2913:
76:
1713:
699:
2914:
1751:
Standard French contrasts up to 13 oral vowels and up to 4 nasal vowels. The schwa (in the center of the diagram next to this paragraph) is not necessarily a distinctive sound. Even though it often merges with one of the mid front rounded vowels, its patterning suggests that it is a separate phoneme
5224:
Emphatic stress is used to call attention to a specific element in a given context such as to express a contrast or to reinforce the emotive content of a word. In French, this stress falls on the first consonant-initial syllable of the word in question. The characteristics associated with emphatic
5179:
Word stress is not distinctive in French, so two words cannot be distinguished based on stress placement alone. Grammatical stress is always on the final full syllable (syllable with a vowel other than schwa) of a word. Monosyllables with schwa as their only vowel
5205:
The difference between stressed and unstressed syllables in French is less marked than in
English. Vowels in unstressed syllables keep their full quality, regardless of whether the rhythm of the speaker is syllable-timed or mora-timed (see
3386:
elsewhere. However, some speakers make a clear distinction, and it exhibits special phonological behavior that warrants considering it a distinct phoneme. Furthermore, the merger occurs mainly in the French of France; in Quebec,
2936:
While there is much variation among speakers in France, a number of general tendencies can be observed. First of all, the distinction is most often preserved in word-final stressed syllables such as in these minimal pairs:
2898:
is sometimes no longer maintained in
Parisian French, which leads some researchers to reject the idea of two distinct phonemes. However, the back is always maintained in Northern French, but only in final open syllables,
975:, but and are considered dialectal. The most common pronunciation is as a default realisation, complemented by a devoiced variant in the positions before or after a voiceless obstruent or at the end of a sentence. See
4550:('snout'). They can be dealt with in different ways, as by adding appropriate contextual conditions to the glide formation rule or by assuming that the phonemic inventory of French includes underlying glides or rising
3035:
The difference in quality is often reinforced by a difference in length (but the difference is contrastive in final closed syllables). The exact distribution of the two vowels varies greatly from speaker to speaker.
4465:
The glides , , and appear in syllable onsets immediately followed by a full vowel. In many cases, they alternate systematically with their vowel counterparts , , and such as in the following pairs of verb forms:
1601:
A few cases of gemination do not correspond to double consonant letters in the orthography. The deletion of word-internal schwas (see below), for example, can give rise to sequences of identical consonants:
3166:
distinguish them mainly through increased lip rounding of the former, but many speakers use only the latter phoneme, especially most speakers in northern France such as Paris (but not farther north, in
1006:
may also be palatalised to . Velar palatalisation has traditionally been associated with the working class, though recent studies suggest it is spreading to more demographics of large French cities.
756:
are dentalised laminal alveolar (commonly called 'dental'), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the back of the upper front teeth, with the tip resting behind lower front teeth.
5321:
The information question intonation is a rapid fall-off from a high pitch on the first word of a non-yes/no question, often followed by a small rise in pitch on the last syllable of the question.
3483:
On the other hand, it is pronounced word-internally when it follows more pronounced consonants that cannot be combined into a complex onset with the initial consonants of the next syllable:
1677:
Many words in French can be analyzed as having a "latent" final consonant that is pronounced only in certain syntactic contexts when the next word begins with a vowel. For example, the word
5254:
For words that begin with a vowel, emphatic stress falls on the first syllable that begins with a consonant or on the initial syllable with the insertion of a glottal stop or a
4507:
The glides in the examples can be analyzed as the result of a glide formation process that turns an underlying high vowel into a glide when followed by another vowel:
5928:
5770:
s in French, but evidence from speaker to speaker and sometimes within the speech of a single speaker is too contradictory to give empirical support to this claim".
2641:
Although the mid vowels contrast in certain environments, there is a limited distributional overlap so they often appear in complementary distribution. Generally,
3513:, word-final schwa is always elided before another vowel and at the ends of verses. It is pronounced before a following consonant-initial word. For example,
5210:). Moreover, words lose their stress to varying degrees when pronounced in phrases and sentences. In general, only the last word in a phonological phrase (
3675:('teacher'), variation in vowel length is entirely allophonic. Vowels can be lengthened in closed, stressed syllables, under the following two conditions:
2574:
In contrast with the mid vowels, there is no tense–lax contrast in close vowels. However, non-phonemic lax (near-close) appear in Quebec as allophones of
4443:
in syntactic combinations with a following word that begins with a vowel. For example, compare the pronunciation of the unstressed subject pronoun, in
63:
7003:
5455:
381:(resyllabification) in which word-final and word-initial consonants may be moved across a syllable boundary, with syllables crossing word boundaries:
1567:
varies by speaker and gives rise to widely varying stylistic effects. In particular, the gemination of consonants other than the liquids and nasals
1471:('he was dying'). In some other words, most modern speakers have reduced to , such as "il pourrait" ('he could'). Other verbs that have a double
3626:→ ('give it to me') for which schwa deletion would normally apply (giving *), and it counts as a full syllable for the determination of stress.
7045:
6030:
2838:
has been lost in the southern half of France, where these two sounds are found only in complementary distribution. The phonemic oppositions of
116:
75:
4624:('bee'). Schane (1968) proposes an abstract analysis deriving postvocalic from an underlying lateral by palatalization and glide conversion (
3150:
The phonetic qualities of the back nasal vowels differ from those of the corresponding oral vowels. The contrasting factor that distinguishes
3174:
In some dialects, particularly that of Europe, there is an attested tendency for nasal vowels to shift in a counterclockwise direction:
3158:
is the extra lip rounding of the latter according to some linguists, and tongue height according to others. Speakers who produce both
7711:
7312:
3406:
The main characteristic of French schwa is its "instability": the fact that under certain conditions it has no phonetic realization.
308:
5894:
Les voyelles nasales du français parisien moderne. Aspects linguistiques, sociolinguistiques et perceptuels des changements en cours
6593:
3532:) in closed syllables. In such contexts in inflectional and derivational morphology, schwa usually alternates with the front vowel
1759:
The table below primarily lists vowels in contemporary
Parisian French, with vowels only present in other dialects in parentheses.
5804:
3248:
In the
Provence and Occitanie regions, nasal vowels are often realized as oral vowels before a stop consonant, thus reviving the
5846:'cup', but for others the reverse is true. There are also, of course, those who use the same vowel, either or , in both words".
4538:('to nail'). Some sequences of glide + vowel can be found after obstruent-liquid onsets, however. The main examples are , as in
6682:
5356:
7317:
7280:
6922:
6899:
6846:
6786:
6735:
6715:
6656:
6583:
6547:
6444:
5901:
682:
3442:
Word-final schwas are optionally pronounced if preceded by two or more consonants and followed by a consonant-initial word:
6565:
799:
17:
6454:
2628:
776:
689:
655:
588:
4514:
This process is usually blocked after a complex onset of the form obstruent + liquid (a stop or a fricative followed by
3803:
The following table presents the pronunciation of a representative sample of words in phrase-final (stressed) position:
7038:
6692:
784:
6998:
3605:
that do not exhibit the behaviour described above may be better analysed as corresponding to the stable, full vowel
2606:. Laxing always occurs in stressed closed syllables, but it is also found in other environments to various degrees.
144:
7147:
5741:
620:
595:
5312:
The continuation pattern is a rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a rhythm group (typically a phrase).
7548:
7535:
7074:
6084:
3320:
1844:
581:
172:
45:
1496:, the resulting word is sometimes pronounced with a geminate and similarly for the variants of the same prefix
7746:
7099:
5336:
3535:
2814:
2806:
1885:
1879:
134:
5225:
stress include increased amplitude and pitch of the vowel and gemination of the onset consonant, as mentioned
7706:
7671:
7302:
7089:
7031:
5351:
3390:
3332:
3202:
in this case. According to one source, the typical phonetic realization of the nasal vowels in Paris is for
1851:
627:
301:
239:
111:
4417:
Though a more prominent feature of Quebec French, phrase-medial devoicing is also found in
European French.
355:
in which word-final consonants are not pronounced unless they are followed by a word beginning with a vowel;
7292:
7245:
7084:
3527:
3381:
3308:
1893:
1865:
1742:
613:
6931:
Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded
Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community",
6702:
6498:
Chitoran, Ioana (2002), "A perception-production study of
Romanian diphthongs and glide-vowel sequences",
5630:
5626:
5622:
5303:
5154:
5149:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5100:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4597:
4559:
4555:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4454:
4447:
4432:
4410:
4403:
In Quebec French, close vowels are often devoiced when unstressed and surrounded by voiceless consonants:
4396:
4387:
4369:
4365:
4324:
4290:
4256:
4222:
4188:
4156:
4122:
4088:
4069:
4041:
4007:
3979:
3945:
3917:
3883:
3864:
3830:
3790:
3786:
3764:
3760:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3660:
3656:
3644:
3637:
3623:
3606:
3594:
3583:
3574:
3558:
3549:
3518:
3500:
3491:
3475:
3466:
3448:
3434:
3418:
3371:
3357:
3346:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3065:
3040:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2975:
2966:
2955:
2946:
2920:
2895:
2891:
2879:
2875:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2579:
2575:
2546:
2541:
2524:
2519:
2502:
2497:
2473:
2468:
2451:
2446:
2429:
2424:
2407:
2402:
2380:
2375:
2358:
2353:
2336:
2331:
2314:
2309:
2292:
2287:
2270:
2265:
2248:
2243:
2226:
2221:
2204:
2199:
2182:
2177:
2160:
2155:
2138:
2133:
2116:
2111:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1568:
1448:
consonants are relatively rare in the pronunciation of such words. The following cases can be identified.
1421:
1416:
1399:
1394:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1351:
1346:
1329:
1324:
1307:
1302:
1283:
1278:
1263:
1258:
1241:
1236:
1221:
1216:
1199:
1194:
1179:
1174:
1157:
1152:
1137:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1095:
1090:
1073:
1068:
1053:
1048:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
983:
972:
930:
919:
912:
908:
904:
897:
888:
875:
871:
864:
860:
852:
822:
812:
808:
790:
770:
764:
760:
753:
742:
403:
59:
55:
4377:
1900:
1814:
6745:
5315:
The finality pattern is a sharp fall in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a declarative statement.
1571:
is "generally considered affected or pedantic". Examples of stylistically marked pronunciations include
7684:
7220:
7170:
7104:
7079:
1914:
991:
953:
662:
512:
6988:
6980:
2796:
are found in closed syllables ending in , and only is found in closed monosyllables before , , and .
7845:
7393:
7322:
7180:
7160:
6974:
6082:
3533:
3525:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3280:
2812:
2804:
2626:
2620:
2618:
1926:
1821:
1740:
851:. Some speakers who have difficulty with this consonant realise it as a sequence or replace it with
797:
782:
774:
362:
6512:
6474:
7850:
7716:
7398:
7332:
7297:
6594:"Sound Change and Articulatory Release: Where and Why are High Vowels Devoiced in Parisian French?"
5318:
The yes/no intonation is a sharp rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a yes/no question.
3214:, suggesting that the first two are unrounded open vowels that contrast by backness (like the oral
1830:
749:
519:
294:
181:
84:
6381:
Anderson, Stephen R. (1982), "The
Analysis of French Shwa: Or, How to Get Something for Nothing",
4600:, but the analysis is not always adequate because of the existence of possible minimal pairs like
7560:
7443:
7413:
7378:
7165:
7109:
7094:
5361:
945:
634:
544:
528:
7023:
377:
7814:
7601:
7408:
7307:
6507:
6469:
5308:
French intonation differs substantially from that of
English. There are four primary patterns:
3115:
may become if the word in question loses its stress within the extended phonological context:
1564:
445:
200:
41:
6292:
Mora-timed speech is frequent in French, especially in Canada, where it is very much the norm.
7458:
7425:
7418:
7327:
7240:
7235:
3305:('mute e'), is a mid-central vowel with some rounding. Many authors consider its value to be
1537:
949:
642:
551:
475:
468:
149:
5994:
7804:
7666:
7576:
7555:
7465:
7453:
7448:
7192:
7175:
3771:
When such syllables lose their stress, the lengthening effect may be absent. The vowel of
1579:
560:
482:
244:
6817:
5625:, as the vowel has become more open in recent times and is noticeably different from oral
3793:, however, it is still pronounced with a long vowel even in an unstressed position, as in
8:
7794:
7701:
7679:
7636:
7621:
7586:
7530:
7475:
7470:
7339:
7225:
7202:
7142:
6860:"Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect"
5341:
3590:
794:
568:
139:
6609:
6353:
Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The
Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe",
1444:
Although double consonant letters appear in the orthographic form of many French words,
101:
7691:
7500:
7435:
7430:
7385:
7344:
7132:
7058:
6948:
6879:
6835:
6822:
6629:
6525:
6487:
6398:
6370:
5968:
5346:
3043:
is much rarer in unstressed syllables, but it can be encountered in some common words:
3002:
There are certain environments that prefer one open vowel over the other. For example,
2096:
490:
435:
225:
206:
195:
106:
7591:
5801:
4280:
4262:
3342:
3048:
1451:
The geminate pronunciation is found in the future and conditional forms of the verbs
7819:
7784:
7769:
7753:
7741:
7726:
7696:
7656:
7626:
7606:
7596:
7540:
7520:
7510:
7495:
7480:
7365:
7360:
7287:
7257:
7252:
7230:
7212:
7207:
7197:
7187:
6952:
6918:
6895:
6883:
6859:
6842:
6782:
6731:
6711:
6688:
6652:
6633:
6579:
6561:
6543:
6440:
5897:
5331:
4565:
Glide formation normally does not occur across morpheme boundaries in compounds like
3398:
3282:
1858:
1553:
1529:
856:
746:
606:
537:
440:
364:
125:
6826:
6796:
6529:
6491:
5212:
4271:
4194:
4094:
3671:
7799:
7731:
7721:
7661:
7651:
7646:
7631:
7616:
7611:
7525:
7515:
7267:
7155:
7137:
7127:
6940:
6871:
6812:
6804:
6760:
6640:
6621:
6517:
6479:
6418:
6390:
6362:
5255:
5229:. Emphatic stress does not replace, but occurs in tandem with, grammatical stress.
4596:('sun'). There again, one can formulate a derivation from an underlying full vowel
4426:
4296:
3873:
3565:
A three-way alternation can be observed, in a few cases, for a number of speakers:
3545:
3073:
1672:
1573:
1559:
1521:
941:
455:
430:
425:
358:
348:
272:
267:
6808:
6601:
Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Science, San Francisco
4212:
4112:
3994:
3951:
3410:
That is usually the case when it follows a single consonant in a medial syllable:
3056:
2951:
2714:
7809:
7789:
7774:
7736:
7641:
7581:
7505:
7490:
7485:
7275:
7262:
6909:
6775:
6725:
6674:
6537:
6433:
5808:
4620:
4314:
3960:
3570:
3414:
3353:
2642:
1838:
1547:
1383:
847:
841:
835:
462:
450:
333:
325:
282:
234:
177:
92:
28:
6644:
3932:
3923:
3733:
3692:
2971:
2925:
2742:
2679:
2386:
2254:
2188:
1513:
1163:
211:
7824:
7779:
6855:
4614:
4592:
4339:
4330:
4305:
4128:
3969:
3889:
3836:
3698:
3665:
3487:
3194:
for which it becomes more open like , resulting in a merger of Standard French
2929:(pasta) . The distinction is still clearly maintained in many dialects such as
2901:
2770:
2736:
2728:
2673:
2650:
2066:
is phonologically distinct, its phonetic quality tends to coincide with either
1974:
1873:
1459:
1453:
961:
249:
167:
158:
7013:
7008:
6944:
6875:
6625:
6521:
6483:
6031:
Timbre du schwa en français et variation régionale : un étude comparative
3190:
shifts to or . Also, in some regions, there also is an opposite movement for
3082:
2854:
in terminal open syllables have been lost in almost all of France, but not in
2144:
1475:
orthographically in the future and conditional are pronounced with a simple :
976:
703:
7839:
6678:
6556:
Detey, Sylvain; Durand, Jacques; Laks, Bernard; Lyche, Chantal, eds. (2016),
6091:
5842:
5836:
5618:
4487:
4436:
4348:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4137:
4047:
4013:
3985:
3898:
3854:
3845:
3773:
3755:
3745:
3739:
3430:
3314:
3291:
3019:
2962:
2942:
2930:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2708:
1780:
1614:('him/her/it') is also realised as a geminate when it appears after another
671:
574:
505:
27:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of French for Knowledge articles, see
5526:
5524:
4608:
4602:
4575:
4499:
4475:
4203:
4171:
4162:
4146:
4103:
4056:
4031:
4022:
3907:
3300:
3100:
2870:
2530:
2508:
2479:
2457:
2413:
2342:
2298:
2232:
2166:
1679:
1427:
1405:
1357:
1335:
1289:
1269:
1227:
1205:
1121:
1101:
1079:
965:
957:
884:
879:
698:
188:
4590:
The glide can also occur in syllable coda position, after a vowel, as in
3460:
verbs, however, the schwa is sometimes deleted even after two consonants:
6423:
5194:
3727:
3027:
2991:
2982:
2864:
2722:
2552:
2435:
2320:
2014:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1775:
1488:
1313:
1247:
1185:
1143:
1059:
893:
819:
341:
277:
5745:
5521:
1686:('two') is pronounced in isolation or before a consonant-initial word (
6455:"From hiatus to diphthong: the evolution of vowel sequences in Romance"
5875:
5873:
5871:
5188:
5182:
4078:
3781:, in which the word is phrase-final and therefore stressed, but not in
3615:
2364:
2276:
2210:
2122:
2004:
1951:
1908:
1785:
1445:
7018:
6402:
6374:
3705:
All vowels are lengthened if followed by one of the voiced fricatives—
925:
7054:
6765:
5742:"Phonétique et prononciation du français pour apprenants finnophones"
5456:
Phonological Variation in French: Illustrations from Three Continents
5207:
4551:
4534:, a word with a complex onset, does not trigger the glide formation:
3064:
Morphologically complex words derived from words containing stressed
1712:
1595:
830:
329:
6206:
5868:
3233:
In Quebec French, two of the vowels shift in a different direction:
2788:
among French phonologists, there are some exceptions. For instance,
6394:
6366:
5646:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5216:) retains its full grammatical stress (on its last full syllable).
4373:
3610:
2907:
2657:) are found in closed syllables. However, there are minimal pairs:
2091:
1035:
1024:
929:, 'wet l'), but in the modern standard variety, it has merged with
337:
51:
5784:
2617:
is somewhat debatable as it has been variously described as close
7053:
7004:
mp3 Audio Pronunciation of French vowels, consonants and alphabet
6746:"La loi de position ou de l'explication en phonologie historique"
6242:
6161:
6012:
5536:
5497:
5458:, edited by Randall Scott Gess, Chantal Lyche, Trudel Meisenburg.
4440:
3168:
2859:
2855:
1467:('he would die'), for example, contrasts with the imperfect form
969:
826:
499:
5403:
3640:('a rebel') must be pronounced with a full vowel in contrast to
3633:
are more subject to variation among speakers, but, for example,
1642:
can exhibit gemination of its first syllable-initial consonant:
1563:('illusion'). The pronunciation of such words, in many cases, a
6539:
Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
5485:
5473:
5199:
3655:
Except for the distinction still made by some speakers between
3510:
2775:
707:
352:
5910:
5858:
5856:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5548:
1545:
Other cases of optional gemination can be found in words like
1127:'sweet' (food, feelings), 'gentle' (person), 'mild' (weather)
5699:
5697:
5695:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5393:
5391:
5389:
4530:
shows an alternation between and , the same suffix added to
4376:. A devoiced vowel may be followed by a sound similar to the
3276:
1716:
370:
7014:
French Consonants Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)
6230:
6173:
6048:
3690:, and the nasal vowels are lengthened before any consonant:
3517:
in ordinary speech, would in verse be pronounced , with the
5853:
5658:
3178:
tends to be more open and shifts toward the vowel space of
2051:
realised as central . Some dialects also feature a rounded
900:'law'), there are many cases where there is free variation.
6574:
Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Kibbee, Douglas; Jenkins, Fred (2006),
6060:
5938:
5936:
5692:
5432:
5386:
1233:'under', 'on' (drugs), 'in' (packaging), 'within' (times)
373:) are elided (such as when final before an initial vowel);
6307:
6295:
6149:
5600:
5560:
5269:('It's terrible.'; emphatic stress on second syllable of
2578:
when the vowel is both phonetically short (so not before
7009:
French Vowels Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)
6036:
6319:
6274:
6218:
6139:
6137:
6122:
6110:
6098:
5933:
5818:
5816:
5634:
3619:, for example, always keeps its vowel in contexts like
6959:
Yaguello, Marina (1991), "Les géminées de M. Rocard",
5682:
5680:
759:
Word-final consonants are always released. Generally,
6797:"Phrase-medial vowel devoicing in spontaneous French"
5766:"Some phoneticians claim that there are two distinct
5588:
1739:. In the latter case, the outcome is an open central
6555:
6134:
5948:
5813:
5530:
3524:
Schwa cannot normally be realised as a front vowel (
50:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7019:
IPA chart of French phonology with audio recordings
6841:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press,
6573:
6409:Berns, Janine (2013), "Velar variation in French",
6260:
6248:
6212:
6167:
6078:
6018:
5879:
5677:
5652:
5582:
5542:
5503:
5420:
3759:('pie') are pronounced with short vowels since the
3326:
1700:(→ 'two years'), the linking or liaison consonant
1610:('honesty'). The elided form of the object pronoun
344:, and three processes affecting word-final sounds:
6977:'s freely downloadable course on French phonology
6834:
6774:
6673:
6432:
5461:
5414:
6933:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6651:(in French), Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Duculot,
6614:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6500:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5721:
5709:
5509:
4569:('semi-arid'). However, in colloquial registers,
3814:
2613:are consistently close , but the exact height of
7837:
6794:
6331:
6179:
3426:It is occasionally mute in word-final position:
1731:(especially in the northern half of France) and
64:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
6439:, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press,
5236:. ('It's perfectly true.'; no emphatic stress)
2923:phoneme is fronted to , but it is always long,
2704:mostly in closed monosyllables, such as these:
918:Some dialects of French have a palatal lateral
855:. It could be considered a separate phoneme in
6999:Large collection of recordings of French words
6795:Torreira, Francisco; Ernestus, Mirjam (2010),
6639:
6592:Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Moisset, Christine (1999),
6453:Chitoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007),
6452:
6236:
5491:
5479:
5293:(initial syllable with glottal stop insertion)
3329:state, more specifically, that it merges with
3263:, there is no attested tendency for the nasal
1598:region, as opposed to other southern accents.
7039:
6607:
6591:
6155:
5862:
5671:
5554:
5443:
5397:
3186:rises and rounds to (realised also as ) and
302:
6730:, Continuum International Publishing Group,
6608:Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993),
3597:→ ('brand'), which can also be pronounced .
391:
336:. Notable phonological features include its
6536:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) ,
6535:
5916:
5703:
4063:
4001:
3939:
3111:Even in the final syllable of a word, back
2669:contrast in final-position open syllables:
1720:
1635:Gemination is obligatory in such contexts.
1319:'soft', 'weak' (stronger: person, actions)
7046:
7032:
6430:
6199:('king'), which contrasts with disyllabic
6054:
5929:Oral articulation of nasal vowel in French
5771:
5283:(initial syllable with liaison consonant )
3252:otherwise lost in other accents: quarante
2598:)' not only in the presence of the final
2490:
934:
309:
295:
6816:
6764:
6578:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
6511:
6473:
6422:
2582:) and in a closed syllable, so that e.g.
1747:between the two (not shown on the chart).
6958:
6854:
6667:Phonétisme et prononciations du français
6497:
6380:
6224:
6066:
5942:
5739:
5578:
5380:
4460:
2803:has been variously described as central
2035:and a distinction between an open front
1711:
697:
6710:, Melbourne: River Seine Publications,
5992:
5966:
4573:('if she') can be pronounced just like
3721:(not in combination)—or by the cluster
3456:In the future and conditional forms of
14:
7838:
6917:, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press,
6907:
6889:
6832:
6772:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6280:
6143:
6128:
6116:
6104:
6042:
5954:
5896:(in French). Museum Tusculanum Press.
5891:
5847:
5834:"For example, some have the front in
5822:
5640:
5606:
5594:
5566:
5304:Intonation (linguistics) § French
2906:
2784:Beyond the general rule, known as the
1492:combines with a base that begins with
944:has a wide range of realizations: the
7027:
6930:
6837:The Sounds of French: An Introduction
6743:
6723:
6408:
6352:
6271:are more frequently pronounced and .
5715:
5686:
5515:
5467:
5426:
4364:In Parisian French, the close vowels
3824:
3821:
3811:
3808:
3141:→ ('I went to the Vincennes woods').
2919:, but in final closed syllables, the
2563:† Not distinguished in all dialects.
1299:
781:but sometimes laminal denti-alveolar
6911:The Pronunciation of Canadian French
6727:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
6700:
6664:
6337:
5727:
3521:enunciated at the end of each word.
2890:The phonemic contrast between front
2823:, in both cases becoming similar to
1639:
328:. This article discusses mainly the
54:. For the distinction between ,
6684:The Sounds of the World's Languages
6249:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6213:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6168:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6019:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5880:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5653:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5583:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5543:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5504:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5357:Phonologie du Français Contemporain
3783:Qu'est-ce qu'elle saute bien !
3364:in phrase-final stressed position:
3327:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
3237:→ , more or less as in Europe, but
2649:) are found in open syllables, and
2027:While some dialects feature a long
399:Meaning: "We left the window open."
34:Sound system of the French language
24:
6261:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006
6079:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006
5967:Lindsey, Geoff (15 January 2012).
5219:
5202:but otherwise may receive stress.
1275:'cabbage', 'lovely' (person, pet)
968:. These are all recognised as the
721: only in some educated speech
25:
7862:
6968:
6610:"Illustrations of the IPA:French"
6576:French: A Linguistic Introduction
5993:Lindsey, Geoff (22 August 2012).
3749:('book'). However, words such as
3267:to become central in any accent.
2602:but also in the tenseness of the
2595:
2013:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1925:
1913:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1463:('to die'). The conditional form
688:
681:
661:
654:
633:
626:
619:
612:
594:
587:
580:
559:
550:
543:
527:
518:
511:
489:
481:
474:
467:
385:An example of the above is this:
6990:Introduction to French Phonology
6982:Introduction to French Phonology
6753:Revue Québécoise de Linguistique
6191:The correspond to orthographic
5415:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
5161:
5158:
5127:
5110:
5107:
5104:
4372:at the end of utterances can be
2587:
2043:, Parisian French features only
1638:Finally, a word pronounced with
1107:'all', 'anything' (possibility)
361:, in which certain instances of
74:
6894:, University of Calgary Press,
6781:, Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press,
6777:French Phonology and Morphology
6603:, vol. 1, pp. 309–312
6286:
6254:
6185:
6072:
6024:
5986:
5960:
5922:
5885:
5828:
5795:
5777:
5760:
5733:
5612:
5572:
4522:). For example, while the pair
3812:Vowel value in closed syllable
3779:Regarde comme elle saute !
3763:appears in clusters other than
3337:before high vowels and glides:
3145:
2569:
1723::225–226). Some speakers merge
874:correspond to the close vowels
393:On a laissé la fenêtre ouverte.
46:International Phonetic Alphabet
6963:, Paris: Seuil, pp. 64–70
6818:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-C810-3
6411:Linguistics in the Netherlands
6180:Torreira & Ernestus (2010)
5740:Kalmbach, Jean-Michel (2011).
5449:
5373:
5337:Phonological history of French
5226:
4435:) of a number of monosyllabic
3629:Cases of word-internal stable
2885:
2062:In Metropolitan French, while
727: usual in educated speech
145:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
13:
1:
6992:(student & teacher texts)
6809:10.21437/Interspeech.2010-568
6704:Intonation Patterns of French
5367:
5352:Reforms of French orthography
5297:
2636:
418:Consonant phonemes of French
412:
6961:En écoutant parler la langue
6744:Morin, Yves-Charles (1986),
6237:Chitoran & Hualde (2007)
5892:Hansen, Anita Berit (1998).
5492:Grevisse & Goosse (2011)
5480:Grevisse & Goosse (2011)
4359:
3478:→ ('we will precipitate ').
3275:When phonetically realised,
2799:The Parisian realization of
1439:
829:of French, but it occurs in
7:
7281:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
6773:Schane, Sanford A. (1968),
6560:, Oxford University Press,
6542:(3rd ed.), Routledge,
6156:Fagyal & Moisset (1999)
5863:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5840:'breaks', and the back in
5672:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5555:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5444:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5398:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5325:
4378:voiceless palatal fricative
3663:in rare minimal pairs like
3128:→ ('I went to the woods'),
2830:The phonemic opposition of
1618:to avoid misunderstanding:
998:, and more variably before
956:positional allophone , the
773:is usually apical alveolar
10:
7867:
6558:Varieties of Spoken French
6435:The Sound System of French
6346:
5785:"Les Accents des Français"
5301:
4450:('I am sleeping'), and in
4424:
4420:
3822:Non-lengthening consonant
3799:C'est une fête importante.
3601:Instances of orthographic
3515:une grande femme fut ici,
3222:in some accents), whereas
1936:
1753:
1670:
1666:
807:In current pronunciation,
763:are voiced throughout and
26:
7762:
7569:
7353:
7120:
7065:
6975:Foreign Service Institute
6945:10.1017/S0025100300005892
6876:10.1017/S0047404500004358
6626:10.1017/S0025100300004874
6522:10.1017/S0025100302001044
6484:10.1017/S095267570700111X
6431:Casagrande, Jean (1984),
5917:Collins & Mees (2013)
5802:Postériorisation du / a /
5704:Collins & Mees (2013)
5174:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4431:The final vowel (usually
4323:
4289:
4255:
4221:
4187:
4155:
4121:
4087:
4073:
4068:
4040:
4006:
3978:
3944:
3916:
3882:
3868:
3863:
3829:
3650:
3503:→ ('seven little ones').
3403:are still distinguished.
2562:
2489:
2396:
2105:
2090:
2085:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1856:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1719:of Parisian French, from
1707:
1039:
1028:
1018:
1015:
903:Belgian French may merge
710:in the mid-20th century.
641:
632:
567:
498:
461:
422:
404:/ɔ̃alɛselafənɛːtʁəuvɛʁtə/
351:, a specific instance of
6908:Walker, Douglas (1984),
6890:Walker, Douglas (2001),
6833:Tranel, Bernard (1987),
3378:and that it merges with
3270:
2768:('good', feminine), vs.
2696:contrast with close-mid
2609:In Metropolitan French,
2055:, which has merged with
2047:and just one open vowel
1721:Collins & Mees (2013
1479:('he will be able to'),
878:. While there are a few
793:, it can be realised as
332:of all the varieties of
173:Articles and determiners
7313:Regional North American
5999:English Speech Services
5973:English Speech Services
5789:accentsdefrance.free.fr
5362:Quebec French phonology
5234:C'est parfaitement vrai
3469:→ ('you would guard'),
1693:→ 'two days'), but in
946:voiced uvular fricative
324:is the sound system of
42:phonetic transcriptions
7747:Dialects and varieties
7308:Received Pronunciation
7148:American Sign Language
6892:French Sound Structure
6803:, pp. 2006–2009,
6033:retrieved 14 July 2013
5841:
5835:
5198:, etc.) are generally
5193:
5187:
5181:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4591:
4574:
4546:('prey'), and , as in
4498:
4486:
4474:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4170:
4161:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4077:
4055:
4046:
4030:
4021:
4012:
3993:
3984:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3931:
3922:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3872:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3825:Lengthening consonant
3789:is distinguished from
3772:
3754:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3697:
3691:
3670:
3664:
3614:
3589:
3569:
3552:→ ('to harass'), with
3544:
3486:
3429:
3413:
3352:
3341:
3299:
3290:
3099:
3098:→ ('very rare', from
3081:
3072:
3055:
3047:
3026:
3018:
2990:
2981:
2970:
2961:
2950:
2941:
2924:
2900:
2869:
2863:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2678:
2672:
2551:
2529:
2507:
2478:
2456:
2434:
2412:
2385:
2363:
2341:
2319:
2297:
2275:
2253:
2231:
2209:
2187:
2165:
2143:
2121:
1748:
1678:
1586:Gemination of doubled
1578:
1572:
1565:spelling pronunciation
1558:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1487:
1458:
1452:
1426:
1404:
1382:
1356:
1334:
1312:
1288:
1268:
1246:
1226:
1204:
1184:
1162:
1142:
1120:
1100:
1078:
1058:
948:, also realised as an
892:
883:
846:
840:
834:
735:
392:
376:
39:This article contains
6687:, Oxford: Blackwell,
4461:Glides and diphthongs
3451:→ ('a closed door').
3259:Contrary to the oral
3182:(realised also as ),
2874:are still opposed as
1715:
935:Glides and diphthongs
701:
6424:10.1075/avt.30.02ber
5995:"Rebooting Buttocks"
5533:, pp. 131, 415.
5246:(emphatic stress on
3753:('(they) serve') or
3647:→ or ('a bounce').
3226:is much closer than
2978:→ ('paste, pastry')
2858:or in areas with an
1752:(see the subsection
863:('bread') vs. penne
135:Phonological history
18:French pronunciation
7672:Proto-Indo-European
7318:White South African
6864:Language in Society
6724:Lodge, Ken (2009),
6316:, pp. 200–201.
6304:, pp. 194–200.
5919:, pp. 225–226.
5621:prefers the symbol
5609:, pp. 151–153.
5569:, pp. 149–150.
5531:Detey et al. (2016)
5342:Varieties of French
4457:('I am arriving').
3785:In accents wherein
3449:/yn(ə)pɔʁt(ə)fɛʁme/
3139:/ʒeeteobwɑdəvɛ̃sɛn/
3006:is preferred after
2811:and centralized to
2688:likewise, open-mid
2677:('was going'), vs.
2079:
1940:
1768:
1012:
419:
140:Oaths of Strasbourg
6701:Lian, A-P (1980),
6193:⟨oi⟩
6069:, pp. 544–46.
6057:, pp. 228–29.
6045:, pp. 88–105.
5807:2011-07-06 at the
5347:French orthography
5291:pouvantable !
5281:pouvantable !
4583:('you have') like
4542:('rain'), , as in
4413:→ ('university').
4390:→ ('Thank you.'),
4368:and the mid front
3296:('dropped e') and
3068:do not retain it:
2949:→ ('stain'), vs.
2077:
1938:
1766:
1749:
1594:is typical of the
1583:('intelligence').
1473:⟨rr⟩
1367:in modern French)
1010:
891:'s/he rented' and
736:
417:
7833:
7832:
7323:Standard Canadian
7059:world's languages
6924:978-0-7766-4500-1
6901:978-1-55238-033-8
6848:978-0-521-31510-4
6788:978-0-262-19040-4
6737:978-0-8264-8873-2
6717:978-0-909367-21-3
6665:Léon, P. (1992),
6658:978-2-8011-1642-5
6641:Grevisse, Maurice
6585:978-0-521-82144-5
6549:978-0-415-50650-2
6446:978-0-87840-085-0
6328:, pp. 181–2.
6283:, pp. 57–60.
6215:, pp. 37–39.
6131:, pp. 49–51.
6119:, pp. 25–27.
6107:, pp. 98–99.
6055:Casagrande (1984)
5903:978-87-7289-495-9
5643:, pp. 51–60.
5557:, pp. 74–75.
5332:History of French
5172:
5171:
4612:('paycheck') and
4357:
4356:
3631:⟨e⟩
3603:⟨e⟩
3561:→ (' harasses').
3494:→ ('scoundrel'),
3473:nous brusquerons
3250:⟨n⟩
3080:→ ('aged', from
2862:substrate, where
2567:
2566:
2039:and an open back
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
1934:
1933:
1592:⟨n⟩
1588:⟨m⟩
1577:('addition') and
1557:('grammar'), and
1541:('irresponsible')
1483:('he will see').
1437:
1436:
979:and map at right.
977:French guttural r
870:The approximants
857:Meridional French
696:
695:
319:
318:
16:(Redirected from
7858:
7846:French phonology
7685:Kerkrade dialect
7298:General American
7048:
7041:
7034:
7025:
7024:
6964:
6955:
6927:
6916:
6904:
6886:
6851:
6840:
6829:
6820:
6801:Interspeech 2010
6791:
6780:
6769:
6768:
6766:10.7202/602567ar
6750:
6740:
6720:
6709:
6697:
6675:Ladefoged, Peter
6670:
6661:
6636:
6604:
6598:
6588:
6570:
6567:978-0-19957371-4
6552:
6532:
6515:
6494:
6477:
6459:
6449:
6438:
6427:
6426:
6405:
6377:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6263::39). The words
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6194:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6088:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5889:
5883:
5882:, p. 33-34.
5877:
5866:
5860:
5851:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5811:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5781:
5775:
5772:Casagrande (1984
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5748:on 10 March 2018
5744:. Archived from
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5690:
5684:
5675:
5669:
5656:
5655:, pp. 25–6.
5650:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5401:
5395:
5384:
5377:
5156:
5151:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5102:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4599:
4561:
4557:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4456:
4449:
4434:
4427:Elision (French)
4412:
4398:
4389:
4371:
4367:
4326:
4292:
4258:
4224:
4190:
4158:
4124:
4090:
4071:
4043:
4009:
3981:
3947:
3919:
3885:
3866:
3832:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3788:
3766:
3762:
3737:('sea/mother'),
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3662:
3658:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3585:
3576:
3560:
3551:
3539:
3531:
3520:
3502:
3493:
3477:
3468:
3450:
3446:une porte fermée
3436:
3420:
3402:
3394:
3385:
3373:
3360:→ ('workshop'),
3359:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3286:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3067:
3042:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2989:→ ('rat'), vs.
2988:
2977:
2969:→ ('leg'), vs.
2968:
2957:
2948:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2908:[avoˈkɑ]
2897:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2740:('Rhodes'), vs.
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2643:close-mid vowels
2632:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:)' differs from
2589:
2581:
2577:
2548:
2543:
2526:
2521:
2504:
2499:
2475:
2470:
2453:
2448:
2431:
2426:
2409:
2404:
2382:
2377:
2360:
2355:
2338:
2333:
2316:
2311:
2294:
2289:
2272:
2267:
2250:
2245:
2228:
2223:
2206:
2201:
2184:
2179:
2162:
2157:
2140:
2135:
2118:
2113:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2017:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1969:
1962:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1917:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1796:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1673:Liaison (French)
1593:
1589:
1570:
1486:When the prefix
1474:
1423:
1418:
1401:
1396:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1353:
1348:
1331:
1326:
1309:
1304:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1260:
1243:
1238:
1223:
1218:
1201:
1196:
1181:
1176:
1159:
1154:
1139:
1134:
1117:
1112:
1097:
1092:
1075:
1070:
1055:
1050:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:to and before
989:
985:
974:
932:
921:
914:
910:
906:
899:
890:
877:
873:
866:
862:
854:
825:is not a native
824:
814:
811:is merging with
810:
803:
792:
788:
780:
772:
767:are unaspirated.
766:
762:
755:
744:
738:Phonetic notes:
732:
726:
720:
714:
702:Distribution of
692:
685:
674:
665:
658:
649:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
598:
591:
584:
577:
563:
554:
547:
540:
531:
522:
515:
508:
493:
485:
478:
471:
420:
416:
405:
395:
368:
322:French phonology
311:
304:
297:
78:
71:
70:
61:
57:
21:
7866:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7851:French language
7836:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7758:
7712:Scottish Gaelic
7565:
7409:Standard Modern
7349:
7156:Modern Standard
7116:
7061:
7052:
6971:
6925:
6914:
6902:
6856:Trudgill, Peter
6849:
6789:
6748:
6738:
6718:
6707:
6695:
6669:, Paris: Nathan
6659:
6596:
6586:
6568:
6550:
6513:10.1.1.116.1413
6475:10.1.1.129.2403
6457:
6447:
6349:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6259:
6255:
6247:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6225:Chitoran (2002)
6223:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6203:(' punctured').
6192:
6190:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6166:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6142:
6135:
6127:
6123:
6115:
6111:
6103:
6099:
6077:
6073:
6067:Anderson (1982)
6065:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6041:
6037:
6029:
6025:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5969:"Le FOOT vowel"
5965:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5943:Anderson (1982)
5941:
5934:
5927:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5869:
5861:
5854:
5833:
5829:
5821:
5814:
5809:Wayback Machine
5800:
5796:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5693:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5579:Yaguello (1991)
5577:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5442:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5404:
5396:
5387:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5328:
5306:
5300:
5244:faitement vrai.
5222:
5220:Emphatic stress
5177:
4463:
4429:
4423:
4362:
3816:
3669:('to put') vs.
3653:
3630:
3602:
3577:→ ('to call'),
3421:→ ('to call'),
3349:→ ('clarity'),
3287:), also called
3273:
3249:
3148:
2912:
2911:
2888:
2786:loi de position
2754:('apple'), vs.
2718:('fast', verb),
2712:('young'), vs.
2651:open-mid vowels
2639:
2625:and near-close
2572:
1965:
1958:
1799:
1792:
1710:
1704:is pronounced.
1675:
1669:
1640:emphatic stress
1591:
1587:
1472:
1457:('to run') and
1442:
734:
730:
728:
724:
722:
718:
716:
715: not usual
712:
670:
647:
605:
573:
536:
504:
454:
444:
434:
415:
334:Standard French
315:
283:Help:IPA/French
218:
217:
205:
93:French language
69:
68:
67:
35:
32:
29:Help:IPA/French
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7864:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7717:Serbo-Croatian
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7388:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7368:
7363:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7077:
7072:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7051:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6970:
6969:External links
6967:
6966:
6965:
6956:
6928:
6923:
6905:
6900:
6887:
6870:(2): 215–246,
6852:
6847:
6830:
6792:
6787:
6770:
6759:(2): 199–231,
6741:
6736:
6721:
6716:
6698:
6693:
6679:Maddieson, Ian
6671:
6662:
6657:
6637:
6605:
6589:
6584:
6571:
6566:
6553:
6548:
6533:
6506:(2): 203–222,
6495:
6450:
6445:
6428:
6406:
6395:10.2307/413848
6389:(3): 534–573,
6378:
6367:10.2307/412855
6361:(2): 282–292,
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6330:
6318:
6306:
6294:
6285:
6273:
6253:
6241:
6229:
6227:, p. 206.
6217:
6205:
6184:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6133:
6121:
6109:
6097:
6071:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6011:
5985:
5959:
5947:
5945:, p. 537.
5932:
5921:
5909:
5902:
5884:
5867:
5852:
5827:
5812:
5794:
5776:
5759:
5732:
5720:
5708:
5706:, p. 225.
5691:
5676:
5657:
5645:
5633:
5611:
5599:
5597:, p. 150.
5587:
5571:
5559:
5547:
5535:
5520:
5508:
5496:
5484:
5472:
5460:
5448:
5431:
5429:, p. 288.
5419:
5417:, p. 192.
5402:
5385:
5381:Trudgill (1974
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5302:Main article:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5274:
5252:
5251:
5237:
5221:
5218:
5213:mot phonétique
5176:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4606:('country') /
4505:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4462:
4459:
4437:function words
4425:Main article:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4391:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3817:open syllable
3815:Vowel value in
3813:
3810:
3769:
3768:
3703:
3652:
3649:
3599:
3598:
3587:
3586:→ ('I call'),
3578:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3376:
3375:
3374:→ ('say it'),
3362:
3361:
3350:
3272:
3269:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3129:
3109:
3108:
3090:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3000:
2999:
2979:
2959:
2887:
2884:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2747:
2733:
2726:('rock'), vs.
2719:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2665:and close-mid
2638:
2635:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:'this'/'that'
2280:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2078:Example words
2031:distinct from
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1709:
1706:
1671:Main article:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1551:('syllable'),
1543:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:'gnu' (dated,
1361:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1011:Example words
1008:
1007:
980:
962:alveolar trill
938:
916:
901:
868:
816:
805:
768:
757:
750:denti-alveolar
729:
723:
717:
711:
706:(such as ) in
694:
693:
686:
679:
677:
675:
667:
666:
659:
652:
650:
645:
639:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
602:
601:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
565:
564:
557:
555:
548:
541:
533:
532:
525:
523:
516:
509:
502:
496:
495:
486:
479:
472:
465:
459:
458:
448:
438:
428:
423:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
402:In isolation:
400:
397:
383:
382:
374:
356:
317:
316:
314:
313:
306:
299:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
262:
261:
255:
254:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
229:
228:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
209:
203:
198:
191:
187:
185:
175:
170:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
129:
128:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
96:
95:
89:
88:
80:
79:
62:⟩, see
38:
37:
36:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7863:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7561:Luxembourgish
7559:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7549:Maastrichtian
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7075:Orthographies
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7044:
7042:
7037:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6962:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6926:
6920:
6913:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6790:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6713:
6706:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:0-631-19815-6
6690:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6645:Goosse, André
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6590:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6551:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6451:
6448:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6339:
6334:
6327:
6326:Walker (2001)
6322:
6315:
6314:Tranel (1987)
6310:
6303:
6302:Tranel (1987)
6298:
6289:
6282:
6281:Schane (1968)
6277:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6251:, p. 39.
6250:
6245:
6239:, p. 45.
6238:
6233:
6226:
6221:
6214:
6209:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6170:, p. 27.
6169:
6164:
6157:
6152:
6146:, p. 46.
6145:
6144:Walker (2001)
6140:
6138:
6130:
6129:Tranel (1987)
6125:
6118:
6117:Walker (1984)
6113:
6106:
6105:Tranel (1987)
6101:
6094:
6093:
6089:, TLFi, s.v.
6086:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6051:
6044:
6043:Tranel (1987)
6039:
6032:
6027:
6021:, p. 59.
6020:
6015:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5974:
5970:
5963:
5957:, p. 88.
5956:
5955:Tranel (1987)
5951:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5930:
5925:
5918:
5913:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5865:, p. 74.
5864:
5859:
5857:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5825:, p. 64.
5824:
5823:Tranel (1987)
5819:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5724:
5717:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5689:, p. 84.
5688:
5683:
5681:
5674:, p. 73.
5673:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5654:
5649:
5642:
5641:Walker (1984)
5637:
5631:
5620:
5619:John C. Wells
5615:
5608:
5607:Tranel (1987)
5603:
5596:
5595:Tranel (1987)
5591:
5585:, p. 51.
5584:
5580:
5575:
5568:
5567:Tranel (1987)
5563:
5556:
5551:
5545:, p. 42.
5544:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5517:
5512:
5506:, p. 47.
5505:
5500:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5470:, p. 44.
5469:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5446:, p. 75.
5445:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5400:, p. 79.
5399:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5379:Map based on
5376:
5372:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5168:
5164:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4640:
4637:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4588:
4587:(' killed').
4586:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4512:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4395:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3820:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3751:(ils) servent
3748:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3622:
3621:donnez-le-moi
3618:
3617:
3612:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3511:versification
3499:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3476:/nubʁyskəʁɔ̃/
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3370:
3369:dis-le !
3367:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3315:Geoff Lindsey
3310:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3268:
3257:
3246:
3231:
3172:
3170:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:Quebec French
2928:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2828:
2816:
2808:
2797:
2787:
2778:', the city).
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2607:
2593:
2585:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2397:Nasal vowels
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2060:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:('He ate it')
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1538:irresponsable
1535:
1533:('illegible')
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1002:. Word-final
993:
981:
978:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:
928:
927:
917:
902:
896:
895:
887:
886:
881:
880:minimal pairs
869:
858:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
828:
821:
817:
806:
801:
796:
786:
778:
769:
758:
751:
748:
741:
740:
739:
733: general
709:
705:
700:
691:
687:
684:
680:
678:
676:
673:
669:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
534:
530:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
503:
501:
497:
492:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
470:
466:
464:
460:
457:
452:
449:
447:
442:
439:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
421:
407:
401:
398:
396:
394:
388:
387:
386:
380:
379:
375:
372:
366:
360:
357:
354:
350:
347:
346:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
263:
260:
257:
256:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
224:
223:
213:
210:
208:
207:passé composé
204:
202:
199:
197:
193:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
124:
123:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
102:Langues d'oïl
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
65:
53:
49:
47:
43:
30:
19:
7815:West Frisian
7602:Massachusett
7373:
7100:Prepositions
7069:
6989:
6981:
6960:
6939:(1): 31–54,
6936:
6932:
6910:
6891:
6867:
6863:
6836:
6800:
6776:
6756:
6752:
6726:
6703:
6683:
6666:
6649:Le Bon usage
6648:
6620:(2): 73–76,
6617:
6613:
6600:
6575:
6557:
6538:
6503:
6499:
6465:
6461:
6434:
6417:(1): 13–27,
6414:
6410:
6386:
6382:
6358:
6354:
6333:
6321:
6309:
6297:
6288:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6200:
6196:
6187:
6175:
6163:
6151:
6124:
6112:
6100:
6090:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6014:
6002:. Retrieved
5998:
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5972:
5962:
5950:
5924:
5912:
5893:
5887:
5848:Tranel (1987
5830:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5767:
5762:
5750:. Retrieved
5746:the original
5735:
5730:, p. ?.
5723:
5716:Morin (1986)
5711:
5687:Lodge (2009)
5648:
5636:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5574:
5562:
5550:
5538:
5516:Berns (2013)
5511:
5499:
5487:
5475:
5468:Wells (1989)
5463:
5451:
5427:Adams (1975)
5422:
5375:
5307:
5288:
5286:
5278:
5276:
5271:épouvantable
5270:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5248:parfaitement
5247:
5241:
5239:
5233:
5223:
5211:
5204:
5178:
5166:
5141:
5137:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5020:
5016:
5012:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4645:Onset glide
4618:('abbey') /
4589:
4584:
4580:
4579:('sky'), or
4570:
4566:
4564:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4464:
4451:
4444:
4430:
4416:
4411:/ynivɛʁsite/
4407:
4402:
4394:Allez !
4393:
4384:
4363:
4179:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3750:
3743:('crisis'),
3654:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3600:
3580:
3564:
3555:
3523:
3514:
3508:
3497:
3472:
3464:tu garderais
3463:
3457:
3445:
3437:→ ('door').
3405:
3377:
3368:
3363:
3297:
3288:
3274:
3258:
3247:
3232:
3173:
3149:
3146:Nasal vowels
3136:de Vincennes
3133:
3132:J'ai été au
3131:
3121:
3120:J'ai été au
3119:
3110:
3092:
3063:
3038:
3034:
3001:
2998:→ ('short')
2935:
2889:
2829:
2798:
2785:
2783:
2640:
2608:
2591:
2583:
2573:
2570:Close vowels
2514:'yesterday'
2370:'his'/'her'
2106:Oral vowels
2061:
2026:
1758:
1750:
1694:
1687:
1676:
1662:('horrible')
1657:
1655:
1652:('terrific')
1647:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1623:Il l'a mangé
1622:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:('inside'),
1603:
1600:
1585:
1580:intelligence
1544:
1525:('immortal')
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1450:
1443:
966:alveolar tap
958:uvular trill
923:
859:, e.g. pain
737:
390:
384:
378:enchaînement
342:nasal vowels
321:
320:
258:
212:passé simple
150:Anglo-Norman
117:Francophonie
58:and ⟨
40:
7545:Limburgish
7426:Greenlandic
7303:New Zealand
7236:Northern Wu
7090:Determiners
7070:Phonologies
7055:Phonologies
6338:Lian (1980)
6092:appellation
5728:Léon (1992)
5581:, cited in
5258:consonant.
4399:→ ('Go!').
3777:is long in
3696:('dough'),
3624:/dɔneləmwa/
3595:/apelasjɔ̃/
3591:appellation
3498:sept petits
3467:/tyɡaʁdəʁɛ/
3126:/ʒeeteobwɑ/
3052:('castle'),
3010:and before
2958:→ ('task')
2886:Open vowels
2732:('hoarse'),
2491:Semi-vowels
2097:Orthography
1608:l'honnêteté
1465:il mourrait
992:palatalised
990:may become
950:approximant
940:The French
933:. See also
820:velar nasal
643:Approximant
278:Aspirated h
226:Orthography
196:conjugation
7840:Categories
7805:Vietnamese
7676:Ripuarian
7667:Portuguese
7577:Macedonian
7556:Lithuanian
7466:Hindustani
7293:Australian
7246:Historical
7193:Belarusian
7085:Adjectives
5368:References
5298:Intonation
4567:semi-aride
4552:diphthongs
4408:université
3702:('sings').
3635:un rebelle
3556:il harcèle
3509:In French
3023:('three'),
2746:(' lurk'),
2637:Mid vowels
2419:'without'
2059:in Paris.
1688:deux jours
1631:('He ate')
1629:Il a mangé
1517:('innate')
1469:il mourait
1389:'kung-fu'
1016:Voiceless
964:, and the
867:('quill').
831:loan words
704:guttural r
413:Consonants
408:Together:
245:Circumflex
201:morphology
7795:Ukrainian
7702:Sardinian
7680:Colognian
7637:Old Saxon
7622:Norwegian
7587:Maldivian
7531:Latgalian
7476:Icelandic
7471:Hungarian
7459:Samaritan
7340:Esperanto
7226:Cantonese
7203:Bulgarian
7171:Levantine
7143:Afrikaans
6953:145148170
6884:145148233
6634:249404451
6508:CiteSeerX
6470:CiteSeerX
6468:: 37–75,
6462:Phonology
6081::63) for
5752:2 October
5494:, §33, b.
5482:, §32, b.
5208:isochrony
4648:Examples
4360:Devoicing
3645:/œ̃ʁəbɔ̃/
3642:un rebond
3638:/œ̃ʁəbɛl/
3581:j'appelle
3559:/ilaʁsɛl/
3501:/sɛtpəti/
3317:suggests
3210:and for
3096:/ʁaʁisim/
3093:rarissime
3060:('past').
2905:(lawyer)
2894:and back
2760:('palm'),
2683:('gone');
2661:open-mid
2580:/v,z,ʒ,ʁ/
2260:'sister'
1960:unrounded
1839:Close-mid
1794:unrounded
1604:là-dedans
1596:Languedoc
1554:grammaire
1530:illisible
1477:il pourra
1440:Geminates
1341:'we, us'
954:voiceless
952:, with a
922:(French:
882:(such as
795:retroflex
789:. Before
575:voiceless
569:Fricative
506:voiceless
389:Written:
330:phonology
259:Phonology
7692:Romanian
7501:Japanese
7454:Tiberian
7449:Biblical
7436:Hawaiian
7431:Gujarati
7394:Standard
7386:Galician
7374:Parisian
7345:Estonian
7276:Standard
7221:Mandarin
7217:Chinese
7181:Tunisian
7176:Moroccan
7161:Egyptian
7133:Acehnese
7105:Pronouns
7080:Grammars
6858:(1974),
6827:14248950
6681:(1996),
6647:(2011),
6530:10104718
6492:14947405
6383:Language
6355:Language
6195:, as in
5805:Archived
5326:See also
5267:antable.
4978:rt, quat
4946:, statuq
4503:('kill')
4491:('rent')
4479:('deny')
4455:/ʒ‿aʁiv/
4452:j'arrive
4374:devoiced
4297:emprunte
3809:Phoneme
3613:pronoun
3611:enclitic
3584:/ʒ‿apɛl/
3550:/aʁsəle/
3546:harceler
3492:/ɡʁədɛ̃/
3358:/atəlje/
3347:/nɛtəte/
3313:, while
3254:/kaʁɑ̃t/
3031:('gas').
2594:'small (
2586:'small (
2536:'eight'
2485:'brown'
2392:'dough'
2326:'silly'
2304:'under'
2238:'those'
2216:'known'
2194:'party'
2150:'fairy'
2086:Example
1975:Open-mid
1874:Open-mid
1756:below).
1698:/døz‿ɑ̃/
1695:deux ans
1660:vantable
1574:addition
1560:illusion
1522:immortel
1481:il verra
1446:geminate
1433:'wheel'
1378:/kuŋ.fu/
1295:'cheek'
1191:'crazy'
1169:'taste'
1065:'louse'
1040:Example
1029:Example
937:, below.
833:such as
752:, while
446:Postalv.
436:Alveolar
338:uvular r
235:Alphabet
182:personal
178:Pronouns
107:Dialects
85:a series
83:Part of
56:/ /
52:Help:IPA
7820:Yiddish
7785:Turkish
7770:Tagalog
7754:Swedish
7742:Spanish
7727:Slovene
7697:Russian
7657:Persian
7627:Occitan
7607:Medumba
7597:Marathi
7541:Latvian
7521:Kurdish
7511:Konkani
7496:Italian
7481:Ingrian
7440:Hebrew
7414:Ancient
7399:Bernese
7390:German
7370:French
7366:Finnish
7361:Faroese
7288:English
7258:Cornish
7253:Chukchi
7231:Hokkien
7213:Catalan
7208:Burmese
7198:Bengali
7188:Avestan
7152:Arabic
7057:of the
6984:(audio)
6347:Sources
5263:C'est é
5256:liaison
5200:clitics
5051:, fruct
4761:, extén
4688:sse, Él
4621:abeille
4571:si elle
4448:/ʒədɔʁ/
4445:je dors
4421:Elision
4388:/mɛʁsi/
4366:/i,y,u/
4315:emprunt
4281:réponds
4263:réponse
3961:joyeuse
3575:/apəle/
3571:appeler
3435:/pɔʁtə/
3419:/apəle/
3415:appeler
3354:atelier
3343:netteté
3241:→ and
3206:, for
3169:Belgium
3049:château
2860:Arpitan
2856:Belgium
2846:and of
2819:before
2655:/ɛ,œ,ɔ/
2647:/e,ø,o/
2576:/i,y,u/
2463:'twig'
2348:'fate'
2172:'does'
1967:rounded
1801:rounded
1781:Central
1772:
1691:/døʒuʁ/
1667:Liaison
1650:midable
1548:syllabe
1411:'wolf'
1384:kung-fu
1253:'shoo'
1149:'neck'
1019:Voiced
996:/i,e,ɛ/
982:Velars
970:phoneme
926:mouillé
876:/i,y,u/
872:/j,ɥ,w/
848:kung-fu
842:smoking
836:camping
827:phoneme
765:/p,t,k/
761:/b,d,ɡ/
747:laminal
743:/n,t,d/
500:Plosive
441:Palatal
359:elision
349:liaison
273:Liaison
268:Elision
250:Braille
240:Reforms
168:Adverbs
159:Grammar
126:History
112:Creoles
44:in the
7800:Uyghur
7732:Somali
7722:Slovak
7662:Polish
7652:Pashto
7647:Ottawa
7632:Ojibwe
7617:Nepali
7612:Navajo
7526:Kyrgyz
7516:Korean
7444:Modern
7405:Greek
7379:Quebec
7333:Middle
7272:Dutch
7268:Danish
7166:Hejazi
7138:Adyghe
7128:Abkhaz
6951:
6921:
6898:
6882:
6845:
6825:
6785:
6734:
6714:
6691:
6655:
6632:
6582:
6564:
6546:
6528:
6510:
6490:
6472:
6443:
6403:413848
6401:
6375:412855
6373:
6269:abbaye
6004:14 May
5978:14 May
5900:
5287:C'est
5277:C'est
5240:C'est
5175:Stress
4833:rre, d
4759:illant
4725:tre, t
4642:Vowel
4615:abbaye
4593:soleil
4536:clouer
4441:elided
4385:Merci.
4340:quinze
4331:teinte
4306:grunge
4272:éponge
4195:appâte
4129:bourse
4095:débute
3970:joyeux
3890:faites
3837:habite
3699:chante
3672:maître
3666:mettre
3651:Length
3609:. The
3488:gredin
3372:/dilə/
2902:avocat
2776:Beaune
2771:Beaune
2737:Rhodes
2729:rauque
2674:allait
2584:petite
2558:'yes'
2474:/bʁœ̃/
2452:/bʁɛ̃/
2441:'his'
2183:/fɛːt/
2101:Gloss
1939:Nasal
1717:Vowels
1708:Vowels
1569:/mnlʁ/
1460:mourir
1454:courir
1211:'you'
1085:'mud'
1043:Gloss
1032:Gloss
960:, the
942:rhotic
889:/lu.a/
731:
725:
719:
713:
708:Europe
672:labial
607:voiced
538:voiced
456:Uvular
431:Dental
426:Labial
353:sandhi
326:French
87:on the
60:
7810:Welsh
7790:Ubykh
7775:Tamil
7737:Sotho
7707:Scots
7642:Oromo
7592:Māori
7582:Malay
7536:Latin
7506:Kiowa
7491:Irish
7486:Inuit
7419:Koine
7263:Czech
7110:Verbs
7095:Nouns
6949:S2CID
6915:(PDF)
6880:S2CID
6823:S2CID
6749:(PDF)
6708:(PDF)
6630:S2CID
6597:(PDF)
6526:S2CID
6488:S2CID
6458:(PDF)
6399:JSTOR
6371:JSTOR
6201:troua
6095:for .
6087:]
6083:[
5843:tasse
5837:casse
5383::220)
5227:above
5138:illou
5083:antér
5057:oueux
5021:ouons
5007:/wɔ̃/
5002:/ɥɔ̃/
4997:/jɔ̃/
4940:illau
4862:/wɛ̃/
4857:/ɥɛ̃/
4852:/jɛ̃/
4765:, Ass
4753:/wɑ̃/
4748:/ɥɑ̃/
4743:/jɑ̃/
4692:rd, p
4581:tu as
4554:like
4548:groin
4544:proie
4540:pluie
4532:cloue
4528:louer
4509:/nie/
4488:louer
4397:/ale/
4370:/e,ɛ/
4349:teint
4247:pends
4238:genre
4229:pende
4213:appât
4138:bouse
4113:début
4048:sotte
4014:saute
3995:œuvre
3986:jeune
3952:jeûne
3899:faire
3855:habit
3846:livre
3774:saute
3756:tarte
3746:livre
3740:crise
3530:]
3526:[
3431:porte
3323:]
3319:[
3311:]
3307:[
3292:caduc
3277:schwa
3271:Schwa
3105:/ʁɑʁ/
3078:/ɑʒe/
3057:passé
3039:Back
3020:trois
2976:/pɑt/
2967:/pat/
2963:patte
2956:/tɑʃ/
2952:tâche
2947:/taʃ/
2943:tache
2817:]
2813:[
2809:]
2805:[
2765:bonne
2757:paume
2751:pomme
2715:jeûne
2709:jeune
2631:]
2627:[
2623:]
2619:[
2611:/i,u/
2592:petit
2525:/ɥit/
2503:/jɛʁ/
2430:/sɔ̃/
2408:/sɑ̃/
2381:/pɑt/
2337:/sɔʁ/
2249:/sœʁ/
2128:'if'
2083:Vowel
1947:Front
1809:Close
1776:Front
1767:Oral
1754:Schwa
1745:]
1741:[
1735:with
1727:with
1365:/ɡnu/
907:with
898:/lwa/
865:/pɛn/
861:/pɛŋ/
802:]
798:[
791:/f,ʒ/
787:]
783:[
779:]
775:[
754:/s,z/
648:plain
463:Nasal
451:Velar
371:schwa
189:Verbs
48:(IPA)
7825:Zuni
7780:Taos
6919:ISBN
6896:ISBN
6843:ISBN
6783:ISBN
6732:ISBN
6712:ISBN
6689:ISBN
6653:ISBN
6580:ISBN
6562:ISBN
6544:ISBN
6441:ISBN
6267:and
6265:pays
6006:2016
5980:2016
5898:ISBN
5850::48)
5774::20)
5754:2016
5623:/æ̃/
5265:pouv
5167:illu
5155:/jy/
5144:han
5132:/wu/
5124:/ju/
5101:/œ̃/
5093:oueu
5091:r, l
5087:r, s
5079:/wœ/
5074:/ɥœ/
5069:/jœ/
5053:ueux
5049:ieux
5043:/wø/
5038:/ɥø/
5033:/jø/
5017:uons
4992:/ɔ̃/
4970:/wɔ/
4965:/ɥɔ/
4960:/jɔ/
4934:/wo/
4929:/ɥo/
4924:/jo/
4909:le,
4905:n, h
4898:/wi/
4893:/ɥi/
4888:/ji/
4847:/ɛ̃/
4841:tte
4837:l, m
4825:/wɛ/
4820:/ɥɛ/
4815:/jɛ/
4803:ouer
4793:janv
4789:/we/
4784:/ɥe/
4779:/je/
4767:ouan
4763:uant
4738:/ɑ̃/
4731:ouas
4721:acar
4717:/wɑ/
4712:/ɥɑ/
4707:/jɑ/
4686:illa
4680:/wa/
4675:/ɥa/
4670:/ja/
4659:/w/
4656:/ɥ/
4653:/j/
4626:/lj/
4609:paye
4603:pays
4576:ciel
4560:/wa/
4558:and
4556:/ɥi/
4524:loue
4511:→ .
4500:tuer
4483:loue
4476:nier
4325:/ɛ̃/
4291:/œ̃/
4257:/ɔ̃/
4223:/ɑ̃/
4204:rase
4172:rage
4163:rate
4147:bout
4104:juge
4057:mort
4032:saut
4023:rose
3933:rêve
3924:fête
3918:/ɛː/
3908:fait
3795:fête
3787:/ɛː/
3765:/vʁ/
3734:mère
3723:/vʁ/
3693:pâte
3661:/ɛː/
3659:and
3395:and
3301:muet
3265:/ɔ̃/
3256:→ .
3245:→ .
3243:/ɑ̃/
3239:/ɛ̃/
3235:/ɔ̃/
3228:/ɛ̃/
3224:/ɔ̃/
3218:and
3212:/ɔ̃/
3208:/ɑ̃/
3204:/ɛ̃/
3200:/ɑ̃/
3198:and
3196:/ɔ̃/
3192:/ɔ̃/
3188:/ɔ̃/
3184:/ɑ̃/
3180:/ɑ̃/
3176:/ɛ̃/
3164:/ɛ̃/
3162:and
3160:/œ̃/
3156:/ɔ̃/
3154:and
3152:/ɑ̃/
3134:bois
3122:bois
3107:→ ).
3101:rare
3087:/ɑʒ/
3008:/ʁw/
2996:/ʁɑ/
2987:/ʁa/
2972:pâte
2926:pâte
2880:/po/
2878:and
2876:/pɔ/
2871:peau
2868:and
2850:and
2842:and
2834:and
2792:and
2743:rôde
2700:and
2692:and
2680:allé
2547:/wi/
2531:huit
2509:hier
2480:brun
2469:/œ̃/
2458:brin
2447:/ɛ̃/
2425:/ɔ̃/
2414:sans
2403:/ɑ̃/
2387:pâte
2359:/sa/
2343:sort
2315:/so/
2299:sous
2293:/su/
2271:/sə/
2255:sœur
2233:ceux
2227:/sø/
2205:/sy/
2189:fête
2178:/ɛː/
2167:fait
2161:/fɛ/
2139:/fe/
2117:/si/
2057:/ɛ̃/
2053:/œ̃/
2029:/ɛː/
2005:Open
1952:Back
1909:Open
1786:Back
1729:/ɛ̃/
1725:/œ̃/
1684:/dø/
1680:deux
1590:and
1514:inné
1428:roue
1422:/ʁu/
1406:loup
1400:/lu/
1358:gnou
1352:/ɲu/
1336:nous
1330:/nu/
1308:/mu/
1290:joue
1284:/ʒu/
1270:chou
1264:/ʃu/
1242:/zu/
1228:sous
1222:/su/
1206:vous
1200:/vu/
1180:/fu/
1164:goût
1158:/ɡu/
1138:/ku/
1122:doux
1116:/du/
1102:tout
1096:/tu/
1080:boue
1074:/bu/
1054:/pu/
986:and
885:loua
818:The
813:/nj/
745:are
7763:T–Z
7570:M–S
7354:F–L
7328:Old
7241:Old
7121:A–E
6941:doi
6872:doi
6813:hdl
6805:doi
6761:doi
6622:doi
6518:doi
6480:doi
6419:doi
6391:doi
6363:doi
6197:roi
5627:/ɛ/
5242:par
5195:que
5165:feu
5150:/y/
5119:/u/
5089:ueu
5085:ieu
5064:/œ/
5055:, b
5028:/ø/
5019:, j
5015:, t
5013:ion
4982:r,
4955:/ɔ/
4942:, d
4919:/o/
4911:ouï
4883:/i/
4876:oin
4874:, s
4872:uin
4870:, j
4868:ien
4839:oue
4810:/ɛ/
4801:, j
4799:uer
4797:, m
4795:ier
4774:/e/
4729:, j
4727:uas
4702:/ɑ/
4696:re
4665:/a/
4636:).
4634:/j/
4630:/ʎ/
4598:/i/
4585:tua
4520:/ʁ/
4518:or
4516:/l/
4495:tue
4471:nie
4439:is
4433:/ə/
4189:/ɑ/
4180:rat
4157:/a/
4123:/u/
4089:/y/
4070:/ə/
4042:/ɔ/
4008:/o/
3980:/œ/
3946:/ø/
3884:/ɛ/
3874:été
3865:/e/
3831:/i/
3797:in
3791:/ɛ/
3761:/ʁ/
3728:mer
3719:/ʁ/
3715:/ʒ/
3711:/z/
3707:/v/
3688:/ɑ/
3684:/ø/
3680:/o/
3657:/ɛ/
3607:/œ/
3519:/ə/
3458:-er
3261:/ɔ/
3220:/ɑ/
3216:/a/
3171:).
3113:/ɑ/
3089:→ )
3083:âge
3074:âgé
3066:/ɑ/
3041:/ɑ/
3028:gaz
3012:/z/
3004:/ɑ/
2992:ras
2983:rat
2921:/ɑ/
2896:/ɑ/
2892:/a/
2865:pot
2852:/ø/
2848:/œ/
2844:/o/
2840:/ɔ/
2836:/e/
2832:/ɛ/
2825:/œ/
2821:/ʁ/
2801:/ɔ/
2794:/ø/
2790:/o/
2723:roc
2702:/ø/
2698:/o/
2694:/œ/
2690:/ɔ/
2667:/e/
2663:/ɛ/
2615:/y/
2604:/i/
2600:/t/
2553:oui
2542:/w/
2520:/ɥ/
2498:/j/
2436:son
2376:/ɑ/
2354:/a/
2332:/ɔ/
2321:sot
2310:/o/
2288:/u/
2266:/ə/
2244:/œ/
2222:/ø/
2200:/y/
2156:/ɛ/
2145:fée
2134:/e/
2112:/i/
2092:IPA
2072:/œ/
2070:or
2068:/ø/
2064:/ə/
2049:/a/
2045:/ɛ/
2041:/ɑ/
2037:/a/
2033:/ɛ/
1737:/ɑ/
1733:/a/
1702:/z/
1658:pou
1648:for
1508::
1506:ir-
1502:il-
1498:im-
1489:in-
1417:/ʁ/
1395:/l/
1373:/ŋ/
1347:/ɲ/
1325:/n/
1314:mou
1303:/m/
1279:/ʒ/
1259:/ʃ/
1248:zou
1237:/z/
1217:/s/
1195:/v/
1186:fou
1175:/f/
1153:/ɡ/
1144:cou
1133:/k/
1111:/d/
1091:/t/
1069:/b/
1060:pou
1049:/p/
1036:IPA
1025:IPA
1004:/k/
1000:/a/
988:/ɡ/
984:/k/
973:/r/
931:/j/
920:/ʎ/
913:/y/
911:or
909:/w/
905:/ɥ/
894:loi
853:/ɲ/
845:or
823:/ŋ/
809:/ɲ/
771:/l/
7842::
6947:,
6937:19
6935:,
6878:,
6866:,
6862:,
6821:,
6811:,
6799:,
6757:15
6755:,
6751:,
6677:;
6643:;
6628:,
6618:23
6616:,
6612:,
6599:,
6524:,
6516:,
6504:32
6502:,
6486:,
6478:,
6466:24
6464:,
6460:,
6415:30
6413:,
6397:,
6387:58
6385:,
6369:,
6359:51
6357:,
6136:^
5997:.
5971:.
5935:^
5870:^
5855:^
5815:^
5787:.
5694:^
5679:^
5660:^
5629::
5523:^
5434:^
5405:^
5388:^
5192:,
5189:de
5186:,
5183:ce
5162:—
5159:—
5142:Wu
5140:,
5136:ca
5128:—
5111:—
5108:—
5105:—
5095:r
4986:k
4984:wo
4980:uo
4976:io
4948:uo
4944:uo
4913:r
4907:ui
4903:yi
4835:ue
4831:ie
4757:va
4723:iâ
4694:oi
4690:ua
4684:pa
4632:→
4628:→
4562:.
4497:;
4485:;
4473:;
4380::
4079:le
4064:—
4002:—
3940:—
3725::
3717:,
3713:,
3709:,
3686:,
3682:,
3616:le
3540::
3325:.
3298:e
3289:e
3230:.
3014::
2933:.
2882:.
2827:.
2774:('
2633:.
2596:m.
2588:f.
2365:sa
2277:ce
2211:su
2123:si
2074:.
2015:ɑ̃
1997:ɔ̃
1992:)
1989:œ̃
1981:ɛ̃
1930:)
1889:)
1886:ɛː
1612:l'
1504:,
1500:,
924:l
839:,
785:l̪
777:l̺
494:)
340:,
7047:e
7040:t
7033:v
6943::
6874::
6868:3
6815::
6807::
6763::
6624::
6520::
6482::
6421::
6393::
6365::
6340:.
6182:.
6158:.
6085:e
6008:.
5982:.
5906:.
5791:.
5768:a
5756:.
5718:.
5518:.
5289:é
5279:é
5273:)
5250:)
5180:(
5047:m
5011:l
4974:N
4938:M
4866:b
4829:l
4526:/
4074:—
3869:—
3767:.
3731:/
3538:/
3536:ɛ
3534:/
3528:œ
3401:/
3399:ə
3397:/
3393:/
3391:ø
3389:/
3384:/
3382:œ
3380:/
3335:/
3333:ø
3331:/
3321:ɵ
3309:œ
3285:/
3283:ə
3281:/
3279:(
2815:ɞ
2807:ɞ
2653:(
2645:(
2629:ʏ
2621:y
1986:(
1927:ɑ
1924:(
1915:a
1901:ɔ
1894:œ
1883:(
1880:ɛ
1866:o
1859:ə
1852:ø
1845:e
1831:u
1822:y
1815:i
1743:ä
1656:é
1616:l
1494:n
915:.
815:.
804:.
800:ɭ
690:w
683:ɥ
663:j
656:l
635:ʁ
628:ʒ
621:z
614:v
596:ʃ
589:s
582:f
561:ɡ
552:d
545:b
529:k
520:t
513:p
491:ŋ
488:(
483:ɲ
476:n
469:m
453:/
443:/
433:/
369:(
367:/
365:ə
363:/
310:e
303:t
296:v
214:)
194:(
184:)
180:(
66:.
31:.
20:)
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