French battleship Bouvet

1093:, which allowed the design staff to reduce the thickness of the steel without compromising its effectiveness. Thus, weight could be saved that could be used elsewhere in the displacement-limited ships. The main belt was 400 mm (16 in) thick amidships, and tapered down to 200 mm (7.9 in) at the lower edge. Forward of the central citadel, the belt was reduced to 300 mm (12 in) (also reduced to 200 mm on the lower edge) and aft of the citadel, it tapered to 260 mm (10 in) (reduced to 120 mm (4.7 in) on the bottom edge). The belt extended for the entire length of the hull, and it was backed with 200 mm of 559: 1140:, and training all of the main battery turrets to one side would produce a heel of 2°. Incremental increases in weight during the construction process, which Huin was unable to supervise, left little margin for the belt to remain above the water. These increases forced compromises elsewhere in the ship's armor protection, most notably the barbettes, which were criticized at the time; nothing could be done, however, due to the strict limit placed on displacement. The cofferdam also proved to be highly susceptible to uncontrollable flooding, which would have serious effects on the vessel's stability. 1071: 741: 1789: 36: 900: 1467: 4195: 4178: 4190: 4170: 87: 1149: 969:, which were mounted in single turrets in the hull; two were placed just aft of the forward 305 mm turret, four were placed on either sides of the 274 mm guns, and the remaining two were just aft of the rear 305 mm turret. These guns had a firing rate of 4 rounds per minute, with a maximum range of 11,000 m (36,000 ft) from up to 20° elevation. For defense against torpedo boats, 728:. The ships suffered from a lack of uniformity of equipment, which made them hard to maintain in service, and their mixed gun batteries comprising several calibers made gunnery in combat conditions difficult, since shell splashes were hard to differentiate. Many of the problems that plagued the ships in service were a result of the limitation on their displacement, particularly their stability and 1001:, two of which were submerged in the ship's hull; both were located on the broadside close to the bow; they were aimed directly perpendicular to the centerline. The other two tubes were mounted above water, in trainable launchers placed amidships. The fire of these tubes was directed either by armored sights located abreast of the conning tower or unprotected sights on the battery deck. 1116:, back with two layers of 10 mm plating. Mild steel was used here, as the deck was designed to bend rather than shatter when struck by an armor-piercing shell at an oblique angle. The lower platform deck was 30 mm (1.2 in) thick, with a single layer of 10 mm plating behind it; it was intended to catch splinters that penetrated the main deck. 1778: 677:. Although the navy had stipulated that displacement could be up to 14,000 t, political considerations, namely parliamentary objections to increases in naval expenditures, led the designers to limit displacement to around 12,000 t (12,000 long tons). Five naval architects submitted proposals to the competition; 1062:) that was located directly below the conning tower, below the armored deck. The central command post received the range and bearing information from the rangefinders and calculated firing solutions, which would then be sent via the electric order transmitters to direct the fire of individual guns or sections. 956:

s main guns to easily penetrate the armor of most contemporary battleships at the common battle ranges of the day. The 274 mm guns, which were also 45 calibers long, had the same muzzle velocity, but being significantly smaller than the 305 mm guns, produced 460 mm (18 in) of

882:

that had a combined output of 128 kilowatts (172 hp). The dynamos were placed on the platform deck between the ducting for the boilers. Several smaller electric motors, rated at 29 kW (39 hp), powered the ship's ventilation system, and 9 kW (12 hp) motors drove the ash hoists

984:

on the upper deck. Four were located between the funnels, two were placed abreast of the forward bridge, and the remaining two were similarly arranged on either side of the aft bridge. They had a rate of fire of between 7 and 15 shots per minute and they could engage targets out to 5,000 m

1045:

was the first battleship completed with the system; for the purposes of fire control, her gun battery was divided into either individual sections (the large and medium-caliber guns) or groups of two or more guns (the 100 mm, 47 mm, and 37 mm guns). All of the guns were controlled by

1119:

The main battery guns (both the 305 mm and 274 mm guns) were protected with 370 mm (15 in) of cemented armor on the faces and sides, with 70 mm (2.8 in) thick roofs and 65 mm (2.6 in) thick floors. Both the floors and roofs were composed of mild steel. The

1222:

was one of the most modern French battleships in the late 1890s and early 1900s, she spent this time in the Mediterranean Squadron, France's primary fleet. One of the largest of these exercises was conducted between March and July 1900, and involved the Mediterranean Squadron and the Northern

844:(10,300 kW), which allowed the ship to steam at a maximum speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) on speed trials with a light loading, though while on a 24-hour test using normal displacement, she cruised at 17 to 17.5 knots (31.5 to 32.4 km/h; 19.6 to 20.1 mph). Using 2024:. The ship was in poor condition at the time due to her age, which likely contributed to her rapid sinking, though there was some speculation that her ammunition magazine exploded. Guépratte himself remarked that "that ship must have had poor stability." It was later determined that 1124:

with 310 mm (12 in) thick sides. The 138 mm turrets had 100 mm (3.9 in) thick sides and faces, with 20 mm (0.79 in) roofs and 15 mm (0.59 in) floors. Gun shields that were 72 mm (2.8 in) thick protected the 100 mm guns. The

1668:

and the battleships proceeded on to Toulon, before departing again for Algiers for another escort mission. Once the French Army units had completed their crossing by late August, the Group C ships were tasked with patrolling merchant traffic between Tunis and Sicily to prevent

621:. The first stage of the program was to be a group of four squadron battleships that were built to different designs but met the same basic characteristics, including armor, armament, and displacement. The naval high command issued the basic requirements on 24 December 1889; 2009:

was rocked by a major explosion, followed by a large cloud of red-black smoke; observers aboard the other ships could not immediately tell whether she had been hit by an Ottoman shell, torpedoed by a shore-mounted torpedo battery, or if she had struck a mine. The escorting

1953:

were to silence the batteries on the European side. Mistakenly believing the Ottoman guns to have been largely neutralized by the British bombardment, Guépratte led his ships to within 9,100 m (10,000 yd) of the inner fortresses and engaged in an artillery duel.

961:

of one shell per minute. Both types of mounts allowed elevation to 14°; for the 305 mm guns, this produced a maximum range of 12,400 m (40,700 ft), and for the 274 mm guns, their maximum range was 11,700 m (38,400 ft).

993:

and the remaining five were single-barrel QF guns. Four of the 47 mm guns were mounted on the lower platforms of the military masts and the remainder, along with the 37 mm guns, were distributed along the length of the superstructure.

540:

fortifications guarding the straits. These culminated in a major assault on 18 March 1915; during the attack, she was hit approximately eight times by shellfire but was not seriously damaged. While turning to withdraw, however, she struck a

1426:

was withdrawn from front-line service with the Mediterranean Squadron. Now part of the Second Squadron, she was retained on active service for the year, but with a reduced crew. In July 1908, the Mediterranean Fleet was reorganized and

1914:

on 1 March to scout Ottoman positions in the area. They then covered the British battleships as they bombarded Ottoman positions in the straits on 5 March, before taking their turn the next day, when they attacked the fortification at

699:

had begun, the naval command asked Huin to design an improved version. He completed the plans for the ship, which was slightly larger than her half-sisters, on 20 May, and the Navy awarded the contract for the ship on 8 October 1892.

1922:

On 18 March, the French and British squadrons made another attack on the straits, directed at the inner ring of fortresses that guarded the narrowest part of the Dardanelles. The larger British contingent, commanded by Rear Admiral

545:

and sank within two minutes; only 75 men were rescued from a complement of 718. Two British battleships were also sunk by mines that day, and the disaster convinced the Allies to abandon the naval campaign in favor of an

1725:

amassed a large fleet tasked with breaking through the Ottoman defenses that guarded the straits. During this period, before the start of major offensive operations, the Anglo-French fleet alternated between anchorages at

863:

could carry 610 t (600 long tons) of coal, though additional space allowed for up to 980 t (960 long tons) in total. At a cruising speed of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph), the ship could steam for 3,000

948:

of 815 meters per second (2,670 ft/s), which allowed the shells to penetrate up to 610 mm (24 in) of iron armor at a range of 1,800 m (2,000 yd). This was sufficiently powerful to allow

645:

was to be either 140 mm (5.5 in) or 160 mm (6.3 in) caliber, with as many guns fitted as space would allow. The general similarity of the ships led some observers to group them together as a

790:

was reduced in size compared to her half-sisters, and she had a pair of short military masts; these changes were made to reduce the top-heaviness experienced with the earlier vessels. She kept the pronounced

814:; the outboard screws were 4.5 m (15 ft) wide, while the center shaft was slightly smaller, at 4.4 m (14 ft) in diameter. The engines were powered with steam supplied by thirty-two 1414:. The three ships carried some 9,000 rations and their crews assisted the victims to recover from the disaster. The division returned to France in time for a naval review on 16 September held in 721:

suffered from stability problems that ultimately contributed to her loss in 1915, and all five of the vessels compared poorly to their British counterparts, particularly their contemporaries of the

2018:

capsized and sank. A total of 75 of her crew were pulled from the water; 24 officers and 619 enlisted men died in the sinking. Most of the survivors were rescued by the British destroyer

493:

was withdrawn from front-line service in 1907 and thereafter used as part of the training fleet. The ship was the only vessel of her group of five half-sisters still in service at the outbreak of

1498:, and she remained out of service that year, with the exception of during the fleet maneuvers conducted in June, which she joined. In January 1911, she returned to service as the flagship of 2035:, the first such loss of the day, the British remained unaware of the minefield, thinking the explosion had been caused by a shell or torpedo. Subsequently, two British pre-dreadnoughts, 1086: 454:. Like her half-sisters, she was armed with a main battery of two 305 mm (12 in) guns and two 274 mm (10.8 in) guns in individual turrets. She had a top speed of 18 1090: 2063:

and the two British battleships during the 18 March attack was a major factor in the decision to abandon a naval strategy to take Constantinople, and instead opt for the

2092:. Research on the wrecks had long been difficult, as the area's status as a busy maritime artery and the strong current combine to make diving difficult. The survey of 1265:, including night firing training. Over the course of April, the ships visited numerous French ports along the Mediterranean coast, and on 31 May the fleet steamed to 1504:

Adam in the 2nd Division of the 2nd Battle Squadron. On 5 October, the fleet was again reorganized and her place in what was now the 3rd Battle Squadron was taken by

1269:

for a visit that lasted until 8 June. After completing its own exercises in the Mediterranean, the Mediterranean Squadron rendezvoused with the Northern Squadron off

1210:

Throughout the ship's peacetime career, she was occupied with routine training exercises that included gunnery training, combined maneuvers with torpedo boats and

1129:

had 320 mm (13 in) thick sides, a 20 mm thick roof, and a 25 mm (0.98 in) thick floor. The uptakes for the boilers were protected with

1977:

At around 13:45, de Robeck had ordered Guépratte to withdraw his ships so their British counterparts could take their turn against the Ottoman fortifications.

1450: 1494:

was at that time assigned to the 3rd Division, part of the 2nd Battle Squadron, still the flagship of Marin-Darbel. Her place was taken the following year by

678: 1616:

ordered the entire French fleet to begin raising steam at 22:15 so the ships could sortie early the following morning. The bulk of the fleet, including the

774:

of 8 m (26 ft 3 in). She had a displacement of 12,200 t (12,007 long tons) as designed. Unlike her half-sisters, which had a cut down

1564:). Training activities continued into 1914, and in March, the division joined the rest of the Mediterranean Squadron, which was now re-designated as the 2861: 4244: 2912: 4058: 1962:

operated as a pair, taking alternating passes at high speed to make it more difficult for the Ottoman gunners to score hits. Nevertheless, by 14:00,

1136:

The ship's armor layout was not as effective as the designers had hoped; at the designed displacement, the belt armor was submerged with just a 3°

3939: 1335:

in the lead; the other two ships formed the 1st Division. Two days later, when the divisions were ordered to change from two columns to a single

1105:

to reduce the risk of flooding from battle damage. The side of the cofferdam was reinforced by two layers of 10 mm (0.39 in) plating.

1041:, observers in the masts, and electric order transmitters to communicate fire control instructions from the control center to the gun crews. 3007: 2813:

The Underwater Cultural Heritage from World War I: Proceedings of the Scientific Conference on the Occasion of the Centenary of World War I

1767: 533: 156: 2088:

In the early 2010s, Turkish marine archaeologists conducted sonar surveys of many of the wrecks from the Dardanelles campaign, including

957:

iron penetration. The gun turrets were hydraulically operated and required the guns to be depressed to −4° to be loaded. They both had a

479:

conducting routine training exercises. This period was relatively uneventful, though she was involved in a collision with the battleship

2100:

amidships on the same side as she struck the mine, which contributed to the fatal flooding that caused her to rapidly capsize and sink.

4234: 3237: 1982: 1192: 476: 2096:, which lies upside down on the sea floor, revealed that a 305 mm shell from an Ottoman shore battery had struck the ship at the 822: 966: 330: 4254: 2028:

had struck a mine, which was part of a field that had been freshly laid a week before the attack, and was unknown to the Allies.

1974:

sustained eight hits from Turkish artillery fire. Her forward turret was disabled after the propellant gas extractor broke down.

1827:, to lead the assault on the Dardanelles. The plan called for Ottoman defenses to be neutralized to allow the fleet to enter the 3553: 3539: 989:, and eight 37 mm (1.5 in) 1-pounder guns, all in individual mounts. Of the 37 mm guns, three were five-barreled 4259: 2905: 852:

was fast by the standards of the day; the only British battleship that approached her in speed was the second-class battleship

663:, but instead of mounting the main battery all on the centerline, the ships used the lozenge arrangement of the earlier vessel 3407: 2849: 2794: 2775: 2752: 2670: 2651: 2628: 1398:, Greece, during a cruise of the eastern Mediterranean in the middle of the year. The following year passed uneventfully for 1009:

of the Modèle 1892 Toulon/Fiume type; six were allocated to the submerged tubes, with the other four for the deck launchers.

1937:; once the batteries were reduced, the French ships, under Guépratte, were to enter the straits and attack at closer range. 1823:

By mid-February 1915, the French and British had assembled a fleet of four French and twelve British battleships, including

1580:) for gunnery training off Corsica. Additional maneuvers were conducted beginning on 13 May, during which the fleet visited 848:, she reached 18.2 knots (33.7 km/h; 20.9 mph) from 15,462 metric horsepower (15,250 ihp) during the tests. 3767: 4229: 4189: 4185: 3932: 1532:

were activated for training duties as the 3rd Squadron of the Mediterranean Squadron; in July 1913, they were joined by

706:

proved to be the most successful of the five ships, and she was the only one still in active service at the outbreak of

3739: 3304: 3053: 1966:

had taken several hits and two of her casemate guns had been knocked out. A serious fire had also been started on her

1248: 997:

As was customary for capital ships of the period, her armament suite was rounded out by four 450 mm (18 in)

422: 3802: 3732: 3677: 3525: 2898: 1630:

from North Africa back to France to counter the expected German invasion. At the time, the division was commanded by

1355:

had two armor plates torn from her bow. Both ships' captains were relieved of command over the incident. In October,

1215: 1137: 485:

in 1903 that saw both ships' captains relieved of command. In 1906, she assisted in the response to the eruption of

4198: 4194: 3954: 3781: 3039: 3000: 1636: 686: 588: 563: 440: 416: 3823: 3718: 3476: 1902:; this attack was more successful, and the French and British battleships silenced the outer fortresses, allowing 927: 324: 1906:

to enter the area and begin clearing the minefields protecting the straits. The French division steamed into the

1613: 3746: 3386: 1970:, though she had succeeded in neutralizing the Hamidieh battery. In the course of the attack on the fortresses, 4239: 3925: 3878: 3573: 3230: 2745:

Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory

1585: 829:, which were placed in two pairs on either end of the magazines for the wing turrets, and divided by a central 664: 469:. Nevertheless, she suffered from design flaws that reduced her stability and contributed to her loss in 1915. 3435: 3332: 3096: 1478: 974: 336: 4264: 3788: 3670: 3532: 3442: 3016: 2974: 1716: 1684: 1649: 1310: 1238: 807: 755: 633:), the primary armament was to consist of 340-millimeter (13 in) and 270 mm (11 in) guns, the 486: 258: 3546: 891:: four on the battery deck (two amidships and one each forward and aft) and the remaining two on the masts. 654:

point out that the vessels had "sufficient differences to prevent them from being considered as one class."

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that was built in the 1890s. She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships, along with

3753: 3339: 3104: 1484: 923: 318: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 3858: 3809: 3691: 3607: 3456: 3366: 3296: 3277: 3181: 3174: 3147: 2075: 1931: 1850: 408: 462:

proved to be the most successful design of the five, and she was used as the basis for the subsequent

4126: 3774: 3642: 3628: 3614: 3325: 3270: 3223: 3140: 3089: 3032: 1458: 1232: 990: 722: 658: 480: 458:(33 km/h; 21 mph), which made her one of the fastest battleships in the world at the time. 3600: 3082: 1622:(designated as "Group C"), was sent to French North Africa, where they would escort the vital troop 1300: 1204: 111: 3844: 3795: 3760: 3725: 3656: 3649: 3621: 3593: 3518: 3263: 3133: 3046: 1994: 1018: 428: 3917: 4027: 3837: 3816: 3511: 3346: 3188: 3112: 2725:

Naval Operations: From the Battle of the Falklands to the Entry of Italy Into the War in May 1915

2042: 1690: 759: 2001:

out of the narrows. After Guépratte again ordered him to break off contact, de la Touche turned

558: 3851: 3663: 3400: 1928: 1870:, bombard the coastal defenses protecting the entrance of the straits. During the bombardment, 1323:, four cruisers, and accompanying destroyers for gunnery training off Golfe-Juan. At the time, 1038: 986: 717:

built in the mid-1890s. She and her half-sisters nevertheless were disappointments in service;

584: 524:

shipments in the central Mediterranean. From November to late December, she was stationed as a

343: 2014:

and picket boats raced to the scene to pick up her crew, but in the span of just two minutes,

4132: 3698: 3635: 3421: 3414: 3284: 3154: 2767: 1988: 1865: 1844: 2640: 1081:

The ship's armor was constructed with nickel steel manufactured by several firms, including

1070: 637:

should be 450 mm (17.7 in) thick, and the ships should maintain a top speed of 17

242: 4021: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3428: 3215: 1887: 830: 610: 2805: 934:

out over the tumblehome of the ship's sides. Both types of guns were experimental 45

8: 4249: 3684: 2019: 1911: 1879: 1422:

and the other French ships then returned to Toulon. The following year, in January 1907,

1034: 935: 837:. Her three engines were placed side by side and also divided by longitudinal bulkheads. 622: 505: 2661:

Caresse, Philippe (2010). "The Drama of the Battleship Suffren". In Jordan, John (ed.).

4005: 3358: 2064: 1859: 1697: 1200: 642: 597:; this major expansion of naval power led the French government to pass its reply, the 580: 547: 121: 20: 1997:) Rageot de la Touche, initially did not respond to Guépratte's instruction to follow 4143: 4115: 4041: 3994: 3984: 3468: 2845: 2825: 2790: 2771: 2748: 2728: 2711: 2689: 2666: 2647: 2624: 1967: 1891: 1853: 1360: 1254: 1082: 853: 841: 818: 815: 740: 238: 232: 2705: 1262: 35: 4068: 4034: 3870: 2036: 1660:. There, they rendezvoused with one of the convoys and covered its voyage north to 1289:. On 1 August, the Mediterranean Fleet departed for Toulon, arriving on 14 August. 977: 1608:

Following the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, France announced general

1431:

was attached to the 3rd Battleship Division as its flagship, under the command of

1295:

was assigned to the 2nd Battle Division of the Mediterranean Squadron, along with

710:. She also provided the basis for the next class of French battleships, the three 450:

was the last vessel of the group to be built, and her design was based on that of

3378: 3166: 3024: 2740: 1916: 1788: 1751: 1681: 1434: 945: 899: 767: 264: 172: 2059:

were both badly damaged by coastal artillery during the engagement. The loss of

1711:. She remained there only briefly, however, before she was ordered north to the 1286: 2701: 1924: 1832: 1828: 1777: 1738:, and it was tasked with patrolling the entrance to the straits to ensure that 1722: 1674: 1593: 1411: 1387: 1351:

losing a ladder and incurring damage to one of the deck-mounted torpedo tubes.

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had a standard crew of 31 officers and 591 enlisted men, though as a

787: 763: 537: 202: 4213: 3565: 2876: 2863: 2837: 2829: 2732: 2715: 2693: 1907: 1640: 1184: 1126: 865: 834: 385: 289: 1466: 1743: 1609: 1278: 1274: 998: 958: 845: 771: 618: 353: 1639:, and it was tasked with guarding against a possible attack by the German 1203:

into the French Navy in June 1898. The ship was named in honor of Admiral

3974: 3252: 3125: 1903: 1809: 1712: 1627: 1343:

failed to take her prescribed position and instead turned too closely to

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on 5 March 1898. The ship was intended to have conducted her trials from

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directly. The first stage of the attack began on 19 February, which saw

1490:, the Mediterranean Squadron was reorganized into two battle squadrons; 4151: 4099: 3255: 1805: 1731: 1708: 1704: 1670: 1643: 1415: 1336: 1258: 1180: 1113: 1014: 981: 792: 783: 729: 670: 647: 634: 594: 542: 529: 525: 521: 379: 373: 359: 175: 1945:

were to attack the fortresses on the Asian side of the straits, while

1927:, was to make the initial attack at longer range, led by the powerful 4078: 3710: 3585: 2097: 2067:. While the Franco-British forces began preparations for the attack, 2011: 1367: 1282: 1211: 1102: 826: 811: 292:(5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) 2469: 2421: 2315: 2313: 2157: 1750:—did not attempt to sortie. On 1 February 1915, the ships sailed to 657:

The basic design for the ships was based on the previous battleship

3947: 2457: 2385: 2373: 2361: 1383: 1363:, and on their return to Toulon they conducted training exercises. 1309:

departed Toulon on 29 January 1903 in company with the battleships

1148: 1121: 800: 630: 190: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2286: 1359:

and the rest of the Mediterranean Squadron battleships steamed to

4051: 2325: 2310: 2298: 2262: 2240: 2238: 2145: 1727: 1597: 1589: 1581: 1395: 1391: 1266: 1168: 1130: 1006: 931: 614: 2842:

The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904

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Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

2597: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2169: 2109: 1661: 609:" (squadron battleships) and a host of other vessels, including 603:(Naval Law) of 1890. The law called for a total of twenty-four " 3964: 2707:

Naval Operations: To the Battle of the Falklands, December 1914

2517: 2481: 2409: 1755: 1735: 1623: 1379: 1375: 1270: 1188: 1098: 879: 872: 516:

across to southern France. With this work done by late August,

513: 2337: 2235: 2680:

Cooper, George F., ed. (1898). "French Battleship "Bouvet"".

2181: 1477:

Beginning in January 1909, with the commissioning of the six

1371: 803:

her crew grew to 41 officers and 651 enlisted men.

626: 186: 3245: 1277:

for joint maneuvers in July. The maneuvers concluded with a

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and much of the rest of the fleet were used to escort troop

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s main deck was protected with 70 mm (2.8 in) of

1094: 876: 2806:"Echoes from the Deep: Wrecks of the Dardanelles Campaign" 1418:

that included detachments from Britain, Spain, and Italy.

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and her division mates steamed first to Algiers and then

926:

in two single-gun turrets, one each fore and aft and two

735: 1410:

were sent to Italy in the aftermath of the eruption of

930:

in two single-gun turrets, one amidships on each side,

536:, where she participated in a series of attacks on the 2563: 2561: 2121: 520:

and several other battleships were used to patrol for

2274: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 1033:

had begun construction, the French Navy introduced a

770:

of 21.4 m (70 ft 3 in) and an average

669:, which moved two of the main battery guns to single 2493: 1097:. Above the belt was 80 mm (3.1 in) thick 2646:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. 2573: 2558: 1366:The year 1904 saw the Mediterranean Squadron visit 871:

The ship's electrical system consisted of four 400-

2727:. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 2639: 2198: 1689:were sent to relieve the British armored cruisers 1347:. The latter accidentally struck the former, with 475:spent the majority of her peacetime career in the 2710:. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 2642:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 2397: 2250: 1536:. The squadron was dissolved on 11 November, and 795:to give the 27 cm guns wide fields of fire. 4211: 2784: 2682:Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute 2528: 2487: 2463: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2304: 2292: 2268: 2244: 2223: 2192: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2115: 1894:. Another attempt was made six days later, with 439:, which were ordered in response to the British 3948:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in March 1915 2803: 2603: 1305:, the latter becoming the divisional flagship. 1101:of side armor that created a highly subdivided 938:variants of the guns fitted in her half-sister 587:that resulted in the construction of the eight 2133: 1273:, Portugal, in late June before proceeding to 3933: 3231: 3001: 2906: 2785:Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017). 2618: 2355: 548:amphibious assault on the Gallipoli Peninsula 16:Pre-dreadnought battleship of the French Navy 2619:Bruce, Anthony & Cogar, William (2014). 1986: 1768:Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign 1721:on 20 December. Over the coming months, the 1631: 1617: 1565: 1549: 1499: 1432: 1047: 604: 598: 2824:. London: Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ltd. 1742:—which had by then been transferred to the 762:, and 122.4 m (401 ft 7 in) 349:8 × 37 mm (1.5 in) 1-pounder guns 3940: 3926: 3238: 3224: 3008: 2994: 2913: 2899: 1843:, together with the British battlecruiser 1156:spent the majority of her peacetime career 965:Her secondary armament consisted of eight 840:Her propulsion system was rated at 14,000 754:was 117.9 meters (386 ft 10 in) 4245:World War I shipwrecks in the Dardanelles 3015: 833:. The boilers were ducted into a pair of 3246:French naval ship classes of World War I 2739: 2722: 2700: 2591: 2552: 2540: 2511: 2475: 2451: 1465: 1152:Map of the western Mediterranean, where 1147: 1069: 898: 739: 557: 19:For other ships with the same name, see 2005:south to withdraw. Shortly thereafter, 1761: 987:47 mm (1.9 in) 3-pounder guns 685:. He had also designed her half-sister 652:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 4212: 1981:was at that time battling the fort at 985:(16,000 ft). She also had twelve 967:Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1891 naval guns 201:122.4 m (401 ft 7 in) ( 3921: 3219: 2989: 2894: 2761: 2567: 825:. The boilers were divided into four 736:General characteristics and machinery 83: 2844:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2804:Kolay, Selcuk & Karakas, Savas. 2789:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2637: 2579: 2217: 2127: 534:naval operations off the Dardanelles 376:: 120–400 mm (4.7–15.7 in) 2840:(1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). 2787:French Battleships of World War One 2660: 2499: 2074:s place in the fleet was filled by 2051:was damaged by the same minefield. 1612:on 1 August. The next day, Admiral 1175:on 27 April 1896. After completing 980:in individual pedestal mounts with 810:each driving a single three-bladed 13: 2820:Palmer, W., ed. (1908). "France". 2819: 2679: 2403: 2280: 2256: 2229: 2047:, were sunk and the battlecruiser 1878:by sending firing corrections via 1143: 344:47 mm (1.9 in) 3-pounder 213:21.4 m (70 ft 3 in) 14: 4276: 4235:World War I battleships of France 2747:. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. 2723:Corbett, Julian Stafford (1921). 2665:. London: Conway. pp. 9–26. 1017:that could be laid by the ship's 922:s main armament consisted of two 641:(31 km/h; 20 mph). The 532:. The ship thereafter joined the 4193: 4188: 4176: 4168: 2836: 2139: 1804:s last moments after striking a 1787: 1776: 1707:at the northern entrance to the 1013:also carried twenty Modèle 1892 928:Canon de 274 mm Modèle 1893 guns 924:Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 guns 868:(5,600 km; 3,500 mi). 528:at the northern entrance to the 85: 34: 1614:Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère 1167:at the French Navy shipyard in 1024: 221:8 m (26 ft 3 in) 4255:Battleships of the French Navy 2762:Griffiths, William R. (2003). 1603: 808:triple-expansion steam engines 758:, 121.01 m (397 ft) 508:, so at the start of the war, 259:triple-expansion steam engines 157:operations off the Dardanelles 1: 4260:Ships with Belleville boilers 2975:List of battleships of France 2621:Encyclopedia of Naval History 2612: 1402:, and on 10 April 1906, she, 1133:that were 300 mm thick. 944:. The 305 mm guns had a 907: 568:, which formed the basis for 500:A significant portion of the 352:4 × 450 mm (18 in) 2478:, pp. 103–105, 142–149. 2103: 1331:were the 2nd Division, with 1171:on 16 January 1893, and was 1074:Plan and profile drawing of 691:, upon which the design for 7: 3297:Pre-dreadnought battleships 1910:on the Aegean coast of the 1851:pre-dreadnought battleships 1637:Émile Paul Amable Guépratte 1214:, and practicing attacking 1029:In the early 1890s, before 894: 821:that were license-built by 756:long between perpendiculars 611:coastal defense battleships 280:(33 km/h; 21 mph) 10: 4281: 4230:Maritime incidents in 1915 2920: 1765: 1715:to relieve the battleship 1650:fled to the Ottoman Empire 1473:in the Dardanelles in 1915 695:was based. Before work on 409:pre-dreadnought battleship 394:: 70 mm (2.8 in) 388:: 320 mm (13 in) 382:: 370 mm (15 in) 331:138 mm/45 Modèle 1893 guns 325:274 mm/45 Modèle 1893 guns 319:305 mm/45 Modèle 1893 guns 18: 4163: 4090: 3953: 3889: 3869: 3709: 3584: 3564: 3467: 3377: 3357: 3295: 3251: 3199: 3165: 3124: 3023: 2970: 2945: 2930: 1680:In November, she and the 1664:on 6 August. From there, 1626:carrying elements of the 1285:on 19 July for President 1091:Châtillon & Commentry 1049:Poste central de commande 991:Hotchkiss revolver cannon 975:100 mm (3.9 in) 553: 337:100 mm (3.9 in) 163: 78: 48: 33: 2702:Corbett, Julian Stafford 2442:, pp. 229, 252–254. 2083: 1995:Ship of the line captain 1890:to suppress the Ottoman 1874:assisted the battleship 1065: 681:prepared the design for 650:, though the authors of 625:would not exceed 14,000 3902:Completed after the war 2065:Gallipoli land campaign 2031:Despite the sinking of 1299:and the new battleship 1227:joined the battleships 1005:carried a total of ten 806:She had three vertical 164:General characteristics 1987: 1929:dreadnought battleship 1632: 1619:Division de complément 1618: 1566: 1559:Supplementary Division 1551:Division de complément 1550: 1508:. On 16 October 1912, 1500: 1474: 1433: 1361:Palma de Mallorca 1223:Squadron. On 6 March, 1216:coastal fortifications 1205:François Joseph Bouvet 1199:with Britain. She was 1193:Mediterranean Squadron 1187:, but she was sent to 1157: 1078: 1048: 978:quick-firing (QF) guns 913: 883:for the boiler rooms. 748: 605: 599: 576: 477:Mediterranean Squadron 112:François Joseph Bouvet 4240:Ships built in France 3555:Jurien de la Gravière 3017:Battleships of France 2877:40.02083°N 26.27500°E 2768:Square One Publishers 2623:. London: Routledge. 2166:, pp. 32, 38–40. 1989:Capitaine de vaisseau 1985:, and her commander, 1548:were assigned to the 1469: 1339:for shooting drills, 1151: 1073: 902: 760:long at the waterline 743: 561: 4265:Shipwrecks of Turkey 3896:Single ship of class 2766:. Garden City Park: 2529:Jordan & Caresse 2488:Jordan & Caresse 2464:Jordan & Caresse 2440:Jordan & Caresse 2430:, pp. 229, 232. 2428:Jordan & Caresse 2416:Jordan & Caresse 2392:Jordan & Caresse 2380:Jordan & Caresse 2368:Jordan & Caresse 2344:Jordan & Caresse 2332:Jordan & Caresse 2320:Jordan & Caresse 2305:Jordan & Caresse 2293:Jordan & Caresse 2269:Jordan & Caresse 2245:Jordan & Caresse 2193:Jordan & Caresse 2176:Jordan & Caresse 2164:Jordan & Caresse 2152:Jordan & Caresse 2116:Jordan & Caresse 1888:counter-battery fire 1762:Dardanelles campaign 1451:Laurent Marin-Darbel 1057:central command post 887:was fitted with six 4225:Ships sunk by mines 3359:Coast defense ships 2873: / 2604:Kolay & Karakas 2594:, pp. 223–230. 2555:, pp. 218–219. 2543:, pp. 215–218. 2514:, pp. 158–161. 2466:, pp. 261–262. 2454:, pp. 61, 371. 2394:, pp. 222–224. 2382:, pp. 218–222. 2370:, pp. 217–218. 2283:, pp. 803–804. 2130:, pp. 293–294. 1912:Gallipoli Peninsula 1898:again spotting for 1457:and the battleship 1035:fire-control system 747:early in her career 679:Charles Ernest Huin 606:cuirasses d'escadre 506:French North Africa 4220:Gallipoli campaign 3469:Protected cruisers 2882:40.02083; 26.27500 2295:, pp. 32, 38. 2154:, pp. 25, 32. 1748:Yavuz Sultan Selim 1488:-class battleships 1475: 1257:for maneuvers off 1255:protected cruisers 1158: 1079: 914: 819:water-tube boilers 749: 581:British Parliament 577: 233:Belleville boilers 122:Arsenal de Lorient 40:French battleship 4205: 4204: 4144:Thrasher incident 3915: 3914: 3871:Seaplane carriers 3379:Armoured cruisers 3213: 3212: 2983: 2982: 2851:978-0-87021-141-6 2815:. Bruges: UNESCO. 2796:978-1-59114-639-1 2777:978-0-7570-0158-1 2754:978-1-84832-100-7 2672:978-1-84486-110-1 2653:978-0-85177-133-5 2630:978-1-135-93534-4 2606:, pp. 19–22. 2502:, pp. 21–22. 2356:Bruce & Cogar 2334:, pp. 37–39. 2322:, pp. 37–38. 2307:, pp. 35–37. 2271:, pp. 34–35. 2178:, pp. 32–33. 2118:, pp. 22–23. 1892:coastal artillery 1754:on the island of 1734:on the island of 1673:shipments to the 1191:to reinforce the 1120:turrets sat atop 1083:Schneider-Creusot 842:metric horsepower 643:secondary battery 585:Naval Defence Act 504:was stationed in 400: 399: 66:Succeeded by 4272: 4197: 4192: 4180: 4172: 4156: 4146: 4138: 4121: 4110: 4083: 4073: 4063: 4046: 4010: 4000: 3989: 3979: 3969: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3679:Enseigne Gabolde 3575:La Motte-Picquet 3240: 3233: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3167:Fast battleships 3025:Pre-dreadnoughts 3010: 3003: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2855: 2833: 2816: 2810: 2800: 2781: 2758: 2741:Friedman, Norman 2736: 2719: 2697: 2676: 2657: 2645: 2634: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2196: 2190: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2073: 1992: 1803: 1791: 1780: 1648:, which instead 1635: 1621: 1579: 1576: 1575:First Naval Army 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1503: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1179:work, she began 1111: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1051: 955: 921: 912: 911: June 1912 909: 782:retained a full 708:World War I 608: 602: 574: 562:Illustration of 495:World War I 305:591 enlisted men 265:screw propellers 159:on 18 March 1915 93: 90: 89: 88: 38: 31: 30: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4201: 4184: 4159: 4149: 4141: 4124: 4113: 4097: 4091:Other incidents 4086: 4076: 4066: 4049: 4013: 4003: 3992: 3982: 3972: 3962: 3949: 3946: 3916: 3911: 3885: 3865: 3783:Amiral Bourgois 3705: 3580: 3560: 3527:D'Entrecasteaux 3463: 3373: 3353: 3291: 3247: 3244: 3214: 3209: 3195: 3161: 3120: 3019: 3014: 2984: 2979: 2966: 2941: 2926: 2919: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2822:Hazell's Annual 2808: 2797: 2778: 2755: 2673: 2654: 2631: 2615: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2199: 2191: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2086: 2071: 1934:Queen Elizabeth 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1801: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1770: 1764: 1682:armored cruiser 1606: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1394:in Sicily, and 1146: 1144:Service history 1109: 1068: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1027: 953: 946:muzzle velocity 919: 910: 897: 738: 590:Royal Sovereign 572: 556: 442:Royal Sovereign 226:Installed power 173:Pre-dreadnought 131:16 January 1893 91: 86: 84: 44: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4203: 4202: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4139: 4122: 4111: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4064: 4047: 4011: 4001: 3990: 3980: 3970: 3959: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3568: 3566:Light cruisers 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3541:Châteaurenault 3537: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3478:Amiral Cécille 3473: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3444:Jules Michelet 3440: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3395:Amiral Charner 3391: 3383: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3171: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3041:Charles Martel 3037: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2838:Ropp, Theodore 2834: 2817: 2801: 2795: 2782: 2776: 2759: 2753: 2737: 2720: 2698: 2688:(4): 803–805. 2677: 2671: 2658: 2652: 2635: 2629: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2582:, p. 295. 2572: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2531:, p. 263. 2516: 2504: 2492: 2490:, p. 261. 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2418:, p. 223. 2408: 2406:, p. 171. 2396: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2259:, p. 804. 2249: 2234: 2232:, p. 805. 2222: 2220:, p. 294. 2197: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2142:, p. 223. 2132: 2120: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2085: 2082: 1925:John de Robeck 1833:Constantinople 1829:Sea of Marmara 1796: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1760: 1723:Triple Entente 1686:Amiral Charner 1675:Central Powers 1605: 1602: 1594:French Algeria 1586:French Tunisia 1567:1 Armée Navale 1506:Charles Martel 1412:Mount Vesuvius 1388:Ottoman Empire 1245:Charles Martel 1197:Fashoda crisis 1145: 1142: 1067: 1064: 1037:that included 1026: 1023: 973:carried eight 896: 893: 866:nautical miles 788:superstructure 737: 734: 697:Charles Martel 688:Charles Martel 565:Charles Martel 555: 552: 497:in July 1914. 487:Mount Vesuvius 452:Charles Martel 418:Charles Martel 398: 397: 396: 395: 389: 383: 377: 369: 365: 364: 363: 362: 356: 350: 347: 340: 333: 327: 321: 313: 309: 308: 307: 306: 303: 298: 294: 293: 290:nautical miles 286: 282: 281: 274: 270: 269: 268: 267: 261: 253: 249: 248: 247: 246: 235: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 199: 195: 194: 183: 179: 178: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 81: 80: 76: 75: 67: 63: 62: 55: 51: 50: 49:Class overview 46: 45: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4277: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4186:February 1915 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3825:Dupuy de Lôme 3822: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3672:Enseigne Roux 3669: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3437:Léon Gambetta 3434: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3388:Dupuy de Lôme 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3306:Jauréguiberry 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3055:Jauréguiberry 3052: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2957:Followed by: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2949:Preceded by: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:The Great War 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2570:, p. 84. 2569: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2358:, p. 51. 2357: 2352: 2346:, p. 32. 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2247:, p. 33. 2246: 2241: 2239: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2195:, p. 38. 2194: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1908:Gulf of Saros 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1790: 1779: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1641:battlecruiser 1638: 1634: 1633:Contre-amiral 1629: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1568: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Jauréguiberry 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1501:Contre-amiral 1497: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1455:Jauréguiberry 1453:, along with 1452: 1437: 1436: 1435:Contre-amiral 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297:Jauréguiberry 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250:Jauréguiberry 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1155: 1150: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127:conning tower 1123: 1117: 1115: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Saint-Chamond 1084: 1077: 1072: 1063: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:torpedo tubes 995: 992: 988: 983: 979: 976: 972: 968: 963: 960: 952: 947: 943: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 918: 905: 901: 892: 890: 886: 881: 878: 874: 869: 867: 862: 858: 857: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 746: 742: 733: 731: 727: 725: 720: 716: 714: 709: 705: 701: 698: 694: 690: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667: 662: 661: 655: 653: 649: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619:torpedo boats 616: 612: 607: 601: 596: 593: 591: 586: 582: 579:In 1889, the 571: 567: 566: 560: 551: 549: 544: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483: 478: 474: 470: 468: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 443: 438: 437: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424:Jauréguiberry 420: 419: 414: 410: 406: 405: 393: 390: 387: 386:Conning tower 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 357: 355: 354:torpedo tubes 351: 348: 345: 341: 338: 334: 332: 328: 326: 322: 320: 316: 315: 314: 311: 310: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 295: 291: 287: 284: 283: 279: 275: 272: 271: 266: 262: 260: 256: 255: 254: 251: 250: 244: 241:(14,000 240: 236: 234: 230: 229: 228: 225: 224: 220: 217: 216: 212: 209: 208: 204: 200: 197: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 162: 158: 154: 151: 150: 146: 143: 142: 139:27 April 1896 138: 135: 134: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 82: 77: 74: 72: 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 56: 53: 52: 47: 43: 37: 32: 29: 25: 24: 4207: 4152: 4134: 4127: 4117: 4106: 4100: 4079: 4069: 4059: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4030:Irresistible 4029: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4006: 3996: 3985: 3975: 3965: 3879: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3804:Gustave Zédé 3803: 3796: 3790:Charles Brun 3789: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3574: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3458:Edgar Quinet 3457: 3451:Ernest Renan 3450: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3409:Jeanne d'Arc 3408: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3367: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3285: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3126:Dreadnoughts 3113: 3105: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3033: 2959: 2951: 2935: 2934: 2922: 2921: 2858: 2841: 2821: 2812: 2786: 2763: 2744: 2724: 2706: 2685: 2681: 2663:Warship 2010 2662: 2641: 2620: 2599: 2592:Corbett 1921 2587: 2575: 2553:Corbett 1921 2548: 2541:Corbett 1921 2536: 2512:Corbett 1921 2507: 2495: 2483: 2476:Corbett 1921 2471: 2459: 2452:Corbett 1920 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2225: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2076: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044:Irresistible 2043: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1921: 1904:minesweepers 1899: 1895: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1798: 1747: 1744:Ottoman Navy 1739: 1717: 1699: 1693:Black Prince 1692: 1685: 1679: 1665: 1653: 1644: 1610:mobilization 1607: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1459: 1454: 1444:Rear Admiral 1428: 1423: 1419: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1365: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1287:Émile Loubet 1279:naval review 1275:Quiberon Bay 1249: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1209: 1201:commissioned 1160: 1159: 1153: 1135: 1118: 1106: 1080: 1075: 1042: 1039:rangefinders 1030: 1028: 1025:Fire control 1010: 1002: 996: 970: 964: 959:rate of fire 950: 940: 916: 915: 903: 889:searchlights 884: 870: 860: 859:. As built, 855: 849: 846:forced draft 839: 827:boiler rooms 805: 796: 779: 766:. She had a 764:long overall 751: 750: 744: 723: 718: 712: 703: 702: 696: 692: 687: 682: 665: 659: 656: 651: 623:displacement 600:Statut Naval 589: 578: 569: 564: 517: 509: 499: 490: 481: 472: 471: 464: 459: 451: 447: 441: 435: 429: 423: 417: 403: 402: 401: 237:14,000 185:12,200 182:Displacement 155:Sunk during 144:Commissioned 101: 70: 58: 41: 28: 22: 21:French ship 3320:Charlemagne 3256:battleships 3253:Dreadnought 3076:Charlemagne 2960:Charlemagne 2880: / 1951:Charlemagne 1831:and attack 1810:Dardanelles 1713:Dardanelles 1705:guard ships 1628:French Army 1604:World War I 1600:, Corsica. 1542:Saint Louis 1534:Charlemagne 1518:Saint Louis 1496:Saint Louis 1321:Charlemagne 1312:Saint Louis 1263:Côte d'Azur 1240:Charlemagne 1195:due to the 1177:fitting-out 1015:naval mines 982:gun shields 906:at anchor, 776:quarterdeck 713:Charlemagne 627:metric tons 595:battleships 583:passed the 502:French Army 465:Charlemagne 413:French Navy 360:naval mines 302:31 officers 71:Charlemagne 54:Preceded by 4250:1896 ships 4214:Categories 4199:April 1915 4135:Inflexible 4023:Glenartney 3955:Shipwrecks 3811:Amphitrite 3711:Submarines 3693:Aventurier 3609:Pertuisane 3586:Destroyers 3334:République 3098:République 2868:26°16′30″E 2865:40°01′15″N 2613:References 2049:Inflexible 2012:destroyers 1867:Cornwallis 1846:Inflexible 1766:See also: 1732:Mudros Bay 1709:Suez Canal 1671:contraband 1480:République 1416:Marseilles 1337:line ahead 1259:Golfe-Juan 1212:submarines 1181:sea trials 1114:mild steel 816:Belleville 793:tumblehome 784:flush deck 730:seakeeping 648:ship class 635:belt armor 530:Suez Canal 526:guard ship 522:contraband 489:in Italy. 297:Complement 252:Propulsion 176:battleship 4133:HMS 4116:HMS 4052:USS 4035:HMS 4028:HMS 3995:HMS 3908:Cancelled 3769:Archimède 3734:Argonaute 3644:Voltigeur 3630:Branlebas 3616:Arquebuse 3548:D'Estrées 3513:Descartes 3279:Normandie 3206:Cancelled 3183:Richelieu 3176:Dunkerque 3149:Normandie 2830:852774696 2733:924170059 2716:174823980 2694:0041-798X 2568:Griffiths 2104:Footnotes 2098:waterline 1932:HMS 1886:provided 1817:capsizing 1698:HMS 1691:HMS 1368:Souda Bay 1283:Cherbourg 1253:and four 1165:laid down 1122:barbettes 1103:cofferdam 1007:torpedoes 932:sponsoned 854:HMS 631:long tons 191:long tons 147:June 1898 128:Laid down 4150:31 Mar: 4142:28 Mar: 4125:18 Mar: 4114:15 Mar: 4077:28 Mar: 4067:27 Mar: 4050:25 Mar: 4014:18 Mar: 4004:14 Mar: 3993:11 Mar: 3983:10 Mar: 3976:Bengrove 3846:Lagrange 3797:Clorinde 3776:Mariotte 3762:Brumaire 3755:Pluviôse 3741:Émeraude 3727:Aigrette 3658:Bouclier 3651:Chasseur 3623:Claymore 3595:Durandal 3368:Henri IV 3272:Bretagne 3142:Bretagne 2743:(2011). 2704:(1920). 2580:Campbell 2218:Campbell 2128:Campbell 2077:Henri IV 2021:Mosquito 1983:Namazieh 1917:Dardanus 1849:and the 1813:Bottom: 1384:Salonika 1218:. Since 1173:launched 1131:coamings 1019:pinnaces 895:Armament 831:bulkhead 801:flagship 724:Majestic 629:(14,000 615:cruisers 575:s design 312:Armament 276:18 189:(12,007 136:Launched 108:Namesake 4153:Santhia 4128:Gaulois 4107:Espagne 4101:Dongola 4098:5 Mar: 4007:Dresden 3860:O'Byrne 3839:Joessel 3818:Bellone 3534:Guichen 3520:D'Assas 3423:Dupleix 3416:Gueydon 3402:Pothuau 3341:Liberté 3327:Suffren 3265:Courbet 3135:Courbet 3106:Liberté 3091:Suffren 3062:Masséna 3034:Brennus 2952:Masséna 2500:Caresse 2057:Gaulois 2053:Suffren 1999:Suffren 1956:Suffren 1947:Gaulois 1943:Suffren 1900:Gaulois 1884:Gaulois 1876:Suffren 1861:Triumph 1841:Suffren 1808:in the 1728:Tenedos 1700:Warrior 1624:convoys 1598:Ajaccio 1590:Algiers 1582:Bizerte 1546:Gaulois 1526:Masséna 1514:Gaulois 1486:Liberté 1460:Suffren 1408:Gaulois 1396:Piraeus 1392:Messina 1386:in the 1353:Gaulois 1345:Gaulois 1329:Gaulois 1317:Gaulois 1267:Corsica 1261:on the 1234:Gaulois 1229:Brennus 1169:Lorient 941:Masséna 936:caliber 880:dynamos 835:funnels 673:on the 671:turrets 666:Magenta 660:Brennus 538:Ottoman 514:convoys 482:Gaulois 436:Masséna 411:of the 380:Turrets 118:Builder 79:History 59:Masséna 4118:Nymphe 4080:Falaba 4070:Aguila 4017:Bouvet 3997:Bayano 3973:7 Mar 3963:4 Mar 3880:Foudre 3853:Armide 3720:Sirène 3665:Bisson 3602:Framée 3506:Linois 3499:Friant 3492:Troude 3485:Forbin 3430:Gloire 3348:Danton 3313:Bouvet 3190:Alsace 3114:Danton 3069:Bouvet 3048:Carnot 2936:Bouvet 2923:Bouvet 2848: 2828: 2793: 2774: 2751: 2731: 2714: 2692: 2669: 2650: 2627: 2404:Palmer 2281:Cooper 2257:Cooper 2230:Cooper 2094:Bouvet 2090:Bouvet 2069:Bouvet 2061:Bouvet 2033:Bouvet 2026:Bouvet 2016:Bouvet 2007:Bouvet 2003:Bouvet 1979:Bouvet 1972:Bouvet 1968:bridge 1964:Bouvet 1960:Bouvet 1939:Bouvet 1896:Bouvet 1882:while 1872:Bouvet 1864:, and 1855:Albion 1837:Bouvet 1825:Bouvet 1815:Bouvet 1799:Bouvet 1756:Lesbos 1740:Goeben 1736:Lemnos 1718:Vérité 1666:Bouvet 1654:Bouvet 1645:Goeben 1596:, and 1544:, and 1538:Bouvet 1528:, and 1522:Carnot 1510:Bouvet 1492:Bouvet 1471:Bouvet 1429:Bouvet 1424:Bouvet 1420:Bouvet 1406:, and 1400:Bouvet 1382:, and 1380:Smyrna 1376:Beirut 1357:Bouvet 1349:Bouvet 1341:Bouvet 1333:Bouvet 1325:Bouvet 1319:, and 1307:Bouvet 1293:Bouvet 1271:Lisbon 1247:, and 1225:Bouvet 1220:Bouvet 1189:Toulon 1161:Bouvet 1154:Bouvet 1107:Bouvet 1099:strake 1089:, and 1076:Bouvet 1043:Bouvet 1031:Bouvet 1011:Bouvet 1003:Bouvet 971:Bouvet 951:Bouvet 917:Bouvet 904:Bouvet 885:Bouvet 873:ampere 861:Bouvet 856:Renown 850:Bouvet 823:Indret 797:Bouvet 786:. Her 780:Bouvet 752:Bouvet 745:Bouvet 719:Bouvet 704:Bouvet 693:Bouvet 683:Bouvet 617:, and 592:-class 570:Bouvet 554:Design 518:Bouvet 510:Bouvet 491:Bouvet 473:Bouvet 460:Bouvet 448:Bouvet 433:, and 430:Carnot 407:was a 404:Bouvet 288:3,000 198:Length 102:Bouvet 92:France 42:Bouvet 23:Bouvet 4060:Tamar 4037:Ocean 3832:Diane 3748:Circé 3700:Arabe 3637:Spahi 3116:class 3108:class 3100:class 3078:class 2962:class 2809:(PDF) 2084:Wreck 2072:' 2038:Ocean 1880:radio 1802:' 1797:Top: 1752:Sigri 1372:Crete 1185:Brest 1110:' 1066:Armor 954:' 920:' 812:screw 772:draft 726:class 675:wings 639:knots 573:' 467:class 456:knots 444:class 368:Armor 358:20 × 342:12 × 285:Range 273:Speed 231:32 × 218:Draft 73:class 4182:1916 4174:1915 4166:1914 4043:U-29 3986:U-12 3286:Lyon 3156:Lyon 3084:Iéna 2846:ISBN 2826:OCLC 2791:ISBN 2772:ISBN 2749:ISBN 2729:OCLC 2712:OCLC 2690:ISSN 2686:XXIV 2667:ISBN 2648:ISBN 2625:ISBN 2140:Ropp 2055:and 2041:and 1958:and 1949:and 1941:and 1839:and 1806:mine 1730:and 1696:and 1662:Sète 1658:Oran 1483:and 1404:Iéna 1327:and 1302:Iéna 1163:was 1138:heel 1095:teak 1046:the 877:volt 875:/80- 768:beam 543:mine 392:Deck 374:Belt 346:guns 339:guns 335:8 × 329:8 × 323:2 × 317:2 × 263:3 × 257:3 × 210:Beam 169:Type 152:Fate 98:Name 4054:F-4 3966:U-8 3686:M89 1746:as 1703:as 1592:in 1584:in 1370:in 1281:in 243:ihp 203:loa 4216:: 4131:, 4104:, 4057:, 4040:, 4033:, 4026:, 4020:, 2811:. 2770:. 2684:. 2560:^ 2519:^ 2312:^ 2237:^ 2200:^ 2183:^ 2080:. 1919:. 1858:, 1758:. 1677:. 1652:. 1588:, 1540:, 1524:, 1520:, 1516:, 1512:, 1463:. 1449:) 1390:, 1378:, 1374:, 1315:, 1243:, 1237:, 1231:, 1207:. 1085:, 1021:. 908:c. 778:, 732:. 613:, 550:. 446:. 427:, 421:, 278:kn 239:CV 3941:e 3934:t 3927:v 3905:X 3899:C 3893:S 3239:e 3232:t 3225:v 3203:X 3009:e 3002:t 2995:v 2914:e 2907:t 2900:v 2854:. 2832:. 2799:. 2780:. 2757:. 2735:. 2718:. 2696:. 2675:. 2656:. 2633:. 1993:( 1578:' 1572:' 1570:( 1562:' 1556:' 1554:( 1447:' 1441:' 1439:( 1060:' 1054:' 1052:( 715:s 245:) 205:) 193:) 187:t 26:.

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Knowledge

French battleship Bouvet

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