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36:
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fault crosses the canal reveal that large amounts of sediment had accumulated in the canal before the earthquake. On the assumption that this earthquake would damage Rome it seems very likely that the earthquake occurred shortly before 508 AD when the earthquake damage to the
Colosseum was repaired. The lake appears to have returned to its uncontrolled pre-Claudian area by the end of the 5th century and certainly by the end of the 6th century.
102:
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by organizing the naumachia, a naval battle between the
Rhodians and the Sicilians on the lake. At the end of the ceremony the dam was opened but the water did not drain due to a small landslide that occurred shortly before. Once the canal was purged and the locks reopened, a further landslide caused a large return wave that hit the stage where the imperial family was banqueting. The freedmen
525:
742:
followed by a lowering up to 7,500-6,500 years ago, a subsequent rise up to 5,000 years ago, a decrease up to 2,800 years ago, a rise up to 2,300 years ago, a decrease up to 1,800 years ago, which continued until the 17th century of our era, reaching historical limits. During the Little Ice Age in the period 1750 - 1861, the last important rise occurred.
370:, while the Giovenco, Vallelonga, and Roveto valleys converge towards the Fucine plain. Due to the absence of outlets and the sudden variations in the water level causing floods or unhealthy drying, it was the subject of numerous attempts at regulation. The first partial draining of the endorheic basin was carried out by the Roman emperor
773:
Although the Romans had chosen Fucino as a holiday resort, it was in their era that the need to drain and reclaim the lake began to emerge. The southern areas of the lake were those most subject to flooding and therefore, in addition to the obvious seasonal problems for farmers, another major problem
733:
In the 19th century variation of the lake was the greatest on record (12.69 metres of excursion in twenty years). During flood episodes the lake generally invaded only some flat areas at low altitude, such as that between
Ortucchio and Venere dei Marsi to the south-east, and not the fans and terraces
562:
Lake Fucine was a karst lake system, whose only real tributary was the
Giovenco River, entering the basin from the northeast, just after the town of Pescina. The lake also collected, especially in the winter period, the waters of small-flow streams from the Velino-Sirente massif to the north and from
855:
As the empire fell, maintenance of the Roman drainage scheme stopped. Sediment and vegetation blocked the collecting canal. An earthquake on a fault crossing the collecting canal dropped the land on the lake side 30–35 cm (12–14 in) relative to the tunnel entrance. Investigations where the
825:
The outcome, however, was not exactly as planned. Due to the numerous landslides in the tunnel during the construction phase and the periods following the inauguration of the work, simple ordinary maintenance was not enough. Once the work was finished, Claudius wanted to celebrate the work with pomp
846:
The larger 19th century tunnel, along the same route as the Roman tunnel, destroyed most of the archaeology of the Roman tunnel, which is why the success of the earlier
Claudian scheme is so uncertain. The deeper Hadrianic canal destroyed the archaeology of the Claudian canal. The final Roman canal
834:
With the inauguration of the work, a regulation of the surface waters was effectively achieved, so much so that the lake basin shrank considerably but was not totally dried up, as some historical sources have reported. However, the dangers of floods and health threats diminished, while agricultural
881:
to drain the lake. A 6.3 km-long (3.9 mi) and 21 m-wide (69 ft) canal was begun in 1862 and after more than 13 years, the lake was completely drained. The resulting plain is one of Italy's most fertile regions. Antiquities from the Roman occupation of the land, after the first
745:
The waters are drained by a system of drainage channels, built in the plain after the
Torlonian drainage and subsequent reclamation, which relate to the main drainage tunnel. This crosses Mount Salviano and pours its waters into the Liri river (Basin Authority of the Liri-Garigliano and Volturno
469:
to early
Pliocene compressive deformational phase schematically attributed to four main units, roughly NNW-SSE in direction, converging to the east: "Costa Grande- Monte d'Aria", "Monte Cefalone Monti della Magnola", "Rocche plateau - Aielli-Celano gorges", and "Monte Sirente". These compressive
741:
It is not possible to precisely establish the variations during protohistory, but they probably did not differ much from that of the 19th century. According to
Giraudi between 33,000 and 18-20,000 years ago there was a general increase in the lake level, probably the highest level ever reached,
567:. The absence of an effective outlet resulted in a high variability of the lake level. These fluctuations are attributable partly to karst drainage or tectonic movements affecting the area, but above all to climatic variations such as seasonal changes in precipitation and the degree of
847:
has left clear archaeology, showing that 1 km (0.62 mi) from the lake, the tunnel was 7.5 m (25 ft) deep, 19.5 m (64 ft) wide at the top, and 4.5 m (15 ft) wide at the base. It sloped to the tunnel at 0.05% (a gradient of one in two thousand).
830:
and
Pallante were blamed for these events, who were not architects but rather prefects of the works and it was thought that after spending a good deal less than he had received, he had then purposely contrived the collapse, in order that his wrong-doing might not be detected."
449:
geological studies due to the peculiar "visibility" of its sediments and the structures relating to the formation and evolution of the basin itself. Over time, these characteristics have also helped interpret other
Apennine sectors whose context was less clear.
517:
The Quaternary evolution of the basin is linked to the activity of two main faults, one in a NW-SE direction and western dip, tangent to the former lake to the southeast, and the other, tangential to the north, in a WSW-ENE direction and dip southern.
838:
The original lake had a fluctuating area of about 140 km (54 sq mi) which the Claudian initiative may have reduced to about 90 km (35 sq mi). A 4.5 km (2.8 mi) collecting canal was extended and deepened by
835:
activities revived. The economy of Marsica and in particular of the municipalities of Alba Fucens, Lucus Angitiae and Marruvium became flourishing and the surrounding mountain areas were elected to all intents and purposes as holiday resorts.
385:
1091:
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the Vallelonga mountains to the south. The water level of the basin was regulated by the activity of the karst sinkholes, located mainly to the south on the slopes of the mountains such as that of Petogna near
498:
and the end of the lower Miocene. In the second domain, however, there is greater continuity until the middle Miocene. This discrepancy may have been created in conjunction with the disjunctive phase linked to
955:
482:
and the second of areas drowned in the Mesozoic with persistent sedimentation of the slope and basin, the latter immediately northeast of the Fucino. Corresponding to the first domain, the bryozoan
1067:"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology: Volume 70, Issues 1–3, Pages 249-260: Lake levels and climate for the last 30,000 years in the Fucino area (Abruzzo-Central Italy) — A review"
734:
located at a higher altitude, albeit by a few metres, to the north and east. The geologist Carlo Giraudi located the shore line in the periods immediately preceding the last reclamation, on the
384:
An improvement in socio-economic conditions followed its draining and the resultant plain is one of the most fertile vegetable growing areas in Italy. Products that have obtained European
381:, who expanded the hydraulic works of the Roman era by increasing the number of wells and expanding the vents and underground canals. These works and others drained Lake Fucino by 1878.
521:
The Abruzzo territory is characterized by considerable seismic activity, mainly linked to crustal distension processes. The Plio-Quaternary deformation field is still active.
1251:
Leveau, P. (1993), "Mentalité économique et grands travaux: le drainage du Lac Fucin," Annales: Économies Sociérés Civilizations, Vol. 48, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 3–16.
1092:"Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake-level variations in Fucino Lake (Abruzzo, central Italy) inferred from geological, archaeological and historical data"
878:
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October 1996 Paleoseismology related to deformed archaeological remains in the Fucino plain Implications for subrecent seismicity in Central Italy
1114:
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814:. According to Suetonius it required 30,000 workers working 24 hours a day in 3 x 8 hour shifts and took eleven years from 41 to 52
1273:
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Some suggestion, or attempt, to restore the Roman drainage scheme appears in both the 13th and 15th centuries but neither succeeded.
1245:
818:. The result was a 5.6 km long tunnel under Mount Mount Salviano, capable of partially draining the lake waters into the
478:
layers belonging to two depositional domains. The first groups together persistent sedimentation of a platform drowned in the
406:. The teleport commenced construction in 1963 by the Telespazio company and is used for the ground management of artificial
391:
Along the former Fucino shoreline, in addition to Avezzano (the largest city), are other populous municipalities including
874:
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wrote about drainage projects and subsequent reclamation of emerged lands, demonstrating the importance of this problem.
956:"Sedimentary and tectonic evolution of Plio-Peistocene alluvial and lacustrine deposits of Fucino Basin (central Italy)"
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Cavinato, Gian Paolo; Carusi, Claudio; Dall'Asta, Massimo; Piacentini, Tommaso; Miccadei, Enrico (April 2002).
726:; however, while the lake provided fertile soil and a large quantity of fish, it was also believed to harbour
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was the first who wanted to attempt to drain Fucine, however he was killed before he could do it.
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The total draining of the Fucian basin was undertaken in the second half of the 19th century by
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attempted to control the lake's maximum level by digging a 5.6 km (3.5 mi)
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to the south, and the Valle del Giovenco to the east-southeast. Located in western
270:
1242:
Desséchement du Lac Fucino éxécuté par le Prince Alexandre Torlonia (en Juin 1861)
336:
to the southwest of the historic lake. Once the third largest lake in Italy after
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and having no natural outflow it repeatedly flooded the surrounding arable land.
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979:"Chapter II: The Emperor's New Nature: Debating the Draining of the Fucine Lake"
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1277:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–274.
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which reduced the area of the lake to about 57 km (22 sq mi).
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Alluvial-colluvial continental deposits emerge that can be attributed to the
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Il Tesoro del lago, L'archeologia del Fucino e la collezione Torlonia
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The Fucine is a large tectonic depression surrounded by normal and
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marks include the Fucino potato and the Fucino plateau carrot.
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The Fucine Lake as seen from satellite imagery (post-drainage)
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between 650 and 680 m (2,130 and 2,230 ft) above
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Servidio A., Radmilli A.M., Letta C., Messineo G. et al.,
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drainage scheme, became part of the Torlonia collection.
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In addition to agriculture, the plain also hosts the
1115:"La battaglia navale sul lago Fucino. La naumachia"
769:Old map showing Lake Fucino before modern draining
503:rifting which persisted until the middle Miocene.
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1022:"Qualigeo: Carota dell'Altopiano del Fucino IGP"
714:and founded settlements on its banks, including
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494:rest, while there is a gap between the upper
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433:The Fucine basin is the subject of numerous
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347:The plain is a geographical depression of
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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308:mountain ranges to the north-northeast,
43:This article includes a list of general
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696:official declaration of the drying out
14:
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1201:, Aleph, Luco dei Marsi, 2002, p. 24
540:mentioned the lake in book 7 of the
251:max 140 km (54 sq mi)
29:
1199:Marsica, guida storico-archeologica
774:in these marshy areas was malaria.
643:16,18 (growth occurred in 40 days)
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24:
1235:I Marsi e il Fucino nell’antichitĂ
1208:
862:
815:
344:, it was finally drained in 1878.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
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1001:"Qualigeo: Patata del Fucino PGI"
932:(in Italian). Comune di Avezzano.
875:Jean François Mayor de Montricher
850:
386:Protected geographical indication
379:Jean François Mayor de Montricher
366:To the west, Fucino borders the
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877:was commissioned by the prince
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930:"Il prosciugamento del Fucino"
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528:Fucino plain and monte Sirente
13:
1:
1188:, ERSA, Avezzano, 1979, p.140
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889:Drainage plan printed in 1875
470:structures deform underlying
235:17.28 km (10.74 mi)
27:Former Lake in Abruzzo, Italy
1222:Il prosciugamento del Fucino
1094:. Researchgate. January 1998
977:Bettina Reitz (8 May 2013).
243:10.85 km (6.74 mi)
7:
1248:by V. de Tivoli Junr), Rome
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828:Tiberius Claudius Narcissus
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457:faults active in the upper
10:
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1158:Cassius Dio, Book LXI.33.5
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465:era. There is also a late
428:
424:of the Fucino space centre
259:661 m (2,169 ft)
1322:Endorheic lakes of Europe
1240:Brisse & Rotrou 1876
1043:"Telespazio: Our History"
867:In the 19th century, the
718:. It was the site of the
351:origin formed during the
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1214:A. Campanelli (ed) 2001
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686:reclamation of the area
1274:Encyclopædia Britannica
1268:"Fucino, Lago di"
738:at an altitude of 660.
546:, in that it weeps for
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328:lies to the northwest,
64:more precise citations.
1069:. Elsevier. April 1989
890:
770:
621:10,23 (minimum known)
611:23,01 (maximum known)
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332:to the southeast, and
300:and surrounded by the
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1302:Former lakes of Italy
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720:Battle of Fucine Lake
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420:
177:41.99500°N 13.54722°E
1220:Sandro D'Amati 1960
910:List of drying lakes
443:archaeoseismological
1246:English translation
1229:Annali di Geofisica
981:. Leiden University
905:Fucino Space Centre
879:Alessandro Torlonia
761:Tunnels of Claudius
676:draining completed
404:Fucino Space Centre
173: /
1233:Cesare Letta 1972
1172:The Twelve Caesars
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447:paleoenvironmental
439:paleoseismological
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412:telecommunications
182:41.99500; 13.54722
1282:Google Earth view
1197:Giuseppe Grossi,
1186:Fucino cento anni
710:knew the lake as
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149:, North Italy
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1071:. Retrieved
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1016:
1004:. Retrieved
995:
983:. Retrieved
972:
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924:
900:Fucine Inlet
866:
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795:
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736:Contour line
732:
711:
705:
703:
624:715.757.300
583:Volume (mÂł)
561:
541:
536:
520:
516:
505:
484:calcarenites
452:
432:
401:
390:
383:
376:
365:
355:between the
346:
306:Monte Velino
266:
264:
248:Surface area
76:
67:
48:
1139:"Naumachia"
1098:23 December
1073:23 December
1048:22 December
1027:22 December
1006:22 December
985:22 December
962:22 December
791:Cassius Dio
722:in 89
435:neotectonic
320:in central
275:Lago Fucino
267:Fucine Lake
232:Max. length
180: /
155:Coordinates
131:Fucine Lake
95:Fucine Lake
62:introducing
1291:Categories
1224:, Avezzano
916:References
820:Liri river
683:1876-1877
580:Depth (m)
569:insolation
496:Cretaceous
463:Quaternary
408:satellites
374:in 52 CE.
361:Quaternary
338:Lake Garda
314:Vallelonga
240:Max. width
168:13°32′50″E
165:41°59′42″N
45:references
1168:Suetonius
783:Suetonius
746:rivers).
716:Marruvium
492:Tortonian
467:Messinian
330:Ortucchio
298:sea level
288:endorheic
199:endorheic
1312:Avezzano
1237:, Milan.
894:See also
872:engineer
810:through
750:Drainage
512:Holocene
488:Langhian
476:Tertiary
472:Mesozoic
459:Pliocene
372:Claudius
357:Pliocene
349:tectonic
334:Trasacco
326:Avezzano
280:Lago di
143:Location
1317:Marsica
1144:4 April
1123:4 April
841:Hadrian
787:Tacitus
728:malaria
558:History
501:liassic
486:of the
480:Miocene
429:Geology
397:Pescina
318:Abruzzo
271:Italian
147:Abruzzo
58:improve
708:Romans
665:19,44
654:17,78
632:14,05
601:17,36
591:13,49
552:Fagles
543:Aeneid
538:Virgil
445:, and
393:Celano
282:Celano
47:, but
18:Fucino
1118:(PDF)
869:Swiss
755:Roman
693:1878
673:1876
662:1861
651:1859
640:1853
629:1852
618:1835
608:1816
598:1787
588:1783
577:Year
548:Umbro
322:Italy
291:karst
223:Italy
218:Basin
212:Canal
1146:2021
1125:2021
1100:2023
1075:2023
1050:2023
1029:2023
1008:2023
987:2023
964:2023
802:The
789:and
706:The
533:Lore
510:and
395:and
359:and
340:and
294:lake
265:The
194:Type
724:BCE
461:to
277:or
1293::
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1083:^
1058:^
938:^
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816:CE
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