254:, called for the federal government to step in and stop the project. Cornelius Hall, when he was the city's public works commissioner, opposed the project, but when he became the Borough President of Staten Island, he surprised residents by backing the plan, saying: "I am firmly convinced that a limited landfill project can be undertaken at Fresh Kills, a project that would prove of great value to the island through the reclamation of valuable land from now worthless marshland. Hall intended the landfill to be part of a proposed belt highway along Staten Island's west shore, which was approved by Moses in exchange for his support of the landfill. Hall went on to say "I want operations limited to period not to exceed three years ... I am going along with this proposal because I believe ... we are in a position to use this fill to our advantage, for the development of the West Shore of Staten Island, which is essential.". The talk of using Fresh Kills for only three years may have been a ploy to allow Hall to save face politically. As described in an inter-departmental report from 1946: "Because of the substantial sums involved in the preparation and acquisition of the site, the City must dispose of refuse at this location for a number of years."
43:
261:. The landfill accepted its first scow in April 1948. Shortly before the landfill opened, an expansion of the landfill project was approved by the City Planning Commission, which called for a 2,200-acre (890 ha) project organized in 13 sections. The landfill was planned to be structured in layers, with a layer of garbage covered by a layer of ash (the remains of burnable trash from the city's incinerators), another layer of garbage, and then a layer of dirt to contain the smell. At the end of the landfill's usable life, new real estate would be created, allowing it to top off at 10–15 feet (3–5 m) above sea level. The plan called for Fresh Kills to be used for 20 years, then developed as a multiuse area with residential, recreational, and industrial components. In 1950, the height was increased to 25–40 feet (8–12 m). By 1955, Fresh Kills was the largest landfill in the world, serving as the principal landfill for household garbage collected in New York City.
270:
529:
55:
578:
336:
was built across Fresh Kills Creek to expand the Plant 2 operating area. This bridge allowed dumping east to
Richmond Avenue. As the actual dump site moved further from paved roads, it became more difficult for trucks to unload. The Brookfield Avenue site was opened in 1966 and used exclusively for
215:
and a sharp reduction in the combustion of waste by 1944. By 1946, only ten incinerators were in operation, with capacity having declined by half since 1937. This meant more solid waste for the city's eight landfills to handle. The two landfills in
Brooklyn and the two in the Bronx had, respectively,
277:
Operations during the 1960s were conducted in three locations named "Plant 1", "Plant 2", and "Brookfield Avenue." Plant #1 was located at the site of an old factory on the south side of the junction of the Great Fresh Kills, and Little Fresh Kills. It was reachable via
Muldoon Avenue. Plant #2 was
631:
The
Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for implementing the plan for turning the landfill into a park. They used a Draft Master Plan that integrated three aspects—programming, wildlife, and circulation—and proposed five main parks: the Confluence, North Park, South Park, East Park,
177:
The landfill opened in 1948 as a temporary landfill, but by 1955 it had become the largest landfill in the world, and it remained so until its closure in 2001. At the peak of its operation, in 1986, Fresh Kills received 29,000 short tons (26,000 t) of residential waste per day, playing a key
471:
As a result of intense community pressure, a state law was passed in 1996 requiring that the landfill cease accepting solid waste by the end of 2001. By 1997, two of the four landfill mounds were closed and covered with a thick, impermeable cap. The landfill received its last barge of garbage on
475:
At its peak of operation in 1986–87, Fresh Kills received as much as 29,000 short tons (26,000 t) of trash per day. It was estimated that, if kept open, the landfill would have eventually reached a height of 500 feet (150 m) or more. At this height, it would have been taller than
1575:
1250:
Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin; Fairchild, Ian J.; Rose, Neil L.; Loader, Neil J.; Shotyk, William; Cearreta, Alejandro; Head, Martin J.; Syvitski, James P.M.; Williams, Mark; Wagreich, Michael; Barnosky, Anthony D.; An, Zhisheng; Leinfelder, Reinhold (March 2018).
557:
Thousands of detectives and forensic evidence specialists worked for over 1.7 million hours at Fresh Kills
Landfill to try to recover remnants of the people killed in the attacks. A final count of 4,257 human remains was retrieved, but only 300 people were identified from these remains.
663:
Schmul Park, the first section of
Freshkills Park, opened to the public in 2012. Although the park is not scheduled for completion until 2037, the Parks Department reported that in 2010–11 two hundred species of wildlife had been seen in the former landfill. These included
562:
was built in 2011, which also honors those whose identities were not able to be determined from the debris. The remaining waste was buried in a 40-acre (160,000 m) portion of the landfill; it is highly likely that this debris still contains fragmentary human remains.
380:, a grass that grows abundantly in disturbed areas and can tolerate both fresh and brackish water. The stagnant, deoxygenated water was also less attractive to waterfowl, and their population decreased. Samuel Kearing, who had served as sanitation commissioner under Mayor
42:
348:, which would have blocked Plant 2's marine access. The bridge, when finally built in 1959, actually enhanced operations. The bridge was finished long before the rest of the expressway and was used by workers to travel between the two plants.
182:. From 1991 until its closing it was the only landfill to accept New York City's residential waste. It consists of four mounds that range in height from 90 to about 225 feet (30 to about 70 m) and hold about 150 million short tons (140
619:
announced plans to open three roads leading out of the former landfill to regular traffic, as part of an effort to ease road congestion. Construction on the actual park began in 2008. The three-phase development of the park, which includes a
285:
Plant 1 was the administrative headquarters, and also the leading repair facility. Plant 1 and Plant 2 were for marine unload operations. Barges arrived from the other boroughs (primarily
Manhattan and Brooklyn). Refuse was picked up by a
462:
was required to pay $ 1 million for past pollution damages as well as pay for the cleanup. No reparations were paid to the business owners on the Jersey Shore for revenues lost during the months of inactivity.
520:). The garbage once destined for Fresh Kills was shipped to landfills in other states, primarily in Pennsylvania, but also in Virginia and Ohio. Some garbage was also sent to New Jersey for incineration.
243:
from the heavy industry of New Jersey. Moses saw the project as key to the development of the island, and with it, the possibility of more parkland, highways, industry, and possibly even an airport.
392:, had for thousands of years been a magnificent, teeming, literally life-enhancing tidal marsh. And in just twenty-five years, it was gone, buried under millions of tons of New York City's refuse.
711:
760:-generated residential and municipal waste. The waste is compacted inside the 79,000-square-foot (7,300 m) facility into sealed 12-foot-high (3.7 m) by 20-foot-long (6.1 m)
329:). A typical day would unload twelve barges (six at each plant). Operations were carried out from 8 am to midnight six days a week. The midnight to 8 am shift was for maintenance.
1454:
1608:
1176:
Garbage mountains: the use, redevelopment, and artistic representation of New York City 's Fresh Kills, Greater
Toronto 's Keele Valley, and Tel Aviv ' s Hiriya landfills
1643:
628:(EIS) was published for public review in May 2008. Construction drawings for the first phase of development in the South Park section were completed in mid-2011.
825:
1653:
250:
introduced a secession bill in the
Legislature. A bill was passed (later vetoed by the governor) requiring all garbage to be incinerated before dumping.
1623:
1330:
1311:
1174:
388:
It had a certain nightmare quality. ... I can still recall looking down on the operation from a control tower and thinking that Fresh Kills, like
928:
192: t) of solid waste. The archaeologist Martin Jones characterizes it as "among the largest man-made structures in the history of the world."
54:
1388:
1638:
1633:
632:
and West Park. With an eventual size of 2,200 acres (890 ha), Freshkills Park will be three times the size of the 843-acre (341 ha)
211:
when salvage and conservation programs reduced the use and discard of combustible materials. The result was the closing of nine of the city's
1648:
1501:
501:
396:
The environmental impact of the waste site was so significant that the base of the landfill was even discussed as the global starting point (
397:
1293:
71:
340:
During this period, the dump was in a state of flux. Original plans showed the dump with a twenty-year lifespan. One proposal for the
1421:
559:
843:
372:, which helped to clean and oxygenate the water that passed through it, was destroyed by the dump. The fauna were largely replaced by
269:
1461:
946:
223:
In 1946, New York City purchased a 2,200-acre (890 ha) site, which was considered worthless swampland in what was then a rural
195:
In
October 2008, reclamation of the site began for a multi-phase, 30-year site redevelopment. The landfill has been developed into
1253:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Anthropocene Series: Where and how to look for potential candidates"
708:
Staten Island Transfer Station occupies a small portion of the site of the former Fresh Kills Landfill near the old Plant #2 at
232:
1092:
1026:
179:
995:
1363:
1233:
1117:
532:
Worker combing through debris from the World Trade Center at the Fresh Kills landfill; Manhattan is visible in the distance
1137:
749:
640:
and facilities for a multitude of activity types. The site is large enough to support many sports and programs including
1550:
1603:
1478:
509:
278:
located a bit upstream on the north side of Fresh Kills near where Richmond Creek branches off. It was reachable from
1628:
504:(EPA), the landfill site was finally closed on March 22, 2001, though it was temporarily reopened soon after for the
279:
227:
area in Staten Island, for a proposed three-year municipal waste dump, as a temporary solution to the closing of the
528:
784:
481:
1523:
861:
801:
625:
621:
780:
1609:
Items in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collection Database pertaining to Fresh Kills Landfill
973:
796:
593:, the most significant expansion of the New York City parks since the development of the chain of parks in
411:
also posed a problem. Attempts to suppress the population with poison failed. The area was declared a wild
544:. More than 1,600 personal effects were retrieved during this time. About 1.6 million short tons (1.5
1579:
1015:
1184:
1395:
282:. The Brookfield Avenue site was north of the Arthur Kill Road and Brookfield Avenue intersection.
341:
540:, Fresh Kills was temporarily reopened as a sorting ground for roughly a third of the rubble from
298:
side-dump vehicle called an "Athey wagon" (not related to the equipment of the same name used for
1252:
541:
156:
239:. He wanted the area to be developed as Staten Island's industrial base, as it was opposite the
207:
New York's municipal incinerators peaked in capacity with 21 plants in 1937 and declined during
427:
257:
One of the first steps taken was the dredging of the marsh to allow the passage of the city's
1429:
408:
407:
Animals were also a problem. Feral dog packs roamed the dump and were a hazard to employees.
895:
761:
685:
665:
537:
505:
8:
806:
697:
601:
Field Operations, the landscape architecture firm also responsible for the design of the
586:
485:
1551:"Staten Island's Schmul Park, a gateway to the future Freshkills Park, to open Thursday"
415:, and some hawks, falcons, and owls were brought in. The area became a popular spot for
942:
922:
669:
1098:
1088:
1032:
1022:
903:
869:
769:
641:
613:
251:
247:
220:
in Queens, had a long-term future, and as such, an alternative site had to be found.
217:
1268:
368:. The subsoil was made up of clay, with sand and silt as the top layer of soil. The
167:, United States. The name comes from the landfill's location along the banks of the
1604:
Fresh Kills: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation information section
1272:
1264:
753:
677:
590:
295:
291:
1364:"At Fresh Kills landfill, a heartbreaking effort after World Trade Center attacks"
1502:"Staten Island's Freshkills Park Gets City's Biggest Solar Array – Getting Fresh"
1040:
756:
Plan—is expected to process an average of 900 short tons (820 t) per day of
673:
649:
572:
420:
381:
287:
196:
1227:
246:
Staten Island residents and their representatives opposed the plan. Assemblyman
1144:
776:
693:
616:
455:
412:
333:
318:
314:
310:
306:
1348:
1617:
1118:"Freshkills Park A Communications Strategy to Address Public Health Concerns"
1102:
907:
873:
757:
727:
713:
689:
645:
497:
493:
459:
447:
435:
373:
228:
164:
160:
86:
73:
60:
1234:
Fresh Kills Landfill: Report to Mayor Impellitteri and the Board of Estimate
1036:
1229:
1044:
783:, which connects the facility to the national rail freight network via the
637:
633:
598:
489:
443:
431:
416:
401:
322:
258:
236:
212:
208:
47:
Garbage scows bring solid waste to Plant #2 at Fresh Kills Landfill in 1973
978:
Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
451:
389:
377:
369:
240:
224:
216:
just one and two years left before reaching capacity. Only one landfill,
168:
357:
1331:"New York State Seeks $ 76 Million In Fines Over Fresh Kills Landfill"
1277:
1249:
606:
602:
594:
513:
488:
in Maine. Under local pressure from Staten Island Borough President
477:
345:
1389:"Recovery: The World Trade Center Recovery Operation at Fresh Kills"
764:. These containers are then loaded, four containers each car, onto
325:. The diggers were supplemented by other cranes (mostly mounted on
1576:"Mayor Bloomberg officially reactivates the Staten Island railroad"
1527:
1312:"New York City to Pay Jersey Town $ 1 Million Over Shore Pollution"
787:, was reactivated in April 2007, after it had been closed in 1991.
772:
657:
653:
577:
299:
152:
862:"How the World's Largest Garbage Dump Evolved Into a Green Oasis"
765:
439:
423:, rat sightings dropped dramatically, especially during the day.
384:, remembered in 1970 his first visit to the Fresh Kills project:
365:
361:
305:
Two wagons were then pulled to the active dumpsite by a tractor (
171:
681:
1349:"Where New York's 14 Million Tons of Trash Go - NYC Revealed"
1087:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 242–258, 320–322.
326:
1294:"Beach Debris Still a Mystery; 77 Syringes Wash Up on S.I."
896:"Helping Spin Gold From a Pile of Garbage (Published 2009)"
1085:
Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York
356:
Initially, the land where the landfill was located was a
996:"New York's Fresh Kills Landfill Gets an Epic Facelift"
652:, community events, outdoor dining, sports fields, and
1422:"Landfill Has 9/11 Remains, Medical Examiner Wrote"
1481:. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
1014:
860:Sullivan, Robert; Doskow, Jade (August 14, 2020).
454:. This event forced the closing of beaches on the
376:. The native plant species were driven out by the
1213:"More Land To Be Taken for Dump at Fresh Kills".
703:
523:
273:A D7 Tractor with two Athey Wagons dumping, 1973.
1644:Waste management infrastructure of New York City
1615:
597:during the 1890s. The new park was designed by
442:and raw garbage, washed up onto beaches on the
1499:
1198:"Dump getting its first scowload of garbage".
859:
844:"To read Council Member Borelli's full report"
502:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1303:
968:
966:
964:
59:Fresh Kills Landfill on the western edge of
1419:
1394:. The New York State Museum. Archived from
1148:on January 12, 1947 (subscription required)
927:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1654:2001 disestablishments in New York (state)
1078:
1076:
1074:
624:, is expected to last 30 years. The draft
585:The Fresh Kills site was transformed into
581:A depiction of the future Fresh Kills Park
554: t) of rubble came here for sorting.
155:covering 2,200 acres (890 ha) in the
1624:Buildings and structures in Staten Island
1276:
1183:(PhD). University of Iowa. Archived from
1082:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
989:
987:
961:
947:New York City Department of City Planning
438:from the Fresh Kills landfill, including
1361:
1328:
1310:Narvaez, Alfonso A. (December 8, 1987).
1021:. Oxford University Press. p. 278.
576:
527:
268:
231:Landfill. The plan was endorsed by the
1568:
1548:
1471:
1420:Hartocollis, Anemona (March 24, 2007).
1309:
943:"Fresh Kills Park Project Introduction"
16:Landfill on Staten Island, New York, US
1616:
1549:Slepian, Stephanie (October 4, 2012).
1516:
1362:Donnelly, Frank (September 11, 2011).
1172:
1051:
984:
317:) and emptied. The Plant 1 digger was
233:Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority
1639:Environmental issues in New York City
1634:Former landfills in the United States
1449:
1447:
1291:
1285:
1221:
1139:Proposal to Secede from City Assailed
1012:
994:Royte, Elizabeth (July–August 2015).
993:
935:
781:Staten Island Railway freight service
752:—an integral part of New York City's
344:bridge across Fresh Kills included a
180:New York City waste management system
1649:1948 establishments in New York City
1500:Jessica Dailey (November 25, 2013).
1460:. Winter–Spring 2011. Archived from
1166:
1109:
894:Lee, Jennifer 8 (November 3, 2009).
1232:; Mulrain, Andrew (November 1951).
893:
832:. Staten Island Historical Society.
480:making it the highest point on the
13:
1444:
1329:Verhovek, Sam (November 9, 1989).
1173:Lawson, Benjamin (December 2005).
14:
1665:
1597:
1524:"Fresh Kills Park, New York City"
1115:
785:Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge
566:
492:, and with the support of mayor
53:
41:
1542:
1493:
1413:
1381:
1355:
1341:
1322:
1269:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.016
1243:
1206:
1191:
1151:
1131:
826:"Fresh Kills T-shirt, ca. 1992"
612:In January 2005, Staten Island
524:Use after September 11 attacks
1006:
887:
853:
836:
818:
802:Landfills in the United States
779:. The eight-mile (13 km)
762:intermodal shipping containers
739:Staten Island Transfer Station
704:Staten Island Transfer Station
636:. It consists of a variety of
626:Environmental Impact Statement
589:, recreational facilities and
517:
426:From 1987 through 1988, in an
141:900 ha (2,200 acres)
1:
1292:Gross, Jane (July 12, 1988).
1125:U.S. Departmen of Agriculture
812:
264:
1455:"Freshkills Park Newsletter"
1351:– via www.youtube.com.
1017:Feast: Why Humans Share Food
797:Staten Island boat graveyard
290:(called a "digger") using a
202:
7:
1580:Government of New York City
1239:(Report). City of New York.
830:Online Collections Database
790:
458:. After much deliberation,
10:
1670:
768:to be hauled by rail to a
591:landscaped public parkland
570:
538:September 11, 2001 attacks
506:September 11, 2001 attacks
496:, New York state governor
466:
364:, forests, and freshwater
321:, but the Plant 2 one was
174:in western Staten Island.
698:northern snapping turtles
434:, significant amounts of
351:
137:
132:
117:
102:
67:
52:
40:
33:
26:
1629:History of Staten Island
121:March 22, 2001
1083:Steinberg, Ted (2014).
728:40.580267°N 74.193994°W
1228:Hall, Cornelius Hall;
1013:Jones, Martin (2007).
754:Solid Waste Management
582:
533:
428:environmental disaster
394:
274:
1555:Staten Island Advance
1467:on February 22, 2011.
1368:Staten Island Advance
1257:Earth-Science Reviews
1215:Staten Island Advance
1200:Staten Island Advance
1160:Staten Island Advance
733:40.580267; -74.193994
686:ring-necked pheasants
666:red-winged blackbirds
622:September 11 memorial
580:
531:
386:
342:West Shore Expressway
272:
87:40.57667°N 74.18733°W
1530:on November 14, 2007
1181:Iowa Research Online
670:American goldfinches
360:in which there were
149:Fresh Kills Landfill
28:Fresh Kills Landfill
807:Operation Wasteland
723: /
486:Mount Desert Island
440:hypodermic syringes
296:caterpillar-tracked
294:and deposited in a
92:40.57667; -74.18733
83: /
1479:"Fresh Kills Park"
1335:The New York Times
1316:The New York Times
1297:The New York Times
1187:on March 24, 2017.
1158:"Moses and Hall".
900:The New York Times
866:The New York Times
587:reclaimed wetlands
583:
534:
510:World Trade Center
275:
138: • Total
1578:(Press release).
1202:. April 17, 1948.
1094:978-1-4767-4124-6
1028:978-0-19-953352-7
974:"FreshKills Park"
770:Republic Services
766:flatbed rail cars
678:American kestrels
614:Borough President
419:. Because of the
280:Victory Boulevard
252:Ellsworth B. Buck
248:Edmund P. Radigan
218:Edgemere Landfill
145:
144:
1661:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:. April 17, 2007
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1526:. Archived from
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1428:. Archived from
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1217:. March 4, 1948.
1210:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1080:
1049:
1048:
1020:
1010:
1004:
1003:
991:
982:
981:
970:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
933:
932:
926:
918:
916:
914:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
857:
851:
850:
848:
840:
834:
833:
822:
750:transfer station
747:
746:
744:
743:
742:
740:
735:
734:
729:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
674:red-tailed hawks
646:horseback riding
550:
549:
472:March 22, 2001.
292:clamshell bucket
188:
187:
128:
126:
113:
111:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
57:
45:
24:
23:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1504:. Ny.curbed.com
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1432:on May 13, 2011
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1401:on May 16, 2011
1398:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1308:
1304:
1290:
1286:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1171:
1167:
1162:. June 5, 1946.
1157:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1095:
1081:
1052:
1029:
1011:
1007:
992:
985:
972:
971:
962:
952:
950:
941:
940:
936:
920:
919:
912:
910:
892:
888:
878:
876:
858:
854:
846:
842:
841:
837:
824:
823:
819:
815:
793:
738:
736:
732:
730:
726:
725:
722:
717:
714:
712:
710:
709:
706:
694:turkey vultures
650:mountain biking
575:
573:Freshkills Park
569:
547:
545:
526:
469:
421:predatory birds
382:John V. Lindsay
354:
267:
205:
197:Freshkills Park
185:
183:
124:
122:
109:
107:
106:April 1948
91:
89:
85:
82:
77:
74:
72:
70:
69:
63:
48:
36:
29:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1598:External links
1596:
1594:
1593:
1567:
1541:
1515:
1492:
1470:
1443:
1426:New York Times
1412:
1380:
1354:
1340:
1321:
1302:
1284:
1242:
1220:
1205:
1190:
1165:
1150:
1145:New York Times
1130:
1108:
1093:
1050:
1027:
1005:
983:
960:
934:
886:
852:
835:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
804:
799:
792:
789:
777:South Carolina
705:
702:
617:James Molinaro
571:Main article:
568:
565:
525:
522:
468:
465:
456:Atlantic coast
413:bird sanctuary
362:tidal wetlands
353:
350:
334:trestle bridge
307:Caterpillar D7
266:
263:
204:
201:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
130:
129:
119:
115:
114:
104:
100:
99:
65:
64:
58:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
27:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1503:
1496:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1230:Moses, Robert
1224:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1116:Chun, Jenni.
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
979:
975:
969:
967:
965:
948:
944:
938:
930:
924:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
845:
839:
831:
827:
821:
817:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Staten Island
755:
751:
745:
701:
699:
695:
691:
690:tree swallows
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:nature trails
639:
638:public spaces
635:
629:
627:
623:
618:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
579:
574:
567:Redevelopment
564:
561:
555:
553:
543:
539:
530:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:George Pataki
495:
494:Rudy Giuliani
491:
487:
483:
479:
473:
464:
461:
460:New York City
457:
453:
449:
448:New York City
445:
441:
437:
436:medical waste
433:
430:known as the
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
393:
391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:herring gulls
371:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
338:
335:
330:
328:
324:
323:steam-powered
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
281:
271:
262:
260:
259:garbage scows
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Rikers Island
226:
221:
219:
214:
210:
200:
198:
193:
191:
181:
175:
173:
170:
166:
165:New York City
162:
161:Staten Island
158:
154:
150:
140:
136:
131:
120:
116:
105:
101:
96:
68:Coordinates:
66:
62:
61:Staten Island
56:
51:
44:
39:
35:Landfill site
32:
25:
21:Landfill site
19:
1584:. Retrieved
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1473:
1462:the original
1436:November 26,
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1425:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1367:
1357:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1318:. p. 4.
1315:
1305:
1299:. p. 1.
1296:
1287:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1185:the original
1180:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1111:
1084:
1016:
1008:
999:
977:
951:. Retrieved
937:
911:. Retrieved
899:
889:
877:. Retrieved
865:
855:
838:
829:
820:
707:
662:
634:Central Park
630:
611:
599:James Corner
584:
556:
551:
535:
490:Guy Molinari
474:
470:
444:Jersey Shore
432:syringe tide
425:
417:birdwatching
406:
402:Anthropocene
395:
387:
355:
339:
331:
304:
300:oil drilling
284:
276:
256:
245:
237:Robert Moses
225:agricultural
222:
213:incinerators
209:World War II
206:
194:
189:
178:part in the
176:
148:
146:
18:
1373:January 11,
1263:: 379–429.
849:. May 2017.
731: /
542:Ground Zero
452:Long Island
390:Jamaica Bay
378:common reed
370:tidal marsh
241:Arthur Kill
169:Fresh Kills
90: /
1618:Categories
1534:August 27,
1508:August 16,
1278:2381/41569
953:August 13,
913:January 8,
879:January 8,
813:References
737: (
718:74°11′38″W
715:40°34′49″N
560:A memorial
536:After the
500:, and the
482:East Coast
358:salt marsh
265:Operations
235:chairman,
125:2001-03-22
78:74°11′14″W
75:40°34′36″N
1560:August 9,
1485:April 27,
1405:April 27,
1103:857754181
923:cite news
908:0362-4331
874:0362-4331
607:Manhattan
603:High Line
595:the Bronx
514:Manhattan
484:south of
478:Todt Hill
450:, and on
400:) of the
346:tide gate
332:A wooden
203:Beginning
1045:7403096M
1037:75713258
791:See also
773:landfill
658:kayaking
654:canoeing
366:wetlands
337:trucks.
319:electric
153:landfill
1586:May 29,
1142:in the
1000:Audubon
508:on the
467:Closure
172:estuary
157:borough
123: (
110:1948-04
108: (
1101:
1091:
1043:
1035:
1025:
949:. 2007
906:
872:
748:. The
696:, and
682:osprey
352:Issues
327:barges
151:was a
118:Closed
103:Opened
1465:(PDF)
1458:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1237:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
847:(PDF)
518:below
516:(see
446:, in
288:crane
1588:2014
1562:2013
1536:2007
1510:2014
1487:2010
1438:2009
1407:2010
1375:2018
1099:OCLC
1089:ISBN
1033:OCLC
1023:ISBN
955:2007
929:link
915:2021
904:ISSN
881:2021
870:ISSN
409:Rats
398:GSSP
147:The
133:Area
1273:hdl
1265:doi
1261:178
775:in
605:in
512:in
302:).
163:in
159:of
1620::
1553:.
1446:^
1424:.
1366:.
1333:.
1314:.
1271:.
1259:.
1255:.
1179:.
1123:.
1097:.
1053:^
1041:OL
1039:.
1031:.
998:.
986:^
976:.
963:^
945:.
925:}}
921:{{
902:.
898:.
868:.
864:.
828:.
700:.
692:,
688:,
684:,
680:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
660:.
648:,
644:,
609:.
548:10
404:.
315:D9
313:,
311:D8
309:,
199:.
186:10
1590:.
1564:.
1538:.
1512:.
1489:.
1440:.
1409:.
1377:.
1337:.
1281:.
1275::
1267::
1127:.
1105:.
1047:.
1002:.
980:.
957:.
931:)
917:.
883:.
741:)
656:/
552:^
546:×
190:^
184:×
127:)
112:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
