Rikers Island - Knowledge

859:(DOI) for covering up an assault on an inmate. The arrest came after both were indicted by a Bronx grand jury. It is alleged that on October 4, 2006, Graham assaulted an inmate after he refused to comply with strip searching procedures at the Robert N. Davoren Center (RNDC, C-74). The assault occurred in front of 15 correctional academy recruits in training. After the assault, Graham ordered the recruits to write on their Use of Force Witness Reports that Graham assaulted the inmate in self-defense after the inmate punched Graham. Lewis, who was Graham's supervisor, did not intervene to stop the attack. Lewis also submitted a false Use of Force Witness Report. Charges against Graham include 16 counts of falsifying business records, 16 counts of offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree, 16 counts of official misconduct, a class A misdemeanor and one count of attempted assault in the third degree. Lewis was charged with falsifying business records, offering a false instrument for filing and official misconduct. The investigation started when the DOI received a tip following an anti-corruption presentation at the academy in October 2006 on the day before graduation. 1020:, issued a report condemning the systematic abuse and violation of prisoners' constitutional rights. Despite this and many other egregious incidents of abuse, few correctional officers have been prosecuted successfully or even removed from their positions. Also in August 2014, Bharara issued a damning report on the treatment of juvenile prisoners at Rikers. The report identified "a pattern and practice of conduct at Rikers that violates the constitutional rights of adolescent inmates". The report describes the "rampant use of unnecessary and excessive force by DOC staff", as well as dangers to inmates including inadequate protection from violence caused by other inmates, a culture that uses violence as a means to control inmates, and heavy use of solitary confinement ("punitive segregation") for discipline. The report details the guards' frequent use of violence, including "headshots" (blows to the head or face), particularly in areas without video surveillance. This violence is perpetrated as punishment or retribution against the inmates, or "In response to inmates' verbal altercations with officers". 1008:, a former NYPD captain, swept into the mayor's office promising a pro-law enforcement agenda that included supporting the old guard that had long decided how things ran on the island. Adams replaced the reform-minded jails commissioner Vincent Schiraldi with his own pick, Louis Molina, whose administration immediately pushed out top department leaders supportive of the LGBTQ+ unit and shelved a draft policy directive aimed at getting more trans and gender-nonconforming detainees into gender-aligned housing. This institutional reversal has stranded numerous trans and gender-nonconforming detainees in dangerous, male housing units for weeks or months on end, subjecting many to egregious forms of physical and sexual violence, according to dozens of internal emails, Department of Correction records, and interviews with more than 20 people who work or live in city jails, including current and former corrections staffers, incarcerated trans women, jail guards and attorneys." 1040:. Inmates, correctional officers, the DOT, and the head doctor at Rikers warned that better precautionary measures should be put in place, and that non-violent inmates should be released, making arguments in the name of public health. One inmate said, "The hygiene in here is really nasty. There are roaches and mice in the dorms and rats in the hallway. It's a good place for disease to hang out. I don't want to be kept in here for this whole coronavirus thing. I plan to do my whole sentence, that's fine, but this is just crazy." On March 22, 2020, it was reported that two dorms of 45 inmates each were carrying out a strike in protest of the lack of PPE, social distancing, and cleaning supplies, and demanding the release of all inmates who met the criteria specified by the Board of Correction. In summer 2020, about 2500 inmates were released from Rikers on early COVID Release. In February 2021, 1195:, due to a combination of viral outbreaks, staffing shortages, and exacerbated mental health crises among detainees. There were 15 reported deaths of incarcerated people on Rikers Island in 2021: William Diaz-Guzman, age 30; Tomas Carlo Camacho, age 48; Javier Valasco, age 37; Thomas Earl Braunson III, age 35; Richard Blake, age 45; Jose Mejia Martinez, age 34; Robert Jackson, age 42; Brandon Rodriguez, age 25; Segundo Guallpa, age 58; Esias Johnson, age 24; Isa Abdul-Karim, age 41; Stephan Khadu, age 24; Victor Mercado, age 64; Malcolm Boatwright, age 28; and William Brown, age 55. Chief Medical Officer Ross McDonald attributed recent deaths to worsening conditions of the jail since the outbreak of COVID-19, calling the situation representative of a "new and worsening emergency". 651:

them with smaller jails, one in each borough closer to the courthouses. The population at Rikers Island would have to decrease from current average of 10,000 to approximately 5,000. According to The Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice, key strategies in shrinking the Rikers population have included addressing causes of case delays, identifying individuals that could be granted alternatives to jail time, and improving programming and discharge services. Since 1991, the Rikers population has dropped by more than 50%, when the average daily population was 21,688. The idea of closing the prison complex within 10 years was endorsed by former Mayor

5660: 1183:

wrongful death lawsuit was filed by David Shanies, the attorney for the Polanco family. Shanies claimed that records showed that Polanco's epilepsy was "well known" and that she had suffered multiple seizures while at Rikers and that footage showed staff failed to provide Polanco with medical care that could have saved her life. Polanco's death reignited conversations about banning cash bail and pretrial detention. Melania Brown, Polanco's sister, and many others called for banning solitary confinement in New York City after Polanco's death. Polanco was the tenth black trans woman to die in 2019.

54: 843:-like object to sexually assault her. Other inmates may have acted as lookouts during the alleged assault. The woman, who was being held on grand-larceny charges for the past three months, was discovered at about 6 a.m. by an officer and a captain who were touring the building. The officer saw her lying on her back on the floor of her cell with bedsheets wrapped around her neck, mouth, and legs. She had also been blindfolded. The incident was reported to central command at 7:30 a.m., and the woman was transported to the 596:, done as an apology because he was unable to attend a talk about art for the prisoners at Rikers Island, hung in the inmate dining room in J.A.T.C. (HDM) from 1965 to 1981, when it was moved to the prison lobby in E.M.T.C. (C76) for safekeeping. The drawing was stolen in March 2003 and replaced with a fake. Three correctional officers and an assistant deputy warden were arrested and charged, and though the three later pleaded guilty and one was acquitted, the drawing has not been recovered. 961:, because he had protested being moved from his cell by sitting down. Hinton's fellow inmates watched as he was dragged down the hallways while hog-tied to a solitary confinement cell where he was beaten. While this ruling was one of the most severe against the Department of Corrections in many years, almost two years had elapsed between the beating and the Justice Department's ruling, during which time the perpetrators in this attack were involved in more inmate beatings at Rikers Island. 420: 1117:, "the lawsuit said, 'Not a single nurse, doctor or other medical or mental health provider entered his cell'". On September 11, Ballard died at the age of 39, having been confined inside his cell for seven days without access to his medication or medical treatment. When officers finally came to the aid of Ballard, he was naked, unresponsive, and covered in feces. His genitals were swollen and badly infected due to the result of injuries suffered after he tied a band around his penis. 699:

Rikers Island before the city's 10-year deadline, which is not legally binding. On October 17, 2019, the City Council voted for an over $ 8 billion plan to close the Rikers Island prisons and other New York City jails by 2026, and replace them with four borough-based jails. New prisons are planned, but council members said that a move from arrests to tickets, not prosecuting misdemeanors, and a state law set to eliminate cash bail for misdemeanors would reduce the need for jails.

1101:, one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice, one count of obstruction of justice, one count of filing false forms, and one count of conspiracy to file false forms. He was sentenced for 30 years in prison. Byron Taylor pleaded guilty to one count of perjury for lying to a federal grand jury, and one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice. Anthony Torres pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice and file false reports, and one count of filing a false report. 1295: 1094:, "Another officer grabbed Mr. Spear and with Mr. Taylor's help , pinned him down. The complaint says Mr. Coll kicked Mr. Spear several times in the head, and knelt down, telling him, 'Remember that I'm the one who did this to you'". When a Rikers Island medical team reached Spear, he was unresponsive, and after failed attempts to revive him, he was pronounced dead. An investigation into the incident found that Coll and two other officers conspired to cover up how Spear died. 1001:. "In 2015, city corrections officials opened what was then called the Transgender Housing Unit. Many detainees didn't know about or couldn't get into the dorm, which could only house a few dozen, but nonetheless it was one of just a handful of such specialized facilities across the country. Three years later, spurred by LGBTQ+ advocates, the mayor's office announced that the Department of Correction would house incarcerated people consistent with their gender identity." 6152: 235: 38: 469:. The jail was opened in 1932. Landfill continued to be added to the island until 1943, eventually enlarging the original 90-acre (36 ha) island to 415 acres (168 ha). This required the permission of the federal government, since the expansion extended the island's pier line. 200 acres (81 ha) were also stripped from Rikers to help fill in the new North Beach Airport, which opened in 1939 and was later renamed 61: 414:. Astor provided funding for the army, and made a significant contribution to the raising of the Anderson Zouaves, with the Astor ladies making the zouave uniforms worn by the recruits of this regiment. Rikers Island was subsequently used by numerous other Civil War regiments, but the name "Camp Astor" was specific to the Anderson Zouaves, and did not become a general name for the military encampment on the island. 787: 457:

agreed to by all three entities. New York City agreed to pay $ 3,000, with $ 2,500 given to Long Island City and $ 500 to Queens County. On August 4, 1884, the Commissioner of Charities and Corrections, Jacob Hess, signed a contract purchasing the island from John T. Wilson, a descendant of the Ryker family, for $ 180,000. $ 179,000 went to Wilson and $ 1,000 for a title search.

485:. Since much of the garbage was composed of ash from coal heating and incinerators, there were frequent spontaneous phosphorescent fires, even in the wintertime, in the snow. One warden described it in 1934: "At night it is like a forest of Christmas trees – first one little light ... then another, until the whole hillside is lit up with little fires. ... It was beautiful." 727:. The case itself was brought by Ann Weber, who was arrested for making an inflated claim on a 911 call, after her son was attacked while leaving her daughter's wedding. She was brought to jail still dressed in formal wedding attire, locked in a cell, and forced to strip and expose her cavities for search in the hour it took for her daughter to arrive and post bail. 695:

making the payment of bail easier and improving mental health facilities and programs. Two "diversion centers" will assist people with mental health problems and will work with police to find options other than incarceration. Smaller jail facilities will be open throughout the city, but the plan does not fully describe how, where, and when that will occur.

1070:, "... the captain told the officer not to bother him unless 'there was a dead body,' the complaint said". Several correctional officers passed through his unit but he received no medical attention and was found dead in his cell the following morning. The medical examiner ruled his death a homicide, citing "neglect and denial of medical care". 553:, bought the two BIBBYs. VCBC is the only vessel of its type in the world. Prior to modification for use by New York City, it cost $ 161 million to construct. The initial plan for acquiring the vessel, because of the way New York City makes capital purchases, had to begin at least five years before the keel was laid, during the tenure of 731:

81 million in settlements to the victims of these illegal searches. In 2001, a ruling was reached in New York reinforcing the illegality of strip searches for misdemeanor detainees, and demanding that the city pay up to $ 50 million to the tens of thousands of people who were illegally searched over the years.

1152:

another inmate. In a video obtained by a local television station, Perez is heard screaming for his medication. After being denied anti-seizure medication, at the age of 36, Perez was found dead due to seizure and heart problems. In 2019, Perez's girlfriend was awarded $ 3.5 million in a settlement over his death.

1143:

Murdough had been complaining for hours about the heat but was ignored by prison guards. Murdough had been arrested for camping out on the stairwell of a New York Housing Authority building during the freezing polar vortex of 2014; his bail was set at $ 2,500. A settlement of $ 2.25 million occurred.

772:

added that "There have been at least seven lawsuits filed in Federal District Court in Manhattan accusing guards of complicity or acquiescence in inmate violence at Rikers, a complex of 10 detention facilities which, along with several other jails around the city, hold about 13,000 prisoners, most of

694:

On June 22, 2017, former Mayor de Blasio released his plan for a 10-year shutdown of the facility, saying that it was not a "quick fix": "This will be a long a difficult path," he wrote. The city will reduce the inmate population of Rikers through the use of alternative facilities and reforms such as

205:

Rikers Island has had a reputation for violence, physical and mental abuse and neglect of its inmates, and has attracted press and judicial scrutiny that has resulted in numerous rulings against the New York City government. There have been numerous assaults by inmates on uniformed officers and other

1151:

In January 2014, Rolando Perez was arrested for petty burglary and awaiting trial at Rikers. Perez suffered from a severe seizure disorder since the age of 16 and had taken medication to control his seizures ever since. Perez was being detained in solitary confinement after getting into a fight with

1109:

Bradley Ballard, who suffered from schizophrenia and diabetes, was sent to Rikers in June 2013 on a parole violation for failure to report an address change. In July, he was sent to the psychiatric prison ward at Bellevue Hospital Center, where he stayed for 38 days before being sent back to Rikers.

739:

ruling in 2001 that strip-searches of misdemeanor suspects were illegal, unless officials suspected that they were carrying contraband..." Emery charged in his papers that department officials "repeatedly resorted to lying to cover up deliberate indifference to the continued practice of humiliating

456:

At the time, the island was within the boundaries of Long Island City, which was located in Queens County, which was not yet part of New York City. This potential transfer set off squabbling between politicians of Long Island City, Queens County, and New York City. On July 31, 1884, a compromise was

182:

Named after Abraham Rycken, who took possession of the island in 1664, the island was originally under 100 acres (40 ha) in size, but has since grown to more than 400 acres (160 ha). The first stages of expansion were accomplished largely by convict labor hauling in ashes for landfill. The

1169:

that Castelle had taken a dose of methadone, using another prisoner's prescription when he died. Castelle was vomiting and struggling to stand. Another inmate helped Castelle to 'the bubble' watch post to ask for medical help. The correctional officer inside was sleeping, and angrily dismissed them

1142:

On February 15, 2014, Jerome Murdough, a homeless veteran in jail on an accusation of trespassing, was found dead in his cell. After being in jail for one week, he died from overexposure to heat. His cell was over 100 degrees, and he had taken prescription drugs which increase sensitivity to heat.

1065:

On August 18, 2012, inmate Jason Echevarria swallowed a packet of powdered detergent, which had been given to inmates to clean out their cells after there was a leakage of raw sewage from the toilets. Echevarria began vomiting and complaining of severe pain. Terrence Pendergrass, the supervisor of

748:

In February 2008, correctional officer Lloyd Nicholson was indicted after he allegedly used a select group of teenage inmates as enforcers under a regime called "the program", as well as allegedly beating inmates himself. However, "the program" has been known to exist for well over a decade and is

650:

After a year of consideration, the Lippmann Commission released a report of recommendations for closing the jail complex. De Blasio did not specifically endorse the findings of the commission. The Lippman Commission proposed a 10-year plan to close the ten jails currently on the island and replace

448:

In 1883, New York City's Commission of Charities and Corrections expressed an interest in purchasing the island for use as a work-house. Any such purchase would have to be approved by the state. In January 1884, state senator Frederick S. Gibbs introduced a bill in the state senate authorizing the

898:

was accused of stealing a backpack at the age of 16. His family was unable to make his $ 3,000 bail, later being unable to post bail due to a probation violation. Browder was imprisoned without trial or conviction for three years, his trial postponed on numerous occasions. The case was eventually

734:

However, the practice did not die. Another suit was filed against the city in 2007 for performing strip searches on inmates taken to Rikers on misdemeanor charges. On October 4, 2007, the New York City Department of Corrections conceded that tens of thousands of nonviolent inmates taken to Rikers

698:

The New York State Commission of Correction, which oversees New York City's jails, issued a report in February 2018 citing numerous violations in the facility on the part of the city and a significant increase in violent incidents from 2016 to 2017. It suggested that the state might move to close

1076:

Terrence Pendergrass was demoted and suspended without pay, following the incident, and in December 2014, he was convicted of one count of denying Echevarria medical care, resulting in death. In June 2015, Terrence Pendergrass was sentenced to five years in prison. In November 2015, Echevarria's

730:

Prior to this decision, all prisoners taken to Rikers, no matter the level of their accusation, were strip searched. These searches often took place in groups of 10 to 12 and involved genital and anal searches. Despite the court's ruling, the practice lived on, costing New York City a total of $

758:

article lists a roll call of 2008 scandals at Rikers, including the case of officers who allegedly passed accused cop killer Lee Woods marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol; the February indictment of correctional officer Lloyd Nicholson who used inmates as "enforcers", and the April 27 suicide of

672:

gas from its landfill base would pose problems for the proposed development. It would also mean that each residential unit would cost about twice as much to construct as a normal unit in New York City. The residential development would connect the island to the mainland for the expansion of the

573:

crashed onto Rikers Island shortly after departing LaGuardia Airport, killing 20 and injuring 78 out of a total of 95 passengers and 6 crew. After the crash, department personnel and inmates ran to the site to help survivors. As a result of their actions, of the 57 inmates who assisted with the

480:

In 1922, New York City was banned by the courts from dumping garbage in the ocean. Much of it ended up on Rikers Island, even though the island already had 12 mountains of garbage 40 to 130 feet tall. Rikers took in 1.5 million cubic yards of additional refuse, more than the amount of dirt

1182:

A video of the incident revealed that multiple staff members knocked on Polanco's cell door and that she was unresponsive. In the presence of her unresponsive body, officers could be seen laughing. The DOI stated that officers thought Polanco was napping and that the laughter was unrelated. A

1178:

Layleen Xtravaganza Cubilette-Polanco was a 27-year-old Afro-Latina transgender woman who died at Rikers Island, New York City's main jail complex, on June 7, 2019, in solitary confinement. After a six-month investigation, the New York City Department of Investigation (DOI) and Bronx District

862:

Graham and Lewis were found guilty on all charges by a Bronx jury on May 14, 2012. It took the jury approximately three hours to deliberate a guilty verdict. Lewis was able to retire in December 2009 with her pension. Graham was terminated from the Department of Correction following the guilty

476:

The net expansion of the island enabled the jail facilities to expand. The original penitentiary building, completed in 1935, was called HDM, or the House of Detention for Men. It became a maximum security facility called the James A. Thomas Center and closed due to structural issues in 2000.

956:

On September 29, 2014, Judge Tynia Richard offered a sharp rebuke to the Department of Corrections, recommending that six correctional officers be fired. This group, led by Captain Budnarine Behari, had participated in the brutal beating of Robert Hinton, a mentally ill inmate, while he was

883:

On August 28, 2014, a law was passed boosting oversight of the use of solitary confinement at Rikers Island, following intense public outcry after various abuses at the prison. The law requires the prison to publish quarterly reports on their use of solitary confinement, but did not include

1179:

Attorney Darcel Clark found that staff members at the women's facility left Polanco alone for up to 47 minutes, violating requirements to check on prisoners in solitary confinement in 15 minute intervals. It also found that staff members were not criminally responsible for Polanco's death.

1085:

In 2012, 52-year-old Ronald Spear was awaiting trial on Rikers Island, and due to kidney failure, he was detained in the North Infirmary Command. He walked with a cane and wore a bracelet that read "risk of fall". On December 19, 2012, Spear left his dormitory and demanded to see a doctor.

198:, in 2015 had a budget of $ 860 million a year, a staff of 9,000 civilian officers and 1,500 other civilians managing 100,000 admissions per year and an average daily population of 10,000 inmates. The majority (85%) of detainees are pretrial defendants, either held on bail or 1129:

article stated that "the lawsuit said, 'Rather than provide the critical care required' medical staff and correctional officers 'who knew Mr. Ballard could not survive without medication, essentially stood by and watched as Mr. Ballard languished, deteriorated and ultimately

646:

Commissioner Joseph Ponte said, "As we look at construction and now with the...kind of the movement to close Rikers all those things politically have to be taken into consideration. So the 1,500 bed facility on Rikers is still at...at a kind of pause right now".

488:

The island was plagued with rats, which at one point were so prevalent that after "poison gas, poison bait, ferocious dogs and pigs" failed to control them, one New Yorker tried to organize a hunting party to kill them off. It was the efforts of "master builder"

838:

on August 5, 2008, the alleged victim claimed "that someone entered her cell in the 1,000-bed Rose M. Singer Center while she was asleep, sometime before 6 a.m. on July 3. She says the intruder (or intruders) bound and gagged her with bedsheets and then used a

1124:

some 129 inmates, 77% of whom were diagnosed as mentally ill, suffered "serious injuries" in altercations with prison guards over an 11-month period in 2013. These injuries were "beyond the capacity" of the prison doctors to treat successfully. Another

545:, both of which could house 800 soldiers, but only 200 inmates after their conversion. MTFs 1 and 2 were anchored on either side of Manhattan at East River pier 17, near 20th street, in the Hudson River. In addition, there were two smaller 1950s-era 691:. According to a 2017 city-sponsored report, incorporating Rikers Island into the airport's footprint would allow for the construction of a new, longer runway and additional terminal space, resulting in an estimated 40% increase of flight capacity. 344:, a floating barge (described below), as well as schools, medical clinics, ball fields, chapels, gyms, drug rehab programs, grocery stores, barbershops, a bakery, a laundromat, a power plant, a track, a tailor shop, a print shop, a bus depot, and a 328:

route. Privately operated shuttles connect the parking lot at the south end to the island. A bus service within the island for people visiting inmates is provided by the New York City Department of Correction on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays.

224:

The Rikers Island complex, which consists of ten jails, holds local offenders who are awaiting trial, serving sentences of one year or less, or are temporarily placed there pending transfer to another facility. Rikers Island is therefore not a

340:, and inmates undergoing drug detoxification. The Infirmary has the capacity to house overflow inmates from conventional populations. The rest of the facilities, all built in the last 67 years, make up this city of jails, in addition to the 5076: 536:. Upon completion, VCBC was towed up from Louisiana to its current mooring, and attached to two "Crandall Arms". It opened for use as a facility in 1992. Originally it had been leased to the NYC Department of Juvenile Justice, while 4075: 202:. The rest of the population have been convicted and are serving short sentences. In a 2021 analysis by the New York City Comptroller, it costs the city approximately $ 556,539 to detain one person for one year at Rikers Island. 847:. Because she didn't share a cell with anyone, a major question is how the alleged assault happened in the first place. Officials won't talk about the investigation, and there's no word on whether any arrests have been made." 1160:

Staten Island native Eugene "Sonny" Castelle was battling an addiction to pain killers when he was arrested in Florida for heroin possession with intent to sell. This arrest was in violation of the terms of a drug-related

540:

was under reconstruction. VCBC was formerly known as Maritime Facility #3 (MTF3); facilities 1 and 2 were reconstructed British military transport barges, or BIBBYs (British Industries Boat Building Yard), used during the

1262:'s song "Dior", he raps about Rikers Island and how he takes over prison blocks when he is incarcerated. "If I'm on the island, I'm snatchin' the cell. Brody got locked, denied his bail. Until he free, I'm raisin' hell". 1089:

Brian Coll, a correctional officer, and Ronald Spear got into an altercation when Spear was told by the doctor that he could not be seen until later that day. Coll began punching Spear in the face and body. According to

1678: 4526: 5558:

Department Of Justice Takes Legal Action To Address Pattern And Practice Of Excessive Force And Violence At Rikers Island Jails That Violates The Constitutional Rights Of Young Male Inmates (December 18, 2014).

879:

while detained. The average length of time young people spent in solitary confinement at Rikers Island was 43 days. More than 48 percent of adolescents at this institution have diagnosed mental health problems.

2524:, June 15, 2022. Accessed January 18, 2024. "Closing the Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center, an 800-bed jail barge, and starting a community engagement process to repurpose the adjoining city-owned parking lot" 618:

In February 2016, the Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform, also known as the Lippman Commission since it is chaired by former Chief Judge of the State of New York

920:

by hanging. The conditions of his detention were widely seen as having caused his mental condition. He had multiple prior suicide attempts while incarcerated. Days after his death, U.S. Supreme Court Justice

673:

airport, using it as a park, for solid-waste management or for manufacturing. However, the commission specifically ruled out its use for private residences. In light of possible closure of the jail complex,

4141: 3131: 1269:'s song "Off To The Races", she sings about serving time once again in Rikers Island and how she won't be able to leave. "'Cause he knows I'm wasted, facin' time again in Rikers Island and I won't get out". 3628: 4659: 4174: 3351: 3512: 2617: 1573: 302:

The average daily inmate population on the island is about 10,000, although it can hold a maximum of 15,000. The daytime population, including prisoners, staff, and visitors, can be as high as 20,000.

229:

by US terminology, which typically holds offenders serving longer-term sentences. It holds 10 of the New York City Department of Correction's 15 facilities, and can accommodate up to 15,000 detainees.

4928: 1073:

Jason Echevarria suffered from bipolar disorder and was housed in the unit reserved for mentally ill inmates. At one point, he had been placed in solitary confinement after several suicide attempts.

578:

also granted commutation of sentence to 11 men serving definite sentences: two received a six-months' reduction; one workhouse and eight penitentiary definites became eligible for immediate release.

4826: 1511: 3024: 2905: 1396: 4553: 2247: 5068: 5216: 4903: 1599: 5280: 5107: 3979: 768:

reported that "the pattern of cases suggests that city correctional officials have been aware of a problem in which Rikers guards have acquiesced or encouraged violence among inmates." The

5170: 2002: 5045: 4067: 2941: 194:

The island is the site of one of the world's largest correctional institutions and mental institutions, and has been described as New York's best-known jail. The complex, operated by the

4690: 4445: 1448:

Similar to the Marble Hill situation is that of Rikers Island. Rikers Island is part of the Borough of The Bronx. However, it is administratively included in Queens Community District 1.

863:

verdict. Each faced up to four years in prison, however, Graham and Lewis were both sentenced to 500 hours of community service and ordered to pay $ 1,000.00 in fines on August 7, 2012.

610:

The prison housed juvenile inmates until 2018. The move was prompted by a law passed by New York state in 2017 requiring that juvenile inmates under 18 be housed separately from adults.

206:

civilian staff, often resulting in serious injuries. In May 2013, Rikers Island ranked as one of the ten worst correctional facilities in the entire United States, based on reporting in

4726: 3943: 735:

Island on misdemeanor charges had been wrongly strip-searched in violation of a 2002 court settlement, and were entitled to payment for damages. The policy was kept in place despite a

4952: 4796: 4414: 4108: 3845: 212:

magazine. A documented increase in violence on Rikers Island was reported by the 2010s. In 2015, there were 9,424 assaults, the highest number in five years. In October 2019, the

5378: 4196: 3214: 5311: 4333: 2174:

Greater Astoria Historical Society. Accessed July 27, 2007. "His daughter Grietie married Abraham Rycken; it is after this prominent Queens family that Rikers Island is named."

1740: 1714: 2797: 2514: 2830: 2589: 1670: 3103: 973:, known as "gay housing", was closed in December 2005 citing a need to improve security. The unit had opened in the 1970s due to concerns about abuse of LGBT prisoners in 5014: 2090: 5247: 4522: 3057: 465:

The city expressed a desire to open a jail for men on Rikers Island as early as 1925, in order to replace their overburdened and dilapidated jail on Welfare Island, now

2672: 384:

in 1638 and took possession of the island in 1664. Rycken's descendants, the Ricker family, owned Rikers Island until 1884, when it was sold to the city for $ 180,000.

6602: 5409: 4265: 2463: 1480:

In addition to making house calls for homebound patients in Manhattan through Betances Health Unit, Dr. Senay has worked in a variety of clinical settings including

1170:

both, the inmate said. The following morning, Castelle was found by a correctional officer and medical staff unresponsive and was declared dead seven minutes later.

1052:

reported that as a result of staff shortages exacerbated by the COVID pandemic, inmates were virtually running the jail and lawlessness, violence and chaos reigned.

989:(identical to that mandated for disciplinary reasons) for moving vulnerable inmates to other facilities. Whereas formerly all that was required was a declaration of 4131: 875:

reported that in fiscal year 2012 more than 14.4 percent of adolescents detained at Rikers Island between the ages of 16 and 18 were held in at least one period of

4872: 4620: 3128: 2564: 5139: 4299: 3155: 4765: 4643: 3620: 1648: 5347: 4164: 3341: 1563: 1208:

are sent to "Ryker's Island", a prison with special facilities for superpowered individuals on an island near New York that was clearly based on Rikers Island.

337: 5560: 3520: 2856: 2705: 2607: 631:

launched a campaign that called for the closure of the Rikers Island Jail Complex. In September 2016, the campaign organized a march from Queens Plaza to the

4925: 4045: 3407: 736: 5440: 4375: 2738: 1501: 6607: 4818: 1809: 3542: 3008: 2895: 1467: 1388: 101: 4549: 2244: 1536: 773:

whom are pretrial detainees. None of the seven suits has gone to trial. In the three that were settled, the city admitted no liability or wrongdoing."

1892: 953:

Since 2014, Mayor de Blasio has begun to take action against the abuse by adding surveillance cameras and improving care for mentally ill prisoners.

5206: 4975: 4895: 3589: 2390: 2367: 2344: 2320: 2298: 1607: 1113:

On September 4, 2013, Ballard was locked in his cell as punishment for making inappropriate gestures at a female correctional officer. According to

5496: 5474: 3969: 2963: 549:

boats, both converted to house 162 inmates each. The ferry boats were sold for salvage around 2003, and the owner of the shipyard that built VCBC,

5270: 5099: 2493: 1961: 6627: 5977: 5616: 5162: 3765: 3706: 1984: 1165:

in New York. On November 2, 2016, Castelle was sent to Rikers and was found dead six days later, at the Anna M. Kross Center. An inmate told the

1037: 399:, which arrived there on May 15, 1861. Hawkins' Zouaves was followed by the 36th New York State Volunteers on June 23, which was followed by the 5037: 2985: 2931: 2538: 4682: 4437: 3790: 3731: 4718: 4012: 3879: 3439: 3184: 2515:"Mayor Adams, Hunts Point Community Leaders Release Comprehensive Plan to Create Economic Opportunity, Improve Quality of Life in Hunts Point" 1865: 6567: 3933: 707:

Rikers Island has become notorious in recent years for a "culture of abuse", and has been subject to a number of investigations and rulings.

3308: 664:

One possible reuse proposal was to build a low-rise residential development, although the island's distance from mass transit, proximity to

642:

In the months following, there had been plans to build an additional facility on the island that consisted of 1,500 beds. In November 2016,

3804: 317:. The street address is 15 Hazen Street, East Elmhurst, NY 11370. Before the bridge was constructed, the only access to the island was by 4949: 4788: 3285: 4098: 1425: 1255:, one of the several factions is named the "Rikers" after convicts which have escaped from Rikers Island during a chaos-causing pandemic. 4398: 4232: 3835: 2270: 1931: 6572: 5370: 3574: 3471: 3384: 2167: 2144: 1033: 5303: 3206: 884:

provisions regarding the protection of prisoners against guard brutality or limiting the use of solitary confinement as a punishment.

4322: 1736: 1421: 856: 603:

in the 1980s and 1990s, at the request of the Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment (ADAPT) and the Executive Director

453:

signed a bill authorizing the Commissioner of Charities and Corrections to purchase the island for a sum no greater than $ 180,000.

400: 2787: 1834: 1704: 5625: 1313: 392: 53: 2820: 2586: 941:

criticizing the "overuse" of solitary confinement in American jails, basing his arguments largely on Browder's case. He signed an

715:

In 1986, a federal appeals court ruled that strip searches could not be performed on people arrested on misdemeanor charges, like

2283:

Named after Abraham Rycken, a Dutch settler who moved to Long Island in 1638 and whose descendants owned Rikers Island till 1884.

872: 3650: 3485: 2074: 5006: 3047: 1365: 1192: 978: 643: 195: 152: 5239: 3759: 3700: 3675: 2666: 2643: 2436: 2203: 2051: 332:

The North Infirmary Command, which used to be called the Rikers Island Infirmary, is used to house inmates requiring extreme

5401: 4255: 2453: 1773: 887:

The solitary confinement unit at Rikers is commonly referred to as "Bing", the inmates kept there known as "Bing monsters".

6582: 6367: 2222: 607:, the prison granted early release to terminal HIV-positive inmates so that they could die peacefully in their own homes. 5609: 5069:"NYC reaches $ 3.5M settlement with Bronx woman who accused Rikers officers of withholding meds from epileptic boyfriend" 4856: 4476: 4610: 2560: 574:

rescue effort, 30 were released and 16 received a sentence reduction of six months by the N.Y.C. Parole Board. Governor

6592: 5129: 4291: 3152: 1029: 687:

Another possibility for reuse of the island after closure of the jail complex would be to build an expansion of nearby

513: 482: 341: 4749: 1630: 1046:

featured an article by former inmate Michele Evans criticizing the jail's handling of the pandemic. By October 2021,

749:

unique to the adolescents. The inmates use it as a test for other inmates and a system of control amongst themselves.

6617: 6577: 5524: 5337: 2190: 1324: 6352: 2872: 2695: 494: 4035: 2245:"Rustic 'Paradise' On Rikers Island; Short-Term Prisoners Tend Trees and Shrubs Destined for City Parks, Parkways" 183:

island is politically part of the Bronx, with a bridge being the only access available from Queens. It is part of

6597: 6075: 3910: 5432: 2764: 797: 759:

18-year-old Steven Morales (who allegedly killed his infant daughter) in the high-security closed-custody unit.

5602: 5550: 4359: 3417: 3249: 2728: 2125: 1801: 1222: 740:

detainees by forcing them to strip naked in groups." This class action suit won $ 33 million in damages.

6587: 6468: 4218: 3549: 903:

after numerous postponements and 31 hearings in front of judges. For two of those years, Browder was held in

674: 600: 570: 1540: 1246:. The main character, Naz, becomes an inmate at Rikers Island, where he experiences violence and corruption. 5402:"Activists Demand Justice for Layleen Polanco, a Black Trans Woman Found Dead in a Rikers Island Jail Cell" 4819:"Brian Coll, Former Correction Officer At Rikers Island, Convicted In Beating Death Of Inmate Ronald Spear" 2023: 1957: 1251: 6053: 1916: 6084: 5959: 5549:

CRIPA Investigation of the New York City Department of Correction Jails on Rikers Island, August 4, 2014

5304:"The Way Prison Guards Treated Layleen Polanco Shows How Trans Women Are Killed by an Indifferent System" 4983: 3597: 2387: 2364: 2341: 2317: 2295: 325: 5466: 6208: 6007: 5982: 4329: 2485: 1336: 5130:"Justice for Layleen Polanco: Community Demands Answers After Trans Black Latinx Woman Died at Rikers" 3746: 3687: 2977: 6409: 6267: 6091: 5515: 2534: 1308: 4576: 3083:. Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform. pp. 98–123 855:

On June 1, 2007, Captain Sherman Graham and Assistant Deputy Warden Gail Lewis were arrested by the

6528: 6523: 6518: 6111: 6029: 5755: 5659: 5575: 5275: 4002: 3871: 3446: 3176: 1869: 1097:

In 2016, Brian Coll was convicted of one count of death resulting from deprivation of rights under

844: 537: 322: 184: 2116:

Inside Rikers: Stories from the World's Largest Penal Colony (9780312261795): Jennifer Wynn: Books

6612: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6277: 5834: 5579: 5371:"Jailer Pushed Layleen Polanco into Rikers Island Solitary Confinement Despite Red Flags: Report" 3318: 1709: 208: 3812: 3275: 6622: 6430: 6382: 6235: 6151: 5841: 5681: 3748:

Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in Solitary Confinement in Jails and Prisons in the United States

3689:

Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in Solitary Confinement in Jails and Prisons in the United States

2518: 1432: 981:'s widely criticized plan was to restructure the classification of prisoners and create a new 6414: 6357: 6257: 6220: 6213: 5877: 5847: 5712: 4197:"Arrested justice: When LGBT People Land in Jail Part Four: The Myth of 'Protective Custody'" 2932:"Letitia James wants Rikers Island renamed for Kalief Browder if notorious jail is shuttered" 2278: 2195: 1935: 1769: 1318: 1226:, the main characters attend Rikers and attempt to treat female prisoners, many experiencing 974: 970: 624: 589:

and Leonard McKenzie while locked up in the George Mochen Detention Center at Rikers Island.

497:, to get the island cleaned up, and have the city's garbage sent elsewhere—ultimately to the 213: 3374: 2164: 2141: 528:, to accommodate the extra inmates. The keel for the Vernon C. Bain was laid in 1989 at the 6448: 6392: 5870: 4503: 1300: 1231: 904: 876: 720: 632: 498: 411: 404: 310: 260: 20: 4323:"CRIPA Investigation of the New York City Department of Correction Jails on Rikers Island" 1802:"CRIPA Investigation of the New York City Department of Correction Jails on Rikers Island" 428: 8: 6387: 6332: 6320: 6315: 6183: 6168: 6068: 5952: 5805: 5724: 5706: 4936: 3840: 2936: 2428: 1838: 1506: 937: 582: 546: 286: 199: 5271:"'No criminality' found in the death of transgender inmate on Rikers Island: Prosecutor" 1912: 493:, who did not want the unsightly island to be the backdrop for his carefully landscaped 355:

Rikers Island has been referred to as the world's largest penal colony. For comparison,

6536: 6362: 6342: 6337: 6310: 6305: 6245: 6203: 6198: 6141: 6116: 5811: 5718: 5686: 4960: 4615: 4260: 4169: 4136: 4103: 3784: 3725: 3379: 3342:"A Short Life Ends on Rikers Island, in a Place Where Suicide Isn't Supposed to Happen" 3280: 3163: 2957: 2900: 2733: 2700: 2612: 2398: 2352: 2328: 2255: 2230: 2185: 1989: 1635: 1048: 1042: 982: 804: 764: 525: 521: 388: 333: 276: 6023: 3513:"Rikers Island Supervisors Found Guilty of Covering Up Prisoner Assault – Hunts Point" 1460: 1211:

Rikers Island was a prominent setting for many scenes of the long-running crime drama

997:, inmates wanting protective custody would now be required to request it in a special 6327: 6300: 6272: 6193: 6136: 6131: 5917: 5537: 5520: 5490: 4864: 4757: 4651: 4584: 4406: 4367: 4223: 4165:"U.S. Inquiry Finds a 'Culture of Violence' Against Teenage Inmates at Rikers Island" 4040: 3755: 3696: 3654: 3568: 3489: 3465: 3412: 3346: 3313: 3016: 2864: 2432: 2199: 2121: 2082: 1994: 1908: 1900: 1640: 1066:

the unit, was told by a correctional officer of Echevarria's condition. According to

834: 724: 688: 665: 627:

to review the entirety of the city's criminal justice system. In April of that year,

566: 550: 529: 470: 424: 4550:"NYC Prisoners Released Early Due to COVID-19 Concerns Were Re-Arrested, Police Say" 4499: 4399:"Coronavirus spread at Rikers is a 'public health disaster', says jail's top doctor" 1357: 6404: 6372: 6347: 6240: 6230: 6178: 5992: 5788: 5766: 5696: 4228: 3934:"Teen thrown in violent New York jail for years without ever having been convicted" 2458: 2114: 1330: 900: 620: 575: 466: 450: 431: 410:

The camp of the Anderson Zouaves was named Camp Astor in compliment to millionaire

4926:"Mentally ill Rikers Island inmate dies after languishing in jail cell for 7 days" 2639: 593: 6546: 6399: 6295: 6121: 6016: 5922: 5912: 5038:"Exclusive: Man dies in Rikers Island cell, family says he was denied medication" 4956: 4932: 3938: 3159: 3135: 2593: 2394: 2371: 2348: 2324: 2302: 2251: 2226: 2171: 2148: 1765: 1205: 942: 922: 913:

in October 2014 for being held for three years on Rikers Island without a trial.

628: 604: 364: 294: 3590:"Gail Lewis, Sherman Graham, Jail Supervisors Convicted For Covering Up a Fight" 2219: 6453: 6262: 6250: 6225: 6188: 6173: 6126: 6061: 5997: 5864: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5748: 5668: 5542: 5134: 4857:"City to Pay $ 5.75 Million Over Death of Mentally Ill Inmate at Rikers Island" 4007: 1700: 1671:"Cost of Incarceration per Person in New York City Skyrockets to All-Time High" 1274: 1227: 1213: 1032:, inmates at Rikers were unable to follow the safety measures suggested by the 927: 909: 895: 681: 652: 636: 360: 5585: 5569: 5207:"New video reveals trans woman's death at Rikers was preventable, family says" 4750:"Rikers Officer Pleads Guilty to Helping Cover Up Fatal '12 Beating of Inmate" 4468: 4438:"A View From Inside Rikers Island, Where Coronavirus is Spreading Behind Bars" 6561: 6443: 6088: 6040: 5971: 5940: 5901: 5649: 4868: 4761: 4655: 4588: 4410: 4371: 4132:"In Rare Rebuke for Rikers Officers, Judge Urges Firing of 6 Who Beat Inmate" 4036:"Kalief Browder, jailed for 3 years in N.Y. without a trial, commits suicide" 3052: 3020: 2868: 2825: 2792: 2608:"Art Too Tempting at Rikers; Plot to Steal a Dalí Was Far From a Masterpiece" 2420: 2086: 1998: 1904: 1644: 1568: 1017: 998: 990: 754: 677: 657: 542: 509: 502: 419: 176: 164: 116: 103: 81: 4609:

Ransom, Jan; Bromwich, Jonah E.; O'Brien, Rebecca Davis (October 11, 2021).

269:

Rose M. Singer Center (detained and sentenced female adolescents and adults)

6377: 6083: 5859: 5853: 5761: 5735: 5594: 5571:

Most Violent Jail Inmates | A Hidden America: Inside Rikers Island PART 1/2

4789:"A Rikers Island guard was found guilty in the beating death of a prisoner" 3974: 1279: 1266: 1238: 1162: 932: 716: 490: 439: 435: 314: 4500:"*STRIKE AT RIKERS* Incarcerated individuals are still striking at Rikers" 3153:"New York State May Move to Close Rikers Ahead of City's 10-Year Timeline" 6103: 5896: 5825: 5701: 5691: 5676: 5639: 5338:"Cause of death revealed for transgender woman who died at Rikers Island" 1098: 1077:

family was awarded a $ 3.8 million settlement regarding the matter.

994: 586: 533: 381: 3129:"Mayor Releases 'Long and Difficult' Plan to Shutter Rikers in 10 Years" 1737:"Inside Rikers Island: A look at violence and corruption in the complex" 1389:"Rikers 2.0: inside the battle to build four new jails in New York City" 1134:" In 2016, the city agreed to pay $ 5.75 million to settle the lawsuit. 6541: 6287: 6160: 5935: 5883: 4523:"NYPD Brass: We're Arresting Too Many Prisoners on Early COVID Release" 3805:"Bing Time: What It's Like To Be 16 & In Solitary On Rikers Island" 2521: 1005: 517: 380:

The island is named after Abraham Rycken, a Dutch settler who moved to

349: 168: 3902: 3081:"A More Just New York City: Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform" 6095: 5965: 5644: 4292:"Under Adams, a Rikers Unit That Protected Trans Women Has Collapsed" 2760: 1420: 1259: 234: 172: 77: 37: 3237: 2696:"Teenagers Were Moved Off Rikers for Safety. Their Brawls Came, Too" 5211: 5100:"Staten Island mom demands answers about son's Rikers Island death" 3236:

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit (November 6, 1986).

3177:"New York city council votes to close infamous Rikers Island jails" 1463: 1016:

In August 2014, US Attorney for the Southern District of New York,

986: 958: 345: 188: 4611:"Inside Rikers: Dysfunction, Lawlessness and Detainees in Control" 4360:"'We're Left for Dead': Fears of Virus Catastrophe at Rikers Jail" 3046:

Gonen, Yoav; Rosenberg, Rebecca; Golding, Bruce (March 31, 2017).

2454:"A sinking jail: The environmental disaster that is Rikers Island" 1800:

U.S. Department of Justice, US Attorney Bharara (August 4, 2014).

1502:"Potential closure of Rikers Island is opportunity for developers" 1278:, journalist Vivian Kent is seen in nearly every episode visiting 4507: 3139: 2857:"Rikers Island Commission Unveils Plan to Shut Down Jail Complex" 917: 669: 554: 3903:"Exclusive: Teenager Spends 3 Years in Jail and Charges Dropped" 2040: 1600:"Rikers Population Falls Below 10,000 For First Time in Decades" 1191:

Conditions on Rikers Island drastically deteriorated during the

684:, an inmate who committed suicide after being jailed at Rikers. 248:

Robert N. Davoren Complex (primarily male inmates of ages 18–21)

3269: 3267: 423:

An aerial photo of Rikers Island, photographed from the North.

396: 367:, sits on 256 acres (104 ha) and houses 10,904 prisoners. 356: 306: 272:

North Infirmary Command (inmates who require medical attention)

226: 4097:

Winerip, Michael & Schwartz, Michael (November 20, 2014).

3235: 1766:"Council Votes on Historic Legislation to Close Rikers Island" 945:

banning solitary confinement of juveniles in federal prisons.

512:

as mayor of New York, the jail filled to overflowing, and the

4719:"EXCLUSIVE: NYC settles for $ 3.8M in inmate's poison horror" 3375:"Lawsuits Suggest Pattern of Rikers Guards Looking Other Way" 3080: 2929: 840: 387:

The island was used as a military training ground during the

318: 251:

Eric M. Taylor Center (sentenced male adolescents and adults)

3264: 3836:"Former Rikers mental health worker details horror in book" 3207:"NYC Lawmakers Approve Plan to Close Rikers Island by 2026" 3009:"Mayor Backs Plan to Close Rikers and Open Jails Elsewhere" 2896:"Mayor Backs Plan to Close Rikers and Open Jails Elsewhere" 2729:"7 Key Questions as New York Moves Teenagers Out of Rikers" 5465:

Seville, Bliss Broyard, Lisa Riordan (December 27, 2021).

5240:"Thousands Demonstrated for Black Trans Lives in Brooklyn" 2821:"Construction of New Rikers Jail Is Officially 'On Pause'" 2425:

Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York

1799: 899:

dismissed, and Browder was released in June 2013 by Judge

702: 5342: 5098:

Alcorn, Chauncey; Brown, Stephen Rex (January 22, 2017).

4608: 4099:"Mayor de Blasio Urges 'Culture Change' at Rikers Island" 2045: 1868:. New York City Department of Corrections. Archived from 1837:. New York City Department of Corrections. Archived from 1243: 812: 403:

on July 15, 1861. The Anderson Zouaves were commanded by

5433:"It's Been over One Month Since Layleen Polanco's Death" 4948:

Winerip, Michael and Schwartz, Michael (July 14, 2014).

4068:"Barack Obama: Why we must rethink solitary confinement" 1173: 808: 282:

James A. Thomas Center (no longer used to house inmates)

5519:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4896:"'60 Minutes' vid shows Rikers inmate's gruesome death" 4683:"Ex-Rikers captain gets 5 years for letting inmate die" 3744: 3685: 4950:"Rikers: Where Mental Illness Meets Brutality in Jail" 4577:"Opinion | I Got Covid at Rikers. I'm Still Suffering" 2587:"United Blood Nation history, terminology, background" 1795: 1793: 1791: 266:

George Motchan Detention Center (detained male adults)

254:

Otis Bantum Correctional Center (detained male adults)

3045: 2788:"Hundreds March to Demand Shut Down of Rikers Island" 1985:"'Bridge of Hope' to Rikers Island Is Dedicated Here" 1282:

in the Rose M. Singer Center (RMSC) on Rikers Island.

737:

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

4644:"U.S. Accuses Rikers Officer of Ignoring Dying Plea" 1358:"New York's infamous Rikers Island jail is to close" 1290: 710: 5163:"Mother of Trans Woman Who Died at Rikers Sues NYC" 4219:"Closure of Gay Housing at Rikers Draws Complaints" 2978:"Safely Reducing the New York City Jail Population" 2727:Ransom, Jan; Stewart, Nikita (September 28, 2018). 1788: 613: 4716: 3078: 2113: 1699: 1426:"Tax Block & Tax Lot Base Map Files on CD-ROM" 434:is visible, 250 feet (76 meters) from the island. 6603:Law enforcement in the New York metropolitan area 3104:"A Rikers Island terminal for LaGuardia Airport?" 2075:"Taking the Bus to Rikers Island (and Back, Too)" 6559: 5369:Goldensohn, Rosa; Blau, Reuven (June 23, 2020). 4256:"City Prepares to Close Rikers Housing for Gays" 3970:"Justice Kennedy denounces solitary confinement" 3510: 1597: 623:, was convened by New York City Council Speaker 449:commission to purchase the island. In May 1884, 407:, who was related to the owners of the island. 309:, over the 4,200-foot (1,300 m) three-lane 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5007:"NYC Settles Rikers Lawsuit for $ 2.25 Million" 4096: 2930:Durkin, Erin and Blau, Reuven (April 2, 2017). 2271:"An Overview of Rikers Island: A City of Jails" 1760: 1758: 1495: 1493: 1491: 925:invoked Browder's experience in his opinion on 661:leaked the findings of the Lippman Commission. 391:. The first regiment to use the Island was the 5368: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4285: 4283: 3695:. United States of America. pp. 131–132. 1537:"Rikers Island Food Waste Composting Facility" 1482:Rikers Island, New York City's largest jail... 1416: 1414: 1242:is a 2016 American crime drama miniseries for 832:In an alleged July 2008 rape case reported by 516:(VCBC), an 800-bed barge was installed on the 257:George R. Vierno Center (detained male adults) 19:For the song by Kool G Rap & DJ Polo, see 6069: 5610: 4253: 3229: 2726: 2605: 807:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 5624: 5495:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5185: 5066: 2962:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2887: 2785: 1755: 1488: 1350: 964: 948: 907:or punitive segregation. He was profiled in 5460: 5458: 5331: 5329: 5097: 4705: 4435: 4358:Ransom, Jan; Feuer, Alan (March 30, 2020). 4357: 4280: 3621:"Class in how not to cover up goof at jail" 1705:"America's 10 Worst Prisons: Rikers Island" 1411: 985:system which would include 23-hour-per-day 305:The only road access to the island is from 6608:New York (state) in the American Civil War 6076: 6062: 5617: 5603: 5301: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 3865: 3863: 3789:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3730:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2925: 2923: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 1380: 1034:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 244:Facilities located on the island include: 216:voted to close down the facility by 2026. 4547: 4254:Von Zielbauer, Paul (December 30, 2005). 4090: 4000: 3869: 3754:. United States of America. p. 132. 2419: 2158: 2072: 2030:, Spring 1967. Accessed January 18, 2024. 1919:on December 28, 2019 – via Cengage. 1564:"The end for New York's most famous jail" 1531: 1529: 1422:New York City Department of City Planning 857:New York City Department of Investigation 321:. Transportation is also provided by the 219: 5455: 5335: 5326: 4717:Brown, Stephen Rex (November 17, 2015). 4641: 4497: 4466: 4162: 3931: 3834:Connelly, Sherryl (September 19, 2015). 3833: 3276:"City to Pay Damages for Strip Searches" 2818: 2445: 1499: 1453: 1314:List of jail facilities in New York City 1011: 418: 233: 5464: 5268: 5237: 5004: 4973: 4855:Weiser, Benjamin (September 27, 2016). 4841: 4768:from the original on September 14, 2017 4748:Weiser, Benjamin (September 20, 2016). 4339:from the original on September 26, 2016 4320: 4130:Winerip, Michael (September 29, 2014). 4129: 3963: 3961: 3900: 3870:Gonnerman, Jennifer (October 6, 2014). 3860: 3366: 3006: 2920: 2893: 2845: 2741:from the original on September 29, 2020 2606:Von Zielbauer, Paul (October 4, 2003). 2404: 2184: 1890: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1829: 1827: 866: 743: 703:Abuse, neglect, and murder of detainees 313:, dedicated in November 1966, by Mayor 6628:New York City Department of Correction 6560: 5582:from the original on November 4, 2021. 5443:from the original on February 18, 2023 5430: 5412:from the original on February 18, 2023 5381:from the original on February 18, 2023 5350:from the original on February 18, 2023 5314:from the original on February 18, 2023 5283:from the original on February 18, 2023 5250:from the original on February 18, 2023 5219:from the original on February 18, 2023 5173:from the original on February 18, 2023 5161:Tso, Tiffany Diane (August 13, 2019). 5142:from the original on February 18, 2023 5079:from the original on November 25, 2020 5005:Bankoff, Caroline (November 1, 2014). 4893: 4875:from the original on December 16, 2016 4854: 4747: 4662:from the original on November 21, 2015 4556:from the original on December 29, 2021 4529:from the original on December 29, 2021 4479:from the original on December 20, 2020 4396: 4302:from the original on February 18, 2023 4289: 4211: 4111:from the original on December 10, 2014 4078:from the original on February 24, 2017 4033: 4015:from the original on February 16, 2017 3946:from the original on February 12, 2015 3932:Scherker, Amanda (November 26, 2013). 3771:from the original on December 14, 2019 3712:from the original on December 14, 2019 3587: 3573:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3470:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3405: 3372: 3339: 3306: 3151:Foderaro, Lisa W. (February 14, 2018) 3101: 3048:"New York City to close Rikers Island" 2833:from the original on February 22, 2017 2693: 2664: 2541:from the original on December 16, 2012 2243:Farrell, William M. (August 24, 2018) 2183:Vieritti, Joseph P. "Rikers Isand" in 2073:Kilgannon, Corey (February 13, 2006). 1982: 1776:from the original on February 11, 2020 1681:from the original on December 22, 2021 1526: 1386: 1193:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States 979:New York City Department of Correction 873:New York City Department of Correction 644:New York City Department of Correction 196:New York City Department of Correction 153:New York City Department of Correction 6057: 5598: 5477:from the original on January 27, 2022 5336:Grinberg, Emanuella (July 31, 2019). 5302:Provenzano, Brianna (June 19, 2020). 5204: 5017:from the original on November 4, 2014 4976:"NYC Inmate "Baked to death" in cell" 4906:from the original on February 2, 2017 4680: 4623:from the original on February 2, 2022 4574: 4520: 3618: 3408:"Woman-on-Woman Rape Claim at Rikers" 3373:Weiser, Benjamin (February 3, 2009). 3288:from the original on November 5, 2014 3273: 3252:from the original on November 5, 2014 3217:from the original on October 18, 2019 3187:from the original on October 18, 2019 3079:Lippman Commission (March 31, 2017). 2800:from the original on January 29, 2017 2708:from the original on October 31, 2020 2646:from the original on November 5, 2011 2567:from the original on October 17, 2013 2496:from the original on October 20, 2014 2451: 2431:. pp. 214–12, 217, 241–42, 244. 2365:"City and Suburban News: Long Island" 2052:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 1983:Devlin, John C. (November 23, 1966). 1950: 1812:from the original on November 3, 2014 1628: 1561: 1399:from the original on January 18, 2023 1387:Medina, Daniel A (December 9, 2019). 1368:from the original on January 18, 2023 1198: 1174:Layleen Xtravaganza Cubilette-Polanco 798:too many or overly lengthy quotations 460: 336:, inmates with special health needs, 60: 16:New York City island and jail complex 6568:1932 establishments in New York City 5399: 5035: 4786: 4681:Brown, Stephen Rex (June 18, 2015). 4642:Schwirtz, Michael (March 24, 2014). 4436:Guerguerian, Amba (March 29, 2020). 4268:from the original on August 25, 2018 4189: 4163:Schwirtz, Michael (August 4, 2014). 4144:from the original on October 6, 2014 4027: 4001:Gonnerman, Jennifer (June 7, 2015). 3982:from the original on January 8, 2016 3967: 3958: 3894: 3882:from the original on October 3, 2014 3354:from the original on August 26, 2016 3121: 3007:Goodman, J. David (March 31, 2017). 2894:Goodman, J. David (March 31, 2017). 2111: 2005:from the original on August 24, 2018 1964:from the original on August 17, 2014 1899:. Eric M. Taylor Center. p. 1. 1853: 1824: 1593: 1591: 850: 780: 680:suggested renaming the island after 5269:Carrega, Christina (June 5, 2020). 5160: 5110:from the original on April 20, 2017 5067:Parascandola, Rocco (May 1, 2019). 5036:Leid, Carolina (November 2, 2016). 4693:from the original on April 20, 2017 4575:Evans, Michele (February 4, 2021). 4290:Joseph, George (January 24, 2023). 4177:from the original on March 13, 2017 3901:Wallace, Sarah (November 7, 2013). 3848:from the original on March 18, 2017 2786:Nicholas, JB (September 26, 2016). 2675:from the original on March 21, 2023 2620:from the original on August 8, 2017 2466:from the original on March 16, 2016 2177: 1891:Chozick, Amy (December 29, 2019) . 1743:from the original on March 18, 2017 1717:from the original on August 2, 2018 1703:; Casellaurl, Jean (May 14, 2013). 1576:from the original on April 13, 2017 1514:from the original on March 22, 2017 1220:In series two of the medical drama 1060: 238:An aerial photo of the jail complex 187:and uses an East Elmhurst, Queens, 13: 5546:, October 6, 2014, pp. 26–32. 5431:Conteh, Mankaprr (July 12, 2019). 4894:Greene, Leonard (April 18, 2016). 4729:from the original on July 22, 2017 4448:from the original on April 3, 2020 4417:from the original on April 2, 2020 4378:from the original on April 1, 2020 4247: 4235:from the original on June 18, 2009 4048:from the original on March 2, 2017 3913:from the original on June 12, 2015 3387:from the original on July 13, 2017 3060:from the original on April 2, 2017 2908:from the original on April 4, 2017 2855:Corasaniti, Nick (April 2, 2017). 2819:Nicholas, JB (November 18, 2016). 2388:"City and Suburban News: New-York" 2318:"City and Suburban News: New-York" 2093:from the original on April 4, 2017 1651:from the original on April 4, 2017 1598:Goldensohn, Rosa (June 18, 2015). 1470:from the original on June 29, 2007 1155: 1137: 1104: 1055: 1030:COVID-19 pandemic in New York City 1023: 969:The segregated unit at Rikers for 565:Rikers is close to the runways of 514:Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center 359:'s largest correctional facility, 342:Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center 14: 6639: 6573:Government buildings in the Bronx 6112:East Morrisania/Crotona Park East 5530: 4799:from the original on May 25, 2017 4548:Rodriguez, Eddy (June 13, 2020). 4397:Bryant, Miranda (April 1, 2020). 4321:Bharara, Preet (August 4, 2014). 3653:. Bronxda.nyc.gov. Archived from 3631:from the original on May 18, 2012 3511:Fractenberg, Ben (May 15, 2012). 3488:. Bronxda.nyc.gov. Archived from 3406:Rayman, Graham (August 5, 2008). 3027:from the original on May 14, 2017 2988:from the original on May 17, 2017 2767:from the original on May 22, 2017 2268: 2191:The Encyclopedia of New York City 1929: 1588: 1500:Schapiro, Rich (March 18, 2017). 1325:Twin Towers Correctional Facility 931:. On January 25, 2016, President 890: 776: 711:Rulings related to strip searches 560: 481:displaced by the building of the 42:The island and jail complex, 2004 6150: 5658: 5424: 5393: 5362: 5295: 5262: 5231: 5154: 5122: 5091: 5060: 5048:from the original on May 9, 2017 5029: 4998: 4974:Pearson, Jake (March 19, 2014). 4967: 4942: 4918: 4887: 4829:from the original on May 7, 2017 4811: 4787:Saul, Josh (December 15, 2016). 4780: 4741: 4674: 4635: 4602: 4568: 4541: 4521:Russo, Melissa (June 12, 2020). 4514: 4491: 3811:. August 5, 2014. Archived from 3745:ACLU/Human Rights Watch (2012). 3686:ACLU/Human Rights Watch (2012). 3307:Rayman, Graham (April 8, 2008). 2944:from the original on May 8, 2017 2342:"The Purchase of Riker's Island" 2112:Wynn, Jennifer (July 25, 2001). 1293: 1146: 785: 614:Proposed closure of jail complex 59: 52: 36: 5516:Life and Death in Rikers Island 5507: 5238:Diavolo, Lucy (June 15, 2020). 4467:Campbell, David (May 1, 2020). 4460: 4429: 4390: 4351: 4314: 4156: 4123: 4060: 3994: 3925: 3827: 3797: 3738: 3679: 3669: 3651:"015-2012 Monday, May 14, 2012" 3643: 3619:Smith, Greg B. (May 14, 2012). 3612: 3588:Rayman, Graham (May 14, 2012). 3581: 3535: 3504: 3478: 3432: 3399: 3340:Rayman, Graham (May 27, 2008). 3333: 3300: 3274:Feuer, Alan (October 5, 2007). 3199: 3169: 3145: 3095: 3072: 3039: 3000: 2970: 2812: 2779: 2753: 2720: 2694:Ransom, Jan (October 3, 2018). 2687: 2658: 2632: 2599: 2579: 2553: 2527: 2508: 2478: 2452:Rakia, Raven (March 15, 2016). 2380: 2358: 2334: 2310: 2288: 2262: 2259:p. 31. Accessed August 24, 2018 2237: 2212: 2134: 2105: 2066: 2033: 2017: 1976: 1923: 1893:"Rikers Island Barista Academy" 1884: 1729: 1693: 1663: 1461:"Dr. Emily Senay, M.D., M.P.H." 1230:and related illnesses, such as 1080: 375: 163:is a 413-acre (167.14-hectare) 5400:Helm, Angela (June 10, 2019). 4924:Schapiro, Rich (May 22, 2014) 3486:"2007027 Friday, June 1, 2007" 2640:"Guards charged in Dali theft" 1622: 1555: 1539:. NYC Recycles. Archived from 1186: 916:In June 2015, Browder died by 1: 5205:Sosin, Kate (June 13, 2020). 5011:Daily Intelligencer, New York 4034:Pearce, Matt (June 7, 2015). 3127:Honan, Katie (June 22, 2017) 2155:. Retrieved on April 3, 2009. 1343: 675:New York City Public Advocate 571:Northeast Airlines Flight 823 4498:MACC NYC (March 23, 2020). 4199:. Patrick Letellier, Gay.com 3968:Ford, Matt (June 18, 2015). 2486:"Ten Jails on Rikers Island" 1958:"Ten Jails on Rikers Island" 275:West Facility (inmates with 7: 6583:Islands of Queens, New York 4955:September 20, 2017, at the 4469:"Stick-up on Rikers Island" 4003:"Kalief Browder, 1993–2015" 3238:"Weber v. Dell (11-6-1986)" 2665:Carter, Zoe (May 9, 1988). 2393:September 18, 2021, at the 2347:September 18, 2021, at the 2323:September 18, 2021, at the 2194:(2nd ed.). New Haven: 2170:September 28, 2007, at the 2024:Rikers Island Bridge Opened 1629:Staff (December 16, 2014). 1286: 993:or the appearance of being 348:. It also contains a large 326:MTA Regional Bus Operations 10: 6646: 6008:North River (Hudson River) 5563:U.S. Department of Justice 4330:U.S. Department of Justice 3309:"Rikers Island Fight Club" 2370:December 14, 2019, at the 2301:December 14, 2019, at the 2225:November 16, 2018, at the 1337:Harris County, Texas jails 370: 18: 6593:Islands of the East River 6464: 6423: 6286: 6159: 6148: 6102: 6038: 6006: 5931: 5892: 5824: 5797: 5743: 5734: 5667: 5656: 5632: 2592:December 2, 2020, at the 2563:. Correctionhistory.org. 2561:"Rikers Island Air Crash" 2294:Staff (January 30, 1884) 1309:Bronx court system delays 1252:Tom Clancy's The Division 965:Treatment of LGBT inmates 949:Treatment of mentally ill 451:Governor Grover Cleveland 395:, also known as Hawkins' 148: 140: 132: 95: 87: 73: 47: 35: 30: 6618:Prisons in New York City 6578:Islands of New York City 5626:Islands of New York City 5467:"Rikers: The Obituaries" 4964:Retrieved July 15, 2014. 2386:Staff ( August 5, 1884) 2296:"Pilot Fees at New-York" 2250:August 24, 2018, at the 1631:"What is Rikers Island?" 1562:Staff (April 12, 2017). 845:Elmhurst Hospital Center 805:summarize the quotations 635:, calling on then-Mayor 538:Spofford Juvenile Center 185:Queens Community Board 1 5978:North and South Brother 2535:"The Travels of Tug 44" 2220:"Alpheus P. Riker Dies" 1272:In the 2022 miniseries 668:, and leakage of toxic 655:on March 31, after the 569:. On February 1, 1957, 136:413 acres (167 ha) 6598:Jails in New York City 5513:Venters, Homer (2019) 3158:July 17, 2018, at the 3134:June 22, 2017, at the 2642:. BBC. June 18, 2003. 2519:Mayor of New York City 2281:on September 8, 2006. 2218:Staff (March 3, 1940) 1960:. Correction History. 1204:Many criminals in the 639:to close the complex. 443: 263:(detained male adults) 239: 220:Complex and facilities 6533:Joint interest areas: 6214:Van Cortlandt Village 4931:May 29, 2014, at the 4825:. December 15, 2016. 4231:. December 30, 2005. 3321:on September 11, 2011 2671:. New York Magazine. 2585:Staff (May 18, 2017) 2490:Correctionhistory.org 2340:Staff (July 3, 1884) 2316:Staff (May 25, 1884) 2196:Yale University Press 2028:Correction Sidelights 1866:"Facilities Overview" 1841:on September 11, 2014 1770:New York City Council 1280:Anna "Delvey" Sorokin 1036:to avoid contracting 1012:Federal investigation 762:On February 4, 2009, 625:Melissa Mark-Viverito 422: 393:9th New York Infantry 237: 214:New York City Council 117:40.79111°N 73.88278°W 6588:Islands of the Bronx 5536:Jennifer Gonnerman, 4982:. AP. Archived from 4074:. January 25, 2015. 3213:. October 17, 2019. 3183:. October 18, 2019. 2429:Simon & Schuster 1938:on September 8, 2006 1772:. October 17, 2019. 1739:. February 9, 2016. 1677:. December 6, 2021. 1610:on December 22, 2015 1364:. October 18, 2019. 1301:New York City portal 1232:toxic shock syndrome 935:wrote an article in 905:solitary confinement 877:solitary confinement 867:Solitary confinement 744:Inmates as enforcers 633:Rikers Island Bridge 592:A drawing by artist 499:Fresh Kills Landfill 412:John Jacob Astor Jr. 405:John Lafayette Riker 338:mentally ill inmates 311:Francis Buono Bridge 261:Anna M. Kross Center 21:Rikers Island (song) 6469:Community districts 6209:Kingsbridge Heights 4937:New York Daily News 4072:The Washington Post 3841:New York Daily News 3657:on October 31, 2012 3600:on October 23, 2012 3555:on October 31, 2012 3492:on October 31, 2012 3452:on October 31, 2012 2937:New York Daily News 2186:Jackson, Kenneth T. 2165:Daily Star May 1880 1675:comptroller.nyc.gov 1507:New York Daily News 1438:on November 5, 2014 1122:The New York Times, 938:The Washington Post 583:United Blood Nation 547:Staten Island Ferry 508:During the term of 438:can be seen across 287:Harold A. Wildstein 277:contagious diseases 200:remanded in custody 191:of 11370 for mail. 149:Governing body 122:40.79111; -73.88278 113: / 6410:Westchester Square 6268:University Heights 6030:Little Island Park 5983:Randalls and Wards 4986:on October 6, 2014 4961:The New York Times 4861:The New York Times 4754:The New York Times 4648:The New York Times 4616:The New York Times 4581:The New York Times 4364:The New York Times 4261:The New York Times 4170:The New York Times 4137:The New York Times 4104:The New York Times 3380:The New York Times 3281:The New York Times 3164:The New York Times 3013:The New York Times 2901:The New York Times 2861:The New York Times 2734:The New York Times 2701:The New York Times 2613:The New York Times 2399:The New York Times 2353:The New York Times 2329:The New York Times 2306:The New York Times 2256:The New York Times 2231:The New York Times 2147:2006-11-05 at the 2079:The New York Times 1990:The New York Times 1897:The New York Times 1636:The New York Times 1543:on August 19, 2014 1319:Men's Central Jail 1217:and its spin-offs. 1199:In popular culture 1115:The New York Times 1092:The New York Times 1068:The New York Times 1049:The New York Times 1043:The New York Times 983:protective custody 975:pretrial detention 765:The New York Times 526:Fulton Fish Market 483:World Trade Center 461:Conversion to jail 444: 334:protective custody 298:(no longer in use) 290:(no longer in use) 240: 6555: 6554: 6440:Retail districts 6051: 6050: 5998:U Thant (Belmont) 5820: 5819: 5561:published by the 5551:Published by the 5138:. June 13, 2019. 4224:Los Angeles Times 4041:Los Angeles Times 3878:. New York City. 3761:978-1-56432-949-3 3702:978-1-56432-949-3 3420:on March 25, 2010 3413:The Village Voice 3347:The Village Voice 3314:The Village Voice 3102:Mutzabaugh, Ben. 2668:ADAPT and Survive 2438:978-1-476-74124-6 2205:978-0-300-11465-2 1932:"A City of Jails" 1872:on August 7, 2014 851:Officer brutality 835:The Village Voice 830: 829: 725:marijuana smoking 689:LaGuardia Airport 666:LaGuardia Airport 567:LaGuardia Airport 551:Avondale Shipyard 530:Avondale Shipyard 495:1939 World's Fair 471:LaGuardia Airport 425:LaGuardia Airport 179:'s largest jail. 158: 157: 88:Nearest city 6635: 6278:Woodlawn Heights 6154: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6055: 6054: 5741: 5740: 5662: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5583: 5578:. May 21, 2016. 5538:"Before the Law" 5501: 5500: 5494: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5202: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4971: 4965: 4946: 4940: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4852: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4714: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4525:. NBC New York. 4518: 4512: 4511: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4338: 4327: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4229:Associated Press 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872:"Before the Law" 3867: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3815:on June 19, 2017 3801: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3770: 3753: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3596:. Archived from 3585: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3554: 3548:. Archived from 3547: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3523:on June 14, 2013 3519:. Archived from 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3445:. Archived from 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3416:. Archived from 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3317:. Archived from 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3173: 3167: 3149: 3143: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2875:on April 3, 2017 2871:. Archived from 2852: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2603: 2597: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2531: 2525: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2417: 2402: 2384: 2378: 2377:, August 1, 1884 2362: 2356: 2338: 2332: 2314: 2308: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2277:. Archived from 2266: 2260: 2241: 2235: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2181: 2175: 2162: 2156: 2142:Captive Audience 2138: 2132: 2131: 2119: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2049: 2041:"Queens Bus Map" 2037: 2031: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1934:. Archived from 1927: 1921: 1920: 1915:. Archived from 1888: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1862: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1797: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1606:. Archived from 1604:DNAinfo New York 1595: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1533: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1497: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1475: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1431:. Archived from 1430: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1354: 1331:Cook County Jail 1303: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1133: 1061:Jason Echevarria 901:Patricia DiMango 825: 822: 816: 789: 788: 781: 621:Jonathan Lippman 576:Averell Harriman 467:Roosevelt Island 401:Anderson Zouaves 128: 127: 125: 124: 123: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 63: 62: 56: 40: 28: 27: 6645: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6460: 6419: 6282: 6236:North Riverdale 6155: 6146: 6098: 6082: 6052: 6047: 6034: 6002: 5945: 5927: 5913:Isle of Meadows 5906: 5888: 5816: 5793: 5730: 5663: 5654: 5628: 5623: 5592: 5568: 5533: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5463: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5334: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5203: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4972: 4968: 4957:Wayback Machine 4947: 4943: 4933:Wayback Machine 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4853: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4823:www.justice.gov 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4519: 4515: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4442:The Indypendent 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3966: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3939:Huffington Post 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3907:WABC 7 New York 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3543:"Archived copy" 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3440:"Archived copy" 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3272: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160:Wayback Machine 3150: 3146: 3136:Wayback Machine 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2928: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2853: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2761:"More Just NYC" 2759: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2604: 2600: 2594:Wayback Machine 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2418: 2405: 2395:Wayback Machine 2385: 2381: 2372:Wayback Machine 2363: 2359: 2349:Wayback Machine 2339: 2335: 2325:Wayback Machine 2315: 2311: 2303:Wayback Machine 2293: 2289: 2267: 2263: 2252:Wayback Machine 2242: 2238: 2227:Wayback Machine 2217: 2213: 2206: 2182: 2178: 2172:Wayback Machine 2163: 2159: 2149:Wayback Machine 2139: 2135: 2128: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1928: 1924: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1798: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1701:Ridgeway, James 1698: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1611: 1596: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1560: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1498: 1489: 1473: 1471: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1419: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1214:Law & Order 1206:Marvel Universe 1201: 1189: 1176: 1158: 1156:Eugene Castelle 1149: 1140: 1138:Jerome Murdough 1131: 1107: 1105:Bradley Ballard 1083: 1063: 1058: 1056:Detainee deaths 1026: 1024:COVID-19 crisis 1014: 967: 951: 943:executive order 923:Anthony Kennedy 893: 869: 853: 826: 820: 817: 811:or excerpts to 802: 790: 786: 779: 746: 713: 705: 629:Glenn E. Martin 616: 605:Yolanda Serrano 585:was founded by 563: 463: 446: 445: 378: 373: 365:European Turkey 295:Walter B. Keane 242: 241: 222: 121: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 102: 100: 99: 69: 68: 67: 66: 65: 64: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6643: 6642: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6613:Prison islands 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6415:Williamsbridge 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6383:Edgewater Park 6375: 6370: 6368:Pelham Parkway 6365: 6360: 6358:Pelham Gardens 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6258:Spuyten Duyvil 6255: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6221:Morris Heights 6218: 6217: 6216: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6081: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6041:Former islands 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5830: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5801: 5799: 5798:Entirely in NJ 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5749:Castle Clinton 5744: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5682:Chimney Sweeps 5679: 5673: 5671: 5669:Pelham Islands 5665: 5664: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5566: 5556: 5553:New York Times 5547: 5543:The New Yorker 5532: 5531:External links 5529: 5528: 5527: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5454: 5423: 5392: 5361: 5325: 5294: 5261: 5230: 5184: 5153: 5135:Democracy Now! 5121: 5090: 5059: 5028: 4997: 4966: 4941: 4917: 4886: 4840: 4810: 4779: 4740: 4704: 4673: 4634: 4601: 4567: 4540: 4513: 4506:) – via 4490: 4459: 4428: 4389: 4350: 4313: 4279: 4246: 4210: 4188: 4155: 4122: 4089: 4059: 4026: 4008:The New Yorker 3993: 3957: 3924: 3893: 3876:The New Yorker 3859: 3826: 3796: 3760: 3737: 3701: 3678: 3668: 3642: 3611: 3580: 3534: 3503: 3477: 3431: 3398: 3365: 3332: 3299: 3263: 3228: 3198: 3168: 3144: 3120: 3094: 3071: 3038: 2999: 2969: 2919: 2886: 2844: 2811: 2778: 2752: 2719: 2686: 2657: 2631: 2598: 2578: 2552: 2526: 2507: 2477: 2444: 2437: 2421:Steinberg, Ted 2403: 2379: 2375:New York Times 2357: 2333: 2309: 2287: 2261: 2236: 2211: 2204: 2188:, ed. (2010). 2176: 2157: 2133: 2126: 2104: 2065: 2032: 2016: 1993:. p. 41. 1975: 1949: 1922: 1883: 1852: 1823: 1806:New York Times 1787: 1754: 1728: 1692: 1662: 1621: 1587: 1554: 1525: 1487: 1452: 1410: 1379: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1275:Inventing Anna 1270: 1263: 1256: 1247: 1235: 1228:period poverty 1218: 1209: 1200: 1197: 1188: 1185: 1175: 1172: 1163:plea agreement 1157: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1106: 1103: 1082: 1079: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1025: 1022: 1013: 1010: 971:LGBT prisoners 966: 963: 950: 947: 928:Davis v. Ayala 910:The New Yorker 896:Kalief Browder 892: 891:Kalief Browder 889: 868: 865: 852: 849: 828: 827: 793: 791: 784: 778: 777:Sexual assault 775: 745: 742: 712: 709: 704: 701: 682:Kalief Browder 653:Bill de Blasio 637:Bill de Blasio 615: 612: 562: 561:Notable events 559: 520:at the end of 462: 459: 417: 416: 377: 374: 372: 369: 361:Marmara Prison 300: 299: 291: 283: 280: 273: 270: 267: 264: 258: 255: 252: 249: 232: 231: 221: 218: 175:that contains 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 75: 71: 70: 58: 57: 51: 50: 49: 48: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6641: 6640: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623:Rikers Island 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6449:Fordham Plaza 6447: 6445: 6444:Arthur Avenue 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6436:Rikers Island 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424:Related areas 6422: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6393:Schuylerville 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089:New York City 6086: 6085:Neighborhoods 6079: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6017:North Battery 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5942: 5941:Newtown Creek 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5902:Kill Van Kull 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5849: 5848:Broad Channel 5846: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633:Major islands 5631: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5525:9781421427355 5522: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5498: 5492: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5459: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5330: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5104:NY Daily News 5101: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5073:NY Daily News 5070: 5063: 5047: 5043: 5042:ABC7 New York 5039: 5032: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4990:September 29, 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4900:NY Daily News 4897: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4728: 4724: 4723:NY Daily News 4720: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4692: 4688: 4687:NY Daily News 4684: 4677: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4473:Hard Crackers 4470: 4463: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4148:September 29, 4143: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3962: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3594:Village Voice 3591: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3082: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3053:New York Post 3049: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2924: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2849: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2826:Village Voice 2822: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2793:Village Voice 2789: 2782: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2540: 2537:. Tug44.org. 2536: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269:Barth, Kodi. 2265: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2129: 2123: 2120:. Macmillan. 2118: 2117: 2108: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2058:September 29, 2054:. August 2022 2053: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1937: 1933: 1930:Barth, Kodi. 1926: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1569:The Economist 1565: 1558: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1449: 1434: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1349: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1327:(Los Angeles) 1326: 1323: 1321:(Los Angeles) 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1291: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1223:New Amsterdam 1219: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1153: 1147:Rolando Perez 1144: 1135: 1128: 1123: 1120:According to 1118: 1116: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1018:Preet Bharara 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 991:homosexuality 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 962: 960: 954: 946: 944: 940: 939: 934: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 912: 911: 906: 902: 897: 888: 885: 881: 878: 874: 864: 860: 858: 848: 846: 842: 837: 836: 824: 814: 810: 806: 800: 799: 794:This article 792: 783: 782: 774: 771: 767: 766: 760: 757: 756: 755:Village Voice 750: 741: 738: 732: 728: 726: 722: 718: 708: 700: 696: 692: 690: 685: 683: 679: 678:Letitia James 676: 671: 667: 662: 660: 659: 658:New York Post 654: 648: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 611: 608: 606: 602: 597: 595: 594:Salvador Dalí 590: 588: 584: 579: 577: 572: 568: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:Falklands War 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510:David Dinkins 506: 504: 503:Staten Island 500: 496: 492: 486: 484: 478: 474: 472: 468: 458: 454: 452: 441: 437: 433: 430: 426: 421: 415: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 385: 383: 368: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 327: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 297: 296: 292: 289: 288: 284: 281: 278: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 245: 236: 230: 228: 217: 215: 211: 210: 203: 201: 197: 192: 190: 186: 180: 178: 177:New York City 174: 170: 166: 165:prison island 162: 161:Rikers Island 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 98: 94: 91:New York City 90: 86: 83: 82:New York City 79: 76: 72: 55: 46: 39: 34: 31:Rikers Island 29: 26: 22: 6435: 6388:Locust Point 6378:Throggs Neck 6333:Country Club 6321:Harding Park 6316:Clason Point 6184:East Tremont 6169:Bedford Park 6044: 6022: 6015: 5987: 5970: 5958: 5951: 5876: 5869: 5860:Canarsie Pol 5852: 5840: 5833: 5812:Robbins Reef 5804: 5776: 5756:Cypress Tree 5754: 5747: 5736:New York Bay 5723: 5711: 5591: 5570: 5562: 5552: 5541: 5514: 5508:Bibliography 5479:. Retrieved 5470: 5447:February 18, 5445:. Retrieved 5436: 5426: 5416:February 18, 5414:. Retrieved 5405: 5395: 5385:February 18, 5383:. Retrieved 5374: 5364: 5354:February 18, 5352:. Retrieved 5341: 5318:February 18, 5316:. Retrieved 5307: 5297: 5287:February 18, 5285:. Retrieved 5274: 5264: 5254:February 18, 5252:. Retrieved 5243: 5233: 5223:February 18, 5221:. Retrieved 5210: 5177:February 18, 5175:. Retrieved 5166: 5156: 5146:February 18, 5144:. Retrieved 5133: 5124: 5112:. Retrieved 5103: 5093: 5081:. Retrieved 5072: 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5041: 5031: 5019:. Retrieved 5010: 5000: 4988:. Retrieved 4984:the original 4979: 4969: 4959: 4944: 4935: 4920: 4908:. Retrieved 4899: 4889: 4877:. Retrieved 4860: 4831:. Retrieved 4822: 4813: 4801:. Retrieved 4792: 4782: 4770:. Retrieved 4753: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4722: 4695:. Retrieved 4686: 4676: 4664:. Retrieved 4647: 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4614: 4604: 4594:December 29, 4592:. Retrieved 4580: 4570: 4560:December 29, 4558:. Retrieved 4552:. Newsweek. 4543: 4533:December 29, 4531:. Retrieved 4516: 4493: 4483:December 31, 4481:. Retrieved 4472: 4462: 4450:. Retrieved 4441: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4403:The Guardian 4402: 4392: 4380:. Retrieved 4363: 4353: 4341:. Retrieved 4316: 4306:February 18, 4304:. Retrieved 4295: 4270:. Retrieved 4259: 4249: 4239:December 28, 4237:. Retrieved 4222: 4213: 4203:December 28, 4201:. Retrieved 4191: 4181:February 12, 4179:. Retrieved 4168: 4158: 4146:. Retrieved 4135: 4125: 4115:November 30, 4113:. Retrieved 4102: 4092: 4082:February 14, 4080:. Retrieved 4071: 4062: 4052:February 14, 4050:. Retrieved 4039: 4029: 4019:February 14, 4017:. Retrieved 4006: 3996: 3984:. Retrieved 3975:The Atlantic 3973: 3948:. Retrieved 3937: 3927: 3917:February 14, 3915:. Retrieved 3906: 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3875: 3850:. Retrieved 3839: 3829: 3817:. Retrieved 3813:the original 3808: 3799: 3773:. Retrieved 3747: 3740: 3714:. Retrieved 3688: 3681: 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3655:the original 3645: 3633:. Retrieved 3627:. New York. 3624: 3614: 3602:. Retrieved 3598:the original 3593: 3583: 3557:. Retrieved 3550:the original 3537: 3525:. Retrieved 3521:the original 3516: 3506: 3494:. Retrieved 3490:the original 3480: 3454:. Retrieved 3447:the original 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3418:the original 3411: 3401: 3389:. Retrieved 3378: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3345: 3335: 3323:. Retrieved 3319:the original 3312: 3302: 3290:. Retrieved 3279: 3254:. Retrieved 3248:(804): 796. 3245: 3241: 3231: 3219:. Retrieved 3211:NBC New York 3210: 3201: 3189:. Retrieved 3180: 3171: 3162: 3147: 3138: 3123: 3111:. Retrieved 3107: 3097: 3085:. Retrieved 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3051: 3041: 3029:. Retrieved 3012: 3002: 2990:. Retrieved 2982:www1.nyc.gov 2981: 2972: 2946:. Retrieved 2935: 2910:. Retrieved 2899: 2889: 2877:. Retrieved 2873:the original 2860: 2835:. Retrieved 2824: 2814: 2802:. Retrieved 2791: 2781: 2769:. Retrieved 2755: 2743:. Retrieved 2732: 2722: 2710:. Retrieved 2699: 2689: 2679:November 19, 2677:. Retrieved 2667: 2660: 2648:. Retrieved 2634: 2622:. Retrieved 2611: 2601: 2581: 2569:. Retrieved 2555: 2543:. Retrieved 2529: 2510: 2498:. Retrieved 2489: 2480: 2468:. Retrieved 2457: 2447: 2427:. New York: 2424: 2397: 2382: 2374: 2360: 2351: 2336: 2327: 2312: 2305: 2290: 2282: 2279:the original 2274: 2264: 2254: 2239: 2229: 2214: 2189: 2179: 2160: 2152: 2136: 2115: 2107: 2095:. Retrieved 2078: 2068: 2056:. Retrieved 2035: 2027: 2019: 2007:. Retrieved 1988: 1978: 1966:. Retrieved 1952: 1942:December 31, 1940:. Retrieved 1936:the original 1925: 1917:the original 1896: 1886: 1874:. Retrieved 1870:the original 1843:. Retrieved 1839:the original 1814:. Retrieved 1805: 1778:. Retrieved 1745:. Retrieved 1731: 1719:. Retrieved 1710:Mother Jones 1708: 1695: 1685:December 22, 1683:. Retrieved 1674: 1665: 1653:. Retrieved 1634: 1624: 1614:December 11, 1612:. Retrieved 1608:the original 1603: 1578:. Retrieved 1567: 1557: 1545:. Retrieved 1541:the original 1516:. Retrieved 1505: 1481: 1479: 1472:. Retrieved 1455: 1447: 1440:. Retrieved 1433:the original 1401:. Retrieved 1393:the Guardian 1392: 1382: 1370:. Retrieved 1361: 1352: 1273: 1267:Lana Del Rey 1250: 1239:The Night Of 1237: 1221: 1212: 1190: 1181: 1177: 1166: 1159: 1150: 1141: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1099:color of law 1096: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081:Ronald Spear 1075: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1047: 1041: 1027: 1015: 1003: 968: 955: 952: 936: 933:Barack Obama 926: 915: 908: 894: 886: 882: 870: 861: 854: 833: 831: 821:January 2024 818: 803:Please help 795: 769: 763: 761: 753: 751: 747: 733: 729: 717:fare evasion 714: 706: 697: 693: 686: 663: 656: 649: 641: 617: 609: 598: 591: 580: 564: 507: 491:Robert Moses 487: 479: 475: 464: 455: 447: 440:Flushing Bay 436:Shea Stadium 409: 386: 379: 376:Historic use 354: 331: 315:John Lindsay 304: 301: 293: 285: 243: 223: 209:Mother Jones 207: 204: 193: 181: 160: 159: 25: 6431:Marble Hill 6363:Parkchester 6343:Morris Park 6338:Eastchester 6311:City Island 6306:Castle Hill 6246:Hudson Hill 6204:Kingsbridge 6199:Jerome Park 6142:Port Morris 6117:Hunts Point 6104:South Bronx 6024:Paparinemin 5897:Arthur Kill 5826:Jamaica Bay 5697:Green Flats 5692:Cuban Ledge 5677:The Blauzes 5586:Part 2 here 5481:January 27, 5021:January 13, 4627:February 2, 3775:December 4, 3716:December 4, 3391:February 4, 3292:November 5, 3256:November 5, 3242:Open Jurist 3221:October 18, 3191:October 18, 2650:October 21, 2571:October 16, 2545:October 16, 2500:October 21, 1835:"About DOC" 1816:November 5, 1780:January 15, 1403:January 18, 1372:January 18, 1187:2021 deaths 1028:During the 995:transgender 601:AIDS crisis 599:During the 587:Omar Portee 534:New Orleans 524:, near the 522:Hunts Point 429:4/22 runway 382:Long Island 141:Established 120: / 96:Coordinates 6562:Categories 6353:Pelham Bay 6328:Co-op City 6301:Baychester 6288:East Bronx 6273:West Farms 6194:Highbridge 6161:West Bronx 6137:Mott Haven 6132:Morrisania 5936:East River 5884:Ruffle Bar 5308:Refinery29 5244:Teen Vogue 5167:Refinery29 4272:August 24, 3986:January 3, 3950:January 3, 3886:October 4, 3661:August 19, 3625:Daily News 3604:August 19, 3527:August 19, 3496:August 19, 3113:August 23, 2745:August 30, 2712:August 30, 2624:August 24, 2522:Eric Adams 2127:0312261799 2009:August 24, 1968:August 17, 1913:A610059947 1876:August 17, 1845:August 17, 1547:August 17, 1344:References 1167:Daily News 1006:Eric Adams 813:Wikisource 518:East River 352:facility. 350:composting 169:East River 108:73°52′58″W 105:40°47′28″N 6405:Wakefield 6373:Soundview 6348:Olinville 6241:Fieldston 6231:Riverdale 6179:Concourse 6096:the Bronx 6043:shown in 5993:Roosevelt 5966:Mill Rock 5953:Berrien's 5806:Black Tom 5789:Swinburne 5778:Lafayette 5767:Governors 5645:Manhattan 5471:nymag.com 5083:August 9, 4869:0362-4331 4762:0362-4331 4656:0362-4331 4589:0362-4331 4411:0261-3077 4372:0362-4331 4343:August 5, 3809:Gothamist 3785:cite book 3726:cite book 3424:April 23, 3358:April 22, 3325:April 23, 3108:USA TODAY 3021:0362-4331 2958:cite news 2869:0362-4331 2470:March 15, 2275:NYC24.com 2087:0362-4331 1999:0362-4331 1905:0362-4331 1645:0362-4331 1580:April 14, 1339:(Houston) 1333:(Chicago) 1260:Pop Smoke 809:Wikiquote 796:contains 581:In 1993, 389:Civil War 173:the Bronx 78:The Bronx 6400:Van Nest 6296:Allerton 6122:Longwood 5960:Cob Dock 5923:Shooters 5580:Archived 5576:ABC News 5491:cite web 5475:Archived 5441:Archived 5410:Archived 5406:The Root 5379:Archived 5375:The City 5348:Archived 5312:Archived 5281:Archived 5276:ABC News 5248:Archived 5217:Archived 5212:NBC News 5171:Archived 5140:Archived 5108:Archived 5077:Archived 5046:Archived 5015:Archived 4953:Archived 4929:Archived 4904:Archived 4873:Archived 4827:Archived 4797:Archived 4793:Newsweek 4766:Archived 4733:July 15, 4727:Archived 4691:Archived 4660:Archived 4621:Archived 4554:Archived 4527:Archived 4477:Archived 4452:April 2, 4446:Archived 4421:April 2, 4415:Archived 4382:April 2, 4376:Archived 4334:Archived 4300:Archived 4296:The City 4266:Archived 4233:Archived 4175:Archived 4142:Archived 4109:Archived 4076:Archived 4046:Archived 4013:Archived 3980:Archived 3944:Archived 3911:Archived 3880:Archived 3852:April 1, 3846:Archived 3819:April 1, 3766:Archived 3707:Archived 3629:Archived 3569:cite web 3466:cite web 3385:Archived 3352:Archived 3286:Archived 3250:Archived 3215:Archived 3185:Archived 3156:Archived 3132:Archived 3087:April 3, 3064:April 3, 3058:Archived 3025:Archived 2986:Archived 2942:Archived 2912:April 3, 2906:Archived 2831:Archived 2798:Archived 2765:Archived 2739:Archived 2706:Archived 2673:Archived 2644:Archived 2618:Archived 2590:Archived 2565:Archived 2539:Archived 2494:Archived 2464:Archived 2423:(2010). 2391:Archived 2368:Archived 2345:Archived 2321:Archived 2299:Archived 2248:Archived 2223:Archived 2168:Archived 2145:Archived 2097:April 3, 2091:Archived 2003:Archived 1962:Archived 1810:Archived 1774:Archived 1747:April 1, 1741:Archived 1715:Archived 1679:Archived 1649:Archived 1574:Archived 1518:April 3, 1512:Archived 1474:July 27, 1468:Archived 1466:. 2007. 1464:CBS News 1442:July 26, 1397:Archived 1366:Archived 1362:BBC News 1287:See also 1038:COVID-19 987:lockdown 959:hog-tied 427:and its 346:car wash 189:ZIP Code 74:Location 6454:The Hub 6263:Tremont 6251:Mosholu 6226:Norwood 6189:Fordham 6174:Belmont 6127:Melrose 6092:borough 6087:in the 6045:italics 5918:Prall's 5865:Mau Mau 5784:Liberty 5772:Hoffman 5114:May 16, 5052:May 16, 4980:AP News 4910:May 16, 4879:May 16, 4833:May 16, 4803:May 16, 4772:May 16, 4697:May 16, 4666:May 16, 4508:Twitter 3635:May 19, 3559:May 19, 3517:Dnainfo 3456:May 19, 3181:Reuters 3140:DNAinfo 3031:May 14, 2992:May 16, 2948:May 16, 2879:May 13, 2837:May 14, 2804:May 14, 2771:May 15, 2596:WSOC-TV 1721:July 9, 1655:May 16, 999:hearing 918:suicide 719:on the 670:methane 555:Ed Koch 432:stretch 397:Zouaves 371:History 167:in the 5988:Rikers 5972:Mussel 5842:Bergen 5835:Barren 5713:Hunter 5650:Staten 5523: 4867: 4760: 4654: 4587: 4409: 4370: 3758: 3699: 3019: 2867: 2435: 2202: 2124: 2085: 1997: 1911: 1903: 1643: 977:. The 721:subway 357:Europe 307:Queens 227:prison 5878:Plumb 5854:Coney 5762:Ellis 5437:Vogue 4504:Tweet 4337:(PDF) 4326:(PDF) 3769:(PDF) 3752:(PDF) 3710:(PDF) 3693:(PDF) 3553:(PDF) 3546:(PDF) 3450:(PDF) 3443:(PDF) 2459:Grist 2153:NYC24 1436:(PDF) 1429:(PDF) 1130:died. 1127:Times 841:dildo 770:Times 723:, or 319:ferry 5871:Mill 5725:Twin 5707:High 5702:Hart 5687:City 5640:Long 5521:ISBN 5497:link 5483:2022 5449:2023 5418:2023 5387:2023 5356:2023 5320:2023 5289:2023 5256:2023 5225:2023 5179:2023 5148:2023 5116:2017 5085:2020 5054:2017 5023:2015 4992:2014 4912:2017 4881:2017 4865:ISSN 4835:2017 4805:2017 4774:2017 4758:ISSN 4735:2017 4699:2017 4668:2017 4652:ISSN 4629:2022 4596:2023 4585:ISSN 4562:2021 4535:2021 4485:2020 4454:2020 4423:2020 4407:ISSN 4384:2020 4368:ISSN 4345:2016 4308:2023 4274:2018 4241:2008 4205:2008 4183:2017 4150:2014 4117:2014 4084:2017 4054:2017 4021:2017 3988:2016 3952:2015 3919:2017 3888:2014 3854:2017 3821:2017 3791:link 3777:2016 3756:ISBN 3732:link 3718:2016 3697:ISBN 3663:2013 3637:2012 3606:2013 3575:link 3561:2012 3529:2013 3498:2013 3472:link 3458:2012 3426:2010 3393:2009 3360:2016 3327:2010 3294:2014 3258:2014 3223:2019 3193:2019 3115:2024 3089:2017 3066:2017 3033:2017 3017:ISSN 2994:2017 2964:link 2950:2017 2914:2017 2881:2017 2865:ISSN 2839:2017 2806:2017 2773:2017 2747:2020 2714:2020 2681:2020 2652:2014 2626:2018 2573:2013 2547:2013 2502:2014 2472:2016 2433:ISBN 2234:p.46 2200:ISBN 2122:ISBN 2099:2017 2083:ISSN 2060:2022 2011:2018 1995:ISSN 1970:2014 1944:2008 1909:Gale 1901:ISSN 1878:2014 1847:2014 1818:2014 1782:2023 1749:2017 1723:2018 1687:2021 1657:2017 1641:ISSN 1616:2015 1582:2017 1549:2014 1520:2017 1476:2007 1444:2007 1405:2023 1374:2023 871:The 323:Q100 144:1932 133:Area 6094:of 5719:Rat 5343:CNN 3246:F2d 2151:." 2046:PDF 1265:In 1258:In 1249:In 1244:HBO 532:in 501:on 363:in 171:in 6564:: 6547:28 6542:27 6537:26 6529:12 6524:11 6519:10 5574:. 5540:, 5493:}} 5489:{{ 5473:. 5469:. 5457:^ 5439:. 5435:. 5408:. 5404:. 5377:. 5373:. 5346:. 5340:. 5328:^ 5310:. 5306:. 5279:. 5273:. 5246:. 5242:. 5215:. 5209:. 5187:^ 5169:. 5165:. 5132:. 5106:. 5102:. 5075:. 5071:. 5044:. 5040:. 5013:. 5009:. 4978:. 4902:. 4898:. 4871:. 4863:. 4859:. 4843:^ 4821:. 4795:. 4791:. 4764:. 4756:. 4752:. 4725:. 4721:. 4707:^ 4689:. 4685:. 4658:. 4650:. 4646:. 4619:. 4613:. 4583:. 4579:. 4475:. 4471:. 4444:. 4440:. 4413:. 4405:. 4401:. 4374:. 4366:. 4362:. 4332:. 4328:. 4298:. 4294:. 4282:^ 4264:. 4258:. 4227:. 4221:. 4173:. 4167:. 4140:. 4134:. 4107:. 4101:. 4070:. 4044:. 4038:. 4011:. 4005:. 3978:. 3972:. 3960:^ 3942:. 3936:. 3909:. 3905:. 3874:. 3862:^ 3844:. 3838:. 3807:. 3787:}} 3783:{{ 3764:. 3728:}} 3724:{{ 3705:. 3623:. 3592:. 3571:}} 3567:{{ 3515:. 3468:}} 3464:{{ 3410:. 3383:. 3377:. 3350:. 3344:. 3311:. 3284:. 3278:. 3266:^ 3244:. 3240:. 3209:. 3179:. 3106:. 3056:. 3050:. 3023:. 3015:. 3011:. 2984:. 2980:. 2960:}} 2956:{{ 2940:. 2934:. 2922:^ 2904:. 2898:. 2863:. 2859:. 2847:^ 2829:. 2823:. 2796:. 2790:. 2763:. 2737:. 2731:. 2704:. 2698:. 2616:. 2610:. 2517:, 2492:. 2488:. 2462:. 2456:. 2406:^ 2273:. 2198:. 2089:. 2081:. 2077:. 2050:. 2026:, 2001:. 1987:. 1907:. 1895:. 1855:^ 1826:^ 1808:. 1804:. 1790:^ 1768:. 1757:^ 1713:. 1707:. 1673:. 1647:. 1639:. 1633:. 1602:. 1590:^ 1572:. 1566:. 1528:^ 1510:. 1504:. 1490:^ 1478:. 1446:. 1424:. 1413:^ 1395:. 1391:. 1360:. 752:A 557:. 505:. 473:. 80:, 6514:9 6509:8 6504:7 6499:6 6494:5 6489:4 6484:3 6479:2 6474:1 6077:e 6070:t 6063:v 5618:e 5611:t 5604:v 5588:) 5584:( 5499:) 5485:. 5451:. 5420:. 5389:. 5358:. 5322:. 5291:. 5258:. 5227:. 5181:. 5150:. 5118:. 5087:. 5056:. 5025:. 4994:. 4914:. 4883:. 4837:. 4807:. 4776:. 4737:. 4701:. 4670:. 4631:. 4598:. 4564:. 4537:. 4510:. 4502:( 4487:. 4456:. 4425:. 4386:. 4347:. 4310:. 4276:. 4243:. 4207:. 4185:. 4152:. 4119:. 4086:. 4056:. 4023:. 3990:. 3954:. 3921:. 3890:. 3856:. 3823:. 3793:) 3779:. 3734:) 3720:. 3665:. 3639:. 3608:. 3577:) 3563:. 3531:. 3500:. 3474:) 3460:. 3428:. 3395:. 3362:. 3329:. 3296:. 3260:. 3225:. 3195:. 3117:. 3091:. 3068:. 3035:. 2996:. 2966:) 2952:. 2916:. 2883:. 2841:. 2808:. 2775:. 2749:. 2716:. 2683:. 2654:. 2628:. 2575:. 2549:. 2504:. 2474:. 2441:. 2208:. 2140:" 2130:. 2101:. 2062:. 2048:) 2044:( 2013:. 1972:. 1946:. 1880:. 1849:. 1820:. 1784:. 1751:. 1725:. 1689:. 1659:. 1618:. 1584:. 1551:. 1522:. 1407:. 1376:. 1234:. 1132:' 1004:" 823:) 819:( 815:. 801:. 442:. 279:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index