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for
English language learners is very similar to that for students with special needs. As a result, the media places blame on Canada's immigrants for the declining number of Canadians who are able to speak English and French, while the immigrant community continues to pursue opportunities to become fluent in both official languages of Canada. It is suggested that Canada's education system provide more opportunities to immigrants to become proficient in English and French in order to increase the number of Canadians who have knowledge of both official languages.
1223:
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832:
778:
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immersion program and that resources are not available in the program would be ignorant and misinformed. French immersion teachers could go through professional development training and courses about special education integration into their programs, all while creating referral processes for special education in French immersion with parent involvement as an aim. When the rights of children to special education are overlooked, consequences can be costly to students' futures.
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1199:
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40:
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official language; however, these are not immersion in the sense used in schools. A few institutions have both French and
English faculties in the same university, but admission to individual courses still requires preexisting language skills. The University of Ottawa briefly offered specialized science classes for students studying in their second language during the 1980s, but these was phased out in favour of traditional language courses.
1271:
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1247:
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859:
670:
335:. Classroom communication of French in French immersion programs is meaningful and authentic for students. Learning French becomes subconscious and there is a strong focus on understanding before speaking. Most students that enroll in French immersion programs are not experts in French and lack experience in it. Students in French immersion programs complete the same core curriculum subjects as students in the English-language program.
1319:
940:
1367:
994:
543:, which concluded that "French immersion programmes operate as a 'cream-skimming' phenomenon ... allows white, middle class parents to access markers of higher social status and prestige." Similarly, a 2019 report from the Toronto District School Board found that French immersion programs had a higher percentage of students who have parents with a very high socio-economic status, raising fears of a two-tier school system.
1780:
223:, three English-speaking housewives who wanted to see their children learn French to a higher standard than was usually achieved in the English schools in Quebec at the time. Unable to convince the school authorities, they hired a teacher and ran their own kindergarten on the principals of early immersion. The promising results of the experiment in Saint-Lambert were studied and endorsed by researchers at
1768:
speaking French was sufficiently strong that many parents did not speak the language to their children, so generations born in the second half of the century rarely spoke French in the home. As a result, French immersion is today viewed by parents and educators as a way to save the French language in
Louisiana, where there are more French immersion programs than in any other state.
172:. The Canadian model differs from most countries in that it is a wealthy and politically influential sub-set of the majority language community that has voluntarily decided to demand that local governments offer their children an intensive immersion in the language of a minority. This would have been unthinkable before the constitutional and societal consequences of the
529:
students to gain French teaching qualifications are also suggested to alleviate these shortages. The province of
Ontario planned to open its first university where classes will be taught exclusively in French and this may alleviate the staffing problems eventually. By late 2017, the final recommendations from a planning board had been submitted to the government. The
499:
resources is often restricted to students in French immersion and as such, it is often suggested to parents that they switch their children to a regular
English stream in order to access the support that their child requires. Suggesting that exceptional students would be better off without the French
106:
and others start as early as kindergarten. At the primary level, students may receive instructions in French at or near a hundred percent of their instructional day, called "total immersion", or some smaller part of the day ("partial immersion"). In the case of total immersion, English instruction is
1484:
As a result, Premier Higgs announced that while existing student in French immersion would be able to continue, new intakes of French immersion would cease in 2023 to be replaced by a yet-to-be-designed French curriculum for all non-Francophone students. Subsequently, the education minister resigned
550:
spoke on the failure of many students to learn French: "Although most
Canadian school children are taught English or French as a second language in school, these lessons often fail to yield functional bilingualism. For example, New Brunswick's French Second Language Commission recently reported that
1445:
Enrollment in French immersion programs has become difficult for immigrants to Canada, because it is argued by school administrators and board professionals that learning
English as a second language presents enough of a challenge for students. The lack of accessibility to French immersion programs
528:
was considering an end to their French immersion program for this reason. Some experts have suggested that research be conducted to seek strategies for French teacher recruitment to alleviate staff shortages in
Canadian schools. Scholarship and bursary programs for prospective Bachelor of Education
511:
and may experience guilt when
English is used in their classrooms to reinforce vocabulary and complex concepts. Some experts recommend debate within school boards and ministries about allowing the use of English in French immersion contexts when teaching complex concepts in mathematics and science.
510:
report. Students who do have access to a high school with French instruction may feel overwhelmed with having to learn heavy content in mathematics and science in their second language. Teachers in such schools can be equally overwhelmed with being restricted to using only French in these contexts,
330:
French immersion education remains optional and not compulsory; parents have the choice of sending their children to schools that offer such programs. Students are encouraged to begin communicating in French as consistently as possible. Teachers in French immersion schools are competent in speaking
246:
French immersion in the
Canadian context differs markedly from other language programs aimed at teaching minorities the language of the majority (sometimes called "submersion" instead of immersion by critics). Researcher Marjorie Bingham Wesche offers the following contextual characteristics of the
1454:
Critics argued that success of French immersion programs gave an unfair advantage to those students over other Anglophone students who only took "core French" (non-immersion, traditional language courses). This led to several attempts at reforms. In 2008, the government announced that the earliest
1437:
criticized French immersion programs for having become a way for higher socioeconomic groups to obtain a publicly funded elite track education. Since lower socioeconomic groups and children with learning and behavioral problems have lower rates of participation in French immersion, a situation has
559:
French immersion programs were introduced into Canadian schools in the 1960s to encourage bilingualism across the country. Now immersion programs provide an alternative education stream for many students. Since their implementation, French immersion programs have become increasingly popular across
536:
A report, by a PhD candidate scholar in educational policy at the University of Toronto, also discussed concerns about French immersion creating a dual track academic stream in many schools. She referred to a system "where the smart, motivated kids are funnelled into French, and everyone else gets
518:
for school boards in Canada to hire teachers who are fully fluent in French and also have experience and evidence of excellent teaching skills in the various subjects that they must teach in elementary schools, for example. As early as 1982 school boards in Winnipeg had to cap enrollment in French
126:
As of 2020, 12% of Canadian students (excluding in Quebec) were enrolled in a French immersion program, compared to 34% who took conventional French classes in an otherwise-English school environment. As of 2021, 483,000 students were enrolled in French immersion programs only in public elementary
588:
Generally, colleges and universities in Canada teach in only one of the two official languages. Students must pass linguistic entrance exams to study in a language they did not complete their schooling in. All universities and many colleges will offer traditional language learning in the other
1767:
The southern part of Louisiana has a strong French heritage extending back to colonial times. During the mid-twentieth century, however, the number of native French speakers plunged as French was banned in public schools and children punished for speaking it. The social stigma associated with
1427:
Since French immersion was designed for anglophone children learning French as a second language, it did not meet the needs of francophone children living in minority communities outside of Quebec. This problem was addressed by the creation of separate francophone school systems in the 1990s.
235:. After this endorsement, the school board adopted the program and it was quickly copied by other boards across Canada. As the number of French immersion schools grew, larger academic studies showed the students had very good, though not native-level French, and had no major delay in English.
491:
in French. This could be due, in part, to the fact that there is a lack of willingness on the part of French immersion students to communicate in French outside of the classroom. This lack of willingness may stem from students not feeling prepared or equipped to practice the language.
1462:
with constitutionally-enshrined official bilingualism based on a model of perfect equality between the languages. Every ten years, the government of New Brunswick commissions a report on the status of bilingualism in that province. The 2022 report written by provincial court Judge
459:
Students in French immersion demonstrate a superior level of mental flexibility, which is an ability to think more independently of words and to have a higher awareness of concept formation as well as a more diversified intelligence than students in the regular program.
1606:(originally Lycée Français de Londres) is a French school transported to England and as such the vast majority of the teaching is in French and caters to French curricula and indeed, as far as quatrième (at the age of 13–14), all pupils are taught entirely in French.
503:
French immersion students from elementary schools often experience difficulties when entering a high school which provides the full curriculum in English only. This often leads to problems with "both language and subject matter gaps in their learning", according to a
604:
French-immersion programs were offered in all ten Canadian provinces until 2022 when New Brunswick announced plans to abolish the program. The popularity of French immersion and "core French" differ by province and region. Note that these numbers refers to
551:
fewer than 1% of the students who enrolled in "core French" in 1994 had met the provincial minimum goal by 2007. And fewer than 10% of students who enrolled in early-French immersion in 1995 had attained the provincial goal by 2007."
625:, both provinces that have their own provincial language laws, above and beyond the federal Official Languages Act, which made knowledge of French even more valuable in the local job markets. French immersion enrolment in lowest in
478:
is based on the fact that it holds two official languages, English and French. French immersion students have the opportunity to gain a greater understanding of what it means to be Canadian through the French immersion program.
200:
is not a new one globally. However, it needed influential English-Canadian champions who were able to convince others both that French was worth learning and that immersion was the correct method before it spread in Canada.
1602:, Evington, in Leicester, has been using a French immersion course in one form group a year for the last four years. Pupils answer the register in French, and their French, IT and PHSE lessons are all in French. The
2353:
1455:
possible starting year for full immersion would be raised to grade 6, but in the face of protests and court challenges later moved this to grade 3. Then in 2017 immersion starting in grade 1 was brought back.
1479:
Our consultation and research have led us to one overwhelming conclusion: New Brunswick needs one strong, authentic, and engaging French second-language program of studies for all students in the Anglophone
1423:
to have their children attend a school other than the one in their own neighbourhood. This is a financial barrier of a kind that is usually not acceptable in Canada's culture of universal, public education.
463:
Data illustrates that students in French immersion programs also have a linguistic advantage as they are able to adopt two different perspectives, offering alternative ways to look at the same information.
523:
reported in 2017 that 80% of principals recently reported finding it extremely difficult to hire French-speaking teachers of the same calibre as the English-speaking staff. In fact, in November 2017, the
321:
Many variations have emerged since the earlier programs were designed; however, the original model (now called "early immersion") has produced good results and is still one of the most popular in Canada.
1993:
374:
295:
Source material was easily accessible. French-medium textbooks and other materials were already available in Canada in a way that would have been very different for any other target language.
1471:
found that while 90% of French of immersion students were conversant in French, less than 10% of students in the regular English stream were. This was considered a major problem by Premier
2152:
Macintyre, P., Burns, C., & Jessome, A. (2011). Ambivalence of communicating in a second language: A qualitative study of French immersion students' willingness to communicate.
1468:
2709:
1928:
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as he has stated personal bilingualism for all New Brunswickers should be the goal of the education system. The report summarized its recommendations on the topic thusly:
2397:
2345:
1459:
2865:
123:), and the minutes of English instruction per day will increase throughout their educational career with up to fifty percent of English/French instruction daily.
1681:
1985:
2523:
1590:, teaches almost entirely in French and conforms to the French government system, enabling students to easily transition to and from France to the school.
617:
mother-tongue students, who are enrolled in a separate school system altogether. Historically, enrolment in French immersion was proportionally highest in
1957:
Bingham Wesche M (2002). "Early French Immersion: How has the original Canadian model stood the test of time?". In Burmeister P, Piske T, Rohde A (eds.).
73:
is atypical of most language learning around the world, and was developed in Canada as a result of political and social changes in the 1960s, notably the
2734:
537:
left behind in English" which can become viewed as the "de facto low track stream". The author discussed a study at a Vancouver school, published in the
276:
2443:
2655:
1654:
219:
The "founding mothers" of elementary school French immersion in Canada are generally cited as Olga Melikoff, Valerie Neale, and Murielle Parkes from
47:. This started as a regular English neighbourhood school in 1912, became dual-track English-French in 1987 and single-track French immersion in 2002.
2317:
Miles Turnbull; Marianne Cormier; immy Bourque (2011). "The First Language in Science Class: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Late French Immersion".
2074:
Makropoulos, J. (2009). Gaining access to late French-immersion programs: Class-based perspectives of Canadian students in an Ottawa high school.
1488:
In the face of intense backlash from parents, the Higgs government announced on February 17, 2023, that it would no longer proceed with the plan.
2591:
292:
Native speaker teachers of the immersion language were widely available and were willing to teach to children from the other language community.
66:, students will learn to speak French and learn most subjects such as history, music, geography, art, physical education and science in French.
2962:
2026:
Shapson, S and D'Oyley, V. (1984) 'Bilingual and Multicultural Education: Canadian Perspectives' Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters, p. 34.
1464:
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and (d) not stopping the children from participating in native language development, academic achievement or general cognitive development.
2982:
2558:
2419:
2937:
1635:
2827:
2713:
2478:
2788:
Mady, C (2015). "Immigrants outperform Canadian-born groups in French immersion: Examining factors that influence their achievement".
2220:
Cobb, C (2015). "Is French immersion a special education loophole? ... And does it intensify issues of accessibility and exclusion?".
2185:
Cobb, C (2015). "Is French immersion a special education loophole? ... And does it intensify issues of accessibility and exclusion?".
474:
Students in French immersion programs also have greater opportunity to understand their own culture or their own nation. For example,
539:
251:
Learners were majority language speakers, and there was no sense of "threat" against the status of English in their home communities.
2938:
Evaluation Report: Early Partial Immersion in French at Walker Road Primary School, Aberdeen. The First Two Years: 2000/1 and 2001/2
2261:
2883:
1669:
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Canada and school districts have seen significant increased enrolment in their French immersion student population over the years.
530:
238:
The founding of the advocacy group Canadian Parents for French in 1977 represented the mainstreaming of the program across Canada.
69:
This type of education, in which most of the students are from the majority language community but are voluntarily immersed in the
2290:
Culligan, K (2015). "Student and Teacher Perceptions of First Language Use in Secondary French Immersion Mathematics Classrooms".
331:
French, either having acquired specific French as-a-second-language qualifications or already being fluent in French and having a
1544:
1419:
Often, because French immersion is a "program of choice" and not a required part of the curriculum, school boards charge parents
2630:
487:
Many challenges in participating in French immersion programs persist. For example, many French immersion students do not reach
2393:
1740:
1603:
525:
1873:"Number of students in official languages programs, public elementary and secondary schools, by program type, grade and sex"
637:(where the rules on eligibility were changed) experienced growth in proportionate and absolute terms between 2000 and 2012.
1615:
390:: a more recent program which started in 1998 in Newfoundland and Labrador and branched out to six other provinces and the
254:
Learners were all in the "same boat" all learning French as true beginners, so teachers adjusted to their level (i.e. used
189:
in Quebec in 1974, which together mandated that tens of thousands of jobs in government and industry including high-paying
456:
Students participate in French immersion programs to gain employability-related skills and to increase job opportunities.
140:
In many countries around the world, students are educated in two or more languages: often all students learn at least one
2915:
2769:
Wise, N (2011). "Access to special education for exceptional students in French immersion programs: An equity issue".
2166:
Wise, N (2011). "Access to special education for exceptional students in French immersion programs: An equity issue".
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program funded by the federal government, based on the Trois-Pistoles program at Western founded in 1933 (see above).
2992:
1968:
1722:
190:
1693:
91:) to put their children in to French programs to ensure they could succeed in the increasing number of jobs in the
17:
2846:
2530:
2061:
Barik, H.C., and M. Swain (1978). Evaluation of a French immersion program: The Ottawa study through grade five.
178:
75:
1508:(AEFE) runs or funds 470 schools worldwide, with French as the primary language of instruction in most schools.
183:
2745:
2450:
1751:
1746:
1599:
205:
2374:
Ewart, G (2009). "Retention of New Teachers in Minority French and French Immersion Programs in Manitoba".
1826:
1497:
547:
92:
1598:
Walker Road Primary School, Aberdeen, Scotland, started an early partial immersion program in 2000. Also,
2987:
1850:
1763:
Frank D. Parent Elementary School – French immersion program, West LA, Inglewood, California (since 2017)
1548:
343:
269:
2695:
1579:
634:
394:; intensive period of French instruction for one-half of the school year (70% of school day in French)
2598:
1734:
1583:
1180:
783:
149:
2911:
1872:
1647:
1641:
1521:
378:
169:
153:
84:
1485:
and the teachers' union protested that the timeline was much too quick for such a radical change.
1904:
1757:
1687:
31:
1675:
2941:
2866:"Teachers' association slams accelerated French immersion changes, drops out of consultations"
2554:
2502:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1228:
837:
391:
220:
157:
80:
2474:
1716:
1525:
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developed in which ambitious families might prefer French immersion more for its effective
1300:
918:
520:
475:
339:
255:
213:
145:
120:
112:
8:
1554:
593:
262:
55:
2805:
2682:
2326:
2237:
2202:
1821:
1565:
438:: commences with 100% immersion in the second language and continually decreases to 50%
286:
228:
197:
99:
2113:
Lazaruk, W. (2007). Linguistic, academic, and cognitive benefits of French immersion.
2100:
Lazaruk, W. (2007). Linguistic, academic, and cognitive benefits of French immersion.
2087:
Lazaruk, W. (2007). Linguistic, academic, and cognitive benefits of French immersion.
2035:
Lazaruk, W. (2007). Linguistic, academic, and cognitive benefits of French immersion.
2809:
2622:
2241:
2206:
1964:
496:
332:
224:
165:
161:
70:
2303:
381:; French as the language of instruction for one or two core subjects in addition to
299:
Besides these contextual factors, the program's design also had a few key features:
2797:
2299:
2229:
2194:
1880:
1728:
1663:
1624:
have existed since at least the 1950s. Most of these schools receive help from the
1108:
702:
569:
173:
141:
63:
44:
2884:"N.B. backtracks on scrapping French immersion in English schools | Globalnews.ca"
2801:
2233:
2198:
2126:
Nagy, P., & Klaiman, R. (1988). Attitudes to and impact of French immersion.
1813:
1533:
630:
515:
232:
170:
two or more language communities in the same country learn each other's languages
59:
2907:
1986:"What qualifications do I need to teach in English or French language schools?"
626:
573:
209:
1958:
2976:
1929:"Canada's "Founding Mothers" of French Immersion | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
1799:
1785:
1621:
1433:
1156:
756:
622:
382:
1884:
1960:
An Integrated View of Language Development. Papers in Honor of Henning Wode
1472:
1348:
972:
506:
471:. In addition, they also gain more fulfillment in learning a new language.
304:
88:
2828:"Remake French immersion into program for all students, commissioners say"
2316:
2503:"FRENCH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ENROLMENT STATISTICS 2014–2015 TO 2018–2019"
1851:"FRENCH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ENROLMENT STATISTICS 2015–2016 TO 2019–2020"
1529:
1204:
810:
108:
2330:
2139:
Roy, S. (2010). Not truly, not entirely...'Pas comme les Francophones'.
453:
A study shows that French immersion might improve academic performance.
431:
The amount of time French immersion students spend in immersion varies:
39:
2656:"La Vie Bilingue: French immersion programs in Canada through the ages"
1631:
Public school districts have run French immersion programs since 1974.
1628:. There are currently almost 40 of these schools in the United States.
1573:
1420:
633:, where job requiring French are more rare. However all regions except
468:
116:
62:
as a first language will receive instruction in French. In most French-
2524:"2012-2013 French Immersion Enrolment by Province/Territory and Grade"
2394:"Could the First French Language University in Ontario be in Halton?"
2346:"GTA board to decide fate of French immersion amid 'staffing crisis'"
1569:
1517:
577:
282:
103:
283:
School funding and decision making was under local political control
261:
The program was optional, and learners were thus "volunteers" whose
1807:
1558:
1132:
729:
212:
1933, for example, because of the advocacy of Western's president,
168:
or is simply thought of as an economic necessity; and occasionally
403:
The age an individual begins the French immersion program varies:
270:
valued by parents, the immediate community, and the larger society
2592:"2012-2013 Core French Enrolment by Province/Territory and Grade"
1659:
1658:(since 1984) – 26 immersion programs in 9 parishes, supported by
1537:
1276:
1252:
1084:
891:
864:
675:
488:
444:: commences with close to 50% immersion and remains at this level
347:
308:
2444:"Parlez-vous français? The advantages of bilingualism in Canada"
338:
The French immersion concept was designed to: (a) capitalize on
208:
began offering a language home-stay program for young adults in
2449:. Canadian Council on Learning. 2008. p. 6. Archived from
1587:
1396:
1324:
1026:
945:
618:
572:
public school districts. French immersion is also done in some
340:
children's ability to learn language naturally and effortlessly
2967:
592:
True immersion occurs at summer programs that are part of the
2222:
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
2187:
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
1372:
999:
2420:"French immersion causes two-tier school system, data shows"
2052:. 5th ed. North York, Ontario: Multilingual Matters, p. 239.
2017:. 5th ed. North York, Ontario: Multilingual Matters, p. 240.
127:
and secondary schools in Canada outside Quebec and Nunavut.
2847:"Cardy resignation puts focus on French immersion's future"
2735:"Lessons in learning: French-immersion education in Canada"
1551:
teaching a variety of subjects over three years in French.
1871:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 3, 2013).
1449:
344:
social ability and open attitudes to language and culture
241:
216:, who had learned French by traveling in Quebec in 1900.
1662:, a department of Louisiana's government that preserves
95:
and private sector that required personal bilingualism.
1983:
1963:. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. pp. 359–360.
2863:
1870:
1775:
1543:
There is also a French immersion program offered at
1442:
than for the bilingual skills it gives to students.
519:
immersion due to high demand. A school board in the
346:; (c) reflect on the building blocks of language by
317:
Use of the L2 to teach the entire school curriculum.
2050:
Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism
2015:
Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism
554:
2957:
2649:
2647:
348:emphasizing the use of languages for communication
263:parents enthusiastically encouraged their learning
2935:
1620:Private French language immersion schools in the
2974:
1505:Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger
176:(circa 1960s) in Quebec, and the passage of the
2844:
2653:
2644:
642:Students enrolled in French immersion in Canada
1956:
568:French immersion programs are offered in most
314:Intensive L2 exposure over an extended period.
2710:"French immersion is education for the elite"
469:appreciation and respect for various cultures
467:French immersion students also have a deeper
102:in Canada offer French immersion starting in
2825:
2712:. canada.com. July 26, 2008. Archived from
2672:
2063:Canadian Journal of Behaviour Science, 10(3
303:The earliest possible school starting age (
2497:
2495:
2115:The Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(5)
2102:The Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(5)
2089:The Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(5)
2037:The Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(5)
1054:Students enrolled in core French in Canada
2864:Bobbi-Jean MacKinnon (October 21, 2022).
2597:. Ministries of Education. Archived from
2529:. Ministries of Education. Archived from
1845:
1843:
1841:
599:
540:British Journal of Sociology of Education
275:The two languages were related, and have
2790:International Journal of Multilingualism
2581:French immersion not offered in Nunavut.
2417:
2289:
2262:"Breaking the spell of French immersion"
38:
2771:Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics
2492:
2418:Alphonso, Caroline (November 6, 2019).
2292:Alberta Journal of Educational Research
2259:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2168:Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics
1832:
367:: French as the language of instruction
27:A form of bilingual education in Canada
14:
2975:
2343:
1838:
1754:– High school French immersion program
1561:is a bilingual French–English school.
1450:Attempted abolishment in New Brunswick
242:Design of the earliest school programs
2821:
2819:
2577:
2575:
2373:
1467:and former deputy education minister
526:Halton Catholic District School Board
198:immersion as a language-learning tool
2845:Jacques Poitras (October 18, 2022).
2787:
2768:
2344:Gordon, Andrea (November 20, 2017).
2260:Maharaj, Sachin (November 9, 2017).
2248:
2219:
2184:
2165:
2141:Canadian Journal of Education, 33(3)
2128:Canadian Journal of Education, 13(2)
1952:
1950:
1948:
1616:French language in the United States
2983:French-language education in Canada
2557:. Statcan.gc.ca. December 1, 2008.
2477:. Statcan.gc.ca. December 1, 2008.
583:
325:
135:
58:in which students who do not speak
43:The doors of King George School in
24:
2816:
2572:
2154:The Modern Language Journal, 95(1)
533:began accepting students in 2021.
182:by the federal parliament and the
25:
3004:
2951:
2654:Ayesha Barmania (June 11, 2016).
1945:
1642:Milwaukee French Immersion School
1593:
1491:
563:
2826:Lauren Bird (February 2, 2022).
1806:
1792:
1778:
1670:Prince George's County, Maryland
1609:
1604:Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle
1540:and French, entirely in French.
1407:
1389:
1382:
1365:
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949:
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911:
884:
877:
874:
857:
850:
847:
830:
803:
776:
749:
722:
695:
668:
555:Use of French immersion programs
531:Université de l'Ontario français
489:native-like language proficiency
285:, so the parents could pressure
30:For the 2011 Canadian film, see
2929:
2918:from the original on 2016-11-01
2900:
2876:
2857:
2838:
2781:
2762:
2727:
2702:
2666:
2633:from the original on 2015-04-16
2615:
2584:
2561:from the original on 2015-02-04
2547:
2516:
2481:from the original on 2015-02-04
2467:
2436:
2411:
2400:from the original on 2017-12-01
2386:
2367:
2356:from the original on 2017-12-28
2337:
2310:
2283:
2272:from the original on 2017-12-24
2213:
2178:
2159:
2146:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
1996:from the original on 2016-11-04
1564:The program is also offered at
2076:Bilingual Research Journal, 32
2029:
2020:
2007:
1977:
1933:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1921:
1897:
1864:
1414:
1047:
342:; (b) take advantage of their
146:language of a former colonizer
13:
1:
2673:Gardner, D. (July 26, 2008).
2623:"French as a Second Language"
2376:Canadian Journal of Education
2304:10.55016/ojs/ajer.v61i1.55919
1984:Ontario College of Teachers.
1600:Judgemeadow Community College
1431:In 2008, an editorial in the
482:
373:: available only in Ontario,
206:University of Western Ontario
130:
2802:10.1080/14790718.2014.967252
2742:Canadian Council on Learning
2234:10.1080/13670050.2014.887052
2199:10.1080/13670050.2014.887052
1827:Structured English Immersion
1516:French immersion is used in
1511:
1498:French as a foreign language
613:pupils: it does not include
548:Canadian Council on Learning
422:: Grade Six, Seven, or Eight
179:Official Languages Act, 1969
76:Official Languages Act, 1969
7:
2963:French Immersion statistics
2958:Canadian Parents for French
2510:Canadian Parents for French
1990:Ontario College of Teachers
1858:Canadian Parents for French
1771:
1636:Montgomery County, Maryland
1549:Mansfield State High School
448:
410:: Kindergarten or Grade One
358:
277:many cognates and loanwords
191:professional and managerial
10:
3009:
2936:Richard Johnstone (2001).
1613:
1495:
1404:
1401:
1379:
1376:
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1310:
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1094:
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985:
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712:
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706:
688:
685:
682:
679:
353:
311:, aged four to six years).
193:work now required French.
29:
2629:. Government of Ontario.
1666:culture within the state.
1545:Methodist Ladies' College
1181:Newfoundland and Labrador
784:Newfoundland and Labrador
375:Newfoundland and Labrador
247:original Canadian model:
2993:English-Canadian culture
2940:(Report). Archived from
2912:Lycee Condorcet (Sydney)
1752:Henrico County, Virginia
1747:Fairfax County, Virginia
1648:Holliston, Massachusetts
1522:Benowa State High School
214:Dr. William Sherwood Fox
2319:Modern Language Journal
1885:10.25318/3710000901-eng
1688:Lake Charles, Louisiana
426:
289:to take up their ideas.
32:French Immersion (film)
1909:frenchimmersion.uwo.ca
1758:Santa Rosa, California
1482:
600:Regional discrepancies
398:
333:teaching certification
107:introduced in perhaps
48:
2968:Summer Camp in France
1723:San Diego, California
1705:Milton, Massachusetts
1700:Kansas City, Missouri
1477:
1458:New Brunswick is the
1229:Northwest Territories
838:Northwest Territories
392:Northwest Territories
221:Saint-Lambert, Quebec
185:Official Language Act
154:English in South Asia
150:French in West Africa
42:
1877:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1833:Notes and references
1526:The Southport School
1301:Prince Edward Island
919:Prince Edward Island
521:Greater Toronto Area
416:: Grade Four or Five
383:French Language Arts
268:Both languages were
256:Comprehensible Input
2396:. August 29, 2017.
1735:St. Paul, Minnesota
1555:Telopea Park School
1056:
644:
516:extremely difficult
56:bilingual education
2988:Language immersion
2908:"About our school"
2627:www2.edu.gov.on.ca
2555:"French immersion"
2475:"French immersion"
2424:The Globe and Mail
2048:Baker, C. (2011).
2013:Baker, C. (2011).
1822:Language immersion
1566:The Glennie School
1061:Province/Territory
1052:
649:Province/Territory
640:
229:Wallace E. Lambert
196:The idea of using
156:, etc.); commonly
93:federal government
49:
2690:Missing or empty
2675:The Vancouver Sun
1412:
1411:
1045:
1044:
497:special education
476:Canada's identity
225:McGill University
162:majority language
85:urban or suburban
71:minority language
64:immersion schools
16:(Redirected from
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2744:. Archived from
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1788:
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1781:
1729:Madawaska, Maine
1717:Edina, Minnesota
1682:Portland, Oregon
1664:Louisiana French
1520:schools such as
1395:
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703:British Columbia
701:
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645:
639:
584:Higher education
546:A report by the
414:Middle Immersion
388:Intensive French
365:French Immersion
326:Typical features
174:Quiet Revolution
164:, often this is
142:foreign language
136:Canadian context
52:French immersion
45:Calgary, Alberta
21:
18:French Immersion
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1971:
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1814:Language portal
1812:
1805:
1798:
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1618:
1612:
1596:
1580:Lycée Condorcet
1514:
1500:
1494:
1469:John McLaughlin
1452:
1417:
1399:(excl. Quebec)
1390:
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1366:
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696:
694:
669:
667:
602:
586:
574:private schools
566:
557:
485:
451:
429:
408:Early Immersion
401:
371:Extended French
361:
356:
328:
244:
233:Wilder Penfield
166:required by law
138:
133:
79:which led many
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3006:
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2953:
2952:External links
2950:
2948:
2947:
2944:on 2011-06-07.
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1711:Columbus, Ohio
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1676:Eugene, Oregon
1673:
1667:
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1614:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1595:
1594:United Kingdom
1592:
1513:
1510:
1496:Main article:
1493:
1492:Outside Canada
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564:K–12 education
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420:Late Immersion
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144:, perhaps the
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2751:on 2015-02-16
2747:
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2716:on 2015-02-04
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2604:on 2017-08-20
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2536:on 2017-08-20
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1970:3-88476-488-8
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1905:"The History"
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570:Anglophone
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631:the North
611:allophone
287:the board
187:(Bill 22)
104:grade one
2916:Archived
2870:CBC News
2851:CBC News
2832:CBC News
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2559:Archived
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1772:See also
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359:Programs
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1538:science
1480:sector.
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354:Formats
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