Communes of France

1953:, themselves divided into arrondissements, themselves divided into cantons, themselves divided into communes, no exceptions. All of these communes would have equal status, they would all have a mayor at their head and a municipal council elected by the inhabitants of the commune. This was a real revolution for the thousands of villages that never had experienced organized municipal life before. A communal house had to be built in each of these villages, which would house the meetings of the municipal council as well as the administration of the commune. Some in the National Assembly were opposed to such a fragmentation of France into thousands of communes, but eventually 2311:) in their own name instead of those of the communes, and with the same level of taxation across the communes of the community. The communities must also manage some services previously performed by the communes, such as garbage collection or transport, but the law also makes it mandatory for the communities to manage other areas such as economic planning and development, housing projects, or environment protection. Communities of communes are required to manage the fewest areas, leaving the communes more autonomous, while urban communities are required to manage most matters, leaving the communes within them with less autonomy. 710: 447: 2345:

because the suburban communes refused an urban community for fear of losing too much power, and opted for a community of agglomeration, despite the fact that a community of agglomeration receives less government funds than an urban community. As for Paris, no intercommunal structure has emerged there, the suburbs of Paris fearing the concept of a "Greater Paris", and so disunity still is the rule in the metropolitan area, with the suburbs of Paris creating many different intercommunal structures all without the city.

1938:) passed a law creating the commune, designed to be the lowest level of administrative division in France, thus endorsing these independently created communes, but also creating communes of its own. In this area as in many others, the work of the National Assembly was, properly speaking, revolutionary: not content with transforming all the chartered cities and towns into communes, the National Assembly also decided to turn all the village parishes into full-status communes. The Revolutionaries were inspired by 2750: 330: 2333:

the services previously managed by the syndicate, contrary to the spirit of the law which has established the new intercommunal structures to carry out a much broader range of activities than that undertaken by the old syndicates. Some say that, should government money transfers be stopped, many of these communities of communes would revert to their former status of syndicate, or simply completely disappear in places where there were no syndicates prior to the law.

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years ago, with the same limits. Countless rural communes that had hundreds of inhabitants at the time of the French Revolution now have only a hundred inhabitants or fewer. On the other hand, cities and towns have grown so much that their urbanized area is now extending far beyond the limits of their commune which were set at the time of the revolution. The most extreme example of this is Paris, where the urbanized area sprawls over 396 communes.

2764: 2169: 146: 649: 84: 43: 2008:), with only the central state having legal "personality." By 1837 that situation was judged impractical, as mayors and municipal councils could not be parties in courts. The consequence of the change, however, was that tens of thousands of villages which had never had legal "personality" (contrary to the chartered cities) suddenly became legal entities for the first time in their history. This is still the case today. 248: 3614: 1734:, the priest in charge of the parish was also required to record baptisms, marriages, and burials. Except for these tasks, villages were left to handle other issues as they pleased. Typically, villagers would gather to decide over a special issue regarding the community, such as agricultural land usage, but there existed no permanent municipal body. In many places, the local feudal lord ( 2035:, which were part of France between 1795 and 1815). This was fewer than the 60,000 parishes that existed before the revolution (in cities and towns, parishes were merged into one single commune; in the countryside, some very small parishes were merged with bigger ones), but 41,000 was still a considerable number, without any comparison in the world at the time, except in the empire of 2337:

urban area: some communes refusing to take part in it, or even creating their own structure. In some urban areas like Marseille there exist four distinct intercommunal structures! In many areas, rich communes have joined with other rich communes and have refused to let in poorer communes, for fear that their citizens would be overtaxed to the benefit of poorer suburbs.

2225:) denotes several forms of cooperation between communes. Such cooperation first made its appearance at the end of the 19th century in the form of a law on 22 March 1890, which provided for the establishment of single-purpose intercommunal associations. French lawmakers having long been aware of the inadequacy of the communal structure inherited from the 1715:), and there were up to 60,000 of them in the kingdom. A parish was essentially a church, the houses around it (known as the village), and the cultivated land around the village. France was the most populous country in Europe at this time, with a population of approximately 25 million inhabitants in the late 18th century ( 2332:

These impressive results however may hide a murkier reality. In rural areas, many communes have entered a community of communes only to benefit from government funds. Often the local syndicate has been turned officially into a community of communes, the new community of communes in fact managing only

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In exchange for the creation of a community, the government allocates money to them based on their population, thus providing an incentive for communes to team up and form communities. Communities of communes are given the least money per inhabitant, whereas urban communities are given the most money

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The median population given here should not hide the fact that there are pronounced differences in size between French communes. As mentioned in the introduction, a commune can be a city of 2 million inhabitants such as Paris, a town of 10,000 inhabitants, or just a hamlet of 10 inhabitants. What the

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In urban areas, the new intercommunal structures are much more a reality, being created by local decision-makers out of genuine belief in the worth of working together. However, in many places, local feuds have arisen, and it was not possible to set up an intercommunal structure for the whole of the

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Those without fiscal power, the loosest form of intercommunality. Mainly in this category are the traditional syndicates of communes. Communes gather and contribute financially to the syndicate, but the syndicate cannot levy its own taxes. Communes can leave the syndicate at any time. Syndicates can

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The Chevènement law tidied up all these practices, abolishing some structures and creating new ones. In addition, it offered central government finance aimed at encouraging further communes to join in intercommunal structures. Unlike the only partially successful statute enacted in 1966 and enabling

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From 1794 to 1977 — except for a few months in 1848 and 1870-1871 — Paris had no mayor and was thus directly controlled by the departmental prefect. This meant that Paris had less autonomy than certain towns or villages. Even after Paris regained the right to elect its own mayor in 1977, the central

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Mergers, however, are not easy to achieve. One problem is that mergers reduce the number of available elected positions, and thus are not popular with local politicians. Moreover, citizens from one village may be unwilling to have their local services run by an executive located in another village,

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In metropolitan France 57 percent of the 36,683 communes have fewer than 500 inhabitants and, with 4,638,000 inhabitants, these smaller communes constitute just 7.7 percent of the total population. In other words, just 8 percent of the French population live in 57 percent of its communes, whilst 92

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One major often raised problem with intercommunality, is the fact that the intercommunal structures are not subject to direct election by the people, so it is the representatives of each individual commune that sit in the new structure. As a consequence, civil servants and bureaucrats are the ones

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Moreover, intercommunal structures in many urban areas are still new, and fragile: Tensions exist between communes; the city at the center of the urban area often is suspected of wishing to dominate the suburban communes; communes from opposing political sides also may be suspicious of each other.

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offered support and money from the government to entice the communes to merge freely with each other, but the law had only a limited effect (only about 1,300 communes agreed to merge with others). Many rural communes with few residents struggle to maintain and manage basic services such as running

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were decreased from 24,400 to 8,400 in the space of a few years – France only carried out mergers at the margin, and those were mostly carried out during the 19th century. From 41,000 communes at the time of the French Revolution, the number decreased to 37,963 in 1921, to 36,569 in

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have all depopulated the countryside and increased the size of cities. French administrative divisions, however, have remained extremely rigid and unchanged. Today about 90 percent of communes and departments are exactly the same as those designed at the time of the French Revolution more than 200

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in 1916. After the war, it was decided that the land previously occupied by the destroyed villages would not be incorporated into other communes, as a testament to these villages which had "died for France", as they were declared, and to preserve their memory. The following communes are entirely

1994:

Today, French communes are still very much the same in their general principles as those that were established at the beginning of the Revolution. The biggest changes occurred in 1831, when the French Parliament re-established the principle of the election of municipal councils, and in 1837 when

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French law makes allowances for the vast differences in commune size in a number of areas of administrative law. The size of the municipal council, the method of electing the municipal council, the maximum allowable pay of the mayor and deputy mayors, and municipal campaign finance limits (among

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section below) to 904 in January 2007. Consequently, the Alsace region—despite having a land area only one-fifth the size and a total population only one-sixth of that of its neighbor Baden-Württemberg—has almost as many municipalities. The small Alsace region has more than double the number of

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Two famous examples of this are Toulouse and Paris. In Toulouse, on top of there being six intercommunal structures, the main community of Toulouse and its suburbs is only a community of agglomeration, although Toulouse is large enough to create an Urban Community according to the law. This is

2063:

in 1859, but after 1859 the limits of Paris rigidified. Unlike most other European countries, which stringently merged their communes to better reflect modern-day densities of population (such as Germany and Italy around 1970), dramatically decreasing the number of communes in the

2003:

revolutionaries were afraid of independent local powers, which they saw as conservative and opposed to the revolution, and so they favored a powerful central state. Therefore, when they created the communes, they deprived them of any legal "personality" (as they did with the

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or communities was reduced from 3,378 in 1968 to 1,108 in September 2007. In comparison, the number of communes in Alsace was only reduced from 946 in 1971 (just before the Marcellin law aimed at encouraging French communes to merge with each other was passed, see

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for the provision of such services as refuse collection and water supply. Suburban communes often team up with the city at the core of their urban area to form a community charged with managing public transport or even administering the collection of local taxes.

1640:), with exactly the same powers no matter the size of the commune. This uniformity of status is a legacy of the French Revolution, which wanted to do away with the local idiosyncrasies and tremendous differences in status that existed in the kingdom of France. 1513:

population of metropolitan France's communes at the 1999 census was 380 inhabitants. Again this is a very small number, and here France stands absolutely apart in Europe, with the lowest communes' median population of all the European countries (communes in

1496:

are large by French standards. They usually group into the same commune several villages or towns, often with sizeable distances among them. In Réunion, demographic expansion and sprawling urbanization have resulted in the administrative splitting of some

1766:. They had been emancipated from the power of feudal lords in the 12th and 13th centuries, had municipal bodies which administered the city, and bore some resemblance with the communes that the French Revolution would establish except for two key points: 1554:, and still has no fewer than 904 communes. This high number is typical of metropolitan France but is atypical when compared with other European countries. It shows the distinctive nature of the French commune as a geo-political or administrative entity. 1726:), made up of villagers, which managed the buildings of the parish church, the churchyard, and the other numerous church estates and properties, and sometimes also provided help for the poor, or even administered parish hospitals or schools. Since the 711: 1919:, their office had been suppressed by the king, then reinstated but with strict control from the king, and so they had ended up being viewed by the people as yet another representative of the king, no longer the embodiment of a free municipality. 2324:

The Chevènement law has been extremely successful in the sense that a majority of French communes now have joined the new intercommunal structures. On 1 January 2007, there were 2,573 such communities in metropolitan France (including five

1960:

On 20 September 1792, the recording of births, marriages, and deaths also was withdrawn as a responsibility of the priests of the parishes and handed to the mayors. Civil marriages were established and started to be performed in the

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as France, and even there an extensive merger movement has started in the last 10 years. To better grasp the staggering number of communes in France, two comparisons can be made: First, of the original 15 member states of the

1522:

may cover a smaller area, as mentioned above, but they are more populated). This small median population of French communes can be compared with Italy, where the median population of communes in 2001 was 2,343 inhabitants,

2329:, a category currently being phased out), made up of 33,327 communes (91.1 percent of all the communes of metropolitan France), and 52.86 million inhabitants, i.e., 86.7 percent of the population of metropolitan France. 2058:

Paris in fact was one of the very few communes of France whose limits were extended to take into account the expansion of the urbanized area. The new, larger, commune of Paris was set up under the oversight of Emperor

1981:

to re-establish peace in France, stabilize the new administrative system, and make it generally accepted by the population. Napoleon also abolished the election of the municipal councils, which now were chosen by the

1946:. They wanted to do away with all the peculiarities of the past and establish a perfect society, in which all and everything should be equal and set up according to reason, rather than by tradition or conservatism. 4325: 3331: 1969:" – "In the name of the law, I declare you united by the bonds of marriage."). Priests were forced to surrender their centuries-old baptism, marriage, and burial books, which were deposited in the 3381:

On 20 September 1792, following the massacre of some 250 priests, the Legislative Assembly secularized the registration of births, marriages, and deaths, which became the responsibility of mayors.

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These three structures are given varying levels of fiscal power, with the community of agglomeration and the urban community having the most fiscal power, levying the local tax on corporations (

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During the revolution, approximately 41,000 communes were created, on territory corresponding to the limits of modern-day France (the 41,000 figure includes the communes of the departments of

1915:

was shot by the crowd on the steps of Paris City Hall. Although in the Middle Ages the provosts of the merchants symbolized the independence of Paris and even had openly rebelled against King

1770:

these municipal bodies were not democratic; they were usually in the hands of some rich bourgeois families upon whom, over time, nobility had been conferred, so they can be better labeled as

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per inhabitant, thus pushing communes to form more integrated communities where they have fewer powers, which they might otherwise have been loath to do if it were not for government money.

1531:

median population tells us is that the vast majority of the French communes only have a few hundred inhabitants, but there are also a small number of communes with much higher populations.

1376:(6,852 inhabitants). It was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe region. The commune structure was abolished when Saint-Barthélemy became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007. 3496: 3116: 3083: 3018: 2143:

can be created by merger of a number of communes at the request of the municipal councils of all the communes or at the initiative of the state representative in the department (the

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Most of the communes in Alsace, along with those in other regions of France, have rejected the central government's calls for mergers and rationalization. By way of contrast, in the

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area of metropolitan France's communes at the 1999 census was even smaller, at 10.73 square kilometres (4.14 sq mi). The median area gives a better sense of the size of a

1663:

is the only administrative unit below the commune in the French Republic but exists only in these three communes. These municipal arrondissements are not to be confused with the

1719:

in contrast had only 6 million inhabitants), which accounts for the large number of parishes. French kings often prided themselves on ruling over a "realm of 100,000 steeples".

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to quell the ongoing revolution. Several other cities of France quickly followed suit, and communes arose everywhere, each with their municipal guard. On 14 December 1789, the

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be set up for a particular purpose or to deal with several simultaneous matters. These structures have been left untouched by the Chevènement law, and they are on the decline.

892:(1871) which could have more felicitously been called, in English, "the rising of the City of Paris". There is nothing intrinsically different between "town" in English and 678: 778:

are based on historical geographic communities or villages and are vested with significant powers to manage the populations and land of the geographic area covered. The

2837:. However, many smaller communes have retained their native name. Other examples of retained names in the languages once spoken, or still spoken, on French territory: 888:" in English has a historical association with socialist and collectivist political movements and philosophies. This association arises in part from the rising of the 2151:(lit. "delegated communes") in the place of the former communes, which are represented by a delegated mayor and a delegated council. Between 2012 and 2021, about 820 1926:

was immediately set up to replace the old medieval chartered city of Paris, and a municipal guard was established to protect Paris against any attempt made by King

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there are approximately 75,000 communes; France alone, which comprises 16 percent of the population of the EU-15, had nearly half of its communes. Second, the

4068: 1686:(except for personnel matters) with the passage of the law of 21 February 1996 for legislation and decree number 2000-318 of 7 April 2000 for regulations. 3521: 4080: 3702: 3586: 2785:

In areas where languages other than French are or were spoken, most place-names have been translated into a French spelling and pronunciation, such as

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of 1971, the Chevènement law met with a large measure of success, so that a majority of French communes are now involved in intercommunal structures.

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bordering Alsace, the geo-political and administrative areas have been subject to various re-organizations from the 1960s onward. In the state of

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which, in spite of having a population nine times larger and a land area four times larger than Alsace, is divided into just 390 municipalities (

1819:

ranking above the others, a sort of mayor, although not with the same authority and executive powers as a modern mayor. This "mayor" was called

3488: 3816: 3756: 4008: 2721: 1949:

Thus, they set out to establish administrative divisions that would be uniform across the country: the whole of France would be divided into

2371:). The complete code has eight digits and three spaces within, but there is a popular simplified code with five digits and no space within: 2260:

Structures with fiscal power. This is what the Chevènement law was concerned with, and it distinguished three structures with fiscal power:

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In December 2010 the law n° 2010-1563 regarding reform of territorial collectivities was adopted, which created the legal framework for the

4248: 3780: 3651: 4116: 3143: 4502: 4483: 3948: 2731: 2091:, with a territory fourteen times larger than that of the French Republic, and nearly five times its population, had 35,937 incorporated 1965:

with a ceremony not unlike the traditional one, with the mayor replacing the priest, and the name of the law replacing the name of God ("

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of the commune. The municipal councilors are elected by the inhabitants of the commune for a 6-year term. Each commune is governed by a

1561:, which has a much larger territory covering 449,964 km (173,732 sq mi) and yet is divided into only 290 municipalities ( 4267: 4182: 3894: 3714: 1690:

government retained control of the Paris police. In all other French communes, the municipal police are under the mayor's supervision.

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There have long been calls in France for a massive merger of communes, including by such distinguished voices as the president of the

4242: 4152: 4146: 3978: 3966: 3906: 3458: 4164: 4110: 4062: 3301: 4260: 4056: 3870: 3022: 4422: 4254: 4212: 4134: 3930: 3852: 3798: 3708: 3180: 210: 3858: 3996: 3942: 3804: 1931: 182: 1546:, with an area of 8,280 km (3,200 sq mi), and now part of the Région Grand Est, used to be the smallest of the 4281: 4275: 3374: 1738:) still had a major influence in the village's affairs, collecting taxes from tenant-villagers and ordering them to work the 4293: 3888: 3792: 3720: 4092: 3276: 3258: 1331:

are dependent on a commune for their administration. This is unlike some other countries, such as the United States, where

4200: 4032: 3972: 3732: 2349:

setting up the agenda and implementing it, with the elected representatives of the communes only endorsing key decisions.

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of 12 July 1999 is the most recent and most thoroughgoing measure aimed at strengthening and simplifying this principle.

2186: 1393: 831: 603: 548: 514: 163: 56: 4098: 3912: 3840: 1722:

Parishes lacked the municipal structures of post-Revolution communes. Usually, one contained only a building committee (

4460: 4392: 4236: 4026: 4002: 3882: 3750: 2277: 1648: 881: 634: 436: 4218: 4206: 4128: 4122: 3984: 3954: 3924: 3822: 3768: 3696: 3565: 3447: 2885: 2678:(52 inhabitants) at the Spanish border: both at 721 km (448 mi) from the center of Paris as the crow flies. 2208: 1574: 305: 287: 229: 127: 70: 1727: 967:, because French communes still largely reflect the division of France into villages or parishes at the time of the 196: 109: 4224: 4170: 4014: 3990: 3936: 3900: 3834: 3690: 3644: 2771: 1647:

Since the PLM Law of 1982, three French communes also have a special status in that they are further divided into

329: 4517: 4310: 4176: 4104: 4050: 4044: 4038: 3918: 3876: 3864: 3846: 3786: 3744: 3738: 1777:

there was no uniform status for these chartered cities, each one having its own status and specific organization.

1314:(1) Within the current limits of metropolitan France, which existed between 1860 and 1871 and from 1919 to today. 17: 2065: 1455: 4397: 4188: 3960: 3684: 3546:

lescommunes.com: contacts, offices du tourisme et maire, Hall and Tourist Office, statistiques, photographies.

3518: 3087: 2190: 566: 178: 167: 94: 3234: 3207: 2079: 1973:. These abrupt changes profoundly alienated devout Catholics, and France soon was plunged into the throes of 1923: 1316:(2) Within the current extent of overseas France, which has remained unchanged since the independence of the 543: 3575: 3513: 1482: 1362:. The commune structure was abolished when Saint-Martin became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007. 840:

are the lowest level of administrative division in France and are governed by elected officials including a

4432: 3629: 1348: 3538: 3410: 265: 4447: 3637: 3120: 2978: 1742:, controlling which fields were to be used and when, and how much of the harvest should be given to him. 1389: 599: 371: 2500: 1811:

were on equal footing, and rendered decisions collegially. However, for certain purposes, there was one

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during the Middle Ages, either from the king himself or from local counts or dukes (such as the city of

1675:, whereas municipal arrondissements, by contrast, have no official capacity and no budget of their own. 4465: 2404: 2391: 1633: 1478:

in Germany were the only places in Europe where the communes had a smaller median area than in France.

853: 576: 417: 269: 258: 4455: 4427: 4357: 4287: 2851: 742: 471: 31: 3485: 2495: 2485: 2266: 523: 4346: 3672: 1943: 1908: 1785:(from an old Germanic word meaning judge), while in the south, cities tended to be administered by 1660: 1562: 1423:

mainland France commune than the average area since the average includes some very large communes.

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directly governed by a county or a higher authority can be found. There are only a few exceptions:

1327:

The whole territory of the French Republic is divided into communes; even uninhabited mountains or

717: 3366: 4532: 4437: 4342: 2611: 2578: 2549: 2507:

Apart from the above cases, the communes with the fewest inhabitants in the French Republic are:

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In recent years it has become increasingly common for communes to band together in intercommunal

2179: 762: 399: 156: 105: 62: 1415:, the average area of a commune in 2004 was 14.88 square kilometres (5.75 sq mi). The 203: 3150: 2871: 1664: 1601: 4387: 3668: 3115:[Administrative constituencies of 1 January 2015: regional comparisons] (in French). 2475: 2376: 2104: 2043: 1912: 1625: 1344: 956: 885: 571: 466: 360: 2533: 2287: 1644:

other features) all depend on the population echelon into which a particular commune falls.

792:

vary widely in size and area, from large sprawling cities with millions of inhabitants like

505: 101: 2961: 2537: 2383: 2092: 1758:

chartered by the counts of Toulouse). These cities were made up of several parishes (up to

1616:

Despite differences in population, each of the communes of the French Republic possesses a

1519: 1471: 446: 3324:"The Territorial Archives will recover eight parish registers from the eighteenth century" 2778: 2656: 2042:

Since then, tremendous changes have affected France, as they have the rest of Europe: the

1587: 1369:(14,944 inhabitants), which still is divided according to the three traditional chiefdoms. 8: 4299: 3293: 2989: 2905: 2099:

at the 2002 Census of Governments, fewer than that of the French Republic. The number of

1927: 1916: 1731: 1551: 1332: 948: 812:

have names, but not all named geographic areas or groups of people residing together are

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Before the revolution, France's lowest level of administrative division was the parish (

1373: 4362: 3014: 2925: 2725: 2712: 2696: 2526: 2460: 2000: 1475: 3176: 2230: 1977:, with the fervently religious regions of western France at its center. It would take 1954: 1396:(no permanent population, about 200 resident scientists, soldiers, and meteorologists) 4470: 3561: 3370: 3077:"Le code officiel géographique (COG), avant, pendant et autour (Version 3, volume 1)" 2921: 2911: 2642: 2577:

is the department in France with the fewest communes, with only single commune of an

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French communes were created at the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789–1790.

1583: 1547: 1465: 1449: 1399: 1366: 1357: 968: 609: 476: 461: 2625:(50,513 inhabitants) near Marseille, the territory of which encompasses most of the 1939: 4410: 4402: 4382: 4367: 3362: 2951: 2941: 2915: 2901: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2830: 2826: 2802: 2753: 2638: 2469: 2464: 2144: 2120: 964: 918: 580: 4340: 2522: 2518:), in southeastern France, one inhabitant as of 1999. (a 38-year-old divorced man) 806:

typically are based on pre-existing villages and facilitate local governance. All

3542: 3525: 3492: 3417: 3355:"French Identity: The National Search for Retrospective Legitimacy and Unanimity" 3280: 3262: 2891: 2881: 2814: 2700: 2420: 2020: 1996: 1820: 1803:("men of the chapter"). Usually, there was no mayor in the modern sense; all the 1672: 704: 557: 3273: 3255: 2367:

to various entities in France, notably the communes (which do not coincide with

2060: 830:), the difference residing in the lack of administrative powers. Except for the 3446: 3411:

Loi n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales

2965: 2931: 2794: 2096: 2084: 2023:

which were annexed in 1795, but does not include the departments of modern-day

1763: 1617: 912: 841: 797: 731: 3397: 3113:"Circonscriptions administrative au 1er janvier 2015: comparaisons régionales" 2735: 2655:

The commune of the French Republic farthest away from Paris is the commune of

4496: 4415: 3448:

Direction générale des collectivités locales (DGCL), Ministry of the Interior

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The two communes in the French Republic with the longest names (38 letters):

2660: 2604: 2564: 2511: 2246: 2124: 2088: 1888: 1493: 960: 889: 653: 629: 593: 586: 383: 4140: 3659: 3422: 2707:

The commune of the French Republic with the shortest name is the commune of

2637:): 8.7 times the area of the city of Paris (excluding the outlying parks of 2468:

unpopulated and are managed by a council of three members, appointed by the

3144:"25 Jahre Gemeindereform Baden-Württemberg; hier: Neuordnung der Gemeinden" 2749: 2448:

is the most populous commune of France with 2,187,526 residents as of 2017.

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Three digits (department or collectivity) and two digits (commune) for the

2379:) and three digits (commune) for the 96 departments of metropolitan France. 2245:

urban communes to form urban communities or the more marked failure of the

2071: 2051: 2039:(but there, only county level and above had any permanent administration). 2016: 1896: 1317: 769: 735: 340: 2296: 496: 2935: 2649: 2630: 2596: 1860: 1771: 1568: 1567:). Alsace has more than double the total number of municipalities of the 1515: 1461: 1328: 403: 2687: 2675: 1557:

With its 904 communes, Alsace has three times as many municipalities as

1380:

Furthermore, two regions without permanent habitation have no communes:

3452:"Répartition des EPCI à fiscalité propre par département au 01/01/2007" 3050:(in French). Direction générale des collectivités locales. p. 18. 2806: 2767: 2671: 2364: 2237: 2193: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2132:

whom they may consider unaware of or inattentive to their local needs.

1978: 1872: 1762:

50 parishes in the case of Paris), and they were usually enclosed by a

1352: 864:). They have extensive autonomous powers to implement national policy. 2300:), established in 2014, aimed at the largest cities and their suburbs. 1836: 1489: 3141: 2945: 2818: 2786: 2763: 2545: 2480: 2047: 1995:

French communes were given legal "personality", being now considered

1974: 1652: 3486:

Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017

3076: 2168: 1739: 145: 112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2865: 2708: 2692: 2626: 2615: 2368: 2100: 1790: 1755: 618: 3394:"Statistique des communes (fin de l'Ancien Régime et XIXe siècle)" 3230: 3203: 2634: 2515: 2123:(the central auditing administrative body in France). In 1971 the 2875: 2667: 2147:). The municipal council of the new commune can decide to create 2028: 2024: 1983: 1840: 1751: 1716: 1524: 1445: 1437: 2955: 2111:

in Thailand also have a higher number than the French communes.

1967:

Au nom de la loi, je vous déclare unis par les liens du mariage.

3664: 3624: 3613: 3535: 2983: 2855: 2757: 2568: 2361:(Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques) 2012: 1558: 1543: 1510: 1432: 1416: 1412: 944: 752: 721: 350: 3519:

Le développement de l'intercommunalité: la révolution discrète

2229:

for dealing with a number of practical matters, the so-called

924:, for a large gathering of people sharing a common life; from 4442: 3428: 3019:

Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques

2834: 2622: 2621:

In metropolitan France the largest commune is the commune of

2582: 2574: 2445: 2424: 2419:). The municipal council is the legislative and deliberative 2357: 2128:

water, garbage collection, or properly paved communal roads.

2108: 2036: 2032: 1848: 1832: 1795: 1460:) with a median area above 15 km (5.8 sq mi). 1441: 1427: 1351:(33,102 inhabitants). It was previously a commune inside the 963:. This is a considerably higher total than that of any other 925: 793: 387: 2282:), aimed at towns and middle-sized cities and their suburbs; 1907:

On 14 July 1789, at the end of the afternoon, following the

2589: 2541: 2155:

have been established, replacing about 2,550 old communes.

2078:

Thus, in Europe, only Switzerland has as high a density of

1880: 1678:

The rights and obligations of communes are governed by the

1656: 1600:

municipalities compared to the large and populous state of

2663:: 16,841 km (10,465 miles) from the center of Paris. 784:

are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France.

1957:

and his ideas of one commune for each parish prevailed.

2666:

In continental France (i.e., European France excluding

1527:(11,265 inhabitants), or even Spain (564 inhabitants). 2650:

Communes farthest away from the capital city of France

1986:, the local representative of the central government. 1535:

percent are concentrated in the remaining 43 percent.

3625:

Complete lists of cities and municipalities in France

2682: 2558: 1989: 1799:(etymologically meaning "sworn men") and Toulouse by 268:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 2607:: 18,360 square kilometres (7,090 sq mi). 2529:), in eastern France, three inhabitants as of 2017. 2439: 1680:

Code général des collectivités territoriales (CGCT)

170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3174: 1781:In the north, cities tended to be administered by 1504: 943:As of January 2021, there were 35,083 communes in 2744: 2645:) at 759 square kilometres (293 sq mi). 2315: 1693: 27:France territorial subdivision for municipalities 4494: 3573: 3434: 2453:French villages destroyed in the First World War 4508:Fifth-level administrative divisions by country 3168: 2610:The smallest commune of the French Republic is 1789:(in a clear reference to Roman antiquity), but 2595:The largest commune of the French Republic is 2455:have never been rebuilt. All are found in the 1444:it is 35 km (14 sq mi); and in 4528:LAU statistical regions of the European Union 4326: 3645: 2722:Saint-Remy-en-Bouzemont-Saint-Genest-et-Isson 2670:), the communes farthest away from Paris are 1632:), which jointly manage the commune from the 760: 750: 672: 3045:"Les collectivités locales en chiffres 2021" 2691:Road sign marking the end of the village of 2291:), aimed at larger cities and their suburbs. 2275: 2264: 1406: 1355: 905: 894: 874: 858: 846: 835: 825: 819: 813: 807: 801: 787: 779: 773: 740: 725: 693: 521: 512: 503: 494: 4484:List of administrative divisions by country 3142:Parliament (Landtag) of Baden-Württemberg. 2732:Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur 1572: 929: 916: 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4333: 4319: 3652: 3638: 3481: 3479: 1942:ideas as well as by the philosophy of the 1440:it is 40 km (15 sq mi); in 1436:) is 22 km (8.5 sq mi); in 679: 665: 3554:Les collectivités territoriales en France 3367:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216314.003.0002 2552:), each with four inhabitants as of 2017. 2252:There are two types of these structures: 2209:Learn how and when to remove this message 1911:, the provost of the merchants of Paris, 1611: 306:Learn how and when to remove this message 288:Learn how and when to remove this message 230:Learn how and when to remove this message 128:Learn how and when to remove this message 2762: 2748: 2686: 2590:Largest and smallest commune territories 264:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3476: 3352: 1750:Additionally, some cities had obtained 431:This article is part of a series on the 14: 4495: 2434: 4314: 3633: 2829:), and many place names derived from 2271:), aimed primarily at rural communes; 2114: 938: 703: 485: 3334:from the original on 4 December 2022 3304:from the original on 4 December 2022 3183:from the original on 16 October 2018 2191:adding citations to reliable sources 2162: 1902: 1701: 800:with only a handful of inhabitants. 241: 168:adding citations to reliable sources 139: 77: 36: 3592:from the original on 2 January 2023 2221:The expression "intercommunality" ( 2158: 1745: 1596: 1394:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 976:Evolution of the number of communes 911:appeared in the 12th century, from 604:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 24: 4503:Administrative divisions in Europe 2683:Shortest and longest commune names 2559:Most and least subdivided communes 2327:syndicats d'agglomération nouvelle 1990:Trends after the French Revolution 1867:in many towns of southern France; 1774:rather than municipal democracies. 1538: 1402:in the Pacific Ocean (uninhabited) 25: 4544: 3606: 3237:from the original on 22 July 2018 3228: 3210:from the original on 22 July 2018 3201: 3093:from the original on 3 March 2016 2571:with the most communes, with 890. 2398: 2352: 1843:and many other cities and towns; 1671:: French communes are considered 882:administrative division in France 738:in the United States and Canada, 52:This article has multiple issues. 3612: 3536:Les villes et communes de France 3291: 3057:from the original on 22 May 2022 3025:from the original on 6 July 2022 2599:(with 3,710 inhabitants) in the 2440:Most and least populous communes 2274:the community of agglomeration ( 2167: 1667:that are subdivisions of French 768:in Spain. The UK equivalent are 647: 567:Overseas departments and regions 445: 328: 246: 144: 82: 41: 3440: 3404: 3386: 3353:Hayward, Jack (26 April 2007). 3346: 3316: 3285: 3267: 2178:needs additional citations for 2075:2008 (in metropolitan France). 1505:Population of a typical commune 1430:, the median area of communes ( 155:needs additional citations for 60:or discuss these issues on the 3576:"L'intercommunalité en France" 3249: 3222: 3195: 3135: 3105: 3069: 3037: 3007: 2745:Communes with non-French names 2463:and were destroyed during the 2316:Allocation of government money 1728:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1694:History of the French communes 867: 13: 1: 2995: 2618:: 3.54 hectares (8.75 acres). 2431:) elected for a 6-year term. 2064:process – the 1759: 3000: 1303: 1300: 1292: 1289: 1281: 1278: 1270: 1267: 1259: 1256: 1248: 1245: 1237: 1234: 1226: 1223: 1215: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1182: 1179: 1171: 1168: 1144: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1122: 1119: 1111: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1078: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1056: 1053: 1045: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1023: 1020: 1012: 1009: 1001: 998: 7: 3457:(in French). Archived from 3396:(in French). Archived from 3149:(in German). Archived from 2979:Lists of communes of France 2972: 2263:the community of communes ( 1706: 935:, 'things held in common'. 880:is the smallest and oldest 834:of its largest cities, the 108:the claims made and adding 10: 4549: 4523:Local government in France 4513:Populated places in France 4363:People's Republic of China 3558:La Documentation française 3514:La Documentation française 3505: 3298:World History Encyclopedia 3294:"Storming of the Bastille" 3177:"Gemeinden in Deutschland" 2278:communauté d'agglomération 1151: 981: 947:, of which 34,836 were in 515:Communauté d'agglomération 29: 4481: 4353: 4341:Articles on fourth-level 3679: 3574:Cour des comptes (2005). 3231:"Historique du Haut-Rhin" 2139:(lit. "new communes"). A 1999:with legal capacity. The 1649:municipal arrondissements 1481:The communes of France's 1407:Area of a typical commune 1312: 836: 832:municipal arrondissements 814: 808: 802: 788: 780: 774: 726: 694: 549:Municipal arrondissements 410: 394: 378: 366: 356: 346: 336: 327: 322: 32:Communal (disambiguation) 4343:administrative divisions 3416:8 September 2015 at the 3204:"Historique du Bas-Rhin" 3175:gemeindeverzeichnis.de. 2501:Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre 1922:Following that event, a 1909:storming of the Bastille 1831:in Marseille, Bordeaux, 1821:provost of the merchants 1661:municipal arrondissement 1341:collectivité d'outre-mer 454:Administrative divisions 3703:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 3524:12 October 2005 at the 3279:12 January 2005 at the 2659:(1,840 inhabitants) in 2550:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 2491:Fleury-devant-Douaumont 2388:Overseas collectivities 957:overseas collectivities 718:administrative division 572:Overseas collectivities 4518:Subdivisions of France 3491:5 October 2020 at the 3261:3 January 2005 at the 2782: 2776:showing double French/ 2760: 2703: 2614:(53 inhabitants) near 2496:Haumont-près-Samogneux 2486:Cumières-le-Mort-Homme 2417:conseillers municipaux 2276: 2267:communauté de communes 2265: 1612:Status of the communes 1602:North Rhine-Westphalia 1573: 1386:territoire d'outre-mer 1356: 930: 917: 906: 895: 875: 859: 847: 826: 820: 761: 751: 741: 524:Communauté de communes 522: 513: 504: 495: 374:) (as of January 2021) 4231:Territoire de Belfort 3435:Cour des Comptes 2005 3015:"Définition: Commune" 2898:(141,315 inhabitants) 2766: 2752: 2690: 2674:(93 inhabitants) and 2567:is the department in 2476:Beaumont-en-Verdunois 2285:the urban community ( 2044:Industrial Revolution 1913:Jacques de Flesselles 1827:) in Paris and Lyon; 1345:overseas collectivity 701:French pronunciation: 4268:Overseas departments 4069:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 3621:at Wikimedia Commons 3541:10 July 2019 at the 3400:on 1 September 2004. 3330:. 17 November 2016. 3328:www.soualigapost.com 2958:(41,205 inhabitants) 2858:(19,107 inhabitants) 2612:Castelmoron-d'Albret 2538:Caunette-sur-Lauquet 2413:municipal councilors 2384:Overseas departments 2309:taxe professionnelle 2187:improve this article 2103:in the Philippines, 1825:prévôt des marchands 1793:was administered by 1608:in September 2007). 1520:Rhineland-Palatinate 1472:Rhineland-Palatinate 1333:unincorporated areas 953:overseas departments 400:Castelmoron-d'Albret 257:factual accuracy is 179:"Communes of France" 164:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 4081:Pyrénées-Orientales 3673:metropolitan region 3552:Maryvonne Bonnard, 3156:on 28 November 2007 2968:(8,683 inhabitants) 2938:(4,024 inhabitants) 2928:(5,377 inhabitants) 2918:(5,028 inhabitants) 2908:(1,007 inhabitants) 2906:Banyuls-dels-Aspres 2878:(1,586 inhabitants) 2868:(9,514 inhabitants) 2848:(1,680 inhabitants) 2435:Miscellaneous facts 2403:Each commune has a 1936:Assemblée Nationale 1724:conseil de fabrique 1682:which replaced the 1651:: these are Paris, 1552:metropolitan France 1158:Metropolitan France 988:Metropolitan France 978: 949:metropolitan France 544:Associated communes 439:divisions of France 4373:Dominican Republic 4009:Meurthe-et-Moselle 3619:Communes in France 3583:Journaux Officiels 3361:. pp. 41–66. 3292:Mark, Harrison W. 2990:Urban areas France 2783: 2761: 2704: 2534:La Bâtie-des-Fonds 2527:Meurthe-et-Moselle 2392:Overseas countries 2288:communauté urbaine 2153:communes nouvelles 2149:communes déléguées 2137:communes nouvelles 2115:Communes nouvelles 2107:of Indonesia, and 1924:"commune" of Paris 1476:Schleswig-Holstein 1448:, the majority of 1390:overseas territory 974: 939:Number of communes 600:Overseas territory 506:Communauté urbaine 323:Communes of France 93:possibly contains 4490: 4489: 4368:Republic of China 4308: 4307: 4249:Seine-Saint-Denis 3781:Charente-Maritime 3617:Media related to 3376:978-0-19-921631-4 3359:Fragmented France 2964:: the commune of 2954:: the commune of 2948:(372 inhabitants) 2944:: the commune of 2934:: the commune of 2924:: the commune of 2914:: the commune of 2904:: the commune of 2894:: the commune of 2888:(683 inhabitants) 2884:: the commune of 2874:: the commune of 2864:: the commune of 2854:: the commune of 2844:: the commune of 2738:(937 inhabitants) 2728:(517 inhabitants) 2715:(91 inhabitants). 2643:Bois de Vincennes 2409:conseil municipal 2405:municipal council 2227:French Revolution 2219: 2218: 2211: 1932:National Assembly 1903:French Revolution 1702:Kingdom of France 1684:Code des communes 1630:conseil municipal 1626:municipal council 1588:Baden-Württemberg 1400:Clipperton Island 1367:Wallis and Futuna 1325: 1324: 1308: 1307: 1149: 1148: 1117:20 February 1975 969:French Revolution 860:conseil municipal 854:municipal council 734:and incorporated 730:are analogous to 689: 688: 654:France portal 610:Clipperton Island 426: 425: 418:Municipal council 316: 315: 308: 298: 297: 290: 240: 239: 232: 214: 138: 137: 130: 95:original research 75: 16:(Redirected from 4540: 4461:Northern Ireland 4335: 4328: 4321: 4312: 4311: 3949:Loire-Atlantique 3757:Bouches-du-Rhône 3654: 3647: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3616: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3580: 3570: 3549: 3531: 3499: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3289: 3283: 3271: 3265: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3123:on 30 April 2014 3119:. Archived from 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3011: 2846:Mittelhausbergen 2754:Mittelhausbergen 2639:Bois de Boulogne 2532:the communes of 2465:Battle of Verdun 2363:gives numerical 2294:the metropolis ( 2281: 2270: 2223:intercommunalité 2214: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2171: 2163: 2159:Intercommunality 2141:commune nouvelle 2121:Cour des Comptes 1853:premier capitoul 1761: 1746:Chartered cities 1590:, the number of 1578: 1411:In metropolitan 1374:Saint Barthélemy 1361: 1161:Overseas France 1153: 1152: 991:Overseas France 983: 982: 979: 973: 965:European country 955:, and 83 in the 933: 922: 909: 903:The French word 898: 878: 862: 850: 839: 838: 829: 823: 817: 816: 811: 810: 805: 804: 791: 790: 783: 782: 777: 776: 766: 756: 746: 729: 728: 716:) is a level of 715: 714: 713: 707: 702: 697: 696: 681: 674: 667: 656: 652: 651: 650: 581:French Polynesia 577:Overseas country 527: 518: 509: 500: 486:Intercommunality 449: 428: 427: 332: 320: 319: 311: 304: 293: 286: 282: 279: 273: 270:reliably sourced 250: 249: 242: 235: 228: 224: 221: 215: 213: 172: 148: 140: 133: 126: 122: 119: 113: 110:inline citations 86: 85: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4452:United Kingdom 4349: 4339: 4309: 4304: 4183:Tarn-et-Garonne 4075:Hautes-Pyrénées 3895:Ille-et-Vilaine 3715:Alpes-Maritimes 3675: 3658: 3609: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3578: 3568: 3547: 3543:Wayback Machine 3529: 3526:Wayback Machine 3508: 3503: 3502: 3493:Wayback Machine 3484: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3418:Wayback Machine 3409: 3405: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3286: 3281:Wayback Machine 3272: 3268: 3263:Wayback Machine 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2975: 2777: 2775: 2747: 2701:Hauts-de-France 2685: 2652: 2592: 2561: 2442: 2437: 2401: 2355: 2318: 2231:Chevènement law 2215: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2184: 2172: 2161: 2117: 2021:Alpes-Maritimes 1992: 1905: 1748: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1665:arrondissements 1614: 1541: 1539:Example: Alsace 1507: 1454:have communes ( 1409: 1315: 1298:1 January 2021 1287:1 January 2008 1276:1 January 2007 1265:1 January 2006 1254:1 January 2005 1243:1 January 2004 1232:1 January 2003 1221:1 January 2002 1210:1 January 2001 1199:1 January 2000 1188:1 January 1999 1128:1 January 1978 1106:1 January 1971 1062:1 January 1947 941: 870: 732:civil townships 722:French Republic 709: 708: 705:[kɔmyn] 700: 685: 648: 646: 645: 640: 639: 558:Overseas France 472:Arrondissements 438: 422: 402:) – 18,360 km ( 386:) – 2,175,601 ( 312: 301: 300: 299: 294: 283: 277: 274: 263: 255:This article's 251: 247: 236: 225: 219: 216: 173: 171: 161: 149: 134: 123: 117: 114: 99: 87: 83: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:French communes 15: 12: 11: 5: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4533:Municipalities 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4338: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4243:Hauts-de-Seine 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4153:Seine-et-Marne 4149: 4147:Seine-Maritime 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4117:Saône-et-Loire 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3979:Maine-et-Loire 3975: 3969: 3967:Lot-et-Garonne 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3907:Indre-et-Loire 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3608: 3607:External links 3605: 3603: 3602: 3585:. 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1991: 1988: 1904: 1901: 1877:maître échevin 1865:premier consul 1779: 1778: 1775: 1764:defensive wall 1747: 1744: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1673:legal entities 1634:municipal hall 1613: 1610: 1597:Current debate 1540: 1537: 1506: 1503: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1323: 1322: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 989: 986: 940: 937: 913:Medieval Latin 869: 866: 770:civil parishes 736:municipalities 687: 686: 684: 683: 676: 669: 661: 658: 657: 642: 641: 638: 637: 632: 626: 623: 622: 615: 614: 613: 612: 607: 597: 584: 574: 569: 561: 560: 554: 553: 552: 551: 546: 538: 537: 531: 530: 529: 528: 519: 510: 501: 489: 488: 482: 481: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 456: 455: 451: 450: 442: 441: 437:Administrative 433: 432: 424: 423: 421: 420: 414: 412: 408: 407: 396: 392: 391: 380: 376: 375: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 338: 334: 333: 325: 324: 314: 313: 296: 295: 254: 252: 245: 238: 237: 152: 150: 143: 136: 135: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4545: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4485: 4480: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4416:Village tract 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4301: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4057:Pas-de-Calais 4054: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3871:Haute-Garonne 3868: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3817:Côtes-d'Armor 3814: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3566:2-11-005874-9 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3236: 3233:(in French). 3232: 3225: 3209: 3206:(in French). 3205: 3198: 3182: 3179:(in German). 3178: 3171: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3089: 3085: 3082:(in French). 3078: 3072: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3017:(in French). 3016: 3010: 3006: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916:M’Tsangamouji 2913: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2797:), Toulouse ( 2796: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2661:New Caledonia 2658: 2654: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2605:French Guiana 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565:Pas-de-Calais 2563: 2562: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523:Leménil-Mitry 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512:Rochefourchat 2509: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247:Marcellin law 2242: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2213: 2210: 2202: 2199:November 2018 2192: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2176:This section 2174: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2125:Marcellin law 2122: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:United States 2086: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1944:Enlightenment 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:prêteur royal 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855:in Toulouse; 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:German states 1580: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1494:French Guiana 1491: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1319: 1311: 1297: 1296: 1286: 1285: 1275: 1274: 1264: 1263: 1253: 1252: 1242: 1241: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1219: 1209: 1208: 1198: 1197: 1187: 1186: 1177:1 March 1990 1176: 1175: 1166:1 March 1985 1165: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1139:1 March 1982 1138: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1115: 1105: 1104: 1095:1 March 1968 1094: 1093: 1084:7 March 1962 1083: 1082: 1072: 1071: 1061: 1060: 1051:8 March 1936 1050: 1049: 1040:8 March 1931 1039: 1038: 1029:7 March 1926 1028: 1027: 1018:6 March 1921 1017: 1016: 1006: 1005: 995: 994: 990: 987: 985: 984: 980: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 961:New Caledonia 958: 954: 951:, 129 in the 950: 946: 936: 934: 932: 927: 923: 921: 920: 914: 910: 908: 901: 899: 897: 891: 890:Paris Commune 887: 883: 879: 877: 865: 863: 861: 855: 851: 849: 843: 833: 828: 822: 799: 795: 785: 771: 767: 765: 764: 758:in Italy, or 757: 755: 754: 747: 745: 744: 737: 733: 723: 719: 712: 706: 698: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 662: 660: 659: 655: 644: 643: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 625: 624: 620: 617: 616: 611: 608: 605: 601: 598: 595: 594:New Caledonia 591: 589: 585: 582: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 562: 559: 556: 555: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 540: 539: 536: 533: 532: 526: 525: 520: 517: 516: 511: 508: 507: 502: 499: 498: 493: 492: 491: 490: 487: 484: 483: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 457: 453: 452: 448: 444: 443: 440: 435: 434: 430: 429: 419: 416: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Rochefourchat 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 362: 359: 357:Found in 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 331: 326: 321: 318: 310: 307: 292: 289: 281: 278:December 2022 271: 267: 261: 260: 253: 244: 243: 234: 231: 223: 212: 209: 205: 202: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 181: – 180: 176: 175:Find sources: 169: 165: 159: 158: 153:This article 151: 147: 142: 141: 132: 129: 121: 111: 107: 103: 97: 96: 91:This article 89: 80: 79: 74: 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Retrieved 3009: 2872:Austronesian 2822: 2810: 2798: 2790: 2784: 2600: 2456: 2428: 2416: 2408: 2402: 2375:Two digits ( 2360: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2308: 2295: 2286: 2251: 2243: 2235: 2222: 2220: 2205: 2196: 2185:Please help 2180:verification 2177: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2118: 2077: 2072:West Germany 2066: 2061:Napoléon III 2057: 2052:rural exodus 2041: 2031:west of the 2017:Haute-Savoie 2010: 2006:départements 2005: 1993: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1951:départements 1950: 1948: 1935: 1921: 1906: 1897:Valenciennes 1892: 1884: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1749: 1735: 1723: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1697: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1669:départements 1668: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1629: 1621: 1615: 1605: 1591: 1581: 1563: 1556: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1508: 1498: 1485:départements 1484: 1480: 1466: 1456: 1450: 1431: 1425: 1420: 1410: 1385: 1379: 1349:Saint-Martin 1340: 1329:rain forests 1326: 1318:New Hebrides 1313: 1073:10 May 1954 975: 942: 928: 915: 904: 902: 893: 873: 871: 857: 845: 786: 759: 749: 748:in Germany, 739: 692: 690: 590:collectivity 587: 534: 341:Municipality 317: 302: 284: 275: 256: 226: 217: 207: 200: 193: 186: 174: 162:Please help 157:verification 154: 124: 118:January 2015 115: 92: 68: 61: 55: 54:Please help 51: 4398:Ivory Coast 4165:Deux-Sèvres 4111:Haute-Saône 4063:Puy-de-Dôme 3997:Haute-Marne 3943:Haute-Loire 3805:Haute-Corse 3569:(in French) 3548:(in French) 3530:(in French) 3256:Legislation 3241:25 November 3214:25 November 3160:25 November 2936:Steenvoorde 2736:Haute-Saône 2601:département 2597:Maripasoula 2521:commune of 2510:commune of 2457:département 2451:Six of the 1885:maire royal 1861:Montpellier 1772:oligarchies 1730:of 1539 by 1569:Netherlands 1516:Switzerland 1462:Switzerland 1007:March 1866 996:March 1861 900:in French. 868:Terminology 796:, to small 588:Sui generis 467:Departments 404:Maripasoula 379:Populations 361:Departments 4497:Categories 4282:Martinique 4276:Guadeloupe 4261:Val-d'Oise 3669:department 3596:8 February 3423:Légifrance 3338:4 December 3308:4 December 2996:References 2962:Polynesian 2852:Amerindian 2807:Strasbourg 2768:Vacqueyras 2672:Coustouges 2583:department 2472:of Meuse: 2377:department 2050:, and the 2048:world wars 1979:Napoleon I 1873:Strasbourg 1353:Guadeloupe 821:"lieu dit" 763:municipios 411:Government 220:April 2020 190:newspapers 102:improve it 57:improve it 4388:Indonesia 4347:countries 4093:Haut-Rhin 3859:Finistère 3811:Côte-d'Or 3001:Citations 2946:Bocognano 2819:Perpignan 2811:Straßburg 2791:Duinkerke 2787:Dunkerque 2779:Provençal 2546:Majastres 2536:(Drôme), 2481:Bezonvaux 2369:postcodes 2297:métropole 2238:consortia 2101:barangays 2097:townships 2067:Gemeinden 1975:civil war 1940:Cartesian 1928:Louis XVI 1917:Charles V 1801:capitouls 1732:Francis I 1653:Marseille 1606:Gemeinden 1592:Gemeinden 1575:gemeenten 1483:overseas 1457:Gemeinden 1392:) of the 1320:in 1980. 743:Gemeinden 724:. 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