisa; Muehlemann, Thomas; Scholkmann, Felix; Eng, Kynan; Kiper, Daniel; Wolf, Martin (December 2010).
1545:"Visualization of light propagation in visible Chinese human head for functional near-infrared spectroscopy"
1295:
The advantages of fNIRS are, among other things: noninvasiveness, low-cost modalities, perfect safety, high
98:
1198:
1102:
2946:"Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess cognitive function in infants in rural Africa"
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1212:
123:(mBLL), relative changes in concentration can be calculated as a function of total photon path length.
35:
2269:
3101:
1918:"Diffuse correlation spectroscopy for non-invasive, micro-vascular cerebral blood flow measurement"
1753:"Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation"
609:
loss is assumed, and the measurements are treated differentially in time, the equation reduces to:
392:{\displaystyle {\text{OD}}=\operatorname {ln} (I_{0}/I)=\epsilon \cdot \cdot l\cdot {\text{DPF}}+G}
543:
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1021:
Time domain (TD) system introduces a short NIR pulse with a pulse length usually in the order of
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39:
1117:
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developedāallowing individuals to be monitored in ambulatory, clinical and sports environments.
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588:
473:
3011:"Performance enhancement of a brain-computer interface using high-density multi-distance NIRS"
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43:
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42:. Using fNIRS, brain activity is measured by using near-infrared light to estimate cortical
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2574:
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2082:"Diffuse correlation spectroscopy for measurement of cerebral blood flow: Future prospects"
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1979:
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Cui, Xu; Bray, Signe; Bryant, Daniel M.; Glover, Gary H.; Reiss, Allan L. (February 2011).
426:
136:
120:
2270:"Brainācomputer interface using a simplified functional near-infrared spectroscopy system"
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fNIRS can be used to monitor musicians' brain activity while playing musical instruments.
304:
and physical models, to approximate absolute quantification of hemoglobin concentrations.
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2172:"Anatomical guidance for functional near-infrared spectroscopy: AtlasViewer tutorial"
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1299:, compatibility with other imaging modalities, and multiple hemodynamic biomarkers.
111:. Two or more wavelengths are selected, with one wavelength above and one below the
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2697:"A wearable multi-channel fNIRS system for brain imaging in freely moving subjects"
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1800:"A wearable multi-channel fNIRS system for brain imaging in freely moving subjects"
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2025:"Diffuse correlation spectroscopy measurements of blood flow using 1064 nm light"
67:
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Shin, Jaeyoung; Kwon, Jinuk; Choi, Jongkwan; Im, Chang-Hwan (29 November 2017).
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attenuation or temporal or phasic changes. The technique takes advantage of the
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measure absolute absorption values: which means that it is only sensitive to
1991:
1447:"A quantitative comparison of NIRS and fMRI across multiple cognitive tasks"
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point of 810 nmāat which deoxy-Hb and oxy-Hb have identical absorption
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An example of a mobile fNIRS system designed for studies in VR environments
95:(Hb) and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) are strong absorbers of light.
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Now there are fully wireless research grade fNIRS systems in the market.
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2800:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11580. pp. 407ā417.
2672:"fNIRS Hyperscanning: A door to real-world social neuroscience research"
102:
Absorption spectra for oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb for near-infrared wavelengths
1496:"Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function"
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108:
92:
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fNIRS is a non-invasive imaging method involving the quantification of
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Coyle, Shirley M; Ward, TomƔs E; Markham, Charles M (September 2007).
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Rahimpour, Ali; Noubari, Hosein Ahmadi; Kazemian, Mohammad (2018).
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concentration resolved from the measurement of near infrared (NIR)
145:
Basic functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) abbreviations
1964:
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2460:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
1358:
The Society for Functional Near Infrared Society (external link)
1259:
1135:
fNIRS measurements can be used to calculate a limited degree of
1101:
fNIRS has been successfully implemented as a control signal for
2616:
2614:
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Durduran, T.; Choe, R.; Baker, W. B.; Yodh, A. G. (July 2010).
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654:{\displaystyle \Delta =\Delta {\frac {\text{OD}}{\epsilon d}}}
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1045:
At least two open-source fNIRS models are available online:
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Currently, there are three modalities of fNIR spectroscopy:
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1201:(BOLD) response. This principle also forms the core of
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which occur in response to neural activity. Alongside
34:) is an optical brain monitoring technique which uses
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The Society for functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy
2620:
2563:"Diffuse Optics for Tissue Monitoring and Tomography"
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Brigadoi, Sabrina; Cooper, Robert J. (26 May 2015).
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Using a dual wavelength system, measurements for HbO
1543:Li, Ting; Gong, Hui; Luo, Qingming (1 April 2011).
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582:is a geometric factor associated with scattering.
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1320:fNIRS compared with other neuroimaging techniques
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540:is the distance between source and detector and
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690:and Hb can be solved from the matrix equation:
16:Optical technique for monitoring brain activity
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2750:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
2369:
1968:"Time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy"
1840:
1640:
1585:
1158:
1915:
1847:Curtin, Adrian; Ayaz, Hasan (October 2018).
1080:framework of Matlab classes and namespaces.
562:is the differential path length factor, and
130:
2319:
1487:
1096:
683:is the total corrected photon path-length.
277:
2412:
1846:
1438:
1188:
1130:
3042:
2977:
2771:
2761:
2720:
2646:
2594:
2545:
2261:
2195:
2105:
2056:
1999:
1941:
1864:
1823:
1774:
1764:
1666:
1617:
1568:
1542:
1536:
1511:
1470:
1060:
2212:
1271:
1258:
1221:
1166:
1116:
255:
97:
66:
18:
1232:fNIRS hyperscanning with two violinists
423:is the optical density or attenuation,
166:DCS = diffuse correlation spectroscopy
3089:
2223:. Vol. 2011. pp. 6327ā6330.
1715:
1267:
71:Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin
3067:"NIRx | fNIRS Systems | NIRS Devices"
1243:Neural synchrony Ā§ Hyperscanning
28:Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
2669:
1306:
1146:
182:HbT= total hemoglobin concentration
1494:Villringer, A.; Chance, B. (1997).
999:
13:
1916:Durduran, T.; Yodh, A. G. (2013).
939:
916:
733:
707:
633:
618:
585:When the attenuation coefficients
520:is the chromophore concentration,
294:
14:
3113:
1757:Journal of Visualized Experiments
172:Hb, HbR= deoxygenated hemoglobin
23:fNIRS with a Gowerlabs NTS system
2713:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.062
2534:Informatics in Medicine Unlocked
2503:Journal of Computational Science
2341:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.005
1934:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.017
1816:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.062
1463:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.069
1416:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049
1236:
1125:
1040:
1032:Diffuse correlation spectroscopy
3059:
3002:
2937:
2927:from the original on 2021-12-21
2911:
2901:from the original on 2021-12-21
2885:
2875:from the original on 2021-12-21
2859:
2848:from the original on 2021-12-21
2830:
2788:
2737:
2688:
2663:
2554:
2521:
2494:
2450:
2406:
2363:
2154:
2130:
2073:
2016:
1958:
1909:
1883:Organizational Research Methods
1853:Japanese Psychological Research
1699:from the original on 2021-12-21
1074:
2567:Reports on Progress in Physics
1709:
1683:
1109:Hypoxia & altitude studies
1091:
1083:
1016:
949:
942:
926:
919:
627:
621:
507:
501:
366:
360:
348:
327:
221:
62:
1:
2587:10.1088/0034-4885/73/7/076701
2277:Journal of Neural Engineering
1513:10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01132-6
1388:
1252:Virtual and augmented reality
992:change in HbO concentration.
470:is measured light intensity,
2806:10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_29
2428:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.021
2029:Journal of Biomedical Optics
1598:Journal of Biomedical Optics
1549:Journal of Biomedical Optics
1363:Global fNIRS (external Link)
1291:Advantages and disadvantages
1199:blood-oxygen-level dependent
1175:
555:{\displaystyle {\text{DPF}}}
450:is emitted light intensity,
153:CBV = cerebral blood volume
7:
2372:Experimental Brain Research
1331:
416:{\displaystyle {\text{OD}}}
160:= metabolic rate of oxygen
10:
3118:
3035:10.1038/s41598-017-16639-0
2515:10.1016/j.jocs.2024.102416
2229:10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6091561
1343:Diffuse optical tomography
1338:Near-infrared spectroscopy
1240:
1213:diffuse optical tomography
1182:International 10ā20 system
1159:Diffuse optical tomography
216:
150:CBF = cerebral blood flow
36:near-infrared spectroscopy
3071:NIRx Medical Technologies
2547:10.1016/j.imu.2018.04.001
2384:10.1007/s00221-013-3764-1
2297:10.1088/1741-2560/4/3/007
2049:10.1117/1.JBO.25.9.097003
1692:Modified Beer Lambert Law
1065:
598:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
483:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
131:Modified BeerāLambert law
2639:10.1117/1.NPh.2.3.035005
2472:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0051
2188:10.1117/1.NPh.2.2.020801
2098:10.1117/1.NPh.1.1.011009
1895:10.1177/1094428116658959
1659:10.1117/1.NPh.2.2.025005
1103:brainācomputer interface
1097:Brainācomputer interface
278:Spectroscopic techniques
264:
199:= hemoglobin saturation
179:= oxygenated hemoglobin
1992:10.1364/OPTICA.3.001006
1500:Trends in Neurosciences
1378:Cortech Solutions fNIRS
1348:Functional neuroimaging
1189:Functional neuroimaging
1137:functional connectivity
1131:Functional connectivity
1050:http://www.opennirs.org
492:attenuation coefficient
302:Monte-Carlo simulations
185:HGB = blood hemoglobin
147:BFi = blood flow index
40:functional neuroimaging
2868:fNIRS of playing piano
2763:10.1186/1743-0003-7-57
1730:10.1126/science.929199
1353:Cognitive neuroscience
1284:
1264:
1233:
1172:
1122:
1061:Data analysis software
1055:https://openfnirs.org/
979:
677:
655:
599:
576:
556:
534:
514:
484:
464:
444:
417:
393:
261:
192:= arterial saturation
169:FD = frequency-domain
103:
72:
24:
1373:Soterix Medical fNIRS
1282:
1262:
1231:
1195:haemodynamic response
1170:
1120:
980:
678:
656:
600:
577:
557:
535:
515:
485:
465:
445:
443:{\displaystyle I_{0}}
418:
394:
259:
234:, Hoshi & Tamura
119:. Using the modified
101:
70:
22:
2894:fNIRS of Observation
2416:Neuroscience Letters
1283:fNIRS with a pianist
696:
667:
615:
605:are known, constant
589:
566:
544:
524:
498:
474:
454:
427:
405:
310:
288:2. Frequency domain
238:, Kato et al.
206:= venous saturation
163:CW= continuous wave
44:hemodynamic activity
3027:2017NatSR...716545S
2962:2014NatSR...4E4740L
2798:Augmented Cognition
2670:mari (2018-02-04).
2579:2010RPPh...73g6701D
2289:2007JNEng...4..219C
2041:2020JBO....25i7003C
1984:2016Optic...3.1006S
1724:(4323): 1264ā1267.
1610:2007JBO....12f2111K
1561:2011JBO....16d5001L
1297:temporal resolution
1268:Music and the brain
896:
860:
831:
795:
285:1. Continuous wave
54:signal measured by
38:for the purpose of
3015:Scientific Reports
2950:Scientific Reports
1285:
1265:
1234:
1173:
1123:
975:
969:
902:
866:
839:
801:
774:
757:
673:
651:
595:
572:
552:
530:
510:
480:
460:
440:
413:
389:
262:
104:
73:
25:
2970:10.1038/srep04740
2815:978-3-030-22418-9
2238:978-1-4577-1589-1
1866:10.1111/jpr.12227
1619:10.1117/1.2814249
1570:10.1117/1.3567085
1307:Future directions
1280:
1229:
1147:Cerebral oximetry
957:
932:
887:
858:
822:
793:
740:
714:
676:{\displaystyle d}
649:
640:
575:{\displaystyle G}
550:
533:{\displaystyle l}
463:{\displaystyle I}
411:
381:
316:
228:transillumination
214:
213:
3109:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2981:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2920:fNIRS of Imagery
2915:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2335:(4): 1416ā1427.
2323:
2317:
2316:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1978:(9): 1006ā1013.
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1457:(4): 2808ā2821.
1442:
1436:
1435:
1399:
1383:Neural synchrony
1281:
1230:
1000:Frequency domain
984:
982:
981:
976:
974:
973:
966:
965:
964:
963:
958:
955:
934:
933:
930:
907:
906:
895:
894:
893:
888:
885:
881:
880:
879:
859:
856:
854:
853:
852:
830:
829:
828:
823:
820:
816:
815:
814:
794:
791:
789:
788:
787:
762:
761:
754:
753:
752:
751:
741:
738:
728:
727:
726:
725:
715:
712:
682:
680:
679:
674:
660:
658:
657:
652:
650:
648:
638:
637:
604:
602:
601:
596:
581:
579:
578:
573:
561:
559:
558:
553:
551:
548:
539:
537:
536:
531:
519:
517:
516:
513:{\displaystyle }
511:
489:
487:
486:
481:
469:
467:
466:
461:
449:
447:
446:
441:
439:
438:
422:
420:
419:
414:
412:
409:
398:
396:
395:
390:
382:
379:
344:
339:
338:
317:
314:
260:Hitachi ETG-4000
142:
141:
137:BeerāLambert law
121:Beer-Lambert law
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3102:Optical imaging
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3007:
3003:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2842:www.youtube.com
2836:
2835:
2831:
2816:
2793:
2789:
2742:
2738:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2668:
2664:
2619:
2612:
2559:
2555:
2526:
2522:
2499:
2495:
2455:
2451:
2411:
2407:
2368:
2364:
2324:
2320:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2239:
2217:
2213:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2078:
2074:
2021:
2017:
1963:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1878:
1874:
1845:
1841:
1796:
1792:
1749:
1745:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1639:
1635:
1590:
1586:
1541:
1537:
1506:(10): 435ā442.
1492:
1488:
1443:
1439:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1334:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1293:
1272:
1270:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1222:
1191:
1178:
1161:
1149:
1133:
1128:
1111:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1063:
1043:
1034:
1019:
1002:
968:
967:
959:
954:
953:
952:
948:
936:
935:
929:
925:
909:
908:
901:
900:
889:
884:
883:
882:
875:
871:
870:
864:
855:
848:
844:
843:
836:
835:
824:
819:
818:
817:
810:
806:
805:
799:
790:
783:
779:
778:
767:
766:
756:
755:
747:
743:
742:
737:
736:
730:
729:
721:
717:
716:
711:
710:
700:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
668:
665:
664:
641:
636:
616:
613:
612:
590:
587:
586:
567:
564:
563:
547:
545:
542:
541:
525:
522:
521:
499:
496:
495:
475:
472:
471:
455:
452:
451:
434:
430:
428:
425:
424:
408:
406:
403:
402:
378:
340:
334:
330:
313:
311:
308:
307:
297:
295:Continuous wave
291:3. Time-domain
280:
267:
224:
219:
209:TD=time-domain
205:
198:
191:
178:
159:
133:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3083:
3082:
3058:
3001:
2936:
2910:
2884:
2858:
2829:
2814:
2787:
2736:
2687:
2662:
2627:Neurophotonics
2610:
2553:
2520:
2493:
2466:(6): 420ā426.
2449:
2405:
2378:(2): 555ā564.
2362:
2318:
2283:(3): 219ā226.
2260:
2237:
2211:
2176:Neurophotonics
2162:
2153:
2129:
2086:Neurophotonics
2072:
2015:
1957:
1908:
1872:
1859:(4): 374ā386.
1839:
1790:
1743:
1708:
1682:
1647:Neurophotonics
1633:
1584:
1535:
1486:
1437:
1410:(2): 921ā935.
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1289:
1269:
1266:
1253:
1250:
1238:
1235:
1190:
1187:
1177:
1174:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1018:
1015:
1001:
998:
972:
962:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
912:
905:
899:
892:
878:
874:
869:
865:
863:
851:
847:
842:
838:
837:
834:
827:
813:
809:
804:
800:
798:
786:
782:
777:
773:
772:
770:
765:
760:
750:
746:
735:
732:
731:
724:
720:
709:
706:
705:
703:
687:
672:
647:
644:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
594:
571:
529:
509:
506:
503:
479:
459:
437:
433:
388:
385:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
337:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
296:
293:
279:
276:
266:
263:
251:Britton Chance
236:J Appl Physiol
223:
220:
218:
215:
212:
211:
203:
196:
189:
176:
157:
132:
129:
89:optical window
64:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3114:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2633:(3): 035005.
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:(7): 076701.
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:(2): 020801.
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:(1): 011009.
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:(9): 097003.
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
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1164:Tomography.
1092:Application
1084:AtlasViewer
1023:picoseconds
1017:Time domain
242:Villringer
222:US & UK
109:wavelengths
81:chromophore
63:Description
3091:Categories
3076:2019-11-26
2931:2020-03-26
2905:2020-03-26
2879:2020-03-26
2852:2020-03-26
2701:NeuroImage
2681:2020-03-26
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2147:2019-11-26
1922:NeuroImage
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1703:2020-03-26
1451:NeuroImage
1404:NeuroImage
1389:References
1241:See also:
1208:correlated
607:scattering
272:topography
113:isosbestic
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2605:26120204
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240:JCBFM,
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2309:S2CID
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2120:S2CID
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265:Japan
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