2038:
796:
827:
909:
418:
1492:
941:
977:
2050:
1903:
1445:
1646:
386:
1693:
711:
726:
1008:
402:
1854:
812:
1915:
1239:
2105:
2313:
595:
51:
1873:
921:
1310:
961:
491:, where the windows were located. The resulting greater height and light differed dramatically from the heaviness of Romanesque architecture. On the facade of the church, Suger introduced another innovation; he used columns in the form of statues of saints to decorate the portal of the church, adding a new element of verticality to the facade. This idea too was soon copied in new cathedrals. Ninety years later, the upper parts of the choir and the whole nave had to be renewed because of signs of decay; the new upper choir (on the arcades of the Primary Gothic) was built with a triforium with windows. This was the onset of
683:
2295:
2497:
565:
611:
2026:
1341:
1290:
1888:
894:
1219:
531:
44:
370:
1255:
780:
80:
1630:
550:
993:
355:
2530:
2066:
1677:
1024:
1461:
699:
1357:
69:
62:
2277:
1514:, at 42 meters. Work began in 1225 but the roof of the vault was too heavy for the walls, and partially collapsed in 1272. They thickened the walls and rebuilt the vault and in 1569 they completed a tower, 72 meters high, which from 1569 to 1573 made Beauvais Cathedral the tallest structure in the world. However, in 1573, the new tower collapsed, fortunately without any casualties. The church remains today as it was, with the choir, some of the ambulatory, apse, some chapels, but no nave or tower.
2086:
2519:
580:
1325:
1477:
843:
1661:
2508:
6065:
5720:
6089:
5709:
1275:
652:(begun 1250); The characteristic Gothic elements were refined to make the new cathedrals taller, wider, and more full of light. At Chartres, the use of the flying buttresses allowed the elimination of the tribune level, which allowed much higher arcades and nave, and larger windows. The pillars were made of a central column surrounded by four more slender columns, which reached up to support the arches of the vaulted ceiling. The
2195:, a row of smaller windows; and finally the high windows, just below the vaults. During the High Gothic period, with the development of the four-part rib vault and the flying buttress, the tribune was eliminated at Chartres and other new cathedrals, allowing taller windows and arcades. By the 15th century, at Rouen Cathedral, the triforium also disappeared, and the walls between the traverses were filled with high windows.
2831:
6077:
417:
2158:. The ribs of this vault distributed the weight more equally to the four supporting pillars below and established a closer connection between the nave and the lower portions of the church walls, and between the arcades below and the windows above. This allowed for greater height and thinner walls and contributed to the strong impression of verticality given by the newer Cathedrals.
502:, begun between 1135 and 1140 and consecrated in 1160. It featured a Gothic choir, and six-part rib vaults over the nave and collateral aisles, alternating pillars and doubled columns to support the vaults, and flying buttresses. But note, much of the ambulatory is still Romanesque, and all adjacent chapels are younger. One of the builders believed to have worked on that Cathedral,
2350:, literally a "book for the poor", covered with sculpture illustrating biblical stories, for the vast majority of parishioners who were illiterate. These largely illustrated stories from the Bible, but also included stories and figures from mythology and more complicated symbols taken from medieval philosophical and scientific teachings such as
745:("Radiant") in both French and English, describing the radiating pattern of the tracery in the stained glass windows, and also describing the tendency toward the use of more and more stained glass and less masonry in the design of the structure, until the walls seemed entirely made of glass. The most celebrated example was the chapel of
2328:
1207:, the grafting of a single apse of polygonal plan on a church with two vessels gave birth to a starry vault whose complex organization preceded by more than a century the Flamboyant Gothic. Tradition refers to this masterpiece as "palm tree" because the veins gush out of the smooth shaft of the column, like the fronds of palm trees.
1823:(1337–1453), with improvements in artillery, the castles lost most of their military importance. They remained as symbols of the rank of their noble occupants; the narrowing openings in the walls were often widened into the windows of bedchambers and ceremonial halls. The tower of the Chateau of Vincennes became a royal residence.
1954:, which declared war against the "massacre of ancient stones" and the "demolishers" of France's past. Louis Philippe declared that restoration of churches and other monuments would be a priority of his regime. In October 1830, the position of Inspector of Historical Monuments had been created by the Interior Minister,
1614:, Gothic churches were symbols of the old regime and became targets for the Revolutionaries; the cathedrals were nationalized, and stripped of ornament and valuables. The statues of the Biblical figures on the facade of Notre-Dame were beheaded, under the false belief that they were statues of the French Kings. Under
861:
Gothic style appeared beginning about 1350 and lasted until about 1500. Its characteristic features were more exuberant decoration, as the nobles and wealthy citizens of mostly northern French cities competed to build more and more elaborate churches and cathedrals. It took its name from the sinuous,
518:
in Paris (begun 1160). Their builders abandoned the traditional plans and introduced the new Gothic elements. The builders of Notre Dame went further by introducing the flying buttress, heavy columns of support outside the walls connected by arches to the walls, which received and counterbalanced the
164:
and other architectural innovations to distribute the weight of the stone structures to supports on the outside, allowing unprecedented height and volume. The new techniques also permitted the addition of larger windows, including enormous stained glass windows, which fill the cathedrals with light.
660:
at Amiens and
Chartes were strengthened by an additional arch and with a supporting arcade, allowing even higher walls and more windows. At Reims, the buttresses were given greater weight and strength by the addition of heavy stone pinnacles on top. These were often decorated with statues of angels,
2243:
were another defining feature of the Gothic style. Some Gothic windows, like those at
Chartres, were cut into the stone walls. Other windows, such as those in the chapels of Notre-Dame and Reims, were in stone frames installed into the walls. The most common form was an oculus, a small round window
1937:
had been beheaded and taken down. Throughout the country, churches and monasteries had been demolished or turned into barns, cafes, schools, or prisons. The first effort to catalogue the remaining monuments was made in 1816 by
Alexandre de Laborde, who wrote the first list of "Monuments of France".
1061:
at the end of the 12th century saw the construction of several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches. The characteristic features of Norman Gothic were sharply pointed arches, lavish use of decorative molding, and walls pierced with numerous passages. Norman architects and builders were active not
2483:
Because of the lengthy period of construction of Gothic cathedrals, few were built in a single style. Most, like Notre-Dame, have a combination of features constructed in several different periods, as well as features constructed after the Gothic age. Also, different sources give varying dates for
1505:
During the Middle Ages
Prosperous French cities competed to build the largest cathedral or the highest tower. One of the drawbacks of French Gothic architecture was its cost; it required many skilled craftsmen working for decades. Due to downturns in the economy, a number of French cathedrals were
2392:
are decorated with similar small carved figures holding circular plaques with symbols of transformation taken from alchemy. The central pillar of the central door of Notre-Dame features a statue of a woman on a throne holding a sceptre in her left hand, and in her right hand, two books, one open
2005:
by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–1865). Jean-Baptiste Lassus became the most prolific neo-Gothic architect in France, constructing Saint-Nicolas de Nantes (1840), Sacré-Coeur de
Moulins (1849), Saint-Pierre de Dijon (1850), Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville (1853) and the Église de Cusset
2380:
The gargoyle also had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the
Cathedral; rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses to the mouths of the gargoyles. The longer the gargoyle, the farther the water was projected from the walls,
452:-era abbey church. Just to the west of the original church, he began building a new structure with two towers, and then, from 1140 to 1144, he began to reconstruct the old church. Most of his modifications were traditional, but he made one remarkable innovation; he decided to create a new
2248:
and the portals to provide light to the nave. The largest rose windows were ten meters in diameter. They had a framework of stone armatures often in an ornate floral pattern, to help them resist the wind. Gothic windows were in a stone frame separate from the wall, not cut into the wall.
468:
with radiating chapels. The use of rib vaults, and buttresses outside supporting the walls, allowed the elimination of the traditional walls between the chapels, and the installation of large stained glass windows. This gave the ambulatory a striking openness, light, and greater height.
244:(Shining Gothic), from the second third of 13th century to the first half of 14th century, marked by triforia with windows and a general preference for stained glass instead of stone walls. It forms the greater portion of High Gothic. American and British historians also use the term
1121:(1032–1523), though many of the Gothic elements of the facade were replaced with Renaissance elements and towers. A fine example of Angevin Gothic is found in the medieval Saint Jean Hospital in Angers, which now contains the Musée Jean-Lurçat, a museum of contemporary tapestries.
2178:
were added to the top of the buttresses, to precisely counterbalance the thrust from inside the walls. The buttress allowed a significant reduction in the thickness of the cathedral walls, and permitted the use of larger windows in the interior of the church. In churches such as
826:
1171:(13th-16th century). The Burgundian Gothic tended to be more sober and monumental than the more ornate northern style, and often included elements of earlier Romanesque churches on the same site, such as the Romanesque crypt beneath the Gothic choir at
300:, was a counselor of Louis VI and Louis VII, as well as a historian. He oversaw the reconstruction of the ambulatory of Saint-Denis, making it the first and most influential example of Gothic architecture in France. The first complete Gothic cathedral,
2408:, in cathedrals they were known as the "Path of Jerusalem" and symbolized the difficult and often roundabout path that a Christian sometimes had to follow in life to reach the gates of Paradise and salvation. Large labyrinths were originally found in
2037:
2256:
painting, and held in place by pieces of lead that outlined the figures. As the windows grew larger, more intense colors were used. After 1260, the colors became lighter, and the combination of grisaille and pale shades of yellow became more common.
2049:
1199:, built between 1282 and 1480. It was originally constructed as a fortress, then transformed into a church. Due to a lack of suitable stone, it was constructed almost entirely of brick, and is one of the largest brick buildings in the world. In the
1928:
A large part of the Gothic architectural heritage of France, particularly the churches and monasteries, had been damaged or destroyed during the
Revolution. Of the 300 churches in Paris in the 16th century, only 97 still were standing in 1800. The
427:, begun in 1163, were much remodeled after a fire in 1220; the triforia were abolished and gave place to an enlargement of the clerestory, the flying buttresses were exchanged for new ones, and the file of chapels was added to the ambulatory.
2186:
The development of rib-vaults and buttresses brought gradual changes to the interior structure of cathedrals. Early Gothic cathedrals had the walls of the nave built in four levels: a gallery with columns on the ground level; then the
2393:(symbol of public knowledge), and the other closed (esoteric knowledge), along with a ladder with seven steps, symbolizing the seven steps alchemists followed in their scientific quest of trying to transform ordinary metal into gold.
2211:
had a triple portal, decorated with columns in the form of statues of apostles and saints around the doorways, and biblical scenes crowded with statuary over the doorways. This triple portal was adopted by all the major cathedrals. A
1740:
In the
Phillipienne castle, other towers, usually round, were placed at the corners and along the walls, close enough together to support each other. The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside, an upper parapet with openings
795:
2377:, and others, taken largely from legend and mythology. They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshippers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.
1379:, constructed between 1252 and 1364, when the Popes fled the political chaos and wars enveloping Rome. Given the complicated political situation, it combined the functions of a church, a seat of government and a fortress.
2146:, had six compartments bordered by ribs and the crossing arch, which transferred the weight to alternating columns and pillars. A new innovation appeared during the High Gothic: the four-part rib vault, which was used in
2138:, but it was not widely or effectively used until the Gothic period. The crossed ribs of the vault carried the weight outwards and downwards, to clusters of supporting pillars and columns. The earlier rib vaults, used at
1965:
Under Louis
Philippe, French Gothic architecture was officially recognized as a treasure of French culture. Under Mérimée's direction, the first efforts to restore major Gothic monuments began. In 1835, the church of
2216:
over the portal, crowded with sculptural figures illustrating a biblical story became a feature of Gothic cathedrals. Following the example of Amiens, the tympanum over the central portal traditionally depicted the
1692:
665:, appeared; it was an ornamental rain spout that channeled the water from the roof away from the building. At Amiens, the windows of the nave were made larger, and an additional row of clear glass windows (the
476:
on the ground floor whose two rows of columns received the ribs of the ceiling vaults; the tribune above it, a gallery which concealed the massive contreforts or buttresses which pressed against the walls; the
1645:
671:) flooded the interior with light. The new structural technologies allowed the enlargement of the transepts and the choirs at the east end of the cathedrals, creating the space for a ring of well-lit chapels.
1254:
1580:(1615–21) with a facade based on the superposition of the three orders of classical architecture, represented the new model. However, the Gothic style remained prominent in new churches. The Church of
1382:
In the 15th century, following the Late Gothic or
Flamboyant period, some elements of Gothic decoration borrowed from cathedrals began to appear in civil architecture, particularly in the region of
530:
908:
1603:, took center stage. Landmarks of the Gothic style, such as Notre-Dame, were modified with new interiors designed in the new style. Following the new fashion of his patron, Louis XIV, the poet
1914:
753:. An elaborate system of exterior columns and arches reduced the walls of the upper chapel to a thin framework for the enormous windows. The weight of each of the masonry gables above the
636:. From the end of the 12th century until the middle of the 13th century, the Gothic style spread from the cathedrals in ĂŽle-de-France to appear in other cities of northern France, notably
268:
The French style was widely copied in other parts of northern Europe, particularly Germany and England. It was gradually supplanted as the dominant French style in the mid-16th century by
2010:
in Paris by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Adrien-Louis Lasson (1854–1855) was the most innovative example of neo-Gothic; it combined a traditional Gothic design with a modern iron framework.
940:
4396:
4233:
870:, or ribs, that supported and decorated each vault of the ceiling, both for greater support and decorative effect. Notable examples of Flamboyant Gothic include the western facade of
1444:
1607:
ridiculed the Gothic style in a 1669 poem: "...the insipid taste of Gothic ornamentation, these odious monstrosities of an ignorant age, produced by the torrents of barbarism...".
1417:
Gothic features also appeared in the elaborate residences built by the nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie in Paris and other large cities. Examples include the HĂ´tel Cluny (now the
2065:
1902:
1491:
1779:, from which soldiers could see what was happening at the corners or on the ground below. In addition, the towers and walls were pierced with narrow vertical slits, called
1238:
976:
1545:
to celebrate the entrance of Henry II into Paris in 1549, was the first Renaissance monument in the city. It was soon followed by the new facade of the Cour Carré of the
1533:
had both participated in military campaigns in Italy, and had seen the new architecture there. Large numbers of Italian stonemasons had come to Paris to work on the new
768:, were framed by stone and occupied only a portion of the wall, these two windows, with a delicate lacelike framework, occupied the entire space between the pillars.
3988:
5403:
1872:
1324:
725:
710:
261:(Flaming Gothic), since mid 14th century, marked by swinging and flaming (that makes the term) forms of tracery. British and American historians use the same term.
1418:
1315:
1309:
2484:
time periods. This list primarily uses the time periods given in LaRousse encyclopedia on-line and the on-line Pedagogical Dossier of Gothic Architecture of the
1853:
4018:
2312:
5323:
1676:
1007:
323:(1285–1314), established France as the major economic and political power on the Continent. The period also saw the founding of the University of Paris or
1062:
only in Normandy, but also across the Channel in England. The high-quality Norman stone was cut and transported to England for use in English cathedrals.
4421:
920:
385:
893:
682:
2244:
with two lancets, or windows with pointed arches, just below it. The rose window was the most famous type of the Gothic style. They were placed in the
1510:. Its patrons and architects sought to build the tallest church in the world. with a vaulted choir 48 meters high, taller than its nearby competitor,
4888:
1218:
698:
3674:
1572:
Religious buildings were slower to change. The Church of the Carmes-Deschaussé (1613–1620) on rue Vaugirard in Paris, and especially the church of
811:
5209:
992:
564:
2025:
1808:, which could be opened and closed. The walls at the bottom were often sloping, and protected with earthen barriers. A surviving example is the
2221:, the right portal showed the coronation of the Virgin Mary, and the left portal showed the lives of saints who were important in the diocese.
401:
5756:
5601:
5388:
4391:
3728:
2894:
2651:
begun to replace earlier church destroyed by fire. Consecrated 1260. Flamboyant north spire added after earlier spire destroyed by lightning.
2174:. This transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof outside the walls, where it was countered by the weight of the buttress. Heavy stone
1763:), from which they could drop rocks, burning oil or other objects on the besiegers. The upper walls also had protected protruding balconies,
1506:
begun but never finished. They also sometimes suffered when the ambitions of the architects exceeded their technical skills. One example was
1476:
960:
2485:
2384:
Amid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. The porch of
1993:
French Gothic architecture also experienced a modest revival, largely confined to new churches. Neo-Gothic churches built in Paris included
1289:
4271:
1340:
1023:
594:
369:
4940:
4683:
4221:
2294:
2400:, usually found in stone on the floor in a central part of the cathedral. Inspired by the labyrinth in Greek legend constructed by King
1518:
5596:
4625:
4528:
1974:, which had been turned into a storage house for government archives after the Revolution. The restoration of Saint-Chapelle as led by
1460:
5561:
5423:
4341:
2104:
1629:
354:
2007:
1920:
1887:
610:
5949:
3936:
2085:
3649:, a project by Columbia University and Vassar College with a database of images, 360° panoramas, texts, charts and historical maps
5508:
4602:
6165:
3836:
3831:
779:
2381:
protecting the walls and windows from water damage. Multiple numbers were used to distribute the water as widely as possible.
2357:
The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening
6170:
5990:
5985:
5540:
5488:
4120:
3630:
3612:
3593:
3578:
3522:
2276:
1390:
has an imposing Gothic bell tower, featuring a spire surrounded by smaller towers, and its windows are decorated with ornate
1787:, through which archers could fire arrows. In later castles, the slits took the form of crosses, so that archers could fire
1414:. Unfortunately, many of the finest buildings were destroyed during World War I, due to their proximity to the front lines.
579:
6081:
6033:
5835:
5478:
5214:
3732:
3667:
3541:
265:
French scholars divide the Gothic of their country into four phases: British and American historians use similar periods.
168:
French scholars divide the Gothic of their country into four phases: British and American historians use similar periods.
1962:
became its second Inspector, and by far the most energetic and long-lasting. He held the position for twenty-seven years.
1356:
280:
French Gothic architecture was the result of the emergence in the 12th century of a powerful French state centered in the
6038:
5943:
5518:
5348:
4256:
4003:
3560:
3489:
2864:
2230:
842:
17:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
5177:
4674:
4283:
4008:
3345:
866:, a window decorated with an arch, stone pinnacles and floral sculpture. It also featured an increase in the number of
136:
which emerged in France in 1140, and was dominant until the mid-16th century. The most notable examples are the great
5749:
5160:
4762:
4409:
4243:
3694:
3507:
3470:
3451:
739:
The third period of French Gothic architecture, from the second half of the 13th century until the 1370s, is termed
549:
472:
The builders then constructed the nave of the church, also using rib vaults. It was constructed in four levels; the
6043:
5908:
5825:
5674:
5222:
4975:
4920:
4785:
4520:
4516:
4261:
4046:
3993:
2802:
1990:. Over the rest of the 19th century, all of the major Gothic cathedrals of France underwent extensive restoration.
1725:, who had taken part in the Crusades. The new fortifications were more geometric, usually square, with a high main
661:
and became an important decorative element of the High Gothic style. Another practical and decorative element, the
1729:
or tower, in the center, which could be defended even if the walls of the castle were captured. The donjon of the
5683:
5025:
5000:
4965:
4960:
4925:
4805:
4404:
4288:
3878:
3841:
3724:
3704:
3660:
1933:
had been stripped of its stained glass and monumental tombs, while the statues on the façade of the cathedral of
1274:
1144:. Its distinctive features, like those of Angevin Gothic, include convex vaults with ribs in decorative designs.
269:
1078:
519:
thrust from the rib vaults of the roof. This allowed the builders to construct higher walls and larger windows.
6135:
6125:
6115:
5939:
5882:
5840:
5621:
5333:
5020:
4990:
4970:
4910:
4700:
4416:
3954:
3946:
3858:
3719:
3699:
2879:
1938:
In 1831, interest in Gothic architecture grew even greater following the popular success of the romantic novel
1117:
features vaults with elegant decorative ribs, as well as ornate columns. The style is found in the interior of
522:
137:
6120:
4995:
4985:
4311:
4182:
4080:
3777:
2327:
1713:, or castle, was modified, based on the Byzantine and Moslem castles the French knights had seen during the
1584:
in Paris (1532–1640), which rivaled Notre-Dame in size, combined a Gothic plan with Renaissance decoration.
207:), from the 1180s to the first third of 13th century, marked by basilicas without lateral tribunes and with
6069:
5818:
5742:
5576:
5547:
5530:
5438:
5050:
5015:
5005:
4583:
4564:
4426:
4177:
4090:
2955:
2914:
1979:
1557:(1533–1568) was also constructed in an Italianate rather than Gothic style. Most important of all, the new
875:
833:
818:
802:
760:
Other landmarks of the Rayonnant Gothic are the two rose windows on the north and south of the transept of
188:
1660:
6013:
5980:
5845:
5808:
5791:
5586:
4336:
4204:
4073:
2844:
2472:
2127:
1940:
6093:
2777:
2535:
2188:
187:(First Gothic), from short before 1140 until shortly after 1180, marked by tribunes above the aisles of
5503:
5301:
4955:
4607:
4573:
4532:
2424:, but these removed during various renovations in the 18th century. The best surviving examples are in
5888:
5786:
5693:
5639:
5310:
5260:
4950:
4905:
4013:
2849:
50:
1835:
1698:
5723:
5659:
5581:
5552:
5172:
5167:
5045:
4945:
4930:
4915:
4757:
4578:
4468:
4386:
4210:
4187:
4138:
3811:
2358:
1573:
1983:
1842:. This project was incomplete when Napoleon III was overthrown in 1870, but can be visited today.
1831:
1702:
1554:
5644:
5276:
5237:
5204:
4650:
4630:
4498:
4376:
4326:
4105:
3906:
3846:
2889:
2715:
2552:
2213:
2135:
2092:
2076:
2059:. Pinnacles atop the buttresses added decoration and additional weight to strengthen the building
1566:
1391:
879:
849:
437:
376:
360:
2763:
2496:
1967:
1730:
1636:
6028:
5801:
5713:
5654:
5649:
5283:
5089:
5010:
4935:
4815:
4493:
4381:
4321:
3998:
3886:
2874:
2784:
1994:
1859:
1592:
1538:
1526:
1433:, a nobleman's townhouse, which features a Gothic watch tower and a flamboyant gothic ceiling.
1200:
1188:
1030:
1827:
1683:
5997:
5418:
5245:
4670:
4451:
4316:
4162:
3868:
3806:
3765:
3750:
2204:
1950:
1820:
1618:, the cathedrals were returned to the church, but were left in a lamentable state of repair.
1581:
1498:
1482:
473:
1809:
1667:
523:
Classic Gothic or High Gothic Cathedrals – Chartres, Bourges, Reims, western parts of Amiens
346:
6023:
4822:
4791:
4688:
4569:
4483:
4363:
4266:
3983:
3978:
3901:
3851:
3782:
3760:
2385:
2208:
2171:
2143:
2072:
2002:
1959:
1930:
1894:
1878:
1403:
1363:
1141:
1047:
761:
732:
717:
515:
507:
453:
424:
293:
141:
6088:
2752:
1261:
1187:
The south of France had its own distinct variation of the Gothic style: the Meriodonal or
750:
43:
8:
6130:
5813:
5765:
5611:
5513:
5306:
5290:
4810:
4720:
4171:
4115:
4063:
3964:
3926:
2884:
2836:
2694:
2655:
2630:
reconstruction begins from Romanesque to Gothic style. Work continued until 13th century.
2609:
2468:
2366:
2319:
2304:
2300:
2286:
1987:
1934:
1734:
1591:
began to dominate; then, under Louis XIV, the grand French classical style, practiced by
1530:
1522:
1430:
1331:
1137:
1086:
324:
133:
91:
79:
2126:
The Gothic style emerged from innovative use of existing technologies, particularly the
1588:
757:
of the windows also helped the walls to resist the thrust and to distribute the weight.
674:
5631:
5448:
4306:
4298:
4041:
3742:
3709:
2815:
2808:
2701:
2648:
2602:
2511:
2425:
2337:
2258:
2147:
2114:
1615:
1507:
1467:
1451:
1129:
967:
637:
625:
556:
540:
332:
316:
285:
216:
200:
149:
95:
2669:
reconstruction from Romanesque began. Flamboyant facade was added in the 15th century.
1955:
1838:(1393–1407), an unfinished medieval castle, making it into a neo-Gothic residence for
1747:) from which soldiers could watch or fire arrows on besiegers below; narrow openings (
5975:
5970:
5830:
5781:
5591:
4827:
4152:
4032:
3799:
3755:
3626:
3608:
3589:
3574:
3556:
3537:
3518:
3503:
3485:
3466:
3447:
3341:
2680:
2641:
2623:
2409:
2262:
1611:
1577:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1110:
1098:
1090:
1066:
641:
570:
2756:
2726:
2529:
1863:
771:
506:, later traveled to England and became the architect who reconstructed the choir of
5965:
5860:
5855:
5453:
5227:
5189:
5147:
5075:
5070:
5037:
4844:
4777:
4740:
4735:
4715:
4710:
4635:
4488:
4478:
4438:
3969:
3787:
3770:
2735:
2687:
2591:
2577:
2429:
2389:
2151:
2096:
2056:
1722:
1562:
1558:
1521:
of French religious and civil architecture also began to show the influence of the
1511:
1372:
1225:
1164:
1156:
1136:
also features a distinctive regional Gothic style. It was begun in 1162 under King
1133:
1118:
1094:
983:
947:
765:
649:
616:
601:
511:
408:
340:
308:
224:
153:
4693:
2444:
2043:
Four-part rib vaults at Amiens Cathedral allowed greater height and larger windows
1755:) through which they could be sheltered as they fired arrows; and floor openings (
1043:
441:
281:
5688:
5571:
5428:
5393:
5199:
5194:
5119:
5114:
5055:
4980:
4730:
4660:
4192:
4133:
3683:
2795:
2722:
2673:
2570:
2563:
2522:
2421:
2417:
2180:
2167:
2155:
1971:
1737:, is a good example. It is 52 meters high, the tallest military tower in Europe.
1600:
1534:
1265:
1196:
1175:. Other Burgundian features included colourful tile roofs in geometric patterns (
1160:
1082:
927:
871:
786:
746:
689:
657:
645:
585:
503:
336:
312:
220:
161:
145:
103:
99:
3534:
Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes, Églises, Cathédrales et Châteaux
2203:
Another innovative feature of the French Gothic cathedral was the design of the
1986:. In 1843, Lassus and Viollet-le-Duc won the competition for the restoration of
1422:
1296:
1070:
68:
61:
5850:
5606:
5535:
5383:
5318:
5104:
5094:
5080:
5065:
4745:
4640:
4524:
4503:
4037:
3916:
3891:
3863:
3794:
2666:
2616:
2595:
2584:
2545:
2500:
2464:
2413:
2218:
2139:
1998:
1192:
1114:
1014:
998:
629:
499:
433:
392:
301:
204:
178:
2518:
2439:
integrates classical literary elements with its 13th-century Gothic style. In
2268:
1975:
331:
styles, and the construction of some of the most famous cathedrals, including
6109:
5892:
5498:
5458:
5343:
5265:
5250:
5099:
5060:
4866:
4750:
4547:
4216:
3931:
2236:
1758:
1718:
1050:, but other French regions created their own original versions of the style.
862:
flame-like designs which ornamented windows. Other new features included the
836:. The sinuous lines of the window frame gave the style the name "Flamboyant".
320:
2945:
Encyclopedia Britannica, "Gothic architecture" (by subscription) (retrieved
2936:
Encyclopedia Britannica, "Gothic architecture" (by subscription) (retrieved
2927:
Encyclopedia Britannica, "Gothic architecture" (by subscription) (retrieved
2491:
445:
5878:
5473:
5408:
5338:
5328:
5255:
5155:
5124:
4900:
4849:
4617:
4559:
4456:
4227:
4144:
4100:
4095:
4085:
3896:
3823:
3625:(in French). Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. 2002.
2748:
2240:
2183:, due to buttresses, the walls were made almost entirely of stained glass.
1839:
1596:
1245:
457:
192:
2818:
north tower is destroyed by lightning, and rebuilt in the Flamboyant style
1387:
1347:
156:. Its main characteristics are verticality, or height, and the use of the
5923:
5903:
5669:
5525:
5398:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5353:
4655:
4590:
4446:
4371:
4349:
4197:
3959:
3921:
2869:
2471:
in Paris, and was created in a workshop that made minor contributions to
2467:'s "Coronation of the Virgin" reflects a similar relief cathedral on the
2110:
2011:
1970:
in Paris was among the first to undergo restoration, followed in 1836 by
1945:
1550:
1542:
633:
536:
488:
449:
347:
Primary or Early Gothic Style - Saint-Denis, Sens, Senlis, and Notre Dame
228:
212:
2507:
1774:
94:; top right: rose window, Notre-Dame de Paris; center left: interior of
5898:
5363:
5358:
5182:
5109:
4725:
4645:
4276:
3166:
2859:
2252:
The early windows were made of pieces of tinted glass, touched up with
1805:
1804:, spanned by a single drawbridge. The entrance was also protected by a
1371:
The largest civic building built in the Gothic style in France was the
858:
704:
Columns of exterior framework supporting the windows of Sainte-Chapelle
543:(1194–1220) (North spire rebuilt in Flamboyant style from 1507 to 1513
465:
328:
288:(1081–1137), Paris was the principal residence of the Kings of France,
256:
5734:
1604:
5918:
5913:
5468:
5463:
5433:
5129:
4892:
4876:
4861:
4705:
4595:
4473:
4463:
4331:
4110:
2854:
2460:
2397:
2333:
2282:
2253:
2192:
2131:
1794:
1782:
1394:
or ornamental arches. Similarly, flamboyant town halls were found in
754:
741:
675:
Rayonnant Gothic – Sainte-Chapelle and the rose windows of Notre-Dame
653:
492:
478:
461:
245:
239:
208:
157:
1826:
In the 19th century, portions of the Gothic walls and towers of the
211:
without windows. The British and American term is for the period is
6018:
5708:
5616:
5443:
4542:
3911:
2718:
enlarged with new nave, transept, and rose windows (completed 1264)
2659:
2627:
2448:
2436:
2405:
2374:
2362:
2245:
2175:
1766:
1714:
1407:
1383:
1204:
1152:
1058:
1034:
951:
931:
662:
3652:
2801:
1493–1510: The north façade, south façade, and south porch of the
1421:) in Paris, and particularly the palatial house built by merchant
6050:
5413:
4251:
4125:
4068:
2744:
begun. (major enlargement and modification between 1334 and 1364)
2741:
2440:
2351:
1923:(1854–1855) featured a Gothic design with a modern iron framework
1813:
1587:
In the course of the 17th century, the French classical style of
1426:
1376:
1300:
1229:
1042:
The most famous examples of Gothic architecture are found in the
772:
Flamboyant Gothic - Rouen Cathedral, Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
296:
became their ceremonial burial place. The Abbot of Saint-Denis,
5566:
4871:
4856:
4800:
4767:
3120:
3118:
2587:
begun. Reconstructed with three traverses and completed in 1220
2548:, the first French Gothic cathedral, begun. (consecrated 1171).
2370:
1750:
1726:
1546:
1411:
1074:
900:
2830:
2612:
begun. Choir completed in 1172, Cathedral consecrated in 1182.
2396:
Another common feature of Gothic cathedrals was a design of a
1701:, 19th-century completion of an unfinished medieval castle by
1651:
The Chateau de Dourdon as it appeared in 1400, illustrated in
481:, another, narrower gallery; and, just below the ceiling, the
5664:
4832:
4796:
2788:
2697:; Addition of transepts and rose windows, modified buttresses
2556:
2456:
2452:
2401:
1399:
1395:
1281:
297:
289:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3246:
3244:
3231:
3229:
3115:
3050:
3048:
3021:
2634:
2455:
cathedral's north transept illustrates the biblical tale of
2443:, two such examples of sculptures are upon the cathedral of
2207:
or entry, which by long Christian tradition faced west. The
1436:
899:
Angevin Gothic vaults and columns in the Hopital-St-Jean in
885:
4837:
4556:
3646:
3586:
Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours
3324:
3322:
1801:
2704:
begun, but after tower falls in 1272 it is left unfinished
1908:
Sanctuary of Basilica of Saint Clotilde, Paris (1862–1865)
3307:
3295:
3268:
3241:
3226:
3103:
3045:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2967:
2965:
2492:
Early Gothic, Transition, or Primitive Gothic (1130–1180)
656:
changed from six to four ribs, simpler and stronger. The
510:
in the Gothic style. Sens Cathedral was soon followed by
3350:
3319:
3146:
2977:
2690:
begun. (completed 1288). Rose window was added 1366–1341
2166:
The second major innovation of the Gothic style was the
1386:
in northern France, and in Paris. The HĂ´tel de Ville of
3256:
3214:
3202:
3136:
3134:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3063:
2956:"Beauvais, cathédrale Saint-Pierre – Eglises de l'Oise"
2915:"Beauvais, cathédrale Saint-Pierre – Eglises de l'Oise"
1485:, a gothic plan with Renaissance decoration (1532–1632)
2989:
2962:
2644:
begun, nave was finished by 1255; consecrated in 1324.
2031:
Six-part rib vaults of ceiling of Notre-Dame Cathedral
3502:, (1967), Thames and Hudson (in English and French);
3033:
1330:
Flamboyant Gothic ceiling above the staircase in the
498:
The first cathedral constructed in the new style was
3177:
3131:
3075:
3060:
2826:
2265:
have some of the finest surviving original windows.
2224:
1244:
Gothic rib vaults of the hall of men at arms of the
914:
Angevin Gothic vault of the Church of Puy-Notre Dame
878:
in Paris, both built in the 1370s; and the Choir of
3197:
La Cathédrale de Beauvais: histoire et architecture
1958:, a professor of history at the Sorbonne. In 1833,
191:. The British and American term for the period is
3573:, Association des Amis de la tour Jean sans Peur.
3407:
1569:, begun in 1564, was inspired by Italian palaces.
1429:(1440–1450). Another good example in Paris is the
219:, are included in Early Gothic; others, like the
3011:
3009:
2269:Sculpture and symbolism - the "Book for the Poor"
1845:
1264:in Paris, which included the royal residence and
6107:
3419:
3395:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3340:Williamson, Paul. "Gothic Sculpture 1140–1300".
2770:
2478:
1001:in southwest France (1282–1480), built of brick
624:The second phase of Gothic in France is called
3551:Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2006).
3006:
1537:(1507–1512) and other construction sites. The
764:, whereas earlier rose windows, like those of
5750:
3668:
3362:
2895:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
2559:, The Gothic ambulatory was finished in 1144.
2451:, a satyr, and a sleeping faun; the Chartres–
1155:also had its own version of Gothic, found in
514:(begun 1160), and the most prominent of all,
444:, not far north of Paris where, in 1137, the
2733:
2533:
1881:by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–1865).
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1419:Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge
1316:Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge
1210:
666:
482:
253:
236:
182:
172:
3553:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
3550:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3235:
3109:
3054:
3027:
2983:
2555:reconstruction in new style begun by Abbot
2345:
456:at the east end of the building, using the
5757:
5743:
5597:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
3675:
3661:
3484:(in French). Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot.
2798:rebuilt after a fire in the (16th century)
2598:beginning mid-12th century, completed 1250
2198:
1830:were restored, with some modification, by
1268:(illuminated manuscript from 1412 to 1416)
1065:Notable examples of Norman Gothic include
2635:High Gothic or Classic Gothic (1180–1230)
2134:. The rib vault was known in the earlier
1948:. In 1832, Hugo wrote an article for the
1437:Transition between Gothic and Renaissance
886:Gothic architecture in the French regions
749:, attached to the royal residence on the
632:. The similar phase in English is called
464:in the construction of the choir and the
215:. and Some buildings of this phase, like
5950:Gothic secular and domestic architecture
2708:
2528:
2517:
2506:
2495:
1621:
5764:
3605:Cathédales Cothiques - un Défi Médiéval
3602:
3356:
3328:
2486:Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine
1812:in the Seine-et-Marne department, near
1709:In the 13th century, the design of the
14:
6108:
4056:
3583:
3531:
3515:Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques
3512:
3460:
3441:
3262:
3250:
3220:
3208:
3183:
3140:
3084:
3069:
3039:
3000:
2971:
2161:
1653:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
1406:, and across the border in Belgium in
327:. It produced the High Gothic and the
5738:
3656:
3569:Rivière, Rémi; Lavoye, Agnès (2007).
3479:
3152:
2318:Allegory of alchemy, central portal,
2079:and columns made of elongated figures
1682:Restored outer walls of the medieval
6076:
3607:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France.
3536:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France.
3517:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France.
1454:lacking a nave and spire (1225–1272)
1182:
1147:
5944:List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe
3682:
2865:French Gothic stained glass windows
2432:, which was reconstructed in 1894.
2231:French Gothic stained glass windows
2191:, a gallery with windows; then the
2014:was married in the church in 1857.
304:, was finished shortly afterwards.
24:
3199:, La Mie-au-Roy, G.E.M.O.B., 1978.
3164:
2017:
1280:Carillon of the HĂ´tel de Ville of
1097:; and the celebrated monastery at
573:with flying buttresses (1195–1230)
25:
6182:
3640:
3621:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3015:
2780:(begun 1405–1406, completed 1527)
2729:in Paris begun. (completed 1248).
2225:Stained glass and the rose window
1104:
731:Exterior of south rose window of
716:Rose window in north transept of
292:the place of coronation, and the
6087:
6075:
6064:
6063:
5719:
5718:
5707:
5675:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
5223:Criticism of the Catholic Church
3623:Le Guide du Patrimoine en France
3465:(in French). Paris: Flammarion.
2829:
2803:Church of Notre-Dame de Louviers
2361:or monsters. These included the
2326:
2311:
2293:
2275:
2121:
2103:
2084:
2064:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1913:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1852:
1800:Castles were surrounded by deep
1691:
1675:
1659:
1644:
1628:
1490:
1475:
1459:
1443:
1355:
1339:
1323:
1308:
1288:
1273:
1253:
1237:
1217:
1053:
1022:
1006:
991:
975:
959:
939:
919:
907:
892:
841:
825:
810:
794:
778:
724:
709:
697:
681:
609:
593:
578:
563:
548:
529:
448:began the reconstruction of the
416:
400:
384:
368:
353:
78:
67:
60:
49:
42:
3842:First seven ecumenical councils
3435:
3334:
3189:
3165:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
3158:
3096:Larousse Encyclopedia on-line,
3090:
2619:begun. (completed 14th century)
2536:Basilique Notre-Dame de l'Epine
2428:, in its original form, and in
1721:was called Phillipienne, after
1124:
270:French Renaissance architecture
5940:Gothic cathedrals and churches
5883:List of Brick Gothic buildings
4417:Separation of church and state
3124:Encylopédie Larousse on-line,
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2907:
2880:Gothic cathedrals and churches
2794:The west facade and towers of
2594:rebuilding from Romanesque to
1846:Restoration and Gothic Revival
588:from the northwest (1211–1345)
13:
1:
6166:Gothic architecture in France
2900:
2771:Flamboyant Gothic (1400–1520)
2479:Timeline of notable buildings
1497:Chapel of the Virgin Mary in
311:(1180 to 1328), three Kings:
307:Over the later course of the
6171:Medieval French architecture
3482:Dictionnaire des Cathédrales
3195:Philippe Bonnet-Laborderie,
3171:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1980:Jean-Baptiste Antoine Lassus
1517:Beginning in the 1530s, the
1132:in the historic province of
1109:The Angevin Gothic style or
1079:Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen
876:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
834:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
819:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
803:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
7:
6014:Building a Gothic cathedral
5981:Gothic Revival architecture
2845:Building a Gothic cathedral
2822:
2473:Spanish Gothic architecture
2344:The Gothic cathedral was a
1797:, in different directions.
688:Windows of upper chapel of
10:
6187:
5714:Catholic Church portal
3463:Caractéristique des Styles
2811:south transept constructed
2228:
2170:, which was first used at
2008:Saint-Eugene-Sainte-CĂ©cile
1921:Saint-Eugene-Sainte-CĂ©cile
275:
130:French Gothic architecture
31:French Gothic architecture
6161:16th-century architecture
6156:15th-century architecture
6151:14th-century architecture
6146:13th-century architecture
6141:12th-century architecture
6059:
6006:
5958:
5932:
5889:Early Gothic architecture
5871:
5772:
5702:
5640:Aid to the Church in Need
5630:
5487:
5300:
5261:Vatican Television Center
5236:
5146:
5036:
4906:Eastern Catholic Churches
4887:
4776:
4669:
4616:
4541:
4512:
4437:
4362:
4297:
4242:
4161:
4031:
3945:
3877:
3822:
3741:
3718:
3690:
3588:(in French). Parigramme.
3446:(in French). Flammarion.
3128:, (retrieved May 1, 2020)
2850:Early Gothic architecture
2734:
2683:begun. (consecrated 1254)
2662:, begun. (completed 1274)
2605:begun. (consecrated 1379)
2580:begun. (consecrated 1191)
2566:begun. (consecrated 1237)
2534:
1375:(Palace of the Popes) in
1211:Gothic civil architecture
1191:. A prominent example is
363:, west facade (1130–1140)
223:and the western parts of
119:
111:
35:
5582:Communion and Liberation
5046:Eastern Catholic liturgy
4211:Mystici Corporis Christi
4139:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
3603:Wenzler, Claude (2018).
3532:Mignon, Olivier (2017).
3513:Mignon, Olivier (2015).
3167:"Episcopal City of Albi"
3126:Le Gothique en Normandie
2435:The portal sculpture of
1574:St-Gervais-et-St-Protais
423:Choir and ambulatory of
4397:Philosophy of canon law
4327:Mariology of the saints
3907:Investiture Controversy
3555:(in French). Gisserot.
3480:Lours, Mathieu (2018).
3461:Ducher, Robert (1988).
3442:Darcos, Xavier (1998).
3314:Renault & Lazé 2006
3302:Renault & Lazé 2006
3290:Renault & Lazé 2006
3278:Renault & Lazé 2006
3236:Renault & Lazé 2006
3110:Renault & Lazé 2006
3055:Renault & Lazé 2006
3028:Renault & Lazé 2006
2984:Renault & Lazé 2006
2890:Romanesque architecture
2716:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2676:begun. (completed 1345)
2573:begun. (completed 1231)
2553:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2199:The portal and tympanum
1519:Flamboyant Gothic style
1470:before its fall in 1573
880:Mont Saint Michel Abbey
850:Mont Saint Michel Abbey
438:Basilica of Saint-Denis
377:Basilica of Saint-Denis
361:Basilica of Saint Denis
6029:Medieval stained glass
5650:Catholic Charities USA
5284:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
5272:Vatican Polyglot Press
4322:Mariology of the popes
3960:Protestant Reformation
3584:Texier, Simon (2012).
3571:La Tour Jean sans Peur
2875:Southern French Gothic
2785:Church of Saint-Maclou
2540:
2526:
2515:
2504:
2346:
1893:Neo-Gothic fronton of
1860:Sainte-Clotilde, Paris
1836:Château de Pierrefonds
1834:. He also rebuilt the
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1699:Château de Pierrefonds
1593:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
1539:Fontaine des Innocents
1527:Charles VIII of France
1189:Southern French Gothic
667:
483:
432:The birthplace of the
284:. During the reign of
254:
237:
183:
173:
6136:Catholic architecture
6126:European architecture
6116:Architectural history
5998:High Victorian Gothic
5404:Good Shepherd Sisters
5246:Holy See Press Office
4484:Doctors of the Church
4317:Immaculate Conception
4272:Anointing of the Sick
3807:History of the papacy
3647:Mapping Gothic France
2778:Notre-Dame de l'Épine
2709:Rayonnant (1230–1420)
2532:
2521:
2510:
2499:
2055:Flying buttresses of
1984:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
1951:Revue des deux Mondes
1832:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
1819:After the end of the
1703:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
1622:Military architecture
1029:The Palm Tree of the
140:of France, including
6121:Architectural styles
6024:International Gothic
5277:L'Osservatore Romano
5215:Role in civilisation
4941:Croatian and Serbian
4689:Episcopal conference
4651:St. Peter's Basilica
4009:Sexual abuse scandal
3965:Catholic Reformation
3498:Martindale, Andrew,
2764:Château de Vincennes
2386:Notre-Dame Cathedral
2209:Basilica of St Denis
2172:Notre-Dame Cathedral
2144:Notre-Dame Cathedral
2073:Basilica of St Denis
2003:Saint-Laurent, Paris
1931:Basilica of St Denis
1895:Saint-Laurent, Paris
1879:Saint-Laurent, Paris
1731:Château de Vincennes
1637:Château de Vincennes
1567:Catherine de' Medici
1549:, also decorated by
1541:, built by sculptor
1404:Saint-Quentin, Aisne
1364:Saint-Quentin, Aisne
1334:in Paris (1409–1411)
1318:in Paris (1334–1510)
1142:Eleanor of Aquitaine
762:Notre-Dame Cathedral
733:Notre Dame Cathedral
718:Notre Dame Cathedral
516:Notre-Dame Cathedral
508:Canterbury Cathedral
495:style (see below).
425:Notre Dame Cathedral
294:Abbey of Saint-Denis
142:Notre-Dame Cathedral
115:1140 to 16th century
5766:Gothic architecture
5612:Neocatechumenal Way
5577:Charismatic Renewal
5291:Annuario Pontificio
4889:Particular churches
4565:Ecumenical councils
4337:Perpetual virginity
4172:Communitas perfecta
4116:Sermon on the Mount
3253:, pp. 156–159.
3098:Gothic Architecture
2885:Gothic architecture
2837:Architecture portal
2695:Notre-Dame de Paris
2656:Coutances Cathedral
2610:Notre Dame de Paris
2404:as the home of the
2320:Notre Dame de Paris
2305:Notre Dame de Paris
2287:Notre Dame de Paris
2162:The flying buttress
1988:Notre-Dame de Paris
1941:Notre-Dame de Paris
1935:Notre-Dame de Paris
1828:Cité de Carcassonne
1735:Philip VI of France
1686:(13th–14th century)
1684:Cité de Carcassonne
1531:Louis XII of France
1523:Italian Renaissance
1431:Tour Jean-sans-Peur
1332:Tour Jean-sans-Peur
1138:Henry II of England
1113:in the province of
1087:Coutances Cathedral
1013:Polychrome nave of
134:architectural style
92:Notre-Dame de Paris
32:
27:Architectural style
18:French Gothic style
5449:Premonstratensians
3832:Ante-Nicene period
3710:Lists of Catholics
3155:, p. 183-185.
2816:Chartres Cathedral
2809:Beauvais Cathedral
2702:Beauvais Cathedral
2649:Chartres Cathedral
2603:Poitiers Cathedral
2541:
2527:
2516:
2512:Chartres Cathedral
2505:
2426:Chartres Cathedral
2338:Chartres Cathedral
2259:Chartres Cathedral
2148:Chartres Cathedral
2115:Chartres Cathedral
1821:Hundred Years' War
1810:Château de Dourdan
1717:. The new kind of
1668:Château de Dourdan
1616:Napoleon Bonaparte
1508:Beauvais Cathedral
1468:Beauvais Cathedral
1452:Beauvais Cathedral
1346:HĂ´tel de Ville of
1224:The façade of the
1130:Poitiers Cathedral
968:Poitiers Cathedral
801:The west front of
638:Chartres Cathedral
626:Gothique Classique
557:Chartres Cathedral
541:Chartres Cathedral
333:Chartres Cathedral
317:Louis IX of France
286:Louis VI of France
227:, are included in
217:Chartres Cathedral
201:Gothique Classique
150:Chartres Cathedral
96:Chartres Cathedral
30:
6103:
6102:
5976:Dissenting Gothic
5971:Collegiate Gothic
5732:
5731:
5142:
5141:
4535:
4358:
4357:
4050:
4027:
4026:
4019:COVID-19 pandemic
3989:French Revolution
3979:Thirty Years' War
3887:Islamic conquests
3800:Apostolic fathers
3735:
3632:978-2-85822-760-0
3614:978-2-7373-7712-9
3595:978-2-84096-667-8
3579:978-2-95164-940-8
3524:978-2-7373-6535-5
2753:Palais de la Cité
2681:Le Mans Cathedral
2642:Bourges Cathedral
2624:Lisieux Cathedral
2410:Auxerre Cathedral
2285:on the facade of
2263:Le Mans Cathedral
2136:Romanesque period
2091:Day of Judgement
2001:(1841–1857), and
1612:French Revolution
1578:Salomon de Brosse
1262:Palais de la Cité
1183:Meridional Gothic
1177:Langres Cathedral
1173:Auxerre Cathedral
1169:Auxerre Cathedral
1167:(1220–1522), and
1148:Burgundian Gothic
1111:Plantagenet style
1099:Mont-Saint-Michel
1091:Le Mans Cathedral
1067:Lisieux Cathedral
751:Palais de la Cité
658:flying buttresses
648:(1211–1275), and
642:Bourges Cathedral
571:Bourges Cathedral
329:Flamboyant Gothic
319:(1226–1270), and
174:Gothique primitif
162:flying buttresses
138:Gothic cathedrals
127:
126:
16:(Redirected from
6178:
6091:
6079:
6078:
6067:
6066:
6007:Related articles
5966:Carpenter Gothic
5759:
5752:
5745:
5736:
5735:
5722:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5454:Redemptoristines
5302:Religious orders
5228:Anti-Catholicism
5178:Church buildings
5038:Catholic liturgy
4778:Consecrated life
4636:Apostolic Palace
4603:Synod of Bishops
4539:
4538:
4515:
4121:Ten Commandments
4054:
4053:
4036:
3937:Age of Discovery
3771:Great Commission
3739:
3738:
3723:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3636:
3618:
3599:
3566:
3547:
3543:978-27373-7611-5
3528:
3495:
3476:
3457:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3416:, p. 17-19.
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3360:
3359:, p. 31–37.
3354:
3348:
3338:
3332:
3331:, p. 97–99.
3326:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3292:, p. 48–49.
3287:
3281:
3275:
3266:
3265:, p. 78–79.
3260:
3254:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3223:, p. 66–67.
3218:
3212:
3211:, p. 26–27.
3206:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3030:, p. 33–35.
3025:
3019:
3013:
3004:
3003:, p. 10–11.
2998:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2974:, p. 46–54.
2969:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2739:
2738:
2736:Palais des Papes
2688:Amiens Cathedral
2592:Angers Cathedral
2578:Senlis Cathedral
2539:
2538:
2430:Amiens Cathedral
2390:Amiens Cathedral
2388:in Paris and of
2349:
2330:
2315:
2297:
2279:
2152:Amiens Cathedral
2107:
2097:Amiens Cathedral
2088:
2071:North portal of
2068:
2057:Amiens Cathedral
2052:
2040:
2028:
1995:Sainte-Clothilde
1917:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1856:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1723:Philippe Auguste
1695:
1679:
1663:
1648:
1632:
1589:François Mansart
1563:Philippe Delorme
1559:Tuileries Palace
1553:. The new Paris
1512:Amiens Cathedral
1494:
1479:
1463:
1447:
1373:Palais des Papes
1359:
1343:
1327:
1312:
1292:
1277:
1257:
1241:
1226:Palais des Papes
1221:
1165:Chalon Cathedral
1157:Nevers Cathedral
1119:Angers Cathedral
1095:Bayeux Cathedral
1089:, the chevet of
1026:
1010:
995:
984:Nevers Cathedral
979:
963:
948:Chalon Cathedral
943:
923:
911:
896:
845:
832:The rose window
829:
814:
798:
782:
766:Amiens Cathedral
728:
713:
701:
685:
670:
650:Amiens Cathedral
644:(1195 to 1230),
617:Amiens Cathedral
613:
602:Amiens Cathedral
597:
582:
567:
552:
533:
512:Senlis Cathedral
486:
420:
409:Senlis Cathedral
404:
388:
372:
357:
341:Amiens Cathedral
309:Capetian dynasty
260:
243:
225:Amiens Cathedral
186:
184:Gothique premier
176:
154:Amiens Cathedral
98:; center right:
82:
71:
64:
53:
46:
33:
29:
21:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6055:
6002:
5954:
5928:
5867:
5774:
5768:
5763:
5733:
5728:
5706:
5698:
5677:
5660:Relief Services
5626:
5572:Catholic Action
5562:Military orders
5499:Confraternities
5491:of the faithful
5490:
5483:
5305:
5296:
5232:
5138:
5032:
4891:
4883:
4816:Prior, Prioress
4772:
4665:
4661:Vatican Museums
4612:
4545:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4433:
4387:Social teaching
4354:
4293:
4238:
4193:One true church
4157:
4134:Sixtine Vulgate
4130:Official Bible
4044:
4040:
4035:
4023:
3941:
3873:
3818:
3788:Petrine primacy
3731:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3686:
3684:Catholic Church
3681:
3643:
3633:
3615:
3596:
3563:
3562:9-782877-474658
3544:
3525:
3492:
3491:978-2755-807653
3473:
3454:
3444:Prosper Mérimée
3438:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2796:Rouen Cathedral
2773:
2723:Sainte-Chapelle
2711:
2674:Reims Cathedral
2637:
2571:Noyon Cathedral
2564:Rouen Cathedral
2523:Sainte Chapelle
2494:
2481:
2422:Arras Cathedral
2418:Reims Cathedral
2340:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2303:on the roof of
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2233:
2227:
2201:
2181:Sainte Chapelle
2168:flying buttress
2164:
2156:Reims Cathedral
2124:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2089:
2080:
2069:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2029:
2020:
2018:Characteristics
1972:Sainte-Chapelle
1960:Prosper Mérimée
1956:François Guizot
1924:
1918:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1857:
1848:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1601:Claude Perrault
1535:Pont Notre-Dame
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1266:Sainte-Chapelle
1258:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1222:
1213:
1201:Jacobins church
1197:Tarn Department
1185:
1161:Dijon Cathedral
1150:
1127:
1107:
1083:Rouen Cathedral
1056:
1038:
1031:Jacobins church
1027:
1018:
1011:
1002:
996:
987:
980:
971:
964:
955:
944:
935:
928:Dijon Cathedral
926:West facade of
924:
915:
912:
903:
897:
888:
872:Rouen Cathedral
864:arc en accolade
853:
846:
837:
830:
821:
815:
806:
799:
790:
787:Rouen Cathedral
783:
774:
747:Sainte-Chapelle
735:
729:
720:
714:
705:
702:
693:
690:Sainte-Chapelle
686:
677:
646:Reims Cathedral
620:
619:choir and altar
614:
605:
598:
589:
586:Reims Cathedral
583:
574:
568:
559:
553:
544:
534:
525:
504:William of Sens
428:
421:
412:
405:
396:
389:
380:
373:
364:
358:
349:
337:Reims Cathedral
313:Philip Augustus
278:
221:Reims Cathedral
146:Reims Cathedral
107:
104:Sainte-Chapelle
100:Reims Cathedral
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
74:
73:
72:
65:
56:
55:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6184:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6085:
6073:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5959:Gothic Revival
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5886:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5678:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5607:Legion of Mary
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5536:Lay Carmelites
5533:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5495:
5493:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5384:Conceptionists
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Assumptionists
5315:
5313:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5021:Syro-Malankara
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4971:Italo-Albanian
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4789:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4680:
4678:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4641:Lateran Treaty
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4567:
4562:
4553:
4551:
4536:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Moral theology
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4060:
4058:
4051:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Pope Gregory I
3889:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:Biblical canon
3861:
3859:Late antiquity
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3795:Church fathers
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3729:Ecclesiastical
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3641:External links
3639:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3619:
3613:
3600:
3594:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3529:
3523:
3510:
3496:
3490:
3477:
3471:
3458:
3452:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:, p. 296.
3418:
3406:
3404:, p. 618.
3394:
3392:, p. 664.
3382:
3361:
3349:
3346:978-0300074529
3333:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3267:
3255:
3240:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3188:
3176:
3157:
3145:
3130:
3114:
3102:
3089:
3074:
3059:
3044:
3042:, p. 8–9.
3032:
3020:
3005:
2988:
2976:
2961:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2781:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:keep and tower
2760:
2757:Ile de la Cité
2745:
2730:
2727:Ile de la Cité
2719:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2693:1220 to 1270:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2667:Toul Cathedral
2663:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2617:Lyon Cathedral
2613:
2606:
2599:
2596:Angevin Gothic
2588:
2585:Laon Cathedral
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2549:
2546:Sens Cathedral
2501:Sens Cathedral
2493:
2490:
2480:
2477:
2465:Sens Cathedral
2414:Sens Cathedral
2347:liber pauperum
2342:
2341:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2229:Main article:
2226:
2223:
2219:Last Judgement
2200:
2197:
2163:
2160:
2140:Sens Cathedral
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2016:
1999:Theodore Ballu
1926:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1864:Théodore Ballu
1858:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1635:Donjon of the
1634:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1582:Saint Eustache
1555:Hotel de Ville
1503:
1502:
1499:Saint Eustache
1496:
1489:
1487:
1483:Saint Eustache
1481:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1350:(15th century)
1345:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1193:Albi Cathedral
1184:
1181:
1149:
1146:
1126:
1123:
1106:
1105:Angevin Gothic
1103:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1015:Albi Cathedral
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:Albi Cathedral
997:
990:
988:
981:
974:
972:
965:
958:
956:
945:
938:
936:
925:
918:
916:
913:
906:
904:
898:
891:
887:
884:
882:(about 1448).
855:
854:
847:
840:
838:
831:
824:
822:
816:
809:
807:
800:
793:
791:
784:
777:
773:
770:
737:
736:
730:
723:
721:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
687:
680:
676:
673:
640:(begun 1200);
630:Classic Gothic
622:
621:
615:
608:
606:
599:
592:
590:
584:
577:
575:
569:
562:
560:
554:
547:
545:
539:and facade of
535:
528:
524:
521:
500:Sens Cathedral
430:
429:
422:
415:
413:
406:
399:
397:
393:Sens Cathedral
390:
383:
381:
375:Ambulatory of
374:
367:
365:
359:
352:
348:
345:
302:Sens Cathedral
277:
274:
263:
262:
250:
249:
233:
232:
205:Classic Gothic
197:
196:
179:Primary Gothic
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
89:
77:
76:
75:
66:
59:
58:
57:
48:
41:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6183:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6084:
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6074:
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5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
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5979:
5977:
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5967:
5964:
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5957:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5893:Romano-Gothic
5890:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Low Countries
5829:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
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5779:
5777:
5771:
5767:
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5755:
5753:
5748:
5746:
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5737:
5725:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Home Missions
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5548:Saint Francis
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Saint Dominic
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
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5497:
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5486:
5480:
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5407:
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5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5344:Bethlehemites
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5266:Vatican Radio
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5251:Vatican Media
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
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5201:
5198:
5196:
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5169:
5166:
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5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5078:
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5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:List of popes
4544:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:Mother of God
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:People of God
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:Infallibility
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Body and soul
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Enlightenment
3982:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:Protestantism
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Scholasticism
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Schism (1378)
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Schism (1054)
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3508:2-87811-058-7
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3472:2-08-011539-1
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3453:2-08-067276-2
3449:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3316:, p. 52.
3315:
3310:
3304:, p. 35.
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3280:, p. 34.
3279:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3238:, p. 38.
3237:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3186:, p. 64.
3185:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3143:, p. 62.
3142:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3112:, p. 37.
3111:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3087:, p. 58.
3086:
3081:
3079:
3072:, p. 48.
3071:
3066:
3064:
3057:, p. 36.
3056:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3018:, p. 53.
3017:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2986:, p. 33.
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:begun on the
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:Saint-Étienne
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2237:stained glass
2232:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:The rib vault
2116:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2075:, with early
2074:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:Saint SĂ©verin
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:fortification
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
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1585:
1583:
1579:
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1568:
1564:
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1556:
1552:
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1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1466:The spire of
1462:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1362:City Hall of
1358:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:(1280–1325),
1162:
1159:(1211–1331),
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1054:Norman Gothic
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:ĂŽle-de-France
1037:, circa 1292)
1036:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1000:
994:
989:
985:
978:
973:
969:
962:
957:
953:
949:
942:
937:
933:
929:
922:
917:
910:
905:
902:
895:
890:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
851:
844:
839:
835:
828:
823:
820:
813:
808:
804:
797:
792:
788:
785:West facade,
781:
776:
775:
769:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
734:
727:
722:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
691:
684:
679:
678:
672:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
618:
612:
607:
603:
596:
591:
587:
581:
576:
572:
566:
561:
558:
551:
546:
542:
538:
532:
527:
526:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:ĂŽle-de-France
439:
435:
426:
419:
414:
410:
403:
398:
394:
387:
382:
378:
371:
366:
362:
356:
351:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:Philip le Bel
318:
315:(1180–1223),
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:ĂŽle-de-France
273:
271:
266:
259:
258:
252:
251:
247:
242:
241:
235:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
198:
194:
190:
185:
180:
175:
171:
170:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
81:
70:
63:
52:
45:
34:
19:
6092:
6080:
6068:
5879:Brick Gothic
5796:
5694:Universities
5526:Third orders
5489:Associations
5479:Visitandines
5474:Trinitarians
5424:Mercedarians
5409:Hieronymites
5354:Camaldoleses
5339:Benedictines
5329:Augustinians
5289:
5282:
5275:
5256:Vatican News
5210:Distinctions
5016:Syro-Malabar
4901:Latin Church
4823:Grand master
4721:Metropolitan
4618:Vatican City
4513:Organisation
4392:Philosophers
4257:Confirmation
4234:In canon law
4228:Subsistit in
4226:
4222:Three states
4209:
4170:
4163:Ecclesiology
4145:Nova Vulgata
4143:
4101:Original sin
4096:Nicene Creed
4086:Divine grace
4045:
3927:Universities
3897:Papal States
3824:Great Church
3766:Resurrection
3743:Early Church
3622:
3604:
3585:
3570:
3552:
3533:
3514:
3499:
3481:
3462:
3443:
3436:Bibliography
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3357:Wenzler 2018
3352:
3336:
3329:Wenzler 2018
3309:
3297:
3285:
3258:
3216:
3204:
3196:
3191:
3179:
3170:
3160:
3148:
3125:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3035:
3023:
2979:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2909:
2749:Conciergerie
2482:
2434:
2395:
2383:
2379:
2356:
2343:
2251:
2241:rose windows
2239:windows and
2234:
2202:
2185:
2165:
2128:pointed arch
2125:
2006:(1855). The
1992:
1982:and a young
1964:
1949:
1939:
1927:
1840:Napoleon III
1825:
1818:
1799:
1767:Ă©chauguettes
1739:
1711:chateau fort
1710:
1708:
1652:
1639:, begun 1337
1609:
1597:Louis Le Vau
1586:
1571:
1565:, built for
1516:
1504:
1423:Jacques CĹ“ur
1416:
1381:
1370:
1297:Jacques CĹ“ur
1246:Conciergerie
1186:
1151:
1128:
1125:Maine Gothic
1108:
1071:FĂ©camp Abbey
1064:
1057:
1041:
867:
863:
856:
852:(about 1448)
817:The nave of
759:
740:
738:
623:
497:
471:
458:pointed arch
431:
306:
279:
267:
264:
193:Early Gothic
167:
129:
128:
112:Years active
5924:Sondergotik
5904:High Gothic
5684:Health care
5670:Pax Christi
5622:Schoenstatt
5587:Sant'Egidio
5419:Legionaries
5399:Franciscans
5374:Cistercians
5369:Carthusians
5324:Annonciades
5183:Altarpieces
5076:West Syriac
5071:East Syriac
5051:Alexandrian
4675:Holy orders
4656:Swiss Guard
4596:Dicasteries
4591:Roman Curia
4489:Evangelists
4447:Holy Family
4382:Personalism
4372:Natural law
4350:Josephology
4284:Holy orders
3922:Inquisition
3879:Middle Ages
3869:Monasticism
3837:Constantine
3761:Crucifixion
3263:Texier 2012
3251:Darcos 1998
3221:Ducher 1988
3209:Texier 2012
3184:Ducher 1988
3141:Ducher 1988
3100:(in French)
3085:Ducher 1988
3070:Ducher 1988
3040:Mignon 2015
3001:Mignon 2015
2972:Ducher 1988
2870:High Gothic
2807:1500–1508:
2783:1435–1521:
2776:1405–1527:
2762:1340–1410:
2525:(1238–1248)
2514:(1194–1260)
2503:(1135–1171)
2111:Rose window
2012:Jules Verne
1976:FĂ©lix Duban
1946:Victor Hugo
1866:(1841–1857)
1783:meurtrières
1759:mâchicoulis
1733:, begun by
1610:During the
1551:Jean Goujon
1543:Jean Goujon
1450:Unfinished
1303:(1440–1450)
1232:(1252–1364)
1017:(1282–1480)
986:(1211–1331)
970:(1155–1379)
954:(1220–1522)
934:(1280–1325)
692:(1238–1248)
668:claire-voie
634:High Gothic
604:(1220–1266)
537:Rose window
489:clerestorey
484:claire-voie
450:Carolingian
411:(1153–1191)
395:(1140–1164)
229:High Gothic
213:High Gothic
6131:Gothic art
6110:Categories
5909:Isabelline
5899:Flamboyant
5773:By country
5439:Oratorians
5394:Dominicans
5364:Carmelites
5359:Camillians
5307:institutes
5120:Tridentine
5056:Antiochian
4976:Macedonian
4921:Belarusian
4811:Provincial
4726:Archbishop
4646:Roman Rota
4608:Properties
4533:By country
4529:Precedence
4494:Confessors
4474:Archangels
4464:Patriarchs
4364:Philosophy
4342:Veneration
4307:Assumption
4277:Last rites
4244:Sacraments
4188:Four marks
3999:Vatican II
3947:Modern era
3783:Succession
3500:Gothic Art
3153:Lours 2018
2901:References
2860:Flamboyant
2469:Notre Dame
2447:depicting
2359:grotesques
1806:portcullis
1295:Palace of
966:Facade of
859:Flamboyant
600:Facade of
466:ambulatory
446:Abbé Suger
257:flamboyant
102:; bottom:
90:Top left:
5919:Rayonnant
5914:Manueline
5851:Catalonia
5826:Lithuania
5775:or region
5680:See also:
5632:Charities
5541:Discalced
5469:Trappists
5464:Theatines
5434:Olivetans
5379:Clarisses
5349:Blue nuns
5334:Basilians
5311:societies
5219:See also:
5105:Mozarabic
5095:Ambrosian
5081:Malankara
5066:Byzantine
5026:Ukrainian
5001:Ruthenian
4966:Hungarian
4951:Ethiopian
4926:Bulgarian
4893:sui iuris
4877:Postulant
4786:Religious
4741:Auxiliary
4736:Coadjutor
4706:Patriarch
4574:Cardinals
4521:Canon law
4517:Hierarchy
4499:Disciples
4422:Relations
4410:Evolution
4401:See also:
4346:See also:
4299:Mariology
4289:Matrimony
4262:Eucharist
4183:Ecumenism
4111:Salvation
4047:Catechism
4042:Tradition
4004:Communism
3852:Chalcedon
2855:Rayonnant
2814:1507–13:
2488:, Paris.
2461:Bathsheba
2398:labyrinth
2334:Labyrinth
2283:Gargoyles
2254:grisaille
2246:transepts
2193:triforium
2176:pinnacles
2132:rib vault
1795:crossbows
1790:arbalètes
1775:bretèches
1392:accolades
1388:Compiègne
1348:Compiègne
1048:Champagne
982:Choir of
848:Choir of
755:archivolt
742:Rayonnant
654:rib vault
555:Choir of
493:Rayonnant
479:triforium
462:rib vault
434:new style
379:(c. 1140)
255:Gothique
246:Rayonnant
240:rayonnant
238:Gothique
189:basilicas
158:rib vault
6070:Category
6019:Gargoyle
5872:By style
5861:Valencia
5841:Portugal
5802:Southern
5724:Category
5617:Opus Dei
5602:Scouting
5592:Focolare
5459:Servites
5444:Piarists
5389:Crosiers
5125:Anglican
5061:Armenian
4991:Romanian
4981:Maronite
4956:Georgian
4946:Eritrean
4931:Chaldean
4916:Armenian
4911:Albanian
4792:Superior
4751:Emeritus
4731:Diocesan
4584:Advisers
4543:Holy See
4469:Prophets
4427:Politics
4198:Catholic
4178:Councils
4033:Theology
3912:Crusades
3847:Nicaea I
3778:Apostles
3756:Ministry
3725:Timeline
3705:Glossary
2823:See also
2759:in Paris
2660:Normandy
2628:Normandy
2590:1150 c.
2449:Hercules
2437:Burgundy
2406:Minotaur
2375:tarasque
2363:gargoyle
2214:tympanum
2130:and the
2093:Tympanum
2077:tympanum
1744:créneaux
1715:Crusades
1408:Brussels
1384:Flanders
1205:Toulouse
1153:Burgundy
1059:Normandy
1035:Toulouse
952:Burgundy
946:Nave of
932:Burgundy
868:nervures
663:gargoyle
460:and the
436:was the
407:Nave of
391:Nave of
325:Sorbonne
209:triforia
120:Location
6082:Commons
6051:Tracery
6044:Swedish
6034:English
5856:Levante
5792:England
5787:Czechia
5782:Belarus
5689:Schools
5645:Caritas
5553:Secular
5519:Workers
5414:Jesuits
5200:Museums
5195:Library
5173:Writers
5168:Artists
5148:Culture
5115:Paul VI
4996:Russian
4986:Melkite
4828:Brother
4806:General
4746:Titular
4716:Primate
4694:Eparchy
4684:Diocese
4631:Outline
4570:College
4560:Francis
4504:Virgins
4479:Martyrs
4405:Science
4312:History
4267:Penance
4252:Baptism
4153:Worship
4126:Vulgate
4074:Kingdom
4069:Trinity
4057:General
3812:Primacy
3720:History
3700:Outline
2742:Avignon
2725:on the
2441:Auxerre
2367:chimera
2352:alchemy
2301:Chimera
2189:tribune
1814:Nemours
1751:merlons
1605:Molière
1427:Bourges
1377:Avignon
1301:Bourges
1230:Avignon
1195:in the
805:(1370s)
789:(1370s)
474:arcades
440:in the
276:Origins
106:, Paris
6094:Voyage
6039:French
5991:Poland
5986:Canada
5933:By use
5836:Poland
5819:Venice
5797:France
5567:Fimcap
5509:Marian
5429:Minims
5161:Marian
5011:Syriac
5006:Slovak
4936:Coptic
4872:Oblate
4867:Master
4862:Novice
4857:Hermit
4845:Sister
4801:Abbess
4768:Deacon
4763:Priest
4758:Parish
4701:Bishop
4671:Polity
4457:Joseph
4439:Saints
4106:Saints
3994:Nazism
3629:
3611:
3592:
3577:
3559:
3540:
3521:
3506:
3488:
3469:
3450:
3344:
2747:1284:
2732:1252:
2721:1238:
2714:1231:
2700:1225:
2686:1220:
2679:1217:
2672:1211:
2665:1210:
2654:1210:
2647:1194:
2640:1183:
2622:1170:
2615:1170:
2608:1163:
2601:1162:
2583:1155:
2576:1153:
2569:1150:
2562:1145:
2551:1135:
2544:1130:
2463:. The
2420:, and
2373:, the
2371:dragon
2369:, the
2365:, the
2235:Large
2205:portal
1727:donjon
1599:, and
1547:Louvre
1412:Bruges
1402:, and
1366:(1509)
1248:(1302)
1075:chevet
1073:, the
901:Angers
339:, and
152:, and
132:is an
123:France
5846:Spain
5814:Milan
5809:Italy
5665:CIDSE
5514:Youth
5238:Media
5205:Music
5130:Zaire
5110:Roman
5100:Braga
5090:Latin
4961:Greek
4833:Friar
4797:Abbot
4711:Major
4626:Index
4525:Laity
4091:Dogma
4038:Bible
4014:Islam
3970:Trent
3751:Jesus
3733:Legal
3695:Index
3426:Guide
3414:Guide
3402:Guide
3390:Guide
3378:Guide
3016:Guide
2789:Rouen
2557:Suger
2457:David
2453:Reims
2402:Minos
1978:with
1862:, by
1802:moats
1793:, or
1670:today
1400:Douai
1396:Arras
1282:Douai
1134:Maine
1115:Anjou
454:choir
298:Suger
290:Reims
181:) or
5190:Folk
4838:Monk
4579:List
4557:Pope
4452:Mary
3627:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3557:ISBN
3538:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3504:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3342:ISBN
2751:and
2459:and
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2142:and
1771:and
1666:The
1529:and
1410:and
1260:The
1140:and
1046:and
874:and
857:The
203:or (
160:and
5504:Lay
5156:Art
4850:Nun
4572:of
4064:God
2740:in
2626:in
2336:of
2113:in
2095:at
1997:by
1944:by
1576:by
1561:by
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1299:in
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1179:).
1077:of
950:in
930:in
628:or
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