Fukushima nuclear accident

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reactor pressure had already increased significantly to 7 MPa, which was many times greater than the limit of the DDFP which could only operate below 0.8 MPa. Additionally, the team detected high levels of radiation within the RB, indicating damage to the reactor core, and found that the primary containment vessel (PCV) pressure (0.6 MPa) exceeded design specifications (0.528 MPa). In response to this new information, the reactor operators began planning to lower the PCV pressure by venting. The PCV reached its maximum pressure of 0.84 MPa at 02:30 on 12 March, after which it stabilized around 0.8 MPa. The decrease in pressure was due to uncontrolled vent via an unknown pathway. The plant was notified Okuma town completed evacuation at 9:02 on 12 March. The staff subsequently began controlled venting. Venting of the PCV was completed later that afternoon at 14:00.

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in the control room, who had correctly assumed loss of coolant (LOC). At 18:18 on 11 March, a few hours after the tsunami, the plant operators attempted to manually open the control valve, but the IC failed to function, suggesting that the isolation valves were closed. Although they were kept open during IC operation, the loss of DC power in unit 1 (which occurred shortly prior to the loss of AC power) automatically closed the AC-powered isolation valves in order to prevent uncontrolled cooling or a potential LOC. Although this status was unknown to the plant operators, they correctly interpreted the loss of function in the IC system and manually closed the control valves. The plant operators would continue to periodically attempt to restart the IC in the following hours and days, but it did not function.

931:. Estimates for atmospheric releases range from 7–20 PBq for Cs-137, 100–400 PBq for I-131, and 6,000–12,000 PBq for Xe-133. Once released into the atmosphere, those which remain in a gaseous phase will simply be diluted by the atmosphere, but some which precipitate will eventually settle on land or in the ocean. Approximately 40–80% of the atmospheric caesium-137 was deposited in the ocean. Thus, the majority (90~99%) of the radionuclides which are deposited are isotopes of iodine and caesium, with a small portion of tellurium, which are almost fully vaporized out of the core due to their low vapor pressure. The remaining fraction of deposited radionuclides are of less volatile elements such as barium, antimony, and niobium, of which less than a percent is evaporated from the fuel. 1253:

was abandoned and the target was revised to a 5.2% emissions increase by 2020 following the accident, alongside a focus on reducing dependence on nuclear power in favor of improved thermal efficiency in fossil fuel energy use and increasing the share of "renewables". The contribution of nuclear energy dropped to less than one percent following the accident and all nuclear reactors in the country were shut down by 2013. This resulted in an increase in the share of fossil fuel energy use, which had increased to ~94% by 2015 (the highest of any IEA member state, with the remaining ~6% produced by renewables, an increase from 4% in 2010). The required fossil fuel imports in 2011 resulted in a trade deficit for the first time in decades which would continue in the following decade.

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level. The coolant water for the EDGs was carried by a number of seawater pumps placed on the shoreline which also provide water for the main condenser. These components were unhoused and only protected by the seawall. The other three EDGs were air-cooled and were connected to units 2, 4, and 6. The air-cooled EDGs for units 2 and 4 were placed on the ground floor of the spent fuel building, but the switches and various other components were located below, in the basement. The third air-cooled EDG was in a separate building placed inland and at higher elevation. Although these EDGs are intended to be used with their respective reactors, switchable interconnections between unit pairs (1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6) allowed reactors to share EDGs should the need arise.

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truck had to be connected to the FP system. This process took about 4 hours, as the FP injection port was hidden under debris. The next morning (12 March, 04:00), approximately 12 hours after loss of power, freshwater injection into the reactor vessel began, later replaced by a water line at 09:15 leading directly from the water storage tank to the injection port to allow for continuous operation (the fire engine had to be periodically refilled). This continued into the afternoon until the freshwater tank was nearly depleted. In response, injection stopped at 14:53 and the injection of seawater, which had collected in a nearby valve pit (the only other source of water), began. Power was restored to unit 1 (and 2) using a mobile generator at 15:30 on 12 March.

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at its design pressure and the RCIC properly replenished lost coolant. However, following the total blackout of unit 2, the plant operators (similar to unit 1) assumed the worst-case scenario and prepared for a LOC incident. However, when a team was sent to investigate the status of the RCIC of unit 2 the following morning (02:55), they confirmed that the RCIC was operating with the PCV pressure well below design limits. Based on this information, efforts were focused onto unit 1. However, the condensate storage tank from which the RCIC draws water from was nearly depleted by the early morning, and so the RCIC was manually reconfigured at 05:00 to recirculate water from the suppression chamber instead.

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lower pressure firefighting equipment. However, the workers found that the SRVs did not operate to relieve pressure from the reactor vessel in order to allow water injection by the DDFP. In response, workers attempted to restart the HPCI and RCIC systems, but both failed to restart. Following this loss of cooling, workers established a water line from the valve pit in order to inject seawater into the reactor alongside unit 2. However, water could not be injected due to RPV pressures exceeding the pump capability. Similarly, preparations were also made to vent the unit 3 PCV, but PCV pressure was not sufficient to burst the rupture disk.

1866:(TEPCO) plans to remove the remaining nuclear fuel material from the plants. TEPCO completed the removal of 1535 fuel assemblies from the Unit 4 spent fuel pool in December 2014 and 566 fuel assemblies from the Unit 3 spent fuel pool in February 2021. TEPCO plans to remove all fuel rods from the spent fuel pools of Units 1, 2, 5, and 6 by 2031 and to remove the remaining molten fuel debris from the reactor containments of Units 1, 2, and 3 by 2040 or 2050. Plant management estimated the ongoing intensive cleanup program to both decontaminate affected areas and decommission the plant will take 30 to 40 years from the accident. 344: 1576: 187: 461:

tank to maintain the water level in the reactor vessel and was designed to operate for at least 4 hours (until the depletion of coolant or mechanical failure). Additionally, this system could be converted into a closed-loop system which draws coolant from the suppression chamber (SC) instead of the storage tank, should the storage tank be depleted. Although this system could function autonomously without an external energy source (besides the steam from the reactor), DC power was needed to remotely control it and receive parameters and indications and AC power was required to power the isolation valves.

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of treated waste water into the Pacific Ocean, sparking protests in the region and retaliation from China, who blocked all imports of seafood from Japan. Discharges were planned to occur over the subsequent 30 years to release all the water. A US State Department spokesperson supported the decision. South Korea's foreign minister and activists from Japan and South Korea protested the announcement. In April 2023, fishers and activists held protests in front of the Japanese embassy in the Philippines in opposition to the planned release of 1.3 million tons of treated water into the Pacific Ocean.

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disconnecting nonessential equipment, until replacement batteries were brought from a neighboring power station on the morning of the 13th (with 7 hours between loss and restoration of DC power). At 11:36 the next day, after 20.5 hours of operation, the RCIC system failed. In response, the high pressure coolant injection (HPCI) system was activated to alleviate the lack of cooling while workers continued to attempt to restart the RCIC. Additionally, the FP system was used to spray the PCV (mainly the SC) with water in order to slow the climbing temperatures and pressures of the PCV.

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lines. The seawater injection lines were repaired and put back into operation at 19:04 until the valve pit was nearly depleted of seawater at 01:10 on the 14th. The seawater injection was temporarily stopped in order to refill the valve pit with seawater using a variety of emergency service and JSDF vehicles. However, the process to restart seawater injection was interrupted by another explosion in the unit 3 RB at 11:01 which damaged water lines and prompted another evacuation. Injection of seawater into unit 1 would not resume until that evening, after 18 hours without cooling.

1332: 1779:, wrote in the inquiry report. "It was a profoundly man-made accident – that could and should have been foreseen and prevented. And its effects could have been mitigated by a more effective human response." "Governments, regulatory authorities and Tokyo Electric Power lacked a sense of responsibility to protect people's lives and society," the Commission said. "They effectively betrayed the nation's right to be safe from nuclear accidents. He stated that the accident was "made in Japan", since it was a manifestation of certain cultural traits, saying: 895: 1370:). German media coverage conflated the casualties of the earthquake and tsunami, with casualties of the nuclear incident. Belgium and Switzerland also changed their nuclear policies to phase-out all nuclear energy operations. Italy held a national referendum, in which 94 percent voted against the government's plan to build new nuclear power plants. In France, President Hollande announced the intention of the government to reduce nuclear usage by one third. However, the government earmarked only one power station for closure – the aging 1245: 1439: 989: 1823: 1010:

experts. Communication between different authorities was scattered and at several times the local governments learned the status of evacuation via the televised news media. Citizens were informed by radio, trucks with megaphones, and door to door visits. Many municipalities independently ordered evacuations ahead of orders from the national government due to loss of communication with authorities; at the time of the 3 km evacuation order, the majority of residents within the zone had already evacuated.

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from Japan's Fukushima prefecture. A group campaigning to help prevent global warming has demanded the Food and Drug Administration disclose the name of the importer of fish from Fukushima and of the Japanese restaurants in Bangkok serving it. Srisuwan Janya, chairman of the Stop Global Warming Association, said the FDA must protect the rights of consumers by ordering restaurants serving Fukushima fish to make that information available to their customers, so they could decide whether to eat it or not.

57: 962:). It transported the contaminated waters far into the Pacific Ocean, dispersing the radioactivity. As of late 2011, measurements of both the seawater and the coastal sediments suggested that the consequences for marine life would be minor. Significant pollution along the coast near the plant might persist, because of the continuing arrival of radioactive material transported to the sea by surface water crossing contaminated soil. The possible presence of other radioactive substances, such as 821:

quickly stopped by a pneumatic isolation valve which closed on the vent path due to a lack of compressed air, and venting was not resumed until over 6 hours later once an external air compressor could be installed. Despite this, the reactor pressure was immediately low enough to allow for water injection (borated freshwater, as ordered by TEPCO) using the FP system until the freshwater FP tanks were depleted, at which point the injected coolant was switched to seawater from the valve pit.

1714:", asserted that 174,000 people have been unable to return to their homes and ecological diversity has decreased and malformations have been found in trees, birds, and mammals. Although physiological abnormalities have been reported within the vicinity of the accident zone, the scientific community has largely rejected any such findings of genetic or mutagenic damage caused by radiation, instead showing it can be attributed either to experimental error or other toxic effects. 838: 1351: 11490: 10254: 1612:

that the increase in detectable Thyroid cancers falls within statistical background noise due to the screening effect, and that the cancers do not have chromosomal aberrations consistent with exposure to ionizing radiation excepting that which is caused by CT Scan. However, the authors of a dose-response relationship study from 2023 also claim that the incidence of Thyroid cancers may be underreported due to societal and political pressure.

2244: 10786: 10760: 2031:($ 400,000 inflation adjusted) to 137 people who were forced to flee their homes following the accident. On 30 September 2020, the Sendai High Court ruled that the Japanese government and TEPCO are responsible for the accident, ordering them to pay $ 9.5 million in damages to residents for their lost livelihoods. In March 2022, Japan's Supreme Court rejected an appeal from TEPCO and upheld the order for it to pay damages of 2230: 10244: 2258: 1091: 11502: 935: 1214:, maternal distress, and distress among the workers. The rates of psychological distress among evacuated people rose fivefold compared to the Japanese average due to the experience of the accident and evacuation. An increase in childhood obesity in the area after the accident has also been attributed to recommendations that children stay indoors instead of going outside to play. 1806:(ICANPS) was to identify the accident's causes and propose policies designed to minimize the damage and prevent the recurrence of similar incidents. The 10 member, government-appointed panel included scholars, journalists, lawyers, and engineers. It was supported by public prosecutors and government experts and released its final 448-page investigation report on 23 July 2012. 308:(similar to the Chernobyl nuclear accident), as they were accused of causing more harm than they prevented. Following the accident, at least 164,000 residents of the surrounding area were permanently or temporarily displaced (either voluntarily or by evacuation order). The displacements resulted in at least 51 deaths as well as stress and fear from radiological hazards. 1588:

170 mSv. Very few or no detectable cancers are expected as a result of accumulated radiation exposures. Residents who were evacuated were exposed to so little radiation that radiation-induced health effects were likely to be below detectable levels. There is no increase in miscarriages, stillbirths or physical and mental disorders in babies born after the accident.

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levels at approximately 15:41. The switching stations that provided power from the three EDGs located higher on the hillside also failed when the building that housed them flooded. One air cooled EDG, that of unit 6, was unaffected by the flooding and continued to operate. The DC batteries for units 1, 2, and 4 were also inoperable shortly after flooding.

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plans. In 2015, India was also pressing ahead with a large nuclear program, as was South Korea. Indian Vice President M. Hamid Ansari said in 2012 that "nuclear energy is the only option" for expanding India's energy supplies, and Prime Minister Modi announced in 2014 that India intended to build 10 more nuclear reactors in a collaboration with Russia.

1885:, has to be discharged into the Pacific ocean. TEPCO created an underground ice wall to block the flow of groundwater into the reactor buildings. A $ 300 million 7.8 MW cooling facility freezes the ground to a depth of 30 meters. As of 2019, the contaminated water generation had been reduced to 170 metric tons (170 long tons; 190 short tons) per day. 873:

However, the water within the RPV proved sufficient to cool the fuel, with the SRVs venting into the PCV, until AC power was restored on March 13 using the unit 6 interconnection, allowing the use of the low-pressure pumps of the residual heat removal (RHR) system. Unit 5 was the first to achieve cold shutdown in the afternoon on the 20th.

1947:, to a level that Japanese regulations allow to be discharged to the sea. As of December 2019, 28% of the water had been purified to the required level, while the remaining 72% needed additional purification. However, tritium cannot be separated from the water. As of October 2019, the total amount of tritium in the water was about 856 465:

the reactor vessel and primary containment using electrically or pneumatically operated valves using the remaining electricity on site. This would lower the reactor pressure sufficiently to allow for low-pressure injection of water into the reactor using the fire protection system in order to replenish water lost to evaporation.

2088:(FCVS), can safely catch radioactive materials and thereby allow reactor core depressurization, with steam and hydrogen venting with minimal radioactivity emissions. Filtration using an external water tank system is the most common established system in European countries, with the water tank positioned outside the 2177:, saying the ministry faced an inherent conflict of interest as the government agency in charge of both regulating and promoting the nuclear power industry. On 12 October 2012, TEPCO admitted that it had failed to take necessary measures for fear of inviting lawsuits or protests against its nuclear plants. 3999:

As reported earlier, a 400 millisieverts (mSv) per hour radiation dose observed at Fukushima Daiichi occurred between 1s 3 and 4. This is a high dose-level value, but it is a local value at a single location and at a certain point in time. The IAEA continues to confirm the evolution and value of this

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Jammal, R.; Vincze, P.; Heitsch, M.; Dobrzyńsky, L.; Dolganov, K.; Duspiva, J.; Grant, I.; Guerpinar, A.; Hirano, M.; Khouaja, H.; Kim, H. T.; Krijger, H.; Lequerica, I.; Noel, M.; Orders, W.; Urzua, G.; Volkholz, P.; Weidenbrük, K.; Weiss, S.; Zheng, N.G.; Dodo, T.; Ihara, T.; Kanno, M.; Kawano, A.;

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approved discharging the treated water into the sea. Japan said the water is safe, many scientists agreed, and the decision came weeks after the UN's nuclear watchdog approved the plan; but critics say more studies need to be done and the release should be halted. In August, Japan began the discharge

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In May 2011, UK chief inspector of nuclear installations Mike Weightman traveled to Japan as the lead of an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) expert mission. The main finding of this mission, as reported to the IAEA ministerial conference that month, was that risks associated with tsunamis in

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Prior to the accident, over 25% of domestic electricity generation in Japan used nuclear power and Japan had set a fairly ambitious GHG reduction target of 25% below 1990 levels by 2020, which involved increasing the share of nuclear power in electricity generation from 30% to 50%. However, this plan

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Summarizing all responses to questions related to evacuees' current family status, one-third of all surveyed families live apart from their children, while 50.1% live away from other family members (including elderly parents) with whom they lived before the disaster. The survey also showed that 34.7%

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Additionally, a 30 km shelter in place order was communicated on the 15th, although some municipalities within this zone had already decided to evacuate their residents. This order was followed by a voluntary evacuation recommendation on the 25th, although the majority of residents had evacuated

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The unit 4 reactor building after the explosion. The yellow object is the reactor's removed PCV head. The removed black RPV head with its lifting frame attached is to the left. Both had been removed to allow refueling at the time. The green gantry crane carries fuel between the RPV and the spent fuel

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The isolation condenser (IC) was functioning prior to the tsunami, but the DC-operated control valve outside of the primary containment had been in the closed position at the time to prevent thermal stresses on the reactor components. This status was uncertain at the time due to a loss of indications

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in a dedicated condenser tank. Steam would be forced into the heat exchanger by the reactor pressure, and the condensed coolant would be fed back into the vessel by gravity. Each reactor was initially designed to be equipped with two redundant ICs which were each capable of cooling the reactor for at

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On 30 October 1991, one of unit 1's EDGs failed as a result of a condensate coolant leak in the turbine building, as reported by former employees in December 2011. A TEPCO report in 2011 detailed that the room was flooded through a door and some holes for cables, but the power supply was not cut off

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prompted mass evacuations in Japan and overwhelmed the drainage pumps at the stricken power plant. A TEPCO spokesperson said that hundreds of metric tons of radioactive water entered the ocean as a result. Plastic bags filled with contaminated soil and grass were also swept away by the flood waters.

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from Fukushima after it was discovered that one fish from Soma had 180 times more radioactive Cesium-137 than legally permitted. The high levels of radioactivity led investigators to believe it had escaped from a breakwater at the accident site, despite nets intended to prevent fish from leaving the

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The WHO, UN, and other researchers were particularly concerned about thyroid cancer as a result of the radiation. In January 2022, six such patients who were children at the time of the accident sued TEPCO for 616 million yen after developing thyroid cancer. The current scientific consensus suggests

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Radiation exposure of those living in proximity to the accident site was estimated at 12–25 mSV in the year following the accident. Residents of Fukushima City were estimated to have received 4 mSv in the same time period. In comparison, the dosage of background radiation received over a lifetime is

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newspaper in 2013 found that most of them from cities hosting nuclear plants would agree to restarting the reactors, provided the government could guarantee their safety. More than 30,000 people marched on 2 June 2013, in Tokyo against restarting nuclear power plants. Marchers had gathered more than

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Stress often manifests in physical ailments, including behavioral changes such as poor dietary choices, lack of exercise, and sleep deprivation. Survivors, including some who lost homes, villages, and family members, were found likely to face mental health and physical challenges. Much of the stress

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Of an estimated 2,220 patients and elderly who resided within hospitals and nursing homes within the 20 km evacuation zone, 51 fatalities are attributed to the evacuation. There was one suspected death due to radiation, as one person died 4 years later of a lung cancer possibly triggered by it.

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Later that morning (9:08), workers were able to depressurize the reactor by operating the safety relief valves using batteries collected from nearby automobiles. This was shortly followed by the bursting of the venting line rupture disk and the depressurization of the PCV. Unfortunately, venting was

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considers that the dose calculation method is appropriate. Further, the IAEA recommended that a decision on the water disposal must be made urgently. Despite the negligible doses, the Japanese committee is concerned that the water disposal may cause reputational damage to the prefecture, especially

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As of 2013, about 400 metric tons (390 long tons; 440 short tons) of cooling water per day was being pumped into the reactors. Another 400 metric tons (390 long tons; 440 short tons) of groundwater was seeping into the structure. Some 800 metric tons (790 long tons; 880 short tons) of water per day

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In February 2018, Japan renewed the export of fish caught off Fukushima's nearshore zone. According to prefecture officials, no seafood had been found with radiation levels exceeding Japan safety standards since April 2015. In 2018, Thailand was the first country to receive a shipment of fresh fish

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On 21 March 2011, the first restrictions were placed on the distribution and consumption of contaminated items. However, the results of measurements of both the seawater and the coastal sediments led to the supposition that the consequences of the accident, in terms of radioactivity, would be minor

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Leukemia, breast cancer, and other solid cancers were studied by the WHO. Increase in lifetime cancer relative to baseline risk for infants was reported because these represent an upper bound for the cancer related health risks. The WHO notes that a large increase in thyroid cancer is partially due

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Estimated effective doses outside Japan are considered to be below (or far below) the levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community. Canadian academic studies failed to show any significant amount of radiation in the coastal waters off Canada's west coast. The

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local government obtained responses from approximately 1,743 evacuees within the evacuation zone. The survey showed that many residents are experiencing growing frustration, instability, and an inability to return to their earlier lives. Sixty percent of respondents stated that their health and the

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Unit 6 was not operating, and its decay heat was low. All but one EDG was disabled by the tsunami, allowing unit 6 to retain AC-powered safety functions throughout the incident. However, because the RHR was damaged, workers activated the make-up water condensate system to maintain the reactor water

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On 15 March, an explosion was observed at the unit 4 RB during site evacuation. A team later returned to the power station to inspect unit 4, but were unable to do so due to the present radiological hazard. The explosion damaged the fourth floor rooftop area of Unit 4, creating two large holes in a

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On the morning of the 13th (02:42), after DC power was restored by new batteries, the HPCI system showed signs of malfunction. The HPCI isolation valve failed to activate automatically upon achieving a certain pressure. In response, the workers switched off HPCI and began injection of water via the

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The following morning (March 15, 06:15), another explosion was heard on site coinciding with a rapid drop of suppression chamber pressure to atmospheric pressure, interpreted as a malfunction of suppression chamber pressure measurement. Due to concerns about the growing radiological hazard on site,

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At 13:00 on the 14th, the RCIC pump for unit 2 failed after 68 hours of continuous operation. With no way to vent the PCV, in response, a plan was devised to delay containment failure by venting the reactor vessel into the PCV using the SRVs in order to allow for seawater injection into the reactor

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Unit 2 was the only other operating reactor which experienced total loss of AC and DC power. Prior to blackout, the RCIC was functioning as designed without the need for operator intervention. The safety relief valves (SRVs) would intermittently release steam directly into the PCV suppression torus

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After the construction of unit 1, the following units were designed with new open-cycle reactor core isolation cooling (RCIC) systems. This new system used the steam from the reactor vessel to drive a turbine which would power a pump to inject water into the pressure vessel from an external storage

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As the crisis unfolded, the Japanese government sent a request for robots developed by the U.S. military. The robots went into the plants and took pictures to help assess the situation, but they couldn't perform the full range of tasks usually carried out by human workers. The accident illustrated

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LNT models estimate that the accident would most likely cause 130 cancer deaths. However, LNT models have large uncertainties and are not useful for estimating health effects from radiation, especially when the effects of radiation on the human body are not linear, and with obvious thresholds. The

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Due to the multiple overlapping evacuation orders, many residents had evacuated to areas which would shortly be designated as evacuation areas. This resulted in many residents having to move multiple times until they reached an area outside of the final 20 km evacuation zone. 20% of residents

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Unit 5 was fueled and was undergoing a RPV pressure test at the time of the accident, but the pressure was maintained by an external air compressor and the reactor was not otherwise operating. Removal of decay heat using the RCIC was not possible, as the reactor was not producing sufficient steam.

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Cooling was lost once the valve pit was depleted, but was resumed two hours later (unit 1 cooling was postponed until the valve pit was filled). However, despite being cooled, PCV pressure continued to rise and the RPV water level continued to drop until the fuel became uncovered on the morning of

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On the 13th, unit 2 was configured to vent the PCV automatically (manually opening all valves, leaving only the rupture disk) and preparations were made to inject seawater from the valve pit via the FP system should the need arise. However, as a result of the explosion in unit 3 the following day,

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Computer simulations, from 2013, suggest "the melted fuel in Unit 1, whose core damage was the most extensive, has breached the bottom of the primary containment vessel and even partially eaten into its concrete foundation, coming within about 30 cm (1 ft) of leaking into the ground" – a

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At the same time, pressure in the reactor vessel had been decreasing to equalize with the PCV, and the workers prepared to inject water into the reactor vessel using the DDFP once the pressure had decreased below the 0.8 MPa limit. Unfortunately, the DDFP was found to be inoperable and a fire

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In the event of a loss of off-site power, emergency diesel generators (EDG) would automatically start in order to provide AC power. Two EDGs were available for each of units 1–5 and three for unit 6. Of the 13 EDGs, 10 were water-cooled and placed in the basements about 7–8 m below the ground

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In an emergency situation where backup on-site power was partially damaged or insufficient to last until a grid connection to off-site power could be restored, these cooling systems could no longer be relied upon to reliably cool the reactor. In such a case, the expected procedure was to vent both

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stated Fessenheim will be the only nuclear power station to close. On a visit to China in December 2014 he reassured his audience that nuclear energy was a "sector of the future" and would continue to contribute "at least 50%" of France's electricity output. Another member of Hollande's Socialist

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The waves first damaged the seawater pumps along the shoreline, 10 of the plant's 13 cooling systems for the emergency diesel generators (EDG). The waves then flooded all turbine and reactor buildings, damaging EDGs and other electrical components and connections located on the ground or basement

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Ohira, Tetsuya; Takahashi, Hideto; Yasumura, Seiji; Ohtsuru, Akira; Midorikawa, Sanae; Suzuki, Satoru; Fukushima, Toshihiko; Shimura, Hiroki; Ishikawa, Tetsuo; Sakai, Akira; Yamashita, Shunichi; Tanigawa, Koichi; Ohto, Hitoshi; Abe, Masafumi; Suzuki, Shinichi; Fukushima Health Management Survey,

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The Commission recognized that the affected residents were still struggling and facing grave concerns, including the "health effects of radiation exposure, displacement, the dissolution of families, disruption of their lives and lifestyles and the contamination of vast areas of the environment".

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In the initial hours of the accident, in response to station blackout and uncertainty regarding the cooling status of units 1 and 2, a 2 km radius evacuation of 1,900 residents was ordered at 20:50. However, due to difficulty coordinating with the national government, a 3 km evacuation

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Shortly after work resumed to reestablish coolant lines, an explosion occurred in the unit 3 RB at 11:01 on March 14, which further delayed unit 1 cooling and damaged unit 3's coolant lines. Work to reestablish seawater cooling directly from the ocean began two hours later, and cooling of unit 3

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The plant operators then attempted to use the building's fire protection (FP) equipment, operated by a diesel-driven fire pump (DDFP), in order to inject water into the reactor vessel. A team was dispatched to the reactor building (RB) in order to carry out this task, but the team found that the

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Upon detecting the earthquake, all three operating reactors (units 1, 2, and 3) automatically shut down. Due to expected grid failure and damage to the switch station as a result of the earthquake, the power station automatically started up the EDGs, isolated the reactor from the primary coolant

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New nuclear projects were proceeding in some countries. The consulting firm KPMG reported in 2018 that 653 new nuclear facilities were planned or proposed for completion by 2030. In 2019, the United Kingdom was planning a major nuclear expansion despite some public objection. Russia had similar

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In September 2011, IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano said the Japanese nuclear disaster "caused deep public anxiety throughout the world and damaged confidence in nuclear power". Following the accident, the IAEA halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035.

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order for 45,000 residents was established nearly simultaneously at 21:23. The evacuation radius was expanded to 10 km at 5:44, and was then revised to 20 km at 18:25. The size of these evacuation zones was set for arbitrary reasons at the discretion of bureaucrats rather than nuclear

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Although AC power was lost, some DC power was still available in unit 3 and the workers were able to remotely confirm that the RCIC system was continuing to cool the reactor. However, knowing that their DC supply was limited, the workers managed to extend the backup DC supply to about 2 days by

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At 15:36, a hydrogen explosion damaged the secondary confinement structure (the RB). The cause was unknown to the workers at the time, most of whom evacuated shortly after the explosion. The debris produced by the explosion damaged the mobile emergency power generator and the seawater injection

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This committee was established with the aim of conducting an investigation to determine the causes of the accident that occurred at Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company, and those of the damages generated by the accident, and thereby making policy

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The power station was also equipped with backup DC batteries kept charged by AC power at all times, designed to be able to power the station for approximately 8 hours without EDGs. In units 1, 2, and 4, the batteries were located in the basements alongside the EDGs. In units 3, 5, and 6, the

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In the immediate aftermath, nine prefectures served by TEPCO experienced power rationing. The government asked major companies to reduce power consumption by 15%, and some shifted their work hours to smooth power demand. As of 2013, TEPCO and eight other Japanese power companies were paying

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As a result, units 1–5 lost AC power and DC power was lost in units 1, 2, and 4. In response, the operators assumed a loss of coolant in units 1 and 2, developing a plan in which they would vent the primary containment and inject water into the reactor vessels with firefighting equipment.

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on the exhaust of a car to turn potentially explosive gases such as hydrogen into water. Had such devices been positioned at the top of the reactor buildings, where hydrogen gas collected, the explosions would not have occurred and the releases of radioactive isotopes may have been less.

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for marine life as of autumn 2011. Despite caesium isotopic concentrations in the waters off Japan being 10 to 1000 times above the normal concentrations prior to the accident, radiation risks are below what is generally considered harmful to marine animals and human consumers.

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reached 0.125 g (1.22 m/s, 4.0 ft/s) for 30 seconds, no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was found. In 2006, the design of the reactors were reevaluated with new standards requiring the reactors to withstand accelerations ranging up to 450 Gal.

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In addition to atmospheric deposition, there was also a significant quantity of direct releases into groundwater (and eventually the ocean) through leaks of coolant which had been in direct contact with the fuel. Estimates for this release vary from 1 to 5.5 PBq

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that could supplement relief efforts. Eventually a wide variety of specially designed robots were employed (leading to a robotics boom in the region), but as of early 2016, three of them had promptly become non-functional due to the intensity of the radioactivity.

8839: 1954:

A 2020 committee set up by the Japanese Government concluded that the purified water should be released to the sea or evaporated to the atmosphere. The committee calculated that discharging all the water to the sea in one year would cause a radiation dose of 0.81

447:

and are instead switched to a secondary condenser system which is designed to cool the reactor without the need for pumps powered by external power or generators. The isolation condenser (IC) system involved a closed coolant loop from the pressure vessel with a

6842:; Jayne, Steven R.; Fisher, Nicholas S.; Rypina, Irina I.; Baumann, Hannes; Baumann, Zofia; Breier, Crystaline F.; Douglass, Elizabeth M.; George, Jennifer; MacDonald, Alison M.; Miyamoto, Hiroomi; Nishikawa, Jun; Pike, Steven M.; Yoshida, Sashiko (2012). 8134:) per liter of radioactive strontium in groundwater collected last July from one of the wells close to the ocean. ... Based on the result, levels of radioactive substances that emit beta particles are estimated to be 10 million becquerels (0.26 milli 2192:

In 2000, an in-house TEPCO report recommended safety measures against seawater flooding, based on the potential of a 50 foot (15 m) tsunami. TEPCO did not act due to concerns about creating anxieties over the safety of the nuclear power plant.

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In March 2017, a Japanese court ruled that negligence by the Japanese government had led to the Fukushima accident by failing to use its regulatory powers to force TEPCO to take preventive measures. The Maebashi district court near Tokyo awarded

6615:

Evangeliou, Nikolaos; Balkanski, Yves; Cozic, Anne; Pape Møller, Anders (2014). "Predictions on the contamination levels from various fission products released from the accident and updates on the risk assessment for solid and thyroid cancers".

890:

On 21 March, temperatures in the fuel pond had risen slightly, to 61 °C (142 °F), and water was sprayed over the pool. Power was restored to cooling systems on 24 March and by 28 March, temperatures were reported down to 35 °C

683:

of 560 Gal, 520 Gal, 560 Gal at units 2, 3, and 5 respectively. This exceeded the seismic reactor design tolerances of 450 Gal, 450 Gal, and 460 Gal for continued operation, but the seismic values were within the design tolerances at unit 6.

2103:

located in flood or tsunami prone areas, a 3+ day supply of back-up batteries has become an informal industry standard. Another change is to harden the location of back-up diesel generator rooms with water-tight, blast-resistant doors and

6694:

Aurengo, A.; et al. (2005). "Dose effect relationship and estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionising radiation: The Joint Report of the Académie des Sciences (Paris) and of the Académie Nationale de Médecine".

755:(RPV) and embedded itself into the concrete at the base of the PCV. Although at the time it was difficult to determine how far the fuel had eroded and diffused into the concrete, it was estimated that the fuel remained within the PCV. 1783:“Its fundamental causes are to be found in the ingrained conventions of Japanese culture: our reflexive obedience; our reluctance to question authority; our devotion to ‘sticking with the program’; our groupism; and our insularity.” 1841:

per year. This is a much lower threshold than is necessary for protecting health. The government also sought to address the lack of education on the effects of radiation and the extent to which the average person was exposed.

1738:

associated with a "network of corruption, collusion, and nepotism." A New York Times report found that the Japanese nuclear regulatory system consistently sided with, and promoted, the nuclear industry based on the concept of

1753:

In 2016 three former TEPCO executives, chairman Tsunehisa Katsumata and two vice presidents, were indicted for negligence resulting in death and injury. The three pleaded not guilty, and in September 2019, the court agreed.

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Outside the geographical areas most affected by radiation, even in locations within Fukushima prefecture, the predicted risks remain low, and no observable increases in cancer above natural variation in baseline rates are

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The following day, on the 16th, an aerial inspection was performed by helicopter which confirmed there was sufficient water remaining in the SFP. On the 20th, water was sprayed into the uncovered SFP, later replaced by a

1043:

to the Fukushima prefectural government and was later criticized for delaying the communication of data to the U.S. military. Additionally, the U.S. military produced a detailed map using aircraft and provided it to the

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Responses and Actions Taken by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan on Radiation Protection at Works Relating to the Accident at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant 6th Edition (Fiscal Year of

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of the evacuees have suffered salary cuts of 50% or more since the outbreak of the nuclear disaster. A total of 36.8% reported a lack of sleep, while 17.9% reported smoking or drinking more than before they evacuated.

700:

wave was 13–14 m (43–46 feet) high and hit approximately 50 minutes after the initial earthquake, overtopping the seawall and exceeding the plant's ground level, which was 10 m (33 ft) above sea level.

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are also highly effective and rapid transporters of pollutants throughout the ocean. Elevated levels of Cs-134 appeared in migratory species off the coast of California that were not seen prior to the accident.

10687: 2065:, closer to the epicenter of the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, the sea wall was 14 meters (46 ft) tall and successfully withstood the tsunami, preventing serious damage and radioactivity releases. 453:

least 8 hours (at which point, the condenser tank would have to be refilled). However, it was possible for the IC system to cool the reactor too rapidly shortly after shutdown which could result in undesirable

5539: 9266: 10703: 9305: 5965: 1809:

The panel's report faulted an inadequate legal system for nuclear crisis management, a crisis-command disarray caused by the government and TEPCO, and possible excess meddling on the part of Prime Minister

1442:

The number of nuclear power plant constructions started each year worldwide, from 1954 to 2013. Following an increase in new constructions from 2007 to 2010, there was a decline after the Fukushima nuclear

2959: 2164:

found that the causes of the accident had been foreseeable, and that TEPCO had failed to meet basic safety requirements such as risk assessment, preparing for containing collateral damage, and developing

1888:

In February 2014, NHK reported that TEPCO was reviewing its radioactivity data, after finding much higher levels of radioactivity than was reported earlier. TEPCO now says that levels of 5 MBq (0.12 milli

1849:, near the power plant. The museum exhibits items and videos about the earthquake and the nuclear accident. To attract visitors from abroad, the museum offers explanations in English, Chinese and Korean. 2218:

by the flooding. An engineer reported to superiors the possibility that a tsunami could damage the generators. In response, TEPCO installed doors to prevent water from leaking into the generator rooms.

10408: 1875: 316: 5241: 4780: 10667: 5172: 8979: 958:, the release from the accident represents the most important individual oceanic emissions of artificial radioactivity ever observed. The Fukushima coast has one of the world's strongest currents ( 8242:"IAEA follow-up review of progress made on management of ALPS treated water and the report of the subcommittee on handling of ALPS treated water at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station" 9001: 6207:"Comparison of childhood thyroid cancer prevalence among 3 areas based on external radiation dose after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident: The Fukushima health management survey" 5368: 9791: 9233: 3485: 1070:

orders, and additional administrative districts that had an evacuation order are highlighted. However, the above map's factual accuracy is called into question as only the southern portion of

2778: 1313:

closed over earthquake and tsunami concerns, and said he would freeze building plans. In July 2011, Kan said, "Japan should reduce and eventually eliminate its dependence on nuclear energy".

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In 2008, another in-house study identified an immediate need to better protect the facility from flooding by seawater which cited the 15.7 meters (52 ft) estimate from the 2002 study.

7043:

Teishima, Hirohiko; et al. (2017). "Concentration of radiocesium in Japanese whiting Sillago japonica living in Tokyo Bay after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident".

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was removed for treatment, half of which was reused for cooling and half diverted to storage tanks. Ultimately the contaminated water, after treatment to remove radionuclides other than

6380: 10518: 7479: 5966:

Hiroki S., Suzuki S., Yokoya S., Iwadate S., Suzuki S., Matsuzuka T., Setou N., Ohira T., Yasumura S., Suzuki S., Ohto H., Kamiya K., and Thyroid Ultrasound Examination Group (2022).

2205:

In 2009, the Active Fault and Earthquake Research Center urged TEPCO and NISA to revise their assumptions for possible tsunami heights upwards, based on his team's findings about the

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China continued developing nuclear power in the decade following. In 2015, China had hoped to have 400–500 gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2050 – 100 times more than it had in 2015.

825:

the 14th (6:20), as indicated by a water level gauge, which was followed by workers evacuating the area out of concerns about a possible second hydrogen explosion similar to unit 1.

10391: 1326: 4606: 7964: 5012: 4046:"Xenon-133 and caesium-137 releases into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant: determination of the source term, atmospheric dispersion, and deposition" 7029: 10288: 7215: 7616: 6128: 5131: 1049: 1036: 10682: 10672: 10662: 5278: 2035:($ 12 million) to about 3,700 people whose lives were harmed by the accident. Its decision covered three class-action lawsuits, among more than 30 filed against the utility. 457:

on the containment structures. To avoid this, protocol called for reactor operators to manually open and close the condenser loop using electrically operated control valves.

10403: 7866: 3524: 1675:

Marine life has been tested for cesium and other radionuclides since the accident. These studies found elevated levels of cesium in marine life from 2011 to 2015. Migratory

1570: 281:

No adverse health effects among non-worker Fukushima residents have been documented that are directly attributable to radiation exposure from the accident, according to the

8825: 8694: 8027: 7339: 10677: 10473: 9784: 6454:"Area Dose–Response and Radiation Origin of Childhood Thyroid Cancer in Fukushima Based on Thyroid Dose in UNSCEAR 2020/2021: High 131I Exposure Comparable to Chernobyl" 2272: 1059:

TEPCO officials were instructed not to use the phrase "core meltdown" in order to conceal the meltdown until they officially recognized it two months after the accident.

7550: 5753: 3050:"From Hiroshima and Nagasaki to Fukushima 2. Health effects of radiation and other health problems in the aftermath of nuclear accidents, with an emphasis on Fukushima" 751:

Subsequent analysis in November suggested that this extended period without cooling resulted in the melting of the fuel in unit 1, most of which would have escaped the

10456: 8794: 8728: 1711: 5898: 5546: 1939:

As of October 2019, 1.17 million cubic meters of contaminated water was stored in the plant area. The water is being treated by a purification system that can remove

955: 10478: 9083: 5912:

Rojavin, Y.; Seamon, M. J.; Tripathi, R. S.; Papadimos, T. J.; Galwankar, S.; Kman, N.; Cipolla, J.; Grossman, M. D.; Marchigiani, R.; Stawicki, S. P. (April 2011).

3771:"Occurrence of a specific incident stipulated in Article 10, Clause 1 of the Act on "Special measures concerning nuclear emergency preparedness (Fukushima Daiichi)"" 1814:'s office in the crisis' early stage. The panel concluded that a culture of complacency about nuclear safety and poor crisis management led to the nuclear accident. 1082:

to the Fukushima prefectural government, including evacuation and health advisories from 12 March 11:54 PM to 16 March 9 AM, went unread and were deleted.

111: 9887: 1845:

In 2018, tours to visit the accident area began. In September 2020, The Great East Japan Earthquake and Nuclear Disaster Memorial Museum was opened in the town of

6530: 6381:

Sakai A., Tsuyama N., Ohira T., Sugai-Takahashi M., Ohba T., Azami Y., Matsumoto Y., Manabu I., Suzuki S., Sato M., Hosoya M., Ishikawa T., and Suzuki S. (2023).

5081: 10396: 8772: 8649: 2955: 1687:

caught prior to the 2011 power plant accident and those caught after. However, the amount of radioactivity is less than that found naturally in a single banana.

1322: 1293:, who chose Abe to succeed him as premier, made a statement to urge the government to take a stance against using nuclear power. A survey on local mayors by the 3633: 11297: 9777: 4214: 205:: wetwell – torus-shaped all around the base enclosing steam suppression pool. Excess steam from the drywell enters the wetwell water pool via downcomer pipes. 10413: 7144:

Sutou; et al. (2015). "Commentary 2: abnormalities of butterflies captured around Fukushima areas might not be caused by non-genetic but toxic effects".

3916: 2199:

In 2004, the cabinet office warned that tsunamis taller than the maximum of 5.6 meters (18 ft) forecast by TEPCO and government officials were possible.

2038:

On 17 June 2022, the Supreme Court acquitted the government of any wrongdoing regarding potential compensation to over 3,700 people affected by the accident.

970:, had not been sufficiently studied. Recent measurements show persistent contamination of some marine species (mostly fish) caught along the Fukushima coast. 9847: 6044: 1289:. Abe supported nuclear power, saying that leaving the plants closed was costing the country 4 trillion yen per year in higher costs. The comment came after 1066:

Japan towns, villages, and cities in and around the Daiichi nuclear plant exclusion zone. The 20 and 30 km (12 and 19 mi) areas had evacuation and

61:

The four damaged reactor buildings (from left: Units 4, 3, 2, and 1) on 16 March 2011. Hydrogen-air explosions in Units 1, 3, and 4 caused structural damage.

7752: 7658: 5233: 4772: 3748: 3135: 1979:

were degrading faster than expected. Due to the fact that transferring the slurry to a new container was very time consuming, this posed an urgent problem.

1699:

in Tokyo Bay as of 2016. "Concentration of radiocesium in the Japanese whiting was one or two orders of magnitude higher than that in the sea water, and an

10796: 10108: 9808: 9800: 8936: 8668: 6157:"Association between the detection rate of thyroid cancer and the external radiation dose-rate after the nuclear power plant accidents in Fukushima, Japan" 5588: 5164: 4652: 4105:"Preliminary Numerical Experiments on Oceanic Dispersion ofI andCs Discharged into the Ocean because of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster" 2302: 2143:

that robots lacked sufficient dexterity and robustness to perform critical tasks. In response to this shortcoming, a series of competitions were hosted by

9274: 8987: 1109:, many patients with negligible radioactive exposure after the Chernobyl accident displayed extreme anxiety about radiation exposure. They developed many 10335: 10330: 10325: 9852: 9009: 8584: 8159: 4215:"Synthèse actualisée des connaissances relatives à l'impact sur le milieu marin des rejets radioactifs du site nucléaire accidenté de Fukushima Dai-ichi" 4103:

KAWAMURA, Hideyuki; KOBAYASHI, Takuya; FURUNO, Akiko; IN, Teiji; ISHIKAWA, Yoichi; NAKAYAMA, Tomoharu; SHIMA, Shigeki; AWAJI, Toshiyuki (November 2011).

1027:

According to one estimation, more than 1700 deaths are to be attributed to evacuation-related stress, the vast majority of whom were over the age of 65.

807: 768: 730: 10281: 4582: 10383: 9243: 7594: 6383:"No increase in translocated chromosomal aberrations, an indicator of ionizing radiation exposure, in childhood thyroid cancer in Fukushima Prefecture" 5563: 1776: 650: 8780: 7898: 7509: 7159: 3493: 3229:

B. Cox, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Pellet Clad Interaction (PCI) Failures of Zirconium Alloy Fuel Cladding – A Review, 1990, volume 172, pp. 249–92

2419:

Murakami, Michio; Ono, Kyoko; Tsubokura, Masaharu; Nomura, Shuhei; Oikawa, Tomoyoshi; Oka, Tosihiro; Kami, Masahiro; Oki, Taikan (11 September 2015).

2360: 1746:

In August 2011, several top energy officials were fired from their jobs by the Japanese government; affected positions included the Vice-minister for

9892: 9465: 4408: 4391: 4374: 4357: 4291: 4274: 4239: 5034: 4795:

UNSCEAR Report Volume 1: Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident after the 2011 great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami

10830: 9072: 9057: 8626: 6503: 6438: 6015: 5047:

Kageyama, Yuri (1 June 2011). "Toyota set to raise production in japan: Automaker projects recovery at 90 percent of pre-disaster levels by june".

2189:

warned of a risk of losing emergency power in 1991 (NUREG-1150) and NISA referred to that report in 2004, but took no action to mitigate the risk.

8425: 11771: 5700: 5067: 3593: 759:

Kyoto University nuclear engineer said with regard to these estimates: "We just can't be sure until we actually see the inside of the reactors."

9120: 8918: 8189: 7711: 7387: 4743: 2827:"Pregnant and Birth Survey after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident in the Fukushima Prefecture" 2388: 9183: 7689: 7006: 4512: 3718:"Occurrence of a Specific Incident Stipulated in Article 15, Clause 1 of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness" 3659: 3553: 11961: 10274: 8871: 8750: 5099: 4341:"Report of Japanese Government to the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety: The Accident at TEPCO's Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations" 3778: 3725: 2196:

In 2002, the government earthquake research headquarters estimated that a tsunami up to 15.7 meters (52 ft) could hit the power station.

1144:

is very big. We must not only track those problems, but also treat them. Otherwise people will feel they are just guinea pigs in our research.

10434: 9842: 8558: 7471: 5968:"A Comprehensive Review of the Progress and Evaluation of the Thyroid Ultrasound Examination Program, the Fukushima Health Management Survey" 2287: 1959:

to the local people, whereas evaporation would cause 1.2 microsieverts. For comparison, Japanese people get 2100 microsieverts per year from

347:

Aerial view of the station in 1975, showing separation between units 5 and 6, and 1–4. Unit 6, completed in 1979, is seen under construction.

228: 9399: 8083: 6772: 5722: 3446: 389:. At normal operating temperatures (~300 °C (572 °F)), it is inert. However, above 1,200 °C (2,190 °F), Zircaloy can be 9907: 9897: 9877: 3881: 1102:, the loss of life would have been far smaller if all residents had done nothing at all, or were sheltered in place, instead of evacuated. 289:, but this does not prove a causal relationship between radiation and the cancer. Six other persons have been reported as having developed 7420: 5141: 829:

resumed in the afternoon (approximately 16:00) and continued until cooling was lost once more as a result of site evacuation on the 15th.

11926: 9969: 9914: 8897: 7956: 7809: 7558:"Official website of the Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company" 6305:"Relationship between environmental radiation and radioactivity and childhood thyroid cancer found in Fukushima health management survey" 5509: 4012: 3453: 3401: 1683:

In April 2014, studies confirmed the presence of radioactive tuna off the coasts of the Pacific U.S. Researchers carried out tests on 26

1153:

health of their families had deteriorated after evacuating, while 39.9% reported feeling more irritated compared to before the accident.

4616: 2489: 1098:

In January 2015, the number of residents displaced due to the accident was around 119,000, peaking at 164,000 in June 2012. In terms of

11966: 10257: 9931: 9023:

Naitoh, Masanori; Suzuki, Hiroaki; Okada, Hidetoshi (2012). "Function of Isolation Condenser of Fukushima Unit-1 Nuclear Power Plant".

8904: 7025: 5614: 4630: 3441: 2715: 17: 5263: 5211: 4044:

Stohl, A.; Seibert, P.; Wotawa, G.; Arnold, D.; Burkhart, J. F.; Eckhardt, S.; Tapia, C.; Vargas, A.; Yasunari, T. J. (1 March 2012).

3986: 3379:. Division of Systems Analysis and Regulatory Effectiveness, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2805: 1768:

The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) was the first independent investigation commission by the

1232: 11931: 10137: 10114: 10034: 9434: 9335: 4932: 4884: 10046: 9706: 8107: 7986: 798: 274:, following a report by the JNES (Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization). It is regarded as the worst nuclear incident since the 11540: 9975: 9681: 7924: 7187: 6361: 8347: 7876: 7303: 4794: 3516: 1999:($ 110 billion inflation adjusted). In December 2016 the government estimated decontamination, compensation, decommissioning, and 837: 157:

1 suspected from radiation (lung cancer, 4 years later), and over 1700 from evacuation-related stress primarily among the elderly.

11506: 10174: 9867: 9822: 8504: 2174: 1747: 1045: 1018:

from the 30 km zone by then. The shelter in place order was lifted on April 22, but the evacuation recommendation remained.

304:

Criticisms have been made about the public perception of radiological hazards resulting from accidents and the implementation of

9695:, docudrama, 2023, 8 one hour parts, based in part on Masao Yoshida's testimony in The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Report, 2012 7775: 4978: 4558: 11679: 10943: 10865: 9872: 9862: 8758: 8035: 2093: 1132:

consequences are enormous. Life expectancy of the evacuees dropped from 65 to 58 years – not because of cancer, but because of

9687: 3339:

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

1908:/imp gal; 510 μCi/U.S. gal) were detected in groundwater collected in July 2013 and not the 900 kBq (0.02 milli 10933: 10733: 10632: 9769: 9578: 9545: 9040: 9016: 5745: 5640: 5402: 3940: 3855: 3667: 3459:. Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency and Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization. 4 April 2011. p. 35. Archived from 3186: 2699: 2590: 328: 232: 10297: 8802: 7532: 2980:"Mental health and psychological impacts from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: a systematic literature review" 1663:

WHO reports that the radiation levels from the accident were below the thresholds for deterministic effects from radiation.

1374:

on the German border – which prompted some to question the government's commitment to Hollande's promise. Industry Minister

1040: 654: 366: 247: 48: 31: 11936: 11879: 11376: 11238: 10823: 10743: 10169: 9964: 9562: 9079: 7288: 4708: 1223: 1079: 1035:

There were several instances early in the accident response in which data about the accident was not properly handled. The

338: 271: 8216: 2978:

Harada, Nahoko; Shigemura, Jun; Tanichi, Masaaki; Kawaida, Kyoko; Takahashi, Satomi; Yasukata, Fumiko (2 September 2015).

2881:"J-value assessment of relocation measures following the nuclear power plant accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi" 1052:(MEXT) two days later, but no new evacuation plans were made a week after the accident. The data was not forwarded to the 11946: 10938: 10347: 9510: 8294: 5436: 2085: 1775:

The accident "cannot be regarded as a natural disaster," the NAIIC panel's chairman, Tokyo University professor emeritus

787: 778:

the seawater injection setup was damaged and the isolation valve for the PCV vent was found to be closed and inoperable.

9699:

This series "depicts the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident that occurred in 2011 over a period of 7 days."

9097: 7445: 6940: 4324:. Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company. 2011. 11956: 11941: 11896: 11849: 11826: 11579: 11366: 11234: 10718: 10340: 10320: 10147: 10142: 9997: 9902: 9837: 6550: 5085: 2297: 2292: 2170: 1826: 1053: 847: 35: 10915: 10362: 8009: 4480: 882:

level until the RHR was restored on the 20th. Cold shutdown was achieved on the 20th, less than an hour after unit 5.

11844: 11223: 10163: 10132: 9992: 9921: 8057: 5005: 3623: 2565: 1834: 1750:; the head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, and the head of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. 1383:, said that Hollande announced the nuclear curb to secure the backing of his Green coalition partners in parliament. 267: 146: 9320: 9152: 9080:"Nuclear Science and Techniques 24 (2013) 040601 Study on the long-term passive cooling extension of AP1000 reactor" 8954: 4873:

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2010). 3rd Strategic Energy Plan. Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry.

11951: 10637: 10024: 9763: 8840:"CFD analysis of passive autocatalytic recombiner interaction with atmosphere. Archive Kerntechnik – Issue 2011/02" 6048: 5658: 4592: 4507: 4505: 3924: 2069: 1278: 996: 243: 8086:[Last year the radioactivity of a well is 160,000 times than discharge requirement, TEPC now discovered]. 3335:"The accident at TEPCO's Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: What went wrong and what lessons are universal?" 11971: 11494: 11470: 11159: 10971: 10884: 10816: 10770: 10540: 9926: 9630: 8886: 8720: 7744: 7575:

proposals designed to prevent the expansion of the damages and the recurrence of similar accidents in the future.

3939:

Muftuoglu, K.; Taira, J.; Yamamoto, M.; Kang, K.-S.; Kilic, N.; Pagannone, B.; Yamada, K.; Yoshimoto, Y. (2015).

8940: 5890: 5592: 4676: 4502: 3213:"Japanese Earthquake Update (19 March 2011, 4:30 UTC) : IAEA Alert Log: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident" 2747: 856:

wall of the RB. The explosion was likely caused by hydrogen passing to unit 4 from unit 3 through shared pipes.

11017: 10224: 9605:

Investigation Committee on the accidents at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Company

7836: 5301: 4683: 4659: 3829: 3212: 2045:($ 95 billion) in damages to the operator of the power plant, in the civil case brought by TEPCO shareholders. 1798:

Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company

1371: 1211: 10062: 9652: 6103: 5487: 4292:

The official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Chapter 3 p. 32, 63

2023:

on decommissioning and storage. Despite concerns, the government expected total costs to remain under budget.

1743:('descent from heaven'), in which senior regulators accepted high paying jobs at companies they once oversaw. 11465: 10989: 10528: 10504: 9857: 9692: 9475: 7241: 6781:"Safety regulations of food and water implemented in the first year following the Fukushima nuclear accident" 6303:

Toki, H.; Wada, T.; Manabe, Y.; Hirota, S.; Higuchi, T.; Tanihata, I.; Satoh, K.; Bando, M. (December 2020).

5459: 4764: 4543: 4358:

The official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Chapter 3 p. 60-63

4275:

The official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Chapter 3 p. 60-63

3801:"TEPCO : Press Release | Employees of TEPCO Who Were Missing at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station" 2277: 2186: 2054: 430: 7590: 6256:"Lessons from Fukushima: Latest Findings of Thyroid Cancer After the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident" 3902: 3049: 911: 11854: 11606: 11533: 11228: 11007: 10925: 10763: 10564: 10534: 10018: 9832: 9758: 8130:

Tokyo Electric Power Company, or TEPCO, says it has detected a record high 5 million becquerels (0.13 milli

7902: 7650: 7501: 4550: 4160:"Observation of gamma-rays from fallout collected at Ibaraki, Japan, during the Fukushima nuclear accident" 3740: 2806:

Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

2368: 1983: 1972: 1863: 1099: 104: 11131: 11084: 10789: 10352: 9712: 9462: 8905:"Vents and Filtering Strategies Come to Forefront in Fukushima Response Nuclear Energy Insight. Fall 2012" 8241: 4536: 4409:

The official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Chapter 4 p. 13

4392:

The official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Chapter 3 p. 60

4375:

The official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Chapter 4 p. 16

4240:

The official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Chapter 3 p. 60

11356: 11324: 11191: 11089: 11025: 10961: 10910: 10616: 10367: 10357: 9952: 9599: 9497: 9201: 6254:

Yamashita, Shunichi; Suzuki, Shinichi; Suzuki, Satoru; Shimura, Hiroki; Saenko, Vladimir (January 2018).

3276:

Chemical Interaction Between Uranium Oxide and Zircaloy-4 in the Temperature Range Between 900 and 1500°C

2689: 2062: 1310: 852:

Unit 4 was not fueled at the time, but the unit 4 spent fuel pool (SFP) contained a number of fuel rods.

607: 9065: 8911: 7070: 4960: 2421:"Was the Risk from Nursing-Home Evacuation after the Fukushima Accident Higher than the Radiation Risk?" 11901: 11704: 11433: 11361: 11351: 11314: 11292: 11271: 11076: 11066: 11061: 11002: 10892: 10494: 10439: 10030: 9499:

Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

8478: 5270: 3601: 2282: 2057:

lessons emerged from the incident. The most obvious was that in tsunami-prone areas, a power station's

1932: 1858: 1062: 919:

Quantities of the released material are expressed in terms of the three predominant products released:

11175: 9764:"Reassessment of Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Outline of Nuclear Safety Reform Plan(Interim Report)" 9626: 7557: 5704: 3946:(Report). The Fukushima Daiichi Accident. Vol. 1. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 20. 1734:

Three investigations into the accident showed the man-made nature of the catastrophe and its roots in

11818: 11781: 11719: 11671: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11601: 11121: 11109: 11043: 10979: 10558: 10552: 10248: 10184: 10093: 9827: 9696: 9130: 8922: 7721: 7397: 7280: 7146:

Fukushima Nuclear Accident: Global Implications, Long-Term Health Effects and Ecological Consequences

6999: 5567: 5367:

Weiss, Alexander; Weissinger, Anna; Kirchnerr, Julian; Durth, Sandra; Knapp, Simon; Klinger, Daimon.

4754: 4425:

Tanigawa, Koichi; Hosoi, Yoshio; Hirohashi, Nobuyuki; Iwasaki, Yasumasa; Kamiya, Kenji (March 2012).

2915: 2522:"Emergency Responses and Health Consequences after the Fukushima Accident; Evacuation and Relocation" 2263: 263: 10997: 9378: 6834: 6832: 6585: 4522: 3903:

The Evaluation Status of Reactor Core Damage at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1 to 3

3800: 3700: 3442:

https://web.archive.org/web/20110426063915/https://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110320b1.html

2119:, similar to the one that occurred after the back-up battery supply was exhausted, many constructed 11891: 11886: 11874: 11788: 11393: 11154: 10596: 8878: 7621: 7017: 5109: 5055: 3770: 3717: 1367: 343: 9002:"China's Guangdong Nuclear Power Corp Announces Orders for BYD Battery Back-up for Nuclear Plants" 8398: 8373: 5703:(Press release). Vienna, Austria: United Nations Information Service. 2 April 2014. Archived from 4933:

https://climateactiontracker.org/media/documents/2018/4/CAT_2015-07-22_CountryAssessment_Japan.pdf

4575: 4321: 2773: 1248:

The use of nuclear power (in yellow) in Japan declined significantly after the Fukushima accident.

426: 11724: 11526: 10546: 10429: 10209: 10199: 9740: 9672: 9538:

Crisis Without End: The Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Catastrophe.

6829: 4722: 3334: 2312: 1575: 1286: 1265:) more in combined imported fossil fuel costs compared to 2010 to make up for the missing power. 752: 436: 9754: 9609: 8093: 6565: 3873: 3454:"The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Pacific Earthquake and the seismic damage to the NPPs" 3402:"The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Pacific Earthquake and the seismic damage to the NPPs" 635:

The height of the tsunami that struck the station approximately 50 minutes after the earthquake.

186: 30:"2011 Japanese nuclear accidents" redirects here. For the preceding earthquake and tsunami, see 11714: 11709: 11699: 11266: 11035: 10839: 10728: 10204: 10005: 9658:

TerraFly Timeline Aerial Imagery of Fukushima Nuclear Reactor after 2011 Tsunami and Earthquake

8117: 6648: 6580: 5156: 2307: 2206: 2124: 2120: 1274: 1227: 1141: 665: 615: 255: 9799: 9258: 7807:

Hasegawa, Koichi (2012). "Facing Nuclear Risks: Lessons from the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster".

6070: 5517: 4257: 4019: 3547: 3460: 3408: 11114: 11053: 10902: 10611: 9600:

The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Report website in English

9205: 6497: 6432: 6366: 6009: 5190: 3373: 2367:(Report). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 31 January 2019. p. 13. Archived from 2333: 2100: 1579:

Seawater-contamination along coast with Caesium-137, from 21 March until 5 May 2011 (Source:

386: 359: 334: 266:

into the surrounding environment. The accident was rated seven (the maximum severity) on the

9025:

2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference

2722: 1078:

The Japanese government did not keep records of key meetings during the crisis. Emails from

11755: 11329: 10953: 10194: 10056: 9741:"Inside Fukushima Daiichi~This is a virtual tour of the decommissioning site.~"(in English) 7216:"Fukushima fish with 180 times legal limit of radioactive cesium fuels water release fears" 7100: 7089:"The biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the pale grass blue butterfly" 6960: 6913: 6855: 6792: 6660: 6394: 6316: 5845: 5788: 5339: 5255: 5124: 4896: 4832: 4171: 4116: 4057: 3982: 3676: 3660:"The Fukushima Disaster and Japan's Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective" 3433: 3346: 3248: 2892: 2432: 2393: 2166: 2089: 2081: 486:

The units and central storage facility contained the following numbers of fuel assemblies:

305: 96: 9426: 9327: 8980:"Nuclear power plant operator in China orders backup batteries for installation at plants" 4669: 631: 478:

batteries were located in the turbine building where they were raised above ground level.

8: 11641: 11611: 10875: 10603: 10179: 9662: 7837:"Fukushima disaster area Tour – Feel the reality of the disaster in a life-changing tour" 6949:"Pacific bluefin tuna transport Fukushima-derived radionuclides from Japan to California" 2073: 1071: 619: 406: 356: 301:, and several other people sustained physical injuries as a consequence of the accident. 259: 235: 9981: 8222:. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. 10 February 2020. pp. 12, 16, 17, 33, 34 7930: 7104: 6964: 6917: 6859: 6796: 6747: 6664: 6480: 6453: 6415: 6398: 6382: 6320: 5914:"Civilian nuclear incidents: An overview of historical, medical, and scientific aspects" 5849: 5792: 5343: 5002:

International Energy Agency (2016). Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Japan 2016 Review.

4900: 4836: 4175: 4120: 4061: 3680: 3350: 3252: 2896: 2436: 1982:

Tanks used to store the water were expected to be filled in 2023. In July 2022, Japan's

239: 88: 10708: 10087: 10050: 9987: 9749: 9456: 9404: 9238: 9210: 7308: 7121: 7088: 6983: 6948: 6878: 6843: 6813: 6780: 6756: 6731: 6712: 6337: 6304: 6280: 6255: 6231: 6206: 6181: 6156: 6133: 5992: 5967: 5940: 5913: 5871: 5814: 5195: 5013:"Neon city goes dim as power shortage threatens traffic lights and telephones in Tokyo" 4845: 4820: 4693: 4462: 4140: 3628: 3312: 3082: 3022: 2979: 2811:(Report). United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2021. 2694:. STI/PUB. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2015. pp. 1–1254. 2463: 2420: 1735: 1707: 1700: 1380: 1331: 1191: 1187: 275: 9713:"Statue of child clad in protective suit met with criticism in disaster-hit Fukushima" 9647: 4442: 3070: 1764:

National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission

1608:

from supporters promoting the idea of a "wave of cancer deaths across North America".

894: 11740: 11454: 11448: 11438: 11428: 10738: 10266: 10189: 10152: 9707:

Ah humanity! – a film essay by Lucien Castaign-Taylor, Ernst Karel and Véréna Paravel

9574: 9558: 9541: 9506: 9328:"Fukushima Nuclear Accident – U.S. NRC warned a risk on emergency power 20 years ago" 9125: 9036: 8592: 8535: 8272: 7822: 7785: 7716: 7392: 7249: 7223: 7164: 7126: 6988: 6929: 6883: 6818: 6761: 6676: 6629: 6485: 6420: 6342: 6285: 6236: 6186: 5997: 5945: 5875: 5863: 5806: 5104: 4947: 4568: 4454: 4446: 4195: 4187: 4132: 4085: 3692: 3568: 3365: 3074: 3027: 3009: 3001: 2856: 2848: 2695: 2543: 2468: 2450: 2109: 2000: 1960: 1846: 1375: 1290: 1207: 1199: 1198:. The metareview found mass fear among Fukushmia residents which was associated with 1179: 1149: 1133: 713:, the utility operator and owner, notified authorities of a "first-level emergency". 444: 92: 9419: 9032: 7617:"Japan, TEPCO ignored atomic accident risks due to 'myth of nuclear safety': Report" 6716: 6625: 4466: 4159: 4144: 3549:

An Investigation of the Miyagi-ken-oki, Japan, earthquake of June 12, 1978

3316: 3086: 258:. The subsequent inability to sufficiently cool reactors after shutdown compromised 11836: 11475: 11460: 11408: 11398: 10777: 10075: 9533: 9383: 9301: 9028: 8695:"Tokyo court orders ex-Tepco execs to pay $ 95 bln damages over Fukushima disaster" 8650:"Japan's top court orders damages for Fukushima victims in landmark decision – NHK" 8622: 7818: 7116: 7108: 7052: 6978: 6968: 6921: 6873: 6863: 6808: 6800: 6751: 6743: 6704: 6668: 6621: 6590: 6546: 6542: 6475: 6465: 6410: 6402: 6332: 6324: 6275: 6267: 6226: 6218: 6176: 6168: 5987: 5979: 5935: 5925: 5853: 5818: 5796: 5394: 5347: 4904: 4840: 4587: 4517: 4438: 4426: 4183: 4179: 4124: 4104: 4075: 4065: 3684: 3354: 3302: 3256: 3066: 3017: 2991: 2910: 2900: 2838: 2533: 2458: 2440: 1696: 1438: 1183: 1067: 1006: 959: 899: 352: 9678:

Kumamoto, Murata & Nakate: "Fukushima Evacuees Face New Hardship Six Years On"

8863: 8452:"Filipino fishers, anti-nuke activists oppose release of Fukushima water to ocean" 5387: 5352: 5327: 4513:"Fukushima Pref. deleted 5 days of radiation dispersion data just after meltdowns" 4340: 4128: 3859: 3832:(Press release). International Atomic Energy Agency. 11 March 2011. Archived from 3307: 3290: 3136:"Japan To Dump Wastewater From Wrecked Fukushima Nuclear Plant Into Pacific Ocean" 2594: 2135:(water tends to fall) to ensure an adequate supply of cooling water to handle the 2092:. In 2013, TEPCO installed additional filters, vents, and other safety systems at 1837:

over a hundred areas where the level of additional radiation was greater than one

1244: 1014:

who were within the initial 2 km radius had to evacuate more than six times.

988: 676: 11802: 11413: 10850: 10642: 9553: 9469: 8088: 7871: 7780: 7361: 6672: 5422: 5420: 5179: 4700: 4645: 4611: 4563: 2963: 2941:

Government of Japan (2014). WG3 Question 2, Submission 6, Official Communication.

2494: 2445: 1951:, and the average tritium concentration was about 0.73 megabecquerels per liter. 1917: 1897: 1294: 414: 398: 382: 370: 312: 251: 211: 6946: 6222: 6172: 4908: 3552:. NBS special publication. Vol. 592. United States Department of Commerce, 362:(BWRs). Unit 1 was a GE type 3 BWR. Units 2–5 were type 4. Unit 6 was a type 5. 11776: 11423: 11387: 10214: 10081: 10040: 9604: 8320: 6953:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6406: 6328: 5428: 5186: 3358: 3161: 3106: 2905: 2880: 2538: 2521: 2148: 2072:("PARs"), which do not require electricity to operate. PARs work much like the 1804:

Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations

1722: 454: 449: 298: 170: 56: 9750:

Fukushima Revitalization Station (Fukushima Prefectural Government) in English

9677: 9642: 9637: 8530: 8267: 7712:"Update: Government panel blasts lack of 'safety culture' in nuclear accident" 7250:"After Fukushima: A Survey of Corruption in the Global Nuclear Power Industry" 5417: 3013: 2996: 2007:($ 200 billion inflation adjusted), nearly double the 2013 estimate. By 2022, 1726:

area. Forty-four other fish from the accident site have shown similar levels.

11920: 11750: 11555: 11443: 11418: 11276: 10855: 9105: 8596: 7227: 7160:"Thailand receives Fukushima's first fish export since 2011 nuclear disaster" 6901: 6839: 6708: 4559:"Japan sat on U.S. radiation maps showing immediate fallout from nuke crisis" 4450: 4191: 4136: 4089: 4070: 4045: 3005: 2852: 2520:

Hasegawa, A.; Ohira, T.; Maeda, M.; Yasumura, S.; Tanigawa, K. (April 2016).

2454: 2249: 1948: 1769: 1703:

lower than that in the sediment." They were still within food safety limits.

1684: 1605: 1363: 1129: 1110: 861: 440: 410: 402: 126: 113: 8929: 7323: 6973: 6925: 6868: 6557: 6470: 5930: 4723:"Homes should not be abandoned after a big nuclear accident, study suggests" 4427:"Loss of life after evacuation: lessons learned from the Fukushima accident" 4258:

Initial Operations in the Local Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters p.21

2929:"Designating and rearranging the areas of evacuation", Japan Cabinet Office. 2389:"Japan acknowledges first radiation death from nuclear plant hit by tsunami" 1822: 1282: 11403: 10723: 10713: 10444: 10157: 10103: 10098: 9476:

TEPCO neglected anti-flood measures at Fukushima plant despite knowing risk

8135: 8131: 7192: 7130: 7056: 6992: 6933: 6887: 6822: 6765: 6680: 6633: 6489: 6424: 6346: 6289: 6240: 6190: 6001: 5983: 5949: 5867: 5810: 5701:"Increase in Cancer Unlikely following Fukushima Exposure – says UN Report" 5510:"China's nuclear power generation rises in 2018 – Xinhua | English.news.cn" 5464: 5136: 4864:

International Energy Agency (2016). Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2016.

4773:"Japan's Post-Fukushima Earthquake Health Woes Go Beyond Radiation Effects" 4458: 4199: 3957: 3696: 3508: 3239:

Belle, Jack (1962). "Uranium dioxide:properties and nuclear applications".

3078: 3031: 2879:

Waddington, I.; Thomas, P.J.; Taylor, R.H.; Vaughan, G.J. (November 2017).

2860: 2547: 2472: 2235: 2116: 1975:

warned that the some of 3,373 waste storage containers for the radioactive

1956: 1940: 1925: 1909: 1905: 1889: 1876:

Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

1838: 1676: 1306: 1237: 1106: 963: 381:

Many of the internal components and fuel assembly cladding are made from a

9801:

Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites

6271: 4744:"Evacuees of Fukushima village report split families, growing frustration" 3260: 311:

Investigations faulted lapses in safety and oversight, namely failures in

190:

Cross-section of a typical BWR Mark I containment as used in units 1 to 5.

10808: 10229: 9700: 8919:"TEPCO implements new safety measures in bid to restart Niigata reactors" 8505:"Possible nuclear fuel find raises hopes of Fukushima plant breakthrough" 8100: 6804: 5226: 2956:

Studying the Fukushima Aftermath: 'People Are Suffering from Radiophobia'

1692: 1688: 1178:, highlighted several psychophysical consequences among the residents in 1114: 944: 920: 286: 11518: 8669:"Japan's top court says government not responsible for Fukushima damage" 8321:"Fukushima Nuclear Disaster: Japan to release treated water in 48 hours" 5279:"Merkel se despide de lo nuclear y anuncia una revolución en renovables" 3162:"Fukushima nuclear disaster: Activists march against Tokyo's waste plan" 2843: 2826: 2169:. At a meeting in Vienna, Austria, three months after the accident, the 1928:/imp gal; 92 μCi/U.S. gal) that were initially reported. 1124:. As Japanese health and radiation specialist Shunichi Yamashita noted: 11745: 11571: 10219: 9463:

Earthquake report 304:Fukushima plant's backup generator failed in 1991

9160: 6594: 6129:"Canadian researcher targeted by hate campaign over Fukushima findings" 6075:

United Nations: Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

4976: 4080: 3057: 2136: 2128: 1121: 948: 924: 603: 9653:

Inside the slow and dangerous clean up of the Fukushima nuclear crisis

9569:

Cleveland, Kyle; Knowles, Scott Gabriel; Shineha, Ryuma, eds. (2021).

8010:"Fukushima's ice wall keeps radiation from spreading around the world" 7112: 7007:"Radioactive Tuna Fish From Fukushima Reactor Spotted Off U.S. Shores" 5488:"Power Reactor Information System (PRIS): China, People's Republic of" 3688: 2779:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

1350: 602:

The original design basis was a zero-point ground acceleration of 250

283:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

11589: 10011: 8887:"Nuclear chief: U.S. plants safer after Japan crisis. March 10, 2013" 8112: 7957:"Fukushima operator may have to dump contaminated water into Pacific" 7388:"3 former TEPCO executives face criminal trial over Fukushima crisis" 4346:. Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters. Government of Japan. 2011. 4018:. Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency. 29 March 2011. Archived from 3824: 3822: 3107:"Fukushima: China retaliates as Japan releases treated nuclear water" 2326: 2105: 1921: 1913: 1901: 1893: 1811: 1740: 1302: 967: 928: 672: 9688:

Video from the Unit 2 containment below the reactor in February 2019

7844: 7026:"Study finds Fukushima radioactivity in tuna off Oregon, Washington" 6947:

Daniel J. Madigan; Zofia Baumann; Nicholas S. Fisher (29 May 2012).

6566:"Worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident" 6451: 6155:

Yamamoto, Hidehiko; Hayashi, Keiji; Scherb, Hagen (September 2019).

5858: 5833: 5801: 5776: 4583:"Japan failed to use U.S. radiation data gathered after nuke crisis" 3833: 3216: 1000:

Map of contaminated areas around the plant (22 March – 3 April 2011)

10499: 9882: 6614: 3569:"Why Worry? Japan's Nuclear Plants at Grave Risk From Quake Damage" 3478: 2774:"The Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident: An overview" 2058: 1995:

Initial estimates of costs to Japanese taxpayers were in excess of

1171: 1118: 394: 390: 294: 9697:

https://www.nirs.org/wp-content/uploads/fukushima/naiic_report.pdf

8374:"Japan's release of radioactive water from Fukushima angers China" 7682:"Fukushima Investigators Say More Study Needed on What Went Wrong" 6844:"Fukushima-derived radionuclides in the ocean and biota off Japan" 6045:"Global report on Fukushima nuclear accident details health risks" 5485: 3819: 2566:"Japan nuclear plant workers in hospital after radiation exposure" 2490:"Compensation claims from Fukushima plant work top 260 since 2011" 2068:

Nuclear power station operators around the world began to install

2041:

On 13 July 2022, four former TEPCO executives were ordered to pay

417:, these reactions can contribute to the overheating of a reactor. 11261: 11256: 9657: 9379:"Putting tsunami countermeasures on hold at Fukushima nuke plant" 8585:"Japanese government liable for negligence in Fukushima disaster" 7867:"Museum about 2011 quake and nuclear disaster opens in Fukushima" 7421:"Fukushima Nuclear Disaster: former Tepco executives go on trial" 7362:"Fukushima disaster: Ex-Tepco executives charged with negligence" 6563: 5064:"Japan's Fuel Costs May Rise to 7.5 Trillion Yen, Meti Estimates" 3856:"Timeline for the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident" 2243: 2132: 1944: 1882: 1355: 1327:

International reactions to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

1309:

stance following the accident. In May 2011, he ordered the aging

1301:

Previously a proponent of building more reactors, Prime Minister

1262: 1203: 1137: 1074:

district had evacuation orders. More accurate maps are available.

697: 680: 611: 4889:

Political Science Faculty Publications, Georgia State University

671:

earthquake occurred at 14:46 on Friday, 11 March 2011, with the

11136: 9267:"Fukushima operator must learn from mistakes, new adviser says" 8399:"Seafood/Fukushima: waste water release threatens export trade" 8217:"The subcommittee on handling of the ALPS treated water report" 7651:"Japan Panel Says Plant Operator Falls Short on Nuclear Safety" 2048: 1976: 1175: 1167: 1090: 956:

French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety

290: 8818:"Hydrogen recombiners at all 20 NPC plants to avoid Fukushima" 8667:

Lies, Elaine; Takenaka, Kiyoshi; Park, Ju-min (17 June 2022).

8619:"Japan court orders gov't, TEPCO to pay in Fukushima disaster" 8531:"12.1 trillion yen spent so far on Fukushima nuclear disaster" 8348:"Japan to release radioactive water into sea despite warnings" 5911: 1050:

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

902:(population 21,000) was evacuated as a result of the accident. 34:. For other 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents or incidents, see 9648:

Webcam Fukushima nuclear power plant I, Unit 1 through Unit 4

8773:"Japanese nuclear plant 'remarkably undamaged' in earthquake" 8247:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 2 April 2020. p. 8 8152:"Japan floods: After typhoon, rivers overflow, nuclear water" 8138:) per liter, which is more than 10 times the initial reading. 7472:"Fukushima nuclear accident 'man-made', not natural disaster" 6203: 5165:"60,000 protest Japan's plan to restart nuclear power plants" 5132:"Most Japan cities hosting nuclear plants OK restart: survey" 4424: 3937: 2977: 2878: 2144: 1772:

in the 66-year history of Japan's constitutional government.

1571:

Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

1366:

reactors and decided to phase out the rest by 2022 (see also

1195: 934: 710: 688:

loops, and activated the emergency shutdown cooling systems.

9766:

by TEPCO Nuclear Reform Special Task Force. 14 December 2012

9615:

Lessons Learned From Fukushima Dai-ichi – Report & Movie

9614: 8832: 8268:"TEPCO slow to respond to growing crisis at Fukushima plant" 6253: 5100:"Abe dismisses Koizumi's call for zero nuclear power plants" 1085: 915:

Radiation measurements from Fukushima Prefecture, March 2011

317:

disposal of treated wastewater once used to cool the reactor

11593: 10068: 9184:"Decontamination Bots Are Dying on Our Behalf in Fukushima" 8426:"China reviewing Fukushima-related ban on Japanese seafood" 7745:"New report criticizes TEPCO over Fukushima nuclear crisis" 7561: 7148:. New York: Nova Sciences Publishers Inc. pp. 225–230. 5768: 5641:"Modi: India to build 10 more nuclear reactors with Russia" 5212:"The UK Response to Fukushima and Anglo-Japanese Relations" 4158:

Saegusa, Jun; Kikuta, Yasuaki; Akino, Hitoshi (July 2013).

2958:. Spiegel (19 August 2011). Retrieved on 6 September 2013. 2591:"Radiation-exposed workers to be treated at Chiba hospital" 2273:

Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents

1964: 1335: 1236:

Anti-nuclear power plant rally on 19 September 2011 at the

938:

Comparison of radiation levels for different nuclear events

351:

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant consisted of six

9400:"Nuclear Disaster in Japan Was Avoidable, Critics Contend" 9234:"Japan Power Company Admits Failings on Plant Precautions" 8479:"Japan taxpayers foot $ 100bn bill for Fukushima disaster" 7679: 7648: 7533:"Japanese cultural traits 'at heart of Fukushima disaster" 6838: 5891:"Higher cancer risk after Fukushima nuclear disaster: WHO" 5162: 4631:"Tepco concealed core meltdowns during Fukushima accident" 2519: 2418: 2212: 1712:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

319:, resulting in numerous protests in neighboring countries. 9666: 8182:"Flooding swept away radiation cleanup bags in Fukushima" 8076: 7045:

Journal of Advanced Marine Science and Technology Society

6047:(Press release). GENEVA. 28 February 2013. Archived from 5366: 4701:"Japan did not keep records of nuclear disaster meetings" 4102: 3658:

Lipscy, Phillip; Kushida, Kenji; Incerti, Trevor (2013).

2825:

Fujimori, Keiya; Nomura, Yasuhisa; Hata, Kenichi (2014).

1362:

In the aftermath, Germany accelerated plans to close its

1258: 6904:(7 August 2020). "Opening the floodgates at Fukushima". 6362:"6 cancer patients sue utility over Fukushima radiation" 4043: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2336:(Press release). Japan: Air Photo Service. 24 March 2011 1056:, but was made public by the United States on the 23rd. 9568: 8721:"Japanese nuclear plant survived tsunami, offers clues" 8028:"Land-side Impermeable Wall (Frozen soil wall) | TEPCO" 5082:"Supporters of zero nuclear power "irresponsible": Abe" 3374:"Regulatory effectiveness of the station blackout rule" 3291:"An introduction to serious nuclear accident chemistry" 1990: 1323:

Japanese reaction to Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

10296: 9743:

by Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Incorporate

9620: 9206:"Japan Plans to Unlink Nuclear Agency From Government" 7304:"Culture of Complicity Tied to Stricken Nuclear Plant" 7077:, Melbourne, Australia: University of Melbourne, 2016. 4977:

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (April 2014).

3958:"Analysis of the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi NPS Accident" 3594:"Magnitude 9.0 – near the East coast of Honshu, Japan" 1298:

8 million petition signatures opposing nuclear power.

716:

Two workers were killed by the impact of the tsunami.

9427:"AFERC urged to review assumption on Tsunami in 2009" 9121:"Japanese robots long gone before Fukushima accident" 7950: 7948: 6732:"Radiation Hormesis: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" 6154: 4677:"Designating and Rearranging the Areas of Evacuation" 4529: 2793: 2209:, but this was not seriously considered at the time. 1833:

To assuage fears, the government enacted an order to

1433:

Nuclear power share of total electricity in China (%)

285:. Insurance compensation was paid for one death from 167:

16 with physical injuries due to hydrogen explosions.

8693:

Murakami, Sakura; Takenaka, Kiyoshi (13 July 2022).

8559:"Fukushima cleanup costs swell with no end in sight" 6302: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 3657: 3396: 3394: 2721:(Press release). NISA. 12 April 2011. Archived from 2303:

Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents

2225: 254:

failure and damaged nearly all of the power plant's

9298:"Japan utility agrees nuclear crisis was avoidable" 8787: 8751:"IAEA Expert Team Concludes Mission to Onagawa NPP" 7767: 6522: 5615:"Nuclear energy only option before country: Ansari" 5395:"Italy nuclear: Berlusconi accepts referendum blow" 5328:"Hybrid nuclear-renewable energy systems: A review" 5248: 5191:"Japan Premier Wants Shift Away From Nuclear Power" 4653:"Areas to which evacuation orders have been issued" 4263:(Report). Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization. 3963:. Nuclear Regulation Authority, Japan. October 2014 3917:"Uncertainties abound in Fukushima decommissioning" 3586: 1657: 1163:came from lack of information and from relocation. 808:

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 3 Reactor)

769:

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 2 Reactor)

731:

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 1 Reactor)

606:and a static acceleration of 470 Gal, based on the 315:and evacuation planning. Controversy surrounds the 278:in 1986, which was also rated a seven on the INES. 9673:Analysis by IRSN of the Fukushima Daiichi accident 9289: 8809: 8496: 7945: 7464: 7412: 6081: 6022: 5825: 5746:"World Health Organization weighs in on Fukushima" 5479: 4157: 3546:Brady, A. Gerald (1980). Ellingwood, Bruce (ed.). 2824: 1666: 651:Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 9457:Fukushima plant's backup generator failed in 1991 9022: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8346:Murakami, Sakura; Bateman, Tom (22 August 2023). 8211: 8209: 8207: 7987:"Japan seeks outside help for contaminated water" 7585: 7583: 7188:"Activists oppose imports of fish from Fukushima" 6510: 5669: 4984:(Report). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 4633:. Nuclear Engineering International. 24 June 2016 3434:Lowdown on nuclear crisis and potential scenarios 3391: 409:. In combination with the exothermic reaction of 11918: 9362:Warnings: Finding Cassandras to stop catastrophe 8955:"Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPS Safety Measures | TEPCO" 8692: 8666: 7302:Onishi, Norimitsu; Belson, Ken (26 April 2011). 4770: 3874:"Fukushima nuclear accident update log, updates" 3288: 1343:several sites in Japan had been underestimated. 11772:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution 9175: 8345: 7380: 6848:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5737: 5429:"France struggles to cut down on nuclear power" 4882: 4013:"Seismic Damage Information (the 61st Release)" 3205: 10047:Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll 8850: 8502: 8372:Inagaki, Kana; Ho-him, Chan (22 August 2023). 8204: 7954: 7899:"Status of Fuel Removal from Spent Fuel Pools" 7800: 7773: 7704: 7580: 7502:"Japan says Fukushima disaster was 'man-made'" 7494: 7247: 5185: 1869: 1721:In February 2022, Japan suspended the sale of 1564: 11534: 10824: 10282: 9848:Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll 9843:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 9785: 9119:Iwata, Seiji; Kanari, Ryuichi (26 May 2011). 9049: 8994: 8937:"Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant shown to reporters" 8576: 8476: 8371: 7979: 7776:"Government, Tepco again hit for nuke crisis" 7680:Tsuyoshi Inajima; Yuji Okada (23 July 2012). 7649:Mitsuru Obe; Eleanor Warnock (23 July 2012). 7354: 7278: 6640: 6452:Kato, T., Yamada, K., and Hongyo, T. (2023). 4825:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 3905:30 November 2011 Tokyo Electric Power Company 3517:"No. 1 fuel pool power to be restored: Tepco" 2334:"High-resolution photos of Fukushima Daiichi" 2288:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster casualties 9225: 8712: 8470: 8295:"Regulator approves Fukushima water release" 7736: 7673: 7642: 7609: 7446:"Court clears three former Tepco executives" 7301: 6564:John E. Ten Hoeve; Mark Z. Jacobson (2012). 6502:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6014:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5074: 4623: 3975: 3848: 2708: 2484: 2482: 2383: 2381: 2049:Equipment, facility, and operational changes 1931:On 10 September 2015, floodwaters driven by 1166:A 2014 metareview of 48 articles indexed by 802:Unit 3 after the explosion on 15 March 2011. 691: 427:Decay heat § Power reactors in shutdown 9970:1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident 9853:Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country 9474:The Mainichi Daily News (30 December 2011) 9118: 7810:International Journal of Japanese Sociology 6039: 6037: 5721:. World Nuclear Association. Archived from 5591:. World nuclear Association. Archived from 5502: 5486:International Atomic Energy Agency (2022). 5460:"Why China Will Go All-In on Nuclear Power" 5426: 4738: 4736: 3866: 3426: 3223: 3160:Rodrigues, Charlene Anne (12 August 2023). 3129: 3127: 2885:Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2593:. Kyodo News. 25 March 2011. Archived from 2061:must be adequately tall and robust. At the 1817: 1005:order of ~6,000 residents and a 10 km 992:Radiation hotspot in Kashiwa, February 2012 420: 297:. Two workers were hospitalized because of 200:: drywell enclosing reactor pressure vessel 11541: 11527: 10838: 10831: 10817: 10790:Nuclear power in Japan, section Seismicity 10785: 10759: 10289: 10275: 9792: 9778: 9359: 8972: 8861: 8108:"TEPCO to review erroneous radiation data" 7875:. Kyodo. 20 September 2020. Archived from 7478:. The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 July 2012. 7295: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5299: 5234:"IAEA sees slow nuclear growth post Japan" 5163:United Press International (2 June 2013). 5027: 4556: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2559: 2557: 2515: 2513: 2414: 2412: 614:, 1.4 m/s, 4.6 ft/s). After the 439:(RPV) are automatically isolated from the 242:, Japan which began on 11 March 2011. The 11548: 10138:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack 10115:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 10035:Three Mile Island accident health effects 9295: 9264: 8616: 8149: 8058:"Fukushima decommissioning moves forward" 8050: 7120: 6982: 6972: 6900: 6877: 6867: 6812: 6755: 6584: 6479: 6469: 6414: 6359: 6336: 6279: 6230: 6180: 5991: 5939: 5929: 5857: 5800: 5545:. KPMG. 20 September 2018. Archived from 5351: 4844: 4109:Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 4079: 4069: 3914: 3306: 3159: 3021: 2995: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2916:1983/f281150c-c2ab-4b06-8773-4aa2292f1991 2914: 2904: 2842: 2537: 2479: 2462: 2444: 2378: 1086:Mental health and evacuation side effects 1030: 885: 369:, units 1–3 were operating. However, the 10133:International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) 9976:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 9449: 9360:Clarke, Richard A.; Eddy, R. P. (2017). 9090: 8647: 8528: 7806: 7742: 7248:Richard Tanter (October–December 2013). 7042: 6687: 6034: 5882: 5831: 5774: 5743: 5046: 4733: 4682:. JP: Meti. 23 July 2012. Archived from 4615:. Kyodo. 17 January 2012. Archived from 3763: 3738: 3710: 3371: 3124: 3047: 1968:to the fishing industry and to tourism. 1821: 1574: 1437: 1349: 1330: 1243: 1231: 1089: 1061: 995: 987: 933: 910: 893: 836: 797: 630: 435:In the event of an emergency situation, 342: 185: 11827:2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 11224:Japanese Atomic Energy Commission(JAEC) 10175:International Day against Nuclear Tests 9823:Crimes involving radioactive substances 9554:Fukushima and the Privatization of Risk 9397: 9373: 9371: 9231: 9200: 9112: 9055: 8582: 8450:Cabico, Gaea Katreena (13 April 2023). 7989:. 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National Diet of Japan. 2012. 3941:Description and Context of the Accident 3732: 3653: 3651: 3514: 3289:St. John Foreman, Mark Russell (2015). 2748:"Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log" 2609: 2563: 2554: 2510: 2409: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2213:Unit 1 EDG disabled by flooding in 1991 2175:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 1316: 1046:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 906: 597: 468: 14: 11919: 11680:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution 10409:Leaks and dumping of radioactive water 9965:Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident 9701:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22074484/ 9086:from the original on 14 December 2013. 8874:from the original on 14 November 2013. 8765: 8449: 8116:. NHK. 9 February 2014. Archived from 8007: 7661:from the original on 27 September 2013 7086: 7063: 7023: 6778: 6729: 6697:International Journal of Low Radiation 6098: 6096: 5457: 5369:"How HR can impact the heavy industry" 5209: 4972: 4970: 4818: 4711:from the original on 20 February 2014. 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4005: 3896: 3668:Environmental Science & Technology 3043: 3041: 2973: 2971: 2944: 2173:faulted lax oversight by the Japanese 2094:Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant 11522: 10812: 10270: 9773: 9682:Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan 9437:from the original on 16 February 2014 9355: 9353: 9338:from the original on 16 February 2014 9181: 8862:Strickland, Eliza (31 October 2011). 8743: 8718: 8617:Yamaguchi, Mari (30 September 2020). 8529:Yamamoto, Takaoki (7 November 2022). 8423: 8265: 8150:Fernquest, John (10 September 2015). 7755:from the original on 26 December 2013 7630:from the original on 25 December 2013 7213: 7143: 5901:from the original on 15 October 2013. 5325: 5175:from the original on 29 October 2013. 4860: 4858: 4856: 4783:from the original on 13 October 2013. 4607:"U.S. forces given SPEEDI data early" 4335: 4333: 4331: 4255: 3741:"Design Flaw Fueled Nuclear Disaster" 3616: 3573:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 3545: 3539: 3486:"Fukushima: Background on Fuel Ponds" 3440:, 20 March 2011, p. 3. |archieve-url= 3332: 3328: 3326: 3238: 3187:"REACTORS IN OPERATION, 31 DEC. 2009" 3100: 3098: 3096: 2937: 2935: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2820: 2818: 983: 373:of all units still required cooling. 329:Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant 11501: 10170:History of the anti-nuclear movement 9663:In graphics: Fukushima nuclear alert 9573:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9368: 9265:Sheldrick, Aaron (12 October 2012). 8884: 8795:"Hydrogen fix for Japanese reactors" 8731:from the original on 25 October 2011 7929:(in Japanese). TEPCO. Archived from 7512:from the original on 30 January 2014 7482:from the original on 3 November 2013 5956: 5439:from the original on 7 February 2014 5276: 5266:from the original on 31 August 2012. 5062:Inajima, Tsuyoshi (9 October 2013). 4490:(in Japanese). Reconstruction Agency 4212: 3915:Yamaguchi, Mari (19 November 2013). 3908: 3830:"Japan Earthquake Update (2210 CET)" 3648: 3566: 3133: 3104: 2831:Fukushima Journal of Medical Science 2348: 2086:Filtered Containment Venting Systems 1991:Compensation and government expenses 1228:Energy in Japan § Nuclear power 1224:Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan 786:almost all workers evacuated to the 339:Boiling water reactor safety systems 9828:Criticality accidents and incidents 9730:by the Italian writer Sabrina Gatti 9621:Videos, films, drawings, and images 9610:The Radioactive Waters of Fukushima 9496: 9296:Yamaguchi, Mari (12 October 2012). 9232:Fackler, Martin (12 October 2012). 8815: 8188:. 12 September 2015. Archived from 7593:. Al Jazeera Online. 23 July 2012. 7508:. AL Jazeera English. 5 July 2012. 7329: 7291:from the original on 29 March 2014. 7279:Jeff Kingston (10 September 2012). 6748:10.2203/dose-response.06-102.Luckey 6730:Luckey, T. J. 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Archived from 5405:from the original on 12 June 2011 5108:. 25 October 2013. Archived from 5084:. 25 October 2013. Archived from 4771:Katherine Harmon (2 March 2012). 4753:. 30 January 2012. Archived from 4050:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3636:from the original on 16 June 2011 3567:Gaku, Ishibashi (1 August 2007). 2564:McCurry, Justin (24 March 2011). 2147:to accelerate the development of 2070:passive autocatalytic recombiners 1729: 1354:Protest against nuclear power in 1094:Evacuation flight departs Misawa. 481: 11932:Civilian nuclear power accidents 11500: 11489: 11488: 11315:Japan Electric Association(JEA) 11126:prototype fast (breeder) reactor 10784: 10758: 10253: 10252: 10242: 10025:Kramatorsk radiological accident 9593: 9398:Fackler, Martin (9 March 2012). 9391: 9194: 9145: 8947: 8779:. 10 August 2012. Archived from 8757:. 10 August 2012. 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Archived from 4557:Kyodo News (20 June 2012). 2221: 2108:, similar to those used by 2063:Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant 1870:Treating contaminated water 1748:Economy, Trade and Industry 1565:Radiation effects in humans 1311:Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant 1257:approximately 3.6 trillion 719: 626: 608:1952 Kern County earthquake 10: 11988: 11947:March 2011 events in Japan 11434:Project Sunshine for Japan 11352:Fukushima nuclear disaster 11272:Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited 10495:Project Sunshine for Japan 10225:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 10148:Films about nuclear issues 10143:Books about nuclear issues 10031:Three Mile Island accident 9959:Fukushima nuclear accident 9838:Military nuclear accidents 9833:Nuclear meltdown accidents 9485: 9153:"DARPA Robotics Challenge" 9104:. Swiss re. Archived from 9098:"Disaster response robots" 8799:www.world-nuclear-news.org 8591:. London, United Kingdom. 6407:10.1038/s41598-023-41501-x 6329:10.1038/s41598-020-60999-z 3359:10.1016/j.nima.2013.04.017 2906:10.1016/j.psep.2017.03.012 2539:10.1016/j.clon.2016.01.002 2283:Fukushima disaster cleanup 1873: 1859:Fukushima disaster cleanup 1856: 1795: 1761: 1568: 1358:, Germany on 26 March 2011 1320: 1221: 1117:along with an increase in 845: 805: 766: 728: 648: 637:A: Power station buildings 424: 332: 326: 225:Fukushima nuclear accident 165:6 with cancer or leukemia, 42:Fukushima nuclear accident 29: 18:Fukushima nuclear meltdown 11957:2011 industrial disasters 11942:Health disasters in Japan 11867: 11835: 11817: 11810: 11801: 11782:Pollutant Standards Index 11764: 11733: 11692: 11670: 11662:2019 Vietnam forest fires 11588: 11570: 11563: 11554: 11484: 11375: 11344: 11307: 11285: 11249: 11216: 11209: 11184: 11168: 11147: 11102: 11075: 11052: 11034: 11016: 10988: 10970: 10952: 10924: 10901: 10883: 10873: 10864: 10846: 10752: 10696: 10655: 10625: 10583: 10574: 10517: 10487: 10422: 10376: 10313: 10304: 10238: 10185:Nuclear-Free Future Award 10123: 10094:Totskoye nuclear exercise 9940: 9922:Sunken nuclear submarines 9807: 7841:Fukushima.tohoku-tour.com 7281:"Japan's Nuclear Village" 7028:. Portland, OR: Reuters. 6779:Hamada, Nobuyuki (2012). 6104:"British Columbia | Home" 5568:World Nuclear Association 3490:World Nuclear Association 2997:10.1186/s40696-015-0008-x 2264:Nuclear technology portal 2127:. They take advantage of 1791: 1604:report's author received 1548: 1534: 1520: 1506: 1492: 1478: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1054:Nuclear Safety Commission 876: 867: 832: 793: 762: 724: 692:Tsunami and loss of power 645:E: Seawall to block waves 639:B: Peak height of tsunami 195:: reactor pressure vessel 176: 161: 153: 142: 103: 84: 66: 54: 46: 11789:Great Green Wall (China) 11394:Japanese Communist Party 11362:Mihama nuclear accidents 10597:Operation Pacific Assist 9734: 9461:JAIF (30 December 2011) 9058:"Gen III Reactor Design" 8266:Staff (2 January 2022). 7925: 7622:Asian News International 6709:10.1504/IJLR.2006.009510 4930:climateactiontracker.org 4213:IRSN (26 October 2011). 4071:10.5194/acp-12-2313-2012 2019:on decontamination, and 1818:Remediation and recovery 1757: 1368:Nuclear power in Germany 1279:Liberal Democratic Party 1039:only sent data from the 518:Reactor fuel assemblies 437:reactor pressure vessels 421:Isolated cooling systems 264:radioactive contaminants 246:of the accident was the 180:164,000+ local residents 149:Level 7 (major accident) 11952:2011 in the environment 11471:Social Democratic Party 11319:membership organization 10561:(7.1, 13 February 2021) 10555:(6.9, 22 November 2016) 10200:Nuclear power phase-out 9551:Nadesan, Majia (2013). 9540:. The New Press, 2014. 9159:. DARPA. Archived from 8864:"24 Hours at Fukushima" 8084:"井戸から基準１６万倍の放射性物質…公表せず" 7901:. TEPCO. Archived from 7686:Bloomsberg Businessweek 7655:The Wall Street Journal 7506:Al Jazeera and agencies 7168:. Bangkok. 6 March 2018 6974:10.1073/pnas.1204859109 6926:10.1126/science.abc1507 6869:10.1073/pnas.1120794109 6471:10.3390/cancers15184583 5972:Journal of Epidemiology 5931:10.4103/0974-2700.82219 5216:Science & Diplomacy 4537:"Earthquake report 447" 3745:The Wall Street Journal 2962:16 January 2014 at the 2313:Nuclear power phase-out 2123:adopt the principle of 2121:Generation III reactors 1338:experts at Unit 4, 2013 753:reactor pressure vessel 641:C: Ground level of site 385:(Zircaloy) for its low 11972:INES Level 7 accidents 11580:2010 China dust storms 11267:Mitsubishi FBR Systems 10840:Nuclear power in Japan 10729:869 Sanriku earthquake 10549:(7.3, 7 December 2012) 10205:Nuclear weapons debate 9717:The Japan Times Online 9468:3 January 2012 at the 8186:The Japan Times Online 7057:10.14928/amstec.23.1_1 6205:Group. (August 2016). 5984:10.2188/jea.JE20210271 5918:J. Emerg. Trauma Shock 5256:"Gauging the pressure" 4800:(Report). October 2014 3858:. OECD. Archived from 3521:The Japan Times Online 2308:Nuclear power in Japan 2207:869 Sanriku earthquake 2125:passive nuclear safety 2101:generation II reactors 1830: 1785: 1601: 1584: 1444: 1359: 1339: 1249: 1241: 1160: 1146: 1095: 1075: 1031:Communication failures 1001: 993: 939: 916: 903: 886:Common Spent Fuel Pool 843: 803: 646: 616:1978 Miyagi earthquake 544:Spent fuel assemblies 360:boiling water reactors 348: 220: 127:37.42139°N 141.03250°E 72:; 13 years ago 11549:Asia pollution topics 11286:Research institutions 11196:research fast reactor 10612:Reconstruction Agency 10591:Humanitarian response 10348:Fukushima Daini plant 10063:K-19 nuclear accident 9858:Nuclear weapons tests 9665:, as provided by the 9571:Legacies of Fukushima 8777:UN Atomic Agency News 8430:www.seafoodsource.com 6367:Associated Press News 6272:10.1089/thy.2017.0283 5240:. 23 September 2011. 5049:Charleston Daily Mail 4979:Strategic Energy Plan 4760:on 22 September 2013. 4546:(JAIF). 19 June 2012. 4481:"東日本大震災における震災関連死の死者数" 3261:10.13182/NSE62-A26226 2084:vent lines, known as 1829:team examining Unit 3 1825: 1781: 1590: 1578: 1441: 1353: 1334: 1305:took an increasingly 1247: 1235: 1155: 1148:A 2012 survey by the 1126: 1093: 1065: 999: 991: 937: 914: 897: 840: 801: 649:Further information: 634: 387:neutron cross section 346: 335:Boiling water reactor 256:backup energy sources 189: 11756:Southeast Asian haze 10764:Japanese earthquakes 10734:2011 local elections 10567:(7.0, 20 March 2021) 10543:(6.6, 11 April 2011) 10195:Nuclear power debate 10057:Cuban Missile Crisis 9908:in the United States 9724:Return to Fukushima 9557:. London, Palgrave. 9384:The Mainichi Shimbun 9108:on 22 February 2014. 9068:on 14 December 2013. 9006:www.businesswire.com 8805:on 14 February 2014. 8192:on 17 September 2015 7692:on 28 September 2013 6647:Normile, D. (2011). 6620:. 500–501: 155–172. 5719:"Fukushima Accident" 5595:on 29 September 2015 5552:on 27 December 2014. 4819:Vetter, Kai (2020). 4689:on 14 February 2014. 4665:on 14 February 2014. 4588:The Mainichi Shimbun 4518:The Mainichi Shimbun 3706:on 22 November 2019. 2160:On 5 July 2012, the 2090:containment building 2082:containment building 1317:International impact 1113:problems, including 907:Radionuclide release 643:D: Average sea level 598:Earthquake tolerance 570:New fuel assemblies 469:On-site backup power 250:, which resulted in 11642:2016 Malaysian haze 11612:2005 Malaysian haze 10604:Operation Tomodachi 10537:(7.1, 7 April 2011) 10531:(7.3, 9 March 2011) 10180:Nuclear close calls 9755:TEPCO News Releases 9133:on 3 September 2014 9012:on 29 October 2013. 8990:on 29 October 2013. 8943:on 29 October 2013. 8846:on 29 October 2013. 8828:on 29 October 2013. 8783:on 29 October 2013. 8761:on 29 October 2013. 8096:on 9 February 2014. 8064:. 17 September 2019 8038:on 4 September 2019 7452:. 19 September 2019 7105:2012NatSR...2E.570H 6965:2012PNAS..109.9483M 6918:2020Sci...369..621B 6860:2012PNAS..109.5984B 6797:2012JRadR..53..641H 6665:2011Sci...332..908N 6399:2023NatSR..1314254S 6321:2020NatSR..10.4074T 5978:(Supp. 12): 23–35. 5850:2012Natur.485..423B 5793:2013Natur.493..290B 5647:. 12 December 2014. 5344:2018JCPro.181..166S 5144:on 15 February 2013 5088:on 29 October 2013. 4901:2011EnPol..39.3741D 4837:2020ARNPS..70..257V 4751:Mainichi Daily News 4729:. 20 November 2017. 4707:. 27 January 2012. 4619:on 6 February 2016. 4571:on 1 November 2012. 4176:2013AppRI..77...56S 4121:2011JNST...48.1349K 4062:2012ACP....12.2313S 3985:. IAEA. June 2011. 3862:on 29 October 2013. 3681:2013EnST...47.6082L 3598:Earthquake.usgs.gov 3351:2013NIMPA.731....3O 3253:1962NSE....14..319E 2897:2017PSEP..112...16W 2844:10.5387/fms.2014-12 2597:on 17 February 2013 2437:2015PLoSO..1037906M 2374:on 20 January 2022. 2074:catalytic converter 1802:The purpose of the 1695:have been noted in 1453: 1200:depressive symptoms 1100:months of life lost 1037:national government 947:and 10-20 PBq 620:ground acceleration 365:At the time of the 236:nuclear power plant 132:37.42139; 141.03250 123: / 43: 11169:Under construction 10944:Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 10709:No.18 Kyotoku-maru 10633:Wrestling in Japan 10377:Sequence of events 10088:Operation Plumbbob 10051:Operation Fishbowl 9988:Chernobyl disaster 9680:, provided by the 9431:Yomiuri News Paper 9405:The New York Times 9387:. 20 October 2018. 9239:The New York Times 9211:The New York Times 8557:HANAWA, KAZUNARI. 8299:World Nuclear News 8120:on 9 February 2014 8062:World Nuclear News 7879:on 12 January 2021 7788:on 1 November 2012 7564:on 29 October 2011 7450:World Nuclear News 7368:. 29 February 2016 7309:The New York Times 7093:Scientific Reports 6805:10.1093/jrr/rrs032 6595:10.1039/c2ee22019a 6387:Scientific Reports 6309:Scientific Reports 6134:The Globe and Mail 6108:Fukushimainform.ca 5725:on 6 February 2016 5707:on 24 August 2015. 5663:ourworldindata.org 5619:The Indian Express 5306:Skeptical Inquirer 5196:The New York Times 5070:on 9 October 2013. 3629:World Nuclear News 3496:on 16 October 2013 2397:. 6 September 2018 2185:In 1991, the U.S. 2110:nuclear submarines 1831: 1736:regulatory capture 1708:political advocacy 1706:In June 2016, the 1701:order of magnitude 1630:All Solid Cancers 1585: 1451: 1445: 1381:Christian Bataille 1360: 1340: 1250: 1242: 1136:, alcoholism, and 1096: 1076: 1002: 994: 984:Immediate response 940: 917: 904: 844: 804: 647: 349: 276:Chernobyl disaster 221: 162:Non-fatal injuries 70:11 March 2011 41: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11863: 11862: 11811:Notable incidents 11797: 11796: 11741:Asian brown cloud 11688: 11687: 11564:Notable incidents 11516: 11515: 11455:Rokkasho Rhapsody 11439:Reiwa Shinsengumi 11429:Kiyoshiro Imawano 11367:List of incidents 11340: 11339: 11217:Regulatory bodies 11205: 11204: 11098: 11097: 10934:Fukushima Daiichi 10806: 10805: 10739:Miracle Pine Tree 10651: 10650: 10513: 10512: 10404:Radiation effects 10363:Higashidori plant 10264: 10263: 10190:Nuclear-free zone 10153:Anti-war movement 10109:Rocky Flats Plant 9719:. 13 August 2018. 9580:978-0-8122-9800-0 9546:978-1-59558-970-5 9433:. 11 March 2011. 9334:. 16 March 2011. 9308:on 5 October 2013 9246:on 6 October 2014 9126:The Asahi Shimbun 9062:Power Engineering 9042:978-0-7918-4499-1 8984:www.power-eng.com 8925:on 13 April 2014. 8822:Business Standard 8629:on 1 October 2020 8536:The Asahi Shimbun 8273:The Asahi Shimbun 7905:on 11 August 2022 7717:The Asahi Shimbun 7393:The Asahi Shimbun 7342:on 19 August 2011 7254:Asian Perspective 7165:The Straits Times 7113:10.1038/srep00570 6959:(24): 9483–9486. 6912:(6504): 621–622. 6854:(16): 5984–5988. 6840:Buesseler, Ken O. 6659:(6032): 908–910. 6541:(6093): 395–396. 5844:(7399): 423–424. 5787:(7432): 290–293. 5433:BBC News Magazine 5262:. 28 April 2011. 5105:The Asahi Shimbun 5019:. 15 March 2011. 4955:Missing or empty 4525:on 25 March 2012. 4437:(9819): 889–891. 4115:(11): 1349–1356. 3927:on 14 March 2014. 3880:. 15 March 2011. 3689:10.1021/es4004813 3675:(12): 6082–6088. 3632:. 24 March 2011. 3065:(9992): 479–488. 2701:978-92-0-107015-9 2526:Clinical Oncology 2498:. 31 October 2020 2015:on compensation, 2003:storage costs at 2001:radioactive waste 1971:In 2021, Japan's 1961:natural radiation 1653: 1652: 1562: 1561: 1460:Generation (TWh) 1376:Arnaud Montebourg 1291:Junichiro Koizumi 1208:sleep disturbance 954:According to the 595: 594: 393:by steam to form 233:Fukushima Daiichi 184: 183: 16:(Redirected from 11979: 11837:Marine pollution 11815: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11765:Counter-measures 11734:Recurrent issues 11568: 11567: 11561: 11560: 11543: 11536: 11529: 11520: 11519: 11504: 11503: 11492: 11491: 11476:Jinzaburo Takagi 11461:Ryuichi Sakamoto 11409:Mizuho Fukushima 11399:Genpatsu-shinsai 11214: 11213: 10881: 10880: 10871: 10870: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10810: 10809: 10788: 10787: 10778:List of tsunamis 10762: 10761: 10744:Shinkansen Relay 10581: 10580: 10559:Fukushima, Japan 10553:Fukushima, Japan 10541:Fukushima, Japan 10311: 10310: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10268: 10267: 10256: 10255: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10076:Kyshtym disaster 10071:nuclear meltdown 9998:Related articles 9982:Goiânia accident 9794: 9787: 9780: 9771: 9770: 9746: 9720: 9584: 9563:978-1-13734311-6 9534:Caldicott, Helen 9523: 9521: 9519: 9504: 9479: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9375: 9366: 9365: 9357: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9304:. 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Archived from 3406: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3295:Cogent Chemistry 3286: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3191:www-pub.iaea.org 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3091: 3090: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3025: 2999: 2984:Disaster Mil Med 2975: 2966: 2953: 2942: 2939: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2908: 2876: 2865: 2864: 2846: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2686: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2541: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2466: 2448: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2366: 2357: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2330: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2167:evacuation plans 2117:station blackout 2044: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1777:Kiyoshi Kurokawa 1697:Japanese whiting 1619: 1618: 1599: 1557: 1556: 1543: 1542: 1529: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1487: 1486: 1473: 1472: 1454: 1450: 1275:general election 1240:complex in Tokyo 1068:shelter in place 1007:shelter-in-place 960:Kuroshio Current 513:Central storage 489: 488: 371:spent fuel pools 353:General Electric 240:Ōkuma, Fukushima 229:nuclear accident 138: 137: 135: 134: 133: 128: 124: 121: 120: 119: 116: 80: 78: 73: 59: 44: 40: 21: 11987: 11986: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11906: 11859: 11831: 11803:Water pollution 11793: 11760: 11729: 11684: 11666: 11584: 11550: 11547: 11517: 11512: 11480: 11414:Katsumi Furitsu 11378: 11371: 11336: 11303: 11281: 11245: 11201: 11180: 11164: 11143: 11094: 11071: 11048: 11030: 11012: 10984: 10966: 10948: 10939:Fukushima Daini 10920: 10897: 10860: 10851:Energy in Japan 10842: 10837: 10807: 10802: 10748: 10692: 10647: 10621: 10576: 10570: 10520: 10509: 10483: 10479:Accident Rating 10418: 10372: 10306: 10300: 10295: 10265: 10260: 10243: 10241: 10234: 10210:Peace activists 10125: 10119: 9944: 9942: 9936: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9803: 9798: 9744: 9737: 9728:Schegge di vita 9711: 9623: 9596: 9591: 9581: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9512:978-924150513-0 9502: 9488: 9483: 9482: 9473: 9470:Wayback Machine 9460: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9396: 9392: 9377: 9376: 9369: 9358: 9351: 9341: 9339: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9277:on 9 March 2014 9263: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9230: 9226: 9216: 9214: 9202:Fackler, Martin 9199: 9195: 9180: 9176: 9166: 9164: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9136: 9134: 9117: 9113: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9027:. p. 819. 9021: 9017: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8959:www.tepco.co.jp 8953: 8952: 8948: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8883: 8879: 8860: 8851: 8838: 8837: 8833: 8814: 8810: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8734: 8732: 8717: 8713: 8703: 8701: 8691: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8665: 8661: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8615: 8611: 8601: 8599: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8527: 8523: 8513: 8511: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8483:Financial Times 8475: 8471: 8461: 8459: 8456:Philippine Star 8448: 8444: 8434: 8432: 8422: 8418: 8408: 8406: 8403:Financial Times 8397: 8396: 8392: 8382: 8380: 8378:Financial Times 8370: 8366: 8356: 8354: 8352:The Independent 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8264: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8165: 8163: 8162:on 24 July 2021 8148: 8144: 8123: 8121: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8089:Yomiuri Shimbun 8082: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7953: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7933:on 22 July 2022 7927: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7872:The Japan Times 7865: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7781:The Japan Times 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7589: 7588: 7581: 7567: 7565: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7541: 7539: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7300: 7296: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7142: 7138: 7085: 7081: 7068: 7064: 7041: 7037: 7022: 7018: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6945: 6941: 6899: 6895: 6837: 6830: 6777: 6773: 6728: 6724: 6692: 6688: 6645: 6641: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6586:10.1.1.360.7269 6568: 6562: 6558: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6495: 6494: 6450: 6446: 6430: 6429: 6379: 6375: 6358: 6354: 6301: 6297: 6252: 6248: 6202: 6198: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6007: 6006: 5964: 5957: 5910: 5906: 5887: 5883: 5859:10.1038/485423a 5830: 5826: 5802:10.1038/493290a 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5699: 5698: 5689: 5681: 5670: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5365: 5361: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5208: 5204: 5184: 5180: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5060: 5056: 5045: 5041: 5033:Yuri Kageyama, 5032: 5028: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4854: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4612:The Japan Times 4605: 4604: 4600: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4564:The Japan Times 4555: 4551: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4156: 4152: 4101: 4097: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3805:www.tepco.co.jp 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3733: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3662: 3656: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3565: 3561: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3432:Martin, Alex, " 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3331: 3324: 3287: 3283: 3272: 3268: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219:on 7 June 2011. 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3132: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3103: 3094: 3052: 3046: 3039: 2976: 2969: 2964:Wayback Machine 2954: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2877: 2868: 2823: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2754:. 12 April 2011 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2688: 2687: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2562: 2555: 2518: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495:The Japan Times 2488: 2487: 2480: 2431:(9): e0137906. 2417: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2215: 2183: 2181:Tsunami studies 2158: 2149:humanoid robots 2051: 2042: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1993: 1920:; 3.4 MBq/ 1878: 1872: 1861: 1855: 1820: 1800: 1794: 1766: 1760: 1732: 1677:pelagic species 1669: 1660: 1646:Thyroid Cancer 1600: 1597: 1573: 1567: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1329: 1321:Main articles: 1319: 1295:Yomiuri Shimbun 1271: 1230: 1220: 1088: 1033: 1024: 986: 981: 976: 909: 888: 879: 870: 850: 835: 810: 796: 771: 765: 733: 727: 722: 694: 669: 662: 657: 644: 642: 640: 638: 636: 629: 600: 484: 471: 433: 423: 415:stainless steel 399:uranium dioxide 383:zirconium alloy 379: 341: 331: 325: 313:risk assessment 299:radiation burns 252:electrical grid 244:proximate cause 215: 212:spent fuel pool 206: 201: 196: 191: 171:radiation burns 168: 166: 131: 129: 125: 122: 117: 114: 112: 110: 109: 76: 74: 71: 62: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11985: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11912: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11871: 11869: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11841: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11829: 11823: 11821: 11812: 11805: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11777:Operation Haze 11768: 11766: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11737: 11735: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11696: 11694: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11676: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11598: 11596: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11565: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11545: 11538: 11531: 11523: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11498: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11424:Tetsunari Iida 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11388:Ashes to Honey 11383: 11381: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11287: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11241: 11226: 11220: 11218: 11211: 11207: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11129: 11128: 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10587: 10585: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10562: 10556: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10532: 10529:Sanriku, Japan 10525: 10523: 10515: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10454: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10437: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10386: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10368:Rokkasho plant 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10317: 10315: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10294: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10271: 10262: 10261: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10215:Peace movement 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10129: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10082:Windscale fire 10078: 10072: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10043: 10041:Lucens reactor 10037: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10008: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9984: 9978: 9972: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9948: 9946: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9898:United Kingdom 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9817: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9761: 9752: 9747: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9721: 9709: 9704: 9690: 9685: 9684:, 9 March 2017 9675: 9670: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589:External links 9587: 9586: 9585: 9579: 9566: 9549: 9525: 9524: 9511: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9448: 9418: 9390: 9367: 9349: 9319: 9288: 9257: 9224: 9193: 9174: 9144: 9111: 9089: 9071: 9048: 9041: 9015: 8993: 8971: 8946: 8928: 8910: 8896: 8877: 8849: 8831: 8808: 8786: 8764: 8742: 8711: 8685: 8659: 8640: 8609: 8575: 8549: 8521: 8495: 8469: 8442: 8416: 8390: 8364: 8338: 8312: 8301:. 22 July 2022 8286: 8258: 8233: 8203: 8173: 8142: 8099: 8075: 8049: 8019: 8000: 7978: 7944: 7916: 7890: 7858: 7828: 7799: 7766: 7735: 7703: 7672: 7641: 7608: 7579: 7549: 7523: 7493: 7463: 7437: 7411: 7379: 7353: 7322: 7294: 7271: 7240: 7206: 7179: 7151: 7136: 7079: 7062: 7035: 7016: 6998: 6939: 6902:Buesseler, Ken 6893: 6828: 6791:(5): 641–671. 6771: 6742:(3): 189–190. 6722: 6686: 6639: 6607: 6556: 6521: 6509: 6444: 6373: 6352: 6295: 6246: 6196: 6167:(37): e17165. 6147: 6120: 6092: 6080: 6062: 6033: 6021: 5955: 5924:(2): 260–272. 5904: 5881: 5824: 5767: 5736: 5710: 5687: 5668: 5650: 5632: 5606: 5580: 5555: 5531: 5501: 5478: 5450: 5416: 5386: 5359: 5318: 5292: 5269: 5247: 5225: 5202: 5187:Hiroko Tabuchi 5178: 5155: 5123: 5091: 5073: 5054: 5039: 5026: 5004: 4995: 4966: 4921: 4875: 4866: 4852: 4811: 4786: 4763: 4732: 4714: 4692: 4668: 4644: 4622: 4598: 4574: 4549: 4528: 4501: 4488:reconstruction 4472: 4417: 4400: 4383: 4366: 4349: 4327: 4300: 4283: 4266: 4248: 4231: 4205: 4150: 4095: 4036: 4004: 3974: 3949: 3930: 3907: 3895: 3865: 3847: 3818: 3807:. 3 April 2011 3792: 3762: 3731: 3709: 3647: 3615: 3585: 3559: 3556:. p. 123. 3538: 3507: 3477: 3445: 3425: 3414:on 22 May 2011 3390: 3364: 3322: 3281: 3266: 3231: 3222: 3204: 3178: 3152: 3123: 3092: 3037: 2967: 2943: 2931: 2922: 2866: 2837:(1): 106–107. 2814: 2792: 2765: 2739: 2716:"News Release" 2707: 2700: 2608: 2582: 2553: 2532:(4): 237–244. 2509: 2478: 2408: 2377: 2347: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2253: 2239: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2182: 2179: 2157: 2154: 2050: 2047: 2009:¥12.1 trillion 2005:¥21.5 trillion 1992: 1989: 1949:terabecquerels 1900:; 19 MBq/ 1874:Main article: 1871: 1868: 1857:Main article: 1854: 1851: 1819: 1816: 1796:Main article: 1793: 1790: 1762:Main article: 1759: 1756: 1731: 1730:Investigations 1728: 1723:black rockfish 1668: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1595: 1569:Main article: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1432: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1379:Party, the MP 1318: 1315: 1287:Prime Minister 1270: 1267: 1219: 1216: 1105:In the former 1087: 1084: 1041:SPEEDI network 1032: 1029: 1023: 1020: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 908: 905: 887: 884: 878: 875: 869: 866: 846:Main article: 834: 831: 806:Main article: 795: 792: 767:Main article: 764: 761: 729:Main article: 726: 723: 721: 718: 693: 690: 667: 661: 658: 628: 625: 599: 596: 593: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 567: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 541: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 515: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 483: 482:Fuel inventory 480: 470: 467: 455:thermal stress 450:heat exchanger 445:main condenser 422: 419: 378: 375: 327:Main article: 324: 321: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 144: 140: 139: 107: 101: 100: 86: 82: 81: 68: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11984: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11763: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11732: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11691: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11657:2019 SEA haze 11655: 11653: 11652:2017 SEA haze 11650: 11648: 11647:2016 SEA haze 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11637:2015 SEA haze 11635: 11633: 11632:2013 SEA haze 11630: 11628: 11627:2010 SEA haze 11625: 11623: 11622:2009 SEA haze 11620: 11618: 11617:2006 SEA haze 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11602:1997 SEA haze 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11556:Air pollution 11553: 11544: 11539: 11537: 11532: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11509: 11508: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11444:Sanshiro Kume 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11419:Nobuto Hosaka 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11389: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11343: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11326: 11323: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11210:Organisations 11208: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11130: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10981: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10923: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10857: 10856:Nuclear power 10854: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10845: 10841: 10834: 10829: 10827: 10822: 10820: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10799: 10798: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10668:Documentaries 10666: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10624: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10573: 10566: 10565:Miyagi, Japan 10563: 10560: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10548: 10547:Miyagi, Japan 10545: 10542: 10539: 10536: 10535:Miyagi, Japan 10533: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10516: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10462:National Diet 10460: 10459: 10458: 10457:Investigation 10455: 10453: 10452:Towns damaged 10450: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10392:International 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10358:Onagawa plant 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10303: 10299: 10292: 10287: 10285: 10280: 10278: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10259: 10251: 10250: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9983: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9915:United States 9913: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9806: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9788: 9783: 9781: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669:, 9 July 2012 9668: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9594:Investigation 9582: 9576: 9572: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9514: 9508: 9505:. WHO. 2013. 9501: 9500: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9477: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9394: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9363: 9356: 9354: 9337: 9333: 9332:Bloomberg L.P 9329: 9323: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9292: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9245: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9228: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9044: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8906: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8868:IEEE Spectrum 8865: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8613: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8510: 8506: 8499: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8262: 8243: 8237: 8218: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8177: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7988: 7982: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7949: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7803: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7770: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7584: 7576: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7476:Bloomberg L.P 7473: 7467: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7147: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7072: 7069:Tilman Ruff. 7066: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6736:Dose-Response 6733: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6217:(35): e4472. 6216: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6090:, p. 42. 6089: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6031:, p. 92. 6030: 6025: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5520:on 2 May 2019 5519: 5515: 5514:xinhuanet.com 5511: 5505: 5489: 5482: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5421: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5280: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5260:The Economist 5257: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5008: 4999: 4980: 4973: 4971: 4962: 4949: 4934: 4931: 4925: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4410: 4404: 4393: 4387: 4376: 4370: 4359: 4353: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4293: 4287: 4276: 4270: 4259: 4252: 4241: 4235: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4025:on 1 May 2011 4021: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3959: 3953: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3466:on 1 May 2011 3462: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2926: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2728:on 1 May 2011 2724: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2413: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2254: 2251: 2250:Energy portal 2245: 2240: 2237: 2226: 2219: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2156:Prior warning 2153: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2024: 2002: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:microsieverts 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:radionuclides 1937: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1922:U.S. gal 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:U.S. gal 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835:decontaminate 1828: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1770:National Diet 1765: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:albacore tuna 1681: 1678: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1606:death threats 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1449: 1440: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:nuclear power 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1246: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1218:Energy policy 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130:psychological 1125: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:psychosomatic 1108: 1103: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 998: 990: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 936: 932: 930: 926: 922: 913: 901: 896: 892: 891:(95 °F). 883: 874: 865: 863: 862:concrete pump 857: 853: 849: 839: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 800: 791: 789: 783: 779: 775: 770: 760: 756: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 717: 714: 712: 706: 702: 699: 689: 685: 682: 678: 677:Tōhoku region 674: 670: 656: 652: 633: 624: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 568: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 542: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 516: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 490: 487: 479: 475: 466: 462: 458: 456: 451: 446: 442: 438: 432: 428: 418: 416: 412: 411:boron carbide 408: 404: 403:uranium metal 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 374: 372: 368: 363: 361: 358: 354: 345: 340: 336: 330: 320: 318: 314: 309: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 234: 230: 226: 218: 213: 209: 204: 199: 194: 188: 179: 175: 172: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 136: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 83: 69: 65: 58: 53: 50: 45: 37: 33: 19: 11880:Water crisis 11868:By countries 11693:By countries 11590:Forest fires 11505: 11493: 11453: 11449:Kenzaburō Ōe 11404:Greens Japan 11386: 11377:Anti-nuclear 11330:reprocessing 10795: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10756: 10724:Ryou-Un Maru 10714:Tsunami fish 10602: 10595: 10445:Fukushima 50 10314:Power plants 10240: 10162: 10158:Bikini Atoll 10104:Hanford Site 10099:Bikini Atoll 9958: 9903:in Australia 9893:Soviet Union 9888:South Africa 9745:(in English) 9727: 9723: 9716: 9631: 9570: 9552: 9537: 9527: 9526: 9516:. 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