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329:, and overall events. Headrick later helped to develop the sport of disc golf, which was first played with Frisbees and later with more aerodynamic beveled-rim discs, by inventing standardized targets called "pole holes". When Headrick died, he was cremated, and his ashes were molded into memorial discs and given to family and close friends and sold to benefit The Ed Headrick Memorial Museum.
580:
245:. The two of them once overheard someone saying that the pair were using wires to make the discs hover, so they developed a sales pitch: "The Flyin-Saucer is free, but the invisible wire is $ 1." (equivalent to $ 13 in 2023) "That's where we learned we could sell these things," he said, because people were enthusiastic about them.
291:
was hired as Wham-O's general manager and vice president of marketing. Headrick redesigned the Pluto
Platter by reworking the mold, mainly to remove the names of the planets, but fortuitously increasing the rim thickness and mass in the process, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown
519:
This is a precision and accuracy sport in which individual players throw a flying disc at a target pole hole. In 1926, In
Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada, Ronald Gibson and a group of his Bladworth Elementary school chums played a game using metal lids, they called "Tin Lid Golf". In 1976, the game
248:
Morrison and
Franscioni ended their partnership in early 1950, and Morrison formed his own company in 1954 called American Trends to buy and sell Flyin Saucers (no hyphen after 1953), which were being made of a flexible polypropylene plastic by Southern California Plastics, the original molder. He
141:
sports use relatively slow-flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Flying rings are also available which typically travel significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. Illuminated discs are made of phosphorescent plastic or
487:
competitions in
Northern Michigan, the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships (1972), Toronto, Ontario, the Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships (1974), Vancouver, British Columbia, the Octad (1974), New Jersey, the American Flying Disc Open (1974), Rochester, New York, and the World Frisbee
464:
competitions. These discs are usually smaller and lighter than other types of flying discs. Most freestyle discs have a diameter of 10 inches (25 cm) or less and a weight of around 160 grams (5.6 oz), but this is subject to change according to the performer's need.
309:
Wham-O changed their marketing strategy to promote
Frisbee use as a new sport, and sales increased. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Headrick patented its design; it featured raised ridges (the "Rings of Headrick") that were claimed to stabilize flight.
128:
in cross-section which allows it to fly by reducing the drag and increasing lift as it moves through the air, compared to a flat plate. Spinning the disc imparts a stabilizing gyroscopic force, allowing it to be both aimed with accuracy and thrown for distance.
136:
are usually smaller but denser compared to ultimate frisbee, and tailored for particular flight profiles to increase or decrease stability and distance. The longest recorded disc throw is by David
Wiggins Jr. with a distance of 338 metres (1,109 ft).
284:, written by Ted Nelson. The game of Frisbee (spelled Frisby) is described in the song "Friz Me the Frisby," as a Frisbee was passed among stooges in the audience. The scene was expressly intended as a way to introduce the game to the audience.
200:. Morrison and his future wife Lucile had fun tossing a popcorn can lid after a Thanksgiving Day dinner in 1937. They soon discovered a market for a light-duty flying disc when they were offered 25 cents (equivalent to $ 5 in 2023) for a
599:
The most widely played disc game began in the late 1960s with Joel Silver and Jared Kass. In the 1970s, it developed as an organized sport with the creation of the
Ultimate Players Association by Dan Roddick, Tom Kennedy and Irv Kalb.
234:. He and business partner Warren Franscioni began producing the first plastic discs by 1948, after design modifications and experimentation with several prototypes. They renamed them the Flyin-Saucer in the wake of reported
498:
Double disc court was invented and introduced in 1974 by Jim
Palmeri, a sport played with two flying discs and two teams of two players. Each team defends its court and tries to land a flying disc in the opposing court.
552:
A half-court disc game derived from ultimate, similar to hot box. The object is to advance the disc on the field of play by passing, and score points by throwing the flying disc to a teammate in a small scoring area.
488:
Championships (1974), Pasadena, California, are the earliest
Frisbee competitions that presented the Frisbee as a new disc sport. Before these tournaments, the Frisbee was considered a toy and used for recreation.
249:
discovered that he could produce his own disc more cheaply, and he designed a new model in 1955 called the Pluto
Platter, the archetype of all modern flying discs. He sold the rights to Wham-O on January 23, 1957.
256:
and Arthur "Spud" Melin gave the disc the brand name "Frisbee" after learning that college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that term, which was derived from the Connecticut-based pie manufacturer
347:, or known as Frisbee, have variations produced for different purposes to optimize variations between branches of disc sports. The three main categories are: ultimate disc, golf disc, and freestyle disc.
336:. In addition, many championships have sprung up around the world and the sport has become very popular, with nine-time champion Miguel Larrañaga from Spain being the leading exponent of frisbee throwing.
589:
A patented game scoring points by throwing and deflecting the flying disc and hitting or entering the goal. The game ends when a team scores exactly 21 points or "chogs" the disc for an instant win.
421:
Each type is designed for a specific purpose, with drivers being used for long-distance throws, mid-range discs for more controlled shots, and putters for short and accurate throws into the
603:
The object of the game is to advance the disc and score points by eventually passing the disc to a team member in the opposing team's end zone. Players may not run while holding the disc.
314:
742:
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941:
218:"That got the wheels turning, because you could buy a cake pan for five cents, and if people on the beach were willing to pay a quarter for it, well—there was a business."
1999:
542:'s Jim Kenner. Teams of two or three players are judged as they perform a routine that consists of a series of creative throwing and catching techniques set to music.
853:
230:, and then was a prisoner of war. After the war, Morrison sketched a design for an aerodynamically improved flying disc that he called the Whirlo-Way, after
1739:
783:
567:. Two teams of one to five team members stand in parallel lines facing each other across a court and throw flying discs at members of the opposing team.
432:
Each type of golf disc has hundreds of variations, subject to a uniform requirement in the size of discs: the minimum diameter of a golf disc is 21
414:. Disc golf discs are similar in size and shape to ultimate discs, but have different weights and designs. The material often used to make golf discs is
661:
It is often mistakenly reported that the company began producing Frisbees on this date, but production did not actually begin until a few months later.
317:
and appointed Dan Roddick as its head. Roddick began establishing North American Series (NAS) tournament standards for various Frisbee sports, such as
2494:
265:, where students had started a campus craze tossing empty pie tins stamped with the company's logo—the way that Morrison and his wife had in 1937.
1992:
273:
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1985:
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Dogs and their human flying disc throwers compete in events such as distance catching and somewhat choreographed freestyle catching.
272:
The first Frisbee (Professional Model) to be produced as a sport disc with the first disc sport tournament identification, the 1972
563:
The game of guts was invented by the Healy Brothers in the 1950s and developed at the International Frisbee Tournament (IFT) in
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Fred Morrison: "Headrick had an eye for product design.... The "New Look" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success."
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fluid or battery-powered LEDs for play after dark. Others whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.
520:
of disc golf was standardized with targets called "pole holes" invented and developed by Wham-O's Ed Headrick.
301:
1717:
402:
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235:
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newspaper, Morrison compared that with the 5 cents (equivalent to $ 1 in 2023) it cost at the time:
492:
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1183:
999:
333:
197:
1563:
1142:
394:). For competitive uses, WFDF or other official organizations set disc standards to ensure quality.
120:
with a pronounced lip. It is used recreationally and competitively for throwing and catching, as in
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32:
17:
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In November 1957, the Frisbee was featured in what may be the first rock musical ever performed,
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1058:
The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide
8:
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258:
210:
1972:
1349:
418:. There are three main types of disc golf discs: drivers, mid-range discs, and putters.
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2008:
1867:
985:
450:
422:
344:
38:"Flying disc" and "Flying disk" redirect here. For the unidentified flying object, see
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Another type of flying disc is the disc golf disc, which is used in the sport of
262:
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1928:
Spinning flight: dynamics of frisbees, boomerangs, samaras, and skipping stones
180:
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1201:
1062:. Rachel Forbes (illus.). Alameda, Cal.: American Trends Publishing Company.
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A memorial disc containing some of the ashes of Ed Headrick, on display at
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Freestyle discs are another variation of flying discs that are used in
433:
383:
830:
425:. The rim for golf discs are sharper than ultimate frisbee, to reduce
313:
Headrick became known as the father of Frisbee sports; he founded the
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231:
169:
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1967:
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2090:
909:"On This Day: Wham-O Acquires Rights to Frisbee in 1957 | Livewire"
539:
503:
375:) and are designed to be thrown for maximum distance and accuracy.
201:
138:
117:
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Frisbees were invented in the late 1930s by the American inventor
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toy company. This protection results in organized sports such as
125:
48:
2188:
2147:
1165:"7 innovators who had their ashes turned into their obsessions"
855:
Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them
571:
161:
53:
116:
plastic and roughly 20 to 25 centimetres (8 to 10 in) in
112:, is a gliding toy or sporting item that is generally made of
88:
1037:"The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee"
391:
132:
A wide range is available of flying disc variants. Those for
1718:"'Trash Can Frisbee' – a local game – goes global as KanJam"
2162:
617:
437:
387:
379:
729:"Overview of Trademark Law: Can trademark rights be lost?"
1375:"Disc Golf Equipment | Northeast Texas Community College"
1118:"Ed Headrick, Designer of the Modern Frisbee, Dies at 78"
579:
79:
1803:
Frisbee: A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise
378:
Ultimate has a unique standard with a diameter of 10.75
367:
Ultimate discs are designed to be used in the sport of
241:"We worked fairs, demonstrating it," Morrison told the
1952:
1054:
Malafronte, Victor A. (1998). F. Davis Johnson (ed.).
204:
that they were tossing back and forth on a beach near
154:
is often used generically to describe all flying discs
2007:
1909:
Flat Flip Flies Straight: True Origins of the Frisbee
1800:
1457:"Current Disc Golf Equipment Manufacturer Guidelines"
1004:
Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee
97:
82:
73:
1092:"History of Frisbee sport and Flying Disc freestyle"
998:
371:. Ultimate discs are made of durable plastic (often
85:
76:
70:
1866:
1350:"How Disc Golf Discs are Made: The Complete Guide"
1055:
226:, when Walter served in the Army Air Force flying
934:"'Frisbee' Marks 50th Anniversary of Name Change"
2446:
1906:
1842:, New York, Toronto, London: Bantam Books, 1972
1398:
1640:"History of Frisbee and Flying Disc Freestyle"
1507:"History of Frisbee and Flying Disc freestyle"
1993:
1819:
1776:"History of Ultimate Frisbee and Disc Sports"
721:
339:
222:The Morrisons continued their business until
1845:
1864:
1029:
926:
823:"50 years later, Frisbee still flying high"
704:"8 Common Words That Are Still Trademarked"
332:In 1998, the Frisbee was inducted into the
172:having to forgo use of the word "Frisbee".
2000:
1986:
1053:
858:. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 138.
735:
534:competition was created and introduced by
1006:. Wethersfield, CT: Wormhole Publishers.
906:
770:
768:
766:
764:
578:
523:
449:
401:
356:
294:
267:
187:
179:
47:
2495:Sports originating in the United States
1715:
1454:
964:"Frisbee Inventor Dies at 90 - CNN.com"
907:Eisenhood, Charlie (January 23, 2017).
14:
2447:
1973:All Frisbee Throw and catch techniques
1925:
1907:Morrison, Fred; Kennedy, Phil (2006).
1687:"Boggio boosted Guts frisbee in 1960s"
1511:Development of Frisbee and disc sports
1195:
878:
761:
2434:International World Games Association
1981:
1892:. Celestial Arts Publishing Company.
1873:. Celestial Arts Publishing Company.
1820:Horowitz, Judy; Bloom, Billy (1984).
1740:"Special Merit the Johnny Appleseeds"
1684:
1561:
1250:"Building the Ultimate Ultimate Disc"
986:"Script for first rock musical, 1957"
944:from the original on November 1, 2007
879:Latson, Jennifer (January 23, 2015).
851:
820:
789:from the original on December 1, 2017
2480:Physical activity and dexterity toys
1887:
1865:Tips, Charles; Roddick, Dan (1979).
1716:Robison, Daniel (November 2, 2012).
1709:
1399:Bestdiscgolfers (October 12, 2018).
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
491:
236:unidentified flying object sightings
1637:
1247:
872:
774:
274:Canadian Open Frisbee Championships
24:
1963:History of Frisbee and Disc Sports
1846:Danna, Mark; Poynter, Dan (1980).
1822:Frisbee: More Than a Game of Catch
1793:
1461:Professional Disc Golf Association
1321:
25:
2506:
2009:Sports of the World Games program
1946:
881:"How Frisbees Got Off the Ground"
801:
443:
315:International Frisbee Association
252:In June 1957, Wham-O co-founders
160:is a registered trademark of the
2424:
2423:
1610:
1254:Scientific American Blog Network
1145:. Discgolf.com. October 30, 2001
350:
66:
1768:
1732:
1685:Veale, Brandon (July 6, 2012).
1678:
1653:
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1474:
1448:
1418:
1401:"How Disc Golf Discs Are Made?"
1392:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1315:
1301:"Disc Standards | USA Ultimate"
1293:
1267:
1241:
1216:
1189:
1177:
1157:
1135:
1110:
1084:
1047:
1002:; Phil Kennedy (January 2006).
992:
956:
655:
1805:. Workman Publishing Company.
1801:Stancil E. D. Johnson (1975).
1455:dgentry (September 11, 2008).
900:
845:
696:
675:
512:
468:
208:. In 2007, in an interview in
124:. The shape of the disc is an
56:registered trademark "Frisbee"
13:
1:
1840:The Official Frisbee Handbook
1565:Disc Dogs! A Beginner's Guide
668:
545:
1953:World Flying Disc Federation
1665:World Goaltimate Association
821:Swift, Earl (May 27, 2007).
777:"The History of the Frisbee"
743:"Losing Grip on the Frisbee"
406:Disc golf discs in a target.
397:
7:
2460:Products introduced in 1948
1824:. Macmillan Reference USA.
1430:Spilman Park Disc Golf Club
852:Walsh, Tim (October 2005).
683:"Flying Disc World Records"
606:
592:
502:
302:Ripley's Believe It or Not!
10:
2511:
2470:Brands that became generic
1143:"The History of Disc Golf"
472:
340:Variations of flying discs
192:A flying disc being caught
175:
29:
2429:Sports at the World Games
2419:
2382:
2305:
2223:
2202:
2171:
2135:
2073:
2016:Artistic and dance sports
2015:
1869:Frisbee, sports and games
1848:Frisbee Players' Handbook
1747:USA Ultimate Hall of Fame
570:
334:National Toy Hall of Fame
282:Anything & Everything
198:Walter Frederick Morrison
1691:The Daily Mining Gazette
1184:Steady Ed Memorial Discs
966:. CNN. February 12, 2010
648:
261:, a supplier of pies to
33:Frisbee (disambiguation)
2023:Artistic roller skating
1955:(WFDF) – international
1911:. Wormhole Publishers.
782:. Wormhole Publishers.
556:
184:A flying disc in flight
52:A flying disc with the
1926:Lorenz, Ralph (2006).
1890:Frisbee by the Masters
1888:Tips, Charles (1977).
1613:"History of Disc Golf"
1590:"History of Disc Golf"
584:
565:Eagle Harbor, Michigan
455:
407:
386:) and a weight of 175
362:
306:
277:
220:
193:
185:
57:
1959:for flying disc games
1957:sports governing body
1198:"Wham-O Frisbee Disc"
1186:Disc Golf Association
582:
525:Freestyle competition
479:Flying disc freestyle
453:
405:
360:
298:
271:
216:
191:
183:
51:
2306:Past official sports
2285:Competition climbing
2268:Speed roller skating
2038:Acrobatic gymnastics
1638:FPA (May 11, 2017).
1562:Perry, Jeff (2011).
1436:on February 27, 2023
1324:"How Discs Are Made"
1281:(in Chinese (China))
988:. November 22, 1957.
361:An ultimate frisbee.
232:the famous racehorse
31:For other uses, see
2465:American inventions
2383:Invitational sports
2053:Rhythmic gymnastics
1930:. Springer Verlag.
1756:on January 22, 2015
1592:. November 22, 2018
827:The Virginian-Pilot
259:Frisbie Pie Company
211:The Virginian-Pilot
2043:Aerobic gymnastics
1968:Flying Disc Museum
1661:"Goaltimate Rules"
1619:on January 4, 2020
1543:on January 2, 2014
1322:Wilson, Nicholas.
1303:. November 6, 2020
1248:Shields, Laura G.
585:
456:
408:
363:
307:
278:
194:
186:
58:
2442:
2441:
1937:978-0-387-30779-4
1918:978-0-9774517-4-6
1899:978-0-89087-142-3
1880:978-0-89087-233-8
1857:978-0-915516-19-3
1831:978-0-88011-105-8
1812:978-0-911104-53-0
1426:"Disc Dimensions"
1405:Best Disc Golfers
1043:on July 14, 2012.
1013:978-0-9774517-4-6
940:. June 16, 2007.
583:Man plays KanJam.
493:Double disc court
475:Flying disc games
462:freestyle Frisbee
327:Double Disc Court
292:more accurately.
122:flying disc games
104:), also called a
16:(Redirected from
2502:
2485:Sports equipment
2427:
2426:
2406:Wheelchair rugby
2323:Beach volleyball
2184:Billiards sports
2172:Precision sports
2002:
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1749:. Archived from
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1697:on March 4, 2016
1693:. Archived from
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833:on March 7, 2016
829:. Archived from
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749:on June 23, 2017
745:. Archived from
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719:
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144:chemiluminescent
114:injection-molded
100:
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1196:Wham-O (2015).
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638:Ultimate Canada
633:Flying cylinder
609:
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536:Ken Westerfield
528:
517:
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496:
481:
473:Main articles:
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263:Yale University
243:Virginian-Pilot
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1838:Norton, Gary,
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1568:. Hyperflite.
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40:Flying saucer
34:
19:
2353:Rugby sevens
2328:Bodybuilding
2295:Wakeboarding
2290:Water skiing
2263:Orienteering
2224:Trend sports
2210:Powerlifting
2136:Martial arts
2058:Trampolining
1927:
1908:
1889:
1868:
1850:. Para Pub.
1847:
1839:
1821:
1802:
1781:December 25,
1779:. Retrieved
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1746:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1690:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1584:
1564:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1537:Hall of Fame
1536:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1491:February 15,
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1466:February 26,
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1450:
1440:February 27,
1438:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1429:
1420:
1410:February 16,
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1394:
1384:February 15,
1382:. Retrieved
1379:www.ntcc.edu
1378:
1369:
1359:February 27,
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1343:
1333:February 16,
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:
1307:February 27,
1305:. Retrieved
1295:
1285:February 16,
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1259:February 16,
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1233:February 15,
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1191:
1179:
1168:
1159:
1149:December 27,
1147:. Retrieved
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1095:
1086:
1057:
1049:
1041:the original
1031:
1003:
994:
980:
968:. Retrieved
958:
946:. Retrieved
928:
916:. Retrieved
912:
902:
890:. Retrieved
884:
874:
854:
847:
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
826:
791:. Retrieved
751:. Retrieved
747:the original
737:
723:
711:. Retrieved
707:
698:
688:November 13,
686:. Retrieved
677:
657:
643:USA Ultimate
602:
598:
588:
562:
551:
529:
518:
508:
497:
482:
459:
431:
420:
409:
377:
373:polyethylene
366:
345:Flying discs
343:
331:
312:
308:
300:
286:
281:
279:
251:
247:
242:
240:
224:World War II
221:
217:
209:
195:
157:
150:
148:
131:
109:
108:or simply a
105:
64:(pronounced
61:
59:
45:
27:Throwing toy
2475:Flying disc
2253:Flying disc
2248:Finswimming
2236:Parachuting
2117:Racquetball
2074:Ball sports
1720:. WBFO 88.7
1670:January 19,
1596:November 5,
1482:"Freestyle"
1328:Rogue Discs
918:January 19,
892:January 19,
793:January 19,
628:Flying ring
469:Disc sports
382:(27.3
289:Ed Headrick
276:in Toronto.
206:Los Angeles
106:flying disc
2455:1950s toys
2449:Categories
2258:Lifesaving
2231:Air sports
2215:Tug of war
2153:Kickboxing
2086:Canoe polo
2033:Gymnastics
2028:Dancesport
1760:August 26,
1547:January 1,
1517:October 6,
1275:"极限飞盘选购指南"
669:References
547:Goaltimate
436:(8.3
390:(6.2
2368:Triathlon
2363:Taekwondo
2313:Badminton
2096:Floorball
1724:April 20,
1701:August 1,
1279:深圳市飞盘运动协会
1022:233974379
913:Ultiworld
623:Boomerang
532:freestyle
530:In 1974,
514:Disc golf
427:wind drag
412:disc golf
398:Disc golf
319:Freestyle
305:, London.
287:In 1964,
170:disc golf
149:The term
134:disc golf
2400:Lacrosse
2390:Duathlon
2318:Baseball
2158:Muaythai
2143:Ju-jitsu
2122:Softball
2111:Lacrosse
2106:Korfball
2091:Fistball
2063:Tumbling
1127:June 14,
1078:39487710
948:June 19,
942:Archived
837:July 28,
784:Archived
713:June 24,
607:See also
594:Ultimate
540:Discraft
504:Disc dog
483:The IFT
369:Ultimate
202:cake pan
166:ultimate
142:contain
139:Disc dog
118:diameter
18:Frisbees
2375:(women)
2343:Netball
2333:Casting
2194:Bowling
2179:Archery
2113:(women)
2048:Parkour
1645:May 15,
1623:May 15,
1208:May 26,
613:Aerobie
176:History
158:Frisbee
151:frisbee
126:airfoil
62:frisbee
2148:Karate
2127:Squash
1934:
1915:
1896:
1877:
1854:
1828:
1809:
1611:DDGA.
1572:
1076:
1066:
1020:
1010:
970:May 2,
862:
572:KanJam
423:target
380:inches
162:Wham-O
156:, but
54:Wham-O
2411:Wushu
2402:(men)
2358:Sambo
2278:Track
1754:(PDF)
1743:(PDF)
1348:Red.
787:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
649:Notes
388:grams
228:P-47s
2273:Road
2163:Sumo
1932:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1783:2017
1762:2018
1726:2013
1703:2012
1672:2019
1647:2017
1625:2017
1598:2022
1570:ISBN
1549:2014
1519:2018
1493:2023
1486:WFDF
1468:2023
1442:2023
1412:2023
1386:2023
1361:2023
1335:2023
1309:2023
1287:2023
1261:2023
1235:2023
1228:WFDF
1210:2015
1151:2011
1129:2002
1104:2017
1074:OCLC
1064:ISBN
1018:OCLC
1008:ISBN
972:2010
950:2007
920:2019
894:2019
886:Time
860:ISBN
839:2013
795:2019
755:2011
715:2022
690:2014
618:AUDL
558:Guts
538:and
485:guts
477:and
323:Guts
110:disc
101:-bee
99:FRIZ
440:).
168:or
60:A
2451::
1745:.
1689:.
1663:.
1535:.
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1120:.
1094:.
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1016:.
936:.
911:.
883:.
825:.
803:^
763:^
706:.
438:in
434:cm
429:.
392:oz
384:cm
325:,
321:,
238:.
89:iː
2001:e
1994:t
1987:v
1940:.
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92:/
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80:ɪ
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
