French Gothic architecture

2038: 796: 827: 909: 418: 1492: 941: 977: 2050: 1903: 1445: 1646: 386: 1693: 711: 726: 1008: 402: 1854: 812: 1915: 1239: 2105: 2313: 595: 51: 1873: 921: 1310: 961: 491:, where the windows were located. The resulting greater height and light differed dramatically from the heaviness of Romanesque architecture. On the facade of the church, Suger introduced another innovation; he used columns in the form of statues of saints to decorate the portal of the church, adding a new element of verticality to the facade. This idea too was soon copied in new cathedrals. Ninety years later, the upper parts of the choir and the whole nave had to be renewed because of signs of decay; the new upper choir (on the arcades of the Primary Gothic) was built with a triforium with windows. This was the onset of 683: 2295: 2497: 565: 611: 2026: 1341: 1290: 1888: 894: 1219: 531: 44: 370: 1255: 780: 80: 1630: 550: 993: 355: 2530: 2066: 1677: 1024: 1461: 699: 1357: 69: 62: 2277: 1514:, at 42 meters. Work began in 1225 but the roof of the vault was too heavy for the walls, and partially collapsed in 1272. They thickened the walls and rebuilt the vault and in 1569 they completed a tower, 72 meters high, which from 1569 to 1573 made Beauvais Cathedral the tallest structure in the world. However, in 1573, the new tower collapsed, fortunately without any casualties. The church remains today as it was, with the choir, some of the ambulatory, apse, some chapels, but no nave or tower. 2086: 2519: 580: 1325: 1477: 843: 1661: 2508: 6065: 5720: 6089: 5709: 1275: 652:(begun 1250); The characteristic Gothic elements were refined to make the new cathedrals taller, wider, and more full of light. At Chartres, the use of the flying buttresses allowed the elimination of the tribune level, which allowed much higher arcades and nave, and larger windows. The pillars were made of a central column surrounded by four more slender columns, which reached up to support the arches of the vaulted ceiling. The 2195:, a row of smaller windows; and finally the high windows, just below the vaults. During the High Gothic period, with the development of the four-part rib vault and the flying buttress, the tribune was eliminated at Chartres and other new cathedrals, allowing taller windows and arcades. By the 15th century, at Rouen Cathedral, the triforium also disappeared, and the walls between the traverses were filled with high windows. 2831: 6077: 417: 2158:. The ribs of this vault distributed the weight more equally to the four supporting pillars below and established a closer connection between the nave and the lower portions of the church walls, and between the arcades below and the windows above. This allowed for greater height and thinner walls and contributed to the strong impression of verticality given by the newer Cathedrals. 502:, begun between 1135 and 1140 and consecrated in 1160. It featured a Gothic choir, and six-part rib vaults over the nave and collateral aisles, alternating pillars and doubled columns to support the vaults, and flying buttresses. But note, much of the ambulatory is still Romanesque, and all adjacent chapels are younger. One of the builders believed to have worked on that Cathedral, 2350:, literally a "book for the poor", covered with sculpture illustrating biblical stories, for the vast majority of parishioners who were illiterate. These largely illustrated stories from the Bible, but also included stories and figures from mythology and more complicated symbols taken from medieval philosophical and scientific teachings such as 745:("Radiant") in both French and English, describing the radiating pattern of the tracery in the stained glass windows, and also describing the tendency toward the use of more and more stained glass and less masonry in the design of the structure, until the walls seemed entirely made of glass. The most celebrated example was the chapel of 2328: 1207:, the grafting of a single apse of polygonal plan on a church with two vessels gave birth to a starry vault whose complex organization preceded by more than a century the Flamboyant Gothic. Tradition refers to this masterpiece as "palm tree" because the veins gush out of the smooth shaft of the column, like the fronds of palm trees. 1823:(1337–1453), with improvements in artillery, the castles lost most of their military importance. They remained as symbols of the rank of their noble occupants; the narrowing openings in the walls were often widened into the windows of bedchambers and ceremonial halls. The tower of the Chateau of Vincennes became a royal residence. 1954:, which declared war against the "massacre of ancient stones" and the "demolishers" of France's past. Louis Philippe declared that restoration of churches and other monuments would be a priority of his regime. In October 1830, the position of Inspector of Historical Monuments had been created by the Interior Minister, 1614:, Gothic churches were symbols of the old regime and became targets for the Revolutionaries; the cathedrals were nationalized, and stripped of ornament and valuables. The statues of the Biblical figures on the facade of Notre-Dame were beheaded, under the false belief that they were statues of the French Kings. Under 861:

Gothic style appeared beginning about 1350 and lasted until about 1500. Its characteristic features were more exuberant decoration, as the nobles and wealthy citizens of mostly northern French cities competed to build more and more elaborate churches and cathedrals. It took its name from the sinuous,

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in Paris (begun 1160). Their builders abandoned the traditional plans and introduced the new Gothic elements. The builders of Notre Dame went further by introducing the flying buttress, heavy columns of support outside the walls connected by arches to the walls, which received and counterbalanced the

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and other architectural innovations to distribute the weight of the stone structures to supports on the outside, allowing unprecedented height and volume. The new techniques also permitted the addition of larger windows, including enormous stained glass windows, which fill the cathedrals with light.

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at Amiens and Chartes were strengthened by an additional arch and with a supporting arcade, allowing even higher walls and more windows. At Reims, the buttresses were given greater weight and strength by the addition of heavy stone pinnacles on top. These were often decorated with statues of angels,

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were another defining feature of the Gothic style. Some Gothic windows, like those at Chartres, were cut into the stone walls. Other windows, such as those in the chapels of Notre-Dame and Reims, were in stone frames installed into the walls. The most common form was an oculus, a small round window

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had been beheaded and taken down. Throughout the country, churches and monasteries had been demolished or turned into barns, cafes, schools, or prisons. The first effort to catalogue the remaining monuments was made in 1816 by Alexandre de Laborde, who wrote the first list of "Monuments of France".

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at the end of the 12th century saw the construction of several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches. The characteristic features of Norman Gothic were sharply pointed arches, lavish use of decorative molding, and walls pierced with numerous passages. Norman architects and builders were active not

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Because of the lengthy period of construction of Gothic cathedrals, few were built in a single style. Most, like Notre-Dame, have a combination of features constructed in several different periods, as well as features constructed after the Gothic age. Also, different sources give varying dates for

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During the Middle Ages Prosperous French cities competed to build the largest cathedral or the highest tower. One of the drawbacks of French Gothic architecture was its cost; it required many skilled craftsmen working for decades. Due to downturns in the economy, a number of French cathedrals were

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are decorated with similar small carved figures holding circular plaques with symbols of transformation taken from alchemy. The central pillar of the central door of Notre-Dame features a statue of a woman on a throne holding a sceptre in her left hand, and in her right hand, two books, one open

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by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–1865). Jean-Baptiste Lassus became the most prolific neo-Gothic architect in France, constructing Saint-Nicolas de Nantes (1840), Sacré-Coeur de Moulins (1849), Saint-Pierre de Dijon (1850), Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville (1853) and the Église de Cusset

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The gargoyle also had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the Cathedral; rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses to the mouths of the gargoyles. The longer the gargoyle, the farther the water was projected from the walls,

452:-era abbey church. Just to the west of the original church, he began building a new structure with two towers, and then, from 1140 to 1144, he began to reconstruct the old church. Most of his modifications were traditional, but he made one remarkable innovation; he decided to create a new 2248:

and the portals to provide light to the nave. The largest rose windows were ten meters in diameter. They had a framework of stone armatures often in an ornate floral pattern, to help them resist the wind. Gothic windows were in a stone frame separate from the wall, not cut into the wall.

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with radiating chapels. The use of rib vaults, and buttresses outside supporting the walls, allowed the elimination of the traditional walls between the chapels, and the installation of large stained glass windows. This gave the ambulatory a striking openness, light, and greater height.

244:(Shining Gothic), from the second third of 13th century to the first half of 14th century, marked by triforia with windows and a general preference for stained glass instead of stone walls. It forms the greater portion of High Gothic. American and British historians also use the term 1121:(1032–1523), though many of the Gothic elements of the facade were replaced with Renaissance elements and towers. A fine example of Angevin Gothic is found in the medieval Saint Jean Hospital in Angers, which now contains the Musée Jean-Lurçat, a museum of contemporary tapestries. 2178:

were added to the top of the buttresses, to precisely counterbalance the thrust from inside the walls. The buttress allowed a significant reduction in the thickness of the cathedral walls, and permitted the use of larger windows in the interior of the church. In churches such as

826: 1171:(13th-16th century). The Burgundian Gothic tended to be more sober and monumental than the more ornate northern style, and often included elements of earlier Romanesque churches on the same site, such as the Romanesque crypt beneath the Gothic choir at 300:, was a counselor of Louis VI and Louis VII, as well as a historian. He oversaw the reconstruction of the ambulatory of Saint-Denis, making it the first and most influential example of Gothic architecture in France. The first complete Gothic cathedral, 2408:, in cathedrals they were known as the "Path of Jerusalem" and symbolized the difficult and often roundabout path that a Christian sometimes had to follow in life to reach the gates of Paradise and salvation. Large labyrinths were originally found in 2037: 2256:

painting, and held in place by pieces of lead that outlined the figures. As the windows grew larger, more intense colors were used. After 1260, the colors became lighter, and the combination of grisaille and pale shades of yellow became more common.

2049: 1199:, built between 1282 and 1480. It was originally constructed as a fortress, then transformed into a church. Due to a lack of suitable stone, it was constructed almost entirely of brick, and is one of the largest brick buildings in the world. In the 1928:

A large part of the Gothic architectural heritage of France, particularly the churches and monasteries, had been damaged or destroyed during the Revolution. Of the 300 churches in Paris in the 16th century, only 97 still were standing in 1800. The

427:, begun in 1163, were much remodeled after a fire in 1220; the triforia were abolished and gave place to an enlargement of the clerestory, the flying buttresses were exchanged for new ones, and the file of chapels was added to the ambulatory. 2186:

The development of rib-vaults and buttresses brought gradual changes to the interior structure of cathedrals. Early Gothic cathedrals had the walls of the nave built in four levels: a gallery with columns on the ground level; then the

2393:(symbol of public knowledge), and the other closed (esoteric knowledge), along with a ladder with seven steps, symbolizing the seven steps alchemists followed in their scientific quest of trying to transform ordinary metal into gold. 2211:

had a triple portal, decorated with columns in the form of statues of apostles and saints around the doorways, and biblical scenes crowded with statuary over the doorways. This triple portal was adopted by all the major cathedrals. A

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In the Phillipienne castle, other towers, usually round, were placed at the corners and along the walls, close enough together to support each other. The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside, an upper parapet with openings

795: 2377:, and others, taken largely from legend and mythology. They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshippers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church. 1379:, constructed between 1252 and 1364, when the Popes fled the political chaos and wars enveloping Rome. Given the complicated political situation, it combined the functions of a church, a seat of government and a fortress. 2146:, had six compartments bordered by ribs and the crossing arch, which transferred the weight to alternating columns and pillars. A new innovation appeared during the High Gothic: the four-part rib vault, which was used in 2138:, but it was not widely or effectively used until the Gothic period. The crossed ribs of the vault carried the weight outwards and downwards, to clusters of supporting pillars and columns. The earlier rib vaults, used at 1965:

Under Louis Philippe, French Gothic architecture was officially recognized as a treasure of French culture. Under Mérimée's direction, the first efforts to restore major Gothic monuments began. In 1835, the church of

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over the portal, crowded with sculptural figures illustrating a biblical story became a feature of Gothic cathedrals. Following the example of Amiens, the tympanum over the central portal traditionally depicted the

1692: 665:, appeared; it was an ornamental rain spout that channeled the water from the roof away from the building. At Amiens, the windows of the nave were made larger, and an additional row of clear glass windows (the 476:

on the ground floor whose two rows of columns received the ribs of the ceiling vaults; the tribune above it, a gallery which concealed the massive contreforts or buttresses which pressed against the walls; the

1645: 671:) flooded the interior with light. The new structural technologies allowed the enlargement of the transepts and the choirs at the east end of the cathedrals, creating the space for a ring of well-lit chapels. 1254: 1580:(1615–21) with a facade based on the superposition of the three orders of classical architecture, represented the new model. However, the Gothic style remained prominent in new churches. The Church of 1382:

In the 15th century, following the Late Gothic or Flamboyant period, some elements of Gothic decoration borrowed from cathedrals began to appear in civil architecture, particularly in the region of

530: 908: 1603:, took center stage. Landmarks of the Gothic style, such as Notre-Dame, were modified with new interiors designed in the new style. Following the new fashion of his patron, Louis XIV, the poet 1914: 753:. An elaborate system of exterior columns and arches reduced the walls of the upper chapel to a thin framework for the enormous windows. The weight of each of the masonry gables above the 636:. From the end of the 12th century until the middle of the 13th century, the Gothic style spread from the cathedrals in Île-de-France to appear in other cities of northern France, notably 268:

The French style was widely copied in other parts of northern Europe, particularly Germany and England. It was gradually supplanted as the dominant French style in the mid-16th century by

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in Paris by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Adrien-Louis Lasson (1854–1855) was the most innovative example of neo-Gothic; it combined a traditional Gothic design with a modern iron framework.

940: 4396: 4233: 870:, or ribs, that supported and decorated each vault of the ceiling, both for greater support and decorative effect. Notable examples of Flamboyant Gothic include the western facade of 1444: 1607:

ridiculed the Gothic style in a 1669 poem: "...the insipid taste of Gothic ornamentation, these odious monstrosities of an ignorant age, produced by the torrents of barbarism...".

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Gothic features also appeared in the elaborate residences built by the nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie in Paris and other large cities. Examples include the Hôtel Cluny (now the

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to celebrate the entrance of Henry II into Paris in 1549, was the first Renaissance monument in the city. It was soon followed by the new facade of the Cour Carré of the

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had both participated in military campaigns in Italy, and had seen the new architecture there. Large numbers of Italian stonemasons had come to Paris to work on the new

768:, were framed by stone and occupied only a portion of the wall, these two windows, with a delicate lacelike framework, occupied the entire space between the pillars. 3988: 5403: 1872: 1324: 725: 710: 261:(Flaming Gothic), since mid 14th century, marked by swinging and flaming (that makes the term) forms of tracery. British and American historians use the same term. 1418: 1315: 1309: 2484:

time periods. This list primarily uses the time periods given in LaRousse encyclopedia on-line and the on-line Pedagogical Dossier of Gothic Architecture of the

1853: 4018: 2312: 5323: 1676: 1007: 323:(1285–1314), established France as the major economic and political power on the Continent. The period also saw the founding of the University of Paris or 1062:

only in Normandy, but also across the Channel in England. The high-quality Norman stone was cut and transported to England for use in English cathedrals.

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with two lancets, or windows with pointed arches, just below it. The rose window was the most famous type of the Gothic style. They were placed in the

1510:. Its patrons and architects sought to build the tallest church in the world. with a vaulted choir 48 meters high, taller than its nearby competitor, 4888: 1218: 698: 3674: 1572:

Religious buildings were slower to change. The Church of the Carmes-Deschaussé (1613–1620) on rue Vaugirard in Paris, and especially the church of

811: 5209: 992: 564: 2025: 1808:, which could be opened and closed. The walls at the bottom were often sloping, and protected with earthen barriers. A surviving example is the 2221:, the right portal showed the coronation of the Virgin Mary, and the left portal showed the lives of saints who were important in the diocese. 401: 5756: 5601: 5388: 4391: 3728: 2894: 2651:

begun to replace earlier church destroyed by fire. Consecrated 1260. Flamboyant north spire added after earlier spire destroyed by lightning.

2174:. This transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof outside the walls, where it was countered by the weight of the buttress. Heavy stone 1763:), from which they could drop rocks, burning oil or other objects on the besiegers. The upper walls also had protected protruding balconies, 1506:

begun but never finished. They also sometimes suffered when the ambitions of the architects exceeded their technical skills. One example was

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Amid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. The porch of

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French Gothic architecture also experienced a modest revival, largely confined to new churches. Neo-Gothic churches built in Paris included

1289: 4271: 1340: 1023: 594: 369: 4940: 4683: 4221: 2294: 2400:, usually found in stone on the floor in a central part of the cathedral. Inspired by the labyrinth in Greek legend constructed by King 1518: 5596: 4625: 4528: 1974:, which had been turned into a storage house for government archives after the Revolution. The restoration of Saint-Chapelle as led by 1460: 5561: 5423: 4341: 2104: 1629: 354: 2007: 1920: 1887: 610: 5949: 3936: 2085: 3649:, a project by Columbia University and Vassar College with a database of images, 360° panoramas, texts, charts and historical maps 5508: 4602: 6165: 3836: 3831: 779: 2381:

protecting the walls and windows from water damage. Multiple numbers were used to distribute the water as widely as possible.

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The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening

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has an imposing Gothic bell tower, featuring a spire surrounded by smaller towers, and its windows are decorated with ornate

1787:, through which archers could fire arrows. In later castles, the slits took the form of crosses, so that archers could fire 1414:. Unfortunately, many of the finest buildings were destroyed during World War I, due to their proximity to the front lines. 579: 6081: 6033: 5835: 5478: 5214: 3732: 3667: 3541: 265:

French scholars divide the Gothic of their country into four phases: British and American historians use similar periods.

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French scholars divide the Gothic of their country into four phases: British and American historians use similar periods.

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became its second Inspector, and by far the most energetic and long-lasting. He held the position for twenty-seven years.

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French Gothic architecture was the result of the emergence in the 12th century of a powerful French state centered in the

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which emerged in France in 1140, and was dominant until the mid-16th century. The most notable examples are the great

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The third period of French Gothic architecture, from the second half of the 13th century until the 1370s, is termed

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The builders then constructed the nave of the church, also using rib vaults. It was constructed in four levels; the

6043: 5908: 5825: 5674: 5222: 4975: 4920: 4785: 4520: 4516: 4261: 4046: 3993: 2802: 1990:. Over the rest of the 19th century, all of the major Gothic cathedrals of France underwent extensive restoration. 1725:, who had taken part in the Crusades. The new fortifications were more geometric, usually square, with a high main 661:

and became an important decorative element of the High Gothic style. Another practical and decorative element, the

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or tower, in the center, which could be defended even if the walls of the castle were captured. The donjon of the

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had been stripped of its stained glass and monumental tombs, while the statues on the façade of the cathedral of

1274: 1144:. Its distinctive features, like those of Angevin Gothic, include convex vaults with ribs in decorative designs. 269: 1078: 519:

thrust from the rib vaults of the roof. This allowed the builders to construct higher walls and larger windows.

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In 1831, interest in Gothic architecture grew even greater following the popular success of the romantic novel

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features vaults with elegant decorative ribs, as well as ornate columns. The style is found in the interior of

522: 137: 6120: 4995: 4985: 4311: 4182: 4080: 3777: 17: 2327: 1713:, or castle, was modified, based on the Byzantine and Moslem castles the French knights had seen during the 1584:

in Paris (1532–1640), which rivaled Notre-Dame in size, combined a Gothic plan with Renaissance decoration.

207:), from the 1180s to the first third of 13th century, marked by basilicas without lateral tribunes and with 6069: 5818: 5742: 5576: 5547: 5530: 5438: 5050: 5015: 5005: 4583: 4564: 4426: 4177: 4090: 2955: 2914: 1979: 1557:(1533–1568) was also constructed in an Italianate rather than Gothic style. Most important of all, the new 875: 833: 818: 802: 760:

Other landmarks of the Rayonnant Gothic are the two rose windows on the north and south of the transept of

188: 1660: 6013: 5980: 5845: 5808: 5791: 5586: 4336: 4204: 4073: 2844: 2472: 2127: 1940: 6093: 2777: 2535: 2188: 187:(First Gothic), from short before 1140 until shortly after 1180, marked by tribunes above the aisles of 5503: 5301: 4955: 4607: 4573: 4532: 2424:, but these removed during various renovations in the 18th century. The best surviving examples are in 5888: 5786: 5693: 5639: 5310: 5260: 4950: 4905: 4013: 2849: 50: 1835: 1698: 5723: 5659: 5581: 5552: 5172: 5167: 5045: 4945: 4930: 4915: 4757: 4578: 4468: 4386: 4210: 4187: 4138: 3811: 2358: 1573: 1983: 1842:. This project was incomplete when Napoleon III was overthrown in 1870, but can be visited today. 1831: 1702: 1554: 5644: 5276: 5237: 5204: 4650: 4630: 4498: 4376: 4326: 4105: 3906: 3846: 2889: 2715: 2552: 2213: 2135: 2092: 2076: 2059:. Pinnacles atop the buttresses added decoration and additional weight to strengthen the building 1566: 1391: 879: 849: 437: 376: 360: 2763: 2496: 1967: 1730: 1636: 6028: 5801: 5713: 5654: 5649: 5283: 5089: 5010: 4935: 4815: 4493: 4381: 4321: 3998: 3886: 2874: 2784: 1994: 1859: 1592: 1538: 1526: 1433:, a nobleman's townhouse, which features a Gothic watch tower and a flamboyant gothic ceiling. 1200: 1188: 1030: 1827: 1683: 5997: 5418: 5245: 4670: 4451: 4316: 4162: 3868: 3806: 3765: 3750: 2204: 1950: 1820: 1618:, the cathedrals were returned to the church, but were left in a lamentable state of repair. 1581: 1498: 1482: 473: 1809: 1667: 523:

Classic Gothic or High Gothic Cathedrals – Chartres, Bourges, Reims, western parts of Amiens

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The south of France had its own distinct variation of the Gothic style: the Meriodonal or

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reconstruction begins from Romanesque to Gothic style. Work continued until 13th century.

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began to dominate; then, under Louis XIV, the grand French classical style, practiced by

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The Gothic style emerged from innovative use of existing technologies, particularly the

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of the windows also helped the walls to resist the thrust and to distribute the weight.

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reconstruction from Romanesque began. Flamboyant facade was added in the 15th century.

1955: 1838:(1393–1407), an unfinished medieval castle, making it into a neo-Gothic residence for 1747:) from which soldiers could watch or fire arrows on besiegers below; narrow openings ( 5975: 5970: 5830: 5781: 5591: 4827: 4152: 4032: 3799: 3755: 3626: 3608: 3589: 3574: 3556: 3537: 3518: 3503: 3485: 3466: 3447: 3341: 2680: 2641: 2623: 2409: 2262: 1611: 1577: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1110: 1098: 1090: 1066: 641: 570: 2756: 2726: 2529: 1863: 771: 506:, later traveled to England and became the architect who reconstructed the choir of 5965: 5860: 5855: 5453: 5227: 5189: 5147: 5075: 5070: 5037: 4844: 4777: 4740: 4735: 4715: 4710: 4635: 4488: 4478: 4438: 3969: 3787: 3770: 2735: 2687: 2591: 2577: 2429: 2389: 2151: 2096: 2056: 1722: 1562: 1558: 1521:

of French religious and civil architecture also began to show the influence of the

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also features a distinctive regional Gothic style. It was begun in 1162 under King

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Four-part rib vaults at Amiens Cathedral allowed greater height and larger windows

1755:) through which they could be sheltered as they fired arrows; and floor openings ( 1043: 441: 281: 5688: 5571: 5428: 5393: 5199: 5194: 5119: 5114: 5055: 4980: 4730: 4660: 4192: 4133: 3683: 2795: 2722: 2673: 2570: 2563: 2522: 2421: 2417: 2180: 2167: 2155: 1971: 1737:, is a good example. It is 52 meters high, the tallest military tower in Europe. 1600: 1534: 1265: 1196: 1175:. Other Burgundian features included colourful tile roofs in geometric patterns ( 1160: 1082: 927: 871: 786: 746: 689: 657: 645: 585: 503: 336: 312: 220: 161: 145: 103: 99: 3534:

Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes, Églises, Cathédrales et Châteaux

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Another innovative feature of the French Gothic cathedral was the design of the

1986:. In 1843, Lassus and Viollet-le-Duc won the competition for the restoration of 1422: 1296: 1070: 68: 61: 5850: 5606: 5535: 5383: 5318: 5104: 5094: 5080: 5065: 4745: 4640: 4524: 4503: 4037: 3916: 3891: 3863: 3794: 2666: 2616: 2595: 2584: 2545: 2500: 2464: 2413: 2218: 2139: 1998: 1192: 1114: 1014: 998: 629: 499: 433: 392: 301: 204: 178: 2518: 2439:

integrates classical literary elements with its 13th-century Gothic style. In

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styles, and the construction of some of the most famous cathedrals, including

6109: 5892: 5498: 5458: 5343: 5265: 5250: 5099: 5060: 4866: 4750: 4547: 4216: 3931: 2236: 1758: 1718: 1050:, but other French regions created their own original versions of the style. 862:

flame-like designs which ornamented windows. Other new features included the

836:. The sinuous lines of the window frame gave the style the name "Flamboyant". 320: 2945:

Encyclopedia Britannica, "Gothic architecture" (by subscription) (retrieved

2936:

Encyclopedia Britannica, "Gothic architecture" (by subscription) (retrieved

2927:

Encyclopedia Britannica, "Gothic architecture" (by subscription) (retrieved

2491: 445: 5878: 5473: 5408: 5338: 5328: 5255: 5155: 5124: 4900: 4849: 4617: 4559: 4456: 4227: 4144: 4100: 4095: 4085: 3896: 3823: 3625:(in French). Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. 2002. 2748: 2240: 2183:, due to buttresses, the walls were made almost entirely of stained glass. 1839: 1596: 1245: 457: 192: 2818:

north tower is destroyed by lightning, and rebuilt in the Flamboyant style

1387: 1347: 156:. Its main characteristics are verticality, or height, and the use of the 5923: 5903: 5669: 5525: 5398: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5353: 4655: 4590: 4446: 4371: 4349: 4197: 3959: 3921: 2869: 2471:

in Paris, and was created in a workshop that made minor contributions to

2467:'s "Coronation of the Virgin" reflects a similar relief cathedral on the 2110: 2011: 1970:

in Paris was among the first to undergo restoration, followed in 1836 by

1945: 1550: 1542: 633: 536: 488: 449: 347:

Primary or Early Gothic Style - Saint-Denis, Sens, Senlis, and Notre Dame

228: 212: 2507: 1774: 94:; top right: rose window, Notre-Dame de Paris; center left: interior of 5898: 5363: 5358: 5182: 5109: 4725: 4645: 4276: 3166: 2859: 2252:

The early windows were made of pieces of tinted glass, touched up with

1805: 1804:, spanned by a single drawbridge. The entrance was also protected by a 1371:

The largest civic building built in the Gothic style in France was the

858: 704:

Columns of exterior framework supporting the windows of Sainte-Chapelle

543:(1194–1220) (North spire rebuilt in Flamboyant style from 1507 to 1513 465: 328: 288:(1081–1137), Paris was the principal residence of the Kings of France, 256: 5734: 1604: 5918: 5913: 5468: 5463: 5433: 5129: 4892: 4876: 4861: 4705: 4595: 4473: 4463: 4331: 4110: 2854: 2460: 2397: 2333: 2282: 2253: 2192: 2131: 1794: 1782: 1394:

or ornamental arches. Similarly, flamboyant town halls were found in

754: 741: 675:

Rayonnant Gothic – Sainte-Chapelle and the rose windows of Notre-Dame

653: 492: 478: 461: 245: 239: 208: 157: 1826:

In the 19th century, portions of the Gothic walls and towers of the

211:

without windows. The British and American term is for the period is

6018: 5708: 5616: 5443: 4542: 3911: 2718:

enlarged with new nave, transept, and rose windows (completed 1264)

2659: 2627: 2448: 2436: 2405: 2374: 2362: 2245: 2175: 1766: 1714: 1407: 1383: 1204: 1152: 1058: 1034: 951: 931: 662: 3652: 2801:

1493–1510: The north façade, south façade, and south porch of the

1421:) in Paris, and particularly the palatial house built by merchant 6050: 5413: 4251: 4125: 4068: 2744:

begun. (major enlargement and modification between 1334 and 1364)

2741: 2440: 2351: 1923:(1854–1855) featured a Gothic design with a modern iron framework 1813: 1587:

In the course of the 17th century, the French classical style of

1426: 1376: 1300: 1229: 1042:

The most famous examples of Gothic architecture are found in the

772:

Flamboyant Gothic - Rouen Cathedral, Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes

296:

became their ceremonial burial place. The Abbot of Saint-Denis,

5566: 4871: 4856: 4800: 4767: 3120: 3118: 2587:

begun. Reconstructed with three traverses and completed in 1220

2548:, the first French Gothic cathedral, begun. (consecrated 1171). 2370: 1750: 1726: 1546: 1411: 1074: 900: 2830: 2612:

begun. Choir completed in 1172, Cathedral consecrated in 1182.

2396:

Another common feature of Gothic cathedrals was a design of a

1701:, 19th-century completion of an unfinished medieval castle by 1651:

The Chateau de Dourdon as it appeared in 1400, illustrated in

481:, another, narrower gallery; and, just below the ceiling, the 5664: 4832: 4796: 2788: 2697:; Addition of transepts and rose windows, modified buttresses 2556: 2456: 2452: 2401: 1399: 1395: 1281: 297: 289: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3246: 3244: 3231: 3229: 3115: 3050: 3048: 3021: 2634: 2455:

cathedral's north transept illustrates the biblical tale of

2443:, two such examples of sculptures are upon the cathedral of 2207:

or entry, which by long Christian tradition faced west. The

1436: 899:

Angevin Gothic vaults and columns in the Hopital-St-Jean in

885: 4837: 4556: 3646: 3586:

Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours

3324: 3322: 1801: 2704:

begun, but after tower falls in 1272 it is left unfinished

1908:

Sanctuary of Basilica of Saint Clotilde, Paris (1862–1865)

3307: 3295: 3268: 3241: 3226: 3103: 3045: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2967: 2965: 2492:

Early Gothic, Transition, or Primitive Gothic (1130–1180)

656:

changed from six to four ribs, simpler and stronger. The

510:

in the Gothic style. Sens Cathedral was soon followed by

3350: 3319: 3146: 2977: 2690:

begun. (completed 1288). Rose window was added 1366–1341

2166:

The second major innovation of the Gothic style was the

1386:

in northern France, and in Paris. The Hôtel de Ville of

3256: 3214: 3202: 3136: 3134: 3080: 3078: 3065: 3063: 2956:"Beauvais, cathédrale Saint-Pierre – Eglises de l'Oise" 2915:"Beauvais, cathédrale Saint-Pierre – Eglises de l'Oise" 1485:, a gothic plan with Renaissance decoration (1532–1632) 2989: 2962: 2644:

begun, nave was finished by 1255; consecrated in 1324.

2031:

Six-part rib vaults of ceiling of Notre-Dame Cathedral

3502:, (1967), Thames and Hudson (in English and French); 3033: 1330:

Flamboyant Gothic ceiling above the staircase in the

498:

The first cathedral constructed in the new style was

3177: 3131: 3075: 3060: 2826: 2265:

have some of the finest surviving original windows.

2224: 1244:

Gothic rib vaults of the hall of men at arms of the

914:

Angevin Gothic vault of the Church of Puy-Notre Dame

878:

in Paris, both built in the 1370s; and the Choir of

3197:

La Cathédrale de Beauvais: histoire et architecture

1958:, a professor of history at the Sorbonne. In 1833, 191:. The British and American term for the period is 3573:, Association des Amis de la tour Jean sans Peur. 3407: 1569:, begun in 1564, was inspired by Italian palaces. 1429:(1440–1450). Another good example in Paris is the 219:, are included in Early Gothic; others, like the 3011: 3009: 2269:Sculpture and symbolism - the "Book for the Poor" 1845: 1264:in Paris, which included the royal residence and 6107: 3419: 3395: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3340:Williamson, Paul. "Gothic Sculpture 1140–1300". 2770: 2478: 1001:in southwest France (1282–1480), built of brick 624:The second phase of Gothic in France is called 3551:Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2006). 3006: 1537:(1507–1512) and other construction sites. The 764:, whereas earlier rose windows, like those of 5750: 3668: 3362: 2895:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 2559:, The Gothic ambulatory was finished in 1144. 2451:, a satyr, and a sleeping faun; the Chartres– 1155:also had its own version of Gothic, found in 514:(begun 1160), and the most prominent of all, 444:, not far north of Paris where, in 1137, the 2733: 2533: 1881:by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–1865). 1788: 1780: 1772: 1764: 1756: 1748: 1742: 1419:Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge 1316:Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge 1210: 666: 482: 253: 236: 182: 172: 3553:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier 3550: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3235: 3109: 3054: 3027: 2983: 2555:reconstruction in new style begun by Abbot 2345: 456:at the east end of the building, using the 5757: 5743: 5597:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 3675: 3661: 3484:(in French). Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. 2798:rebuilt after a fire in the (16th century) 2598:beginning mid-12th century, completed 1250 2198: 1830:were restored, with some modification, by 1268:(illuminated manuscript from 1412 to 1416) 1065:Notable examples of Norman Gothic include 2635:High Gothic or Classic Gothic (1180–1230) 2134:. The rib vault was known in the earlier 1948:. In 1832, Hugo wrote an article for the 1437:Transition between Gothic and Renaissance 886:Gothic architecture in the French regions 749:, attached to the royal residence on the 632:. The similar phase in English is called 464:in the construction of the choir and the 215:. and Some buildings of this phase, like 5950:Gothic secular and domestic architecture 2708: 2528: 2517: 2506: 2495: 1621: 5764: 3605:Cathédales Cothiques - un Défi Médiéval 3602: 3356: 3328: 2486:Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine 1812:in the Seine-et-Marne department, near 1709:In the 13th century, the design of the 14: 6108: 4056: 3583: 3531: 3515:Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques 3512: 3460: 3441: 3262: 3250: 3220: 3208: 3183: 3140: 3084: 3069: 3039: 3000: 2971: 2161: 1653:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry 1406:, and across the border in Belgium in 327:. It produced the High Gothic and the 5738: 3656: 3569:Rivière, Rémi; Lavoye, Agnès (2007). 3479: 3152: 2318:Allegory of alchemy, central portal, 2079:and columns made of elongated figures 1682:Restored outer walls of the medieval 6076: 3607:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France. 3536:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France. 3517:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France. 1454:lacking a nave and spire (1225–1272) 1182: 1147: 5944:List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe 3682: 2865:French Gothic stained glass windows 2432:, which was reconstructed in 1894. 2231:French Gothic stained glass windows 2191:, a gallery with windows; then the 2014:was married in the church in 1857. 304:, was finished shortly afterwards. 24: 3199:, La Mie-au-Roy, G.E.M.O.B., 1978. 3164: 2017: 1280:Carillon of the Hôtel de Ville of 1097:; and the celebrated monastery at 573:with flying buttresses (1195–1230) 25: 6182: 3640: 3621: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3015: 2780:(begun 1405–1406, completed 1527) 2729:in Paris begun. (completed 1248). 2225:Stained glass and the rose window 1104: 731:Exterior of south rose window of 716:Rose window in north transept of 292:the place of coronation, and the 6087: 6075: 6064: 6063: 5719: 5718: 5707: 5675:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 5223:Criticism of the Catholic Church 3623:Le Guide du Patrimoine en France 3465:(in French). Paris: Flammarion. 2829: 2803:Church of Notre-Dame de Louviers 2361:or monsters. These included the 2326: 2311: 2293: 2275: 2121: 2103: 2084: 2064: 2048: 2036: 2024: 1913: 1901: 1886: 1871: 1852: 1800:Castles were surrounded by deep 1691: 1675: 1659: 1644: 1628: 1490: 1475: 1459: 1443: 1355: 1339: 1323: 1308: 1288: 1273: 1253: 1237: 1217: 1053: 1022: 1006: 991: 975: 959: 939: 919: 907: 892: 841: 825: 810: 794: 778: 724: 709: 697: 681: 609: 593: 578: 563: 548: 529: 448:began the reconstruction of the 416: 400: 384: 368: 353: 78: 67: 60: 49: 42: 3842:First seven ecumenical councils 3435: 3334: 3189: 3165:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 3158: 3096:Larousse Encyclopedia on-line, 3090: 2619:begun. (completed 14th century) 2536:Basilique Notre-Dame de l'Epine 2428:, in its original form, and in 1721:was called Phillipienne, after 1124: 270:French Renaissance architecture 5940:Gothic cathedrals and churches 5883:List of Brick Gothic buildings 4417:Separation of church and state 3124:Encylopédie Larousse on-line, 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2907: 2880:Gothic cathedrals and churches 2794:The west facade and towers of 2594:rebuilding from Romanesque to 1846:Restoration and Gothic Revival 588:from the northwest (1211–1345) 13: 1: 6166:Gothic architecture in France 2900: 2771:Flamboyant Gothic (1400–1520) 2479:Timeline of notable buildings 1497:Chapel of the Virgin Mary in 311:(1180 to 1328), three Kings: 307:Over the later course of the 6171:Medieval French architecture 3482:Dictionnaire des Cathédrales 3195:Philippe Bonnet-Laborderie, 3171:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1980:Jean-Baptiste Antoine Lassus 1517:Beginning in the 1530s, the 1132:in the historic province of 1109:The Angevin Gothic style or 1079:Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen 876:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes 834:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes 819:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes 803:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes 7: 6014:Building a Gothic cathedral 5981:Gothic Revival architecture 2845:Building a Gothic cathedral 2822: 2473:Spanish Gothic architecture 2344:The Gothic cathedral was a 1797:, in different directions. 688:Windows of upper chapel of 10: 6187: 5714:Catholic Church portal 3463:Caractéristique des Styles 2811:south transept constructed 2228: 2170:, which was first used at 2008:Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cécile 1921:Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cécile 275: 130:French Gothic architecture 31:French Gothic architecture 6161:16th-century architecture 6156:15th-century architecture 6151:14th-century architecture 6146:13th-century architecture 6141:12th-century architecture 6059: 6006: 5958: 5932: 5889:Early Gothic architecture 5871: 5772: 5702: 5640:Aid to the Church in Need 5630: 5487: 5300: 5261:Vatican Television Center 5236: 5146: 5036: 4906:Eastern Catholic Churches 4887: 4776: 4669: 4616: 4541: 4512: 4437: 4362: 4297: 4242: 4161: 4031: 3945: 3877: 3822: 3741: 3718: 3690: 3588:(in French). Parigramme. 3446:(in French). Flammarion. 3128:, (retrieved May 1, 2020) 2850:Early Gothic architecture 2734: 2683:begun. (consecrated 1254) 2662:, begun. (completed 1274) 2605:begun. (consecrated 1379) 2580:begun. (consecrated 1191) 2566:begun. (consecrated 1237) 2534: 1375:(Palace of the Popes) in 1211:Gothic civil architecture 1191:. A prominent example is 363:, west facade (1130–1140) 223:and the western parts of 119: 111: 35: 5582:Communion and Liberation 5046:Eastern Catholic liturgy 4211:Mystici Corporis Christi 4139:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 3603:Wenzler, Claude (2018). 3532:Mignon, Olivier (2017). 3513:Mignon, Olivier (2015). 3167:"Episcopal City of Albi" 3126:Le Gothique en Normandie 2435:The portal sculpture of 1574:St-Gervais-et-St-Protais 423:Choir and ambulatory of 4397:Philosophy of canon law 4327:Mariology of the saints 3907:Investiture Controversy 3555:(in French). Gisserot. 3480:Lours, Mathieu (2018). 3461:Ducher, Robert (1988). 3442:Darcos, Xavier (1998). 3314:Renault & Lazé 2006 3302:Renault & Lazé 2006 3290:Renault & Lazé 2006 3278:Renault & Lazé 2006 3236:Renault & Lazé 2006 3110:Renault & Lazé 2006 3055:Renault & Lazé 2006 3028:Renault & Lazé 2006 2984:Renault & Lazé 2006 2890:Romanesque architecture 2716:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2676:begun. (completed 1345) 2573:begun. (completed 1231) 2553:Basilica of Saint-Denis 2199:The portal and tympanum 1519:Flamboyant Gothic style 1470:before its fall in 1573 880:Mont Saint Michel Abbey 850:Mont Saint Michel Abbey 438:Basilica of Saint-Denis 377:Basilica of Saint-Denis 361:Basilica of Saint Denis 6029:Medieval stained glass 5650:Catholic Charities USA 5284:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 5272:Vatican Polyglot Press 4322:Mariology of the popes 3960:Protestant Reformation 3584:Texier, Simon (2012). 3571:La Tour Jean sans Peur 2875:Southern French Gothic 2785:Church of Saint-Maclou 2540: 2526: 2515: 2504: 2346: 1893:Neo-Gothic fronton of 1860:Sainte-Clotilde, Paris 1836:Château de Pierrefonds 1834:. He also rebuilt the 1789: 1781: 1773: 1765: 1757: 1749: 1743: 1699:Château de Pierrefonds 1593:Jules Hardouin-Mansart 1539:Fontaine des Innocents 1527:Charles VIII of France 1189:Southern French Gothic 667: 483: 432:The birthplace of the 284:. During the reign of 254: 237: 183: 173: 6136:Catholic architecture 6126:European architecture 6116:Architectural history 5998:High Victorian Gothic 5404:Good Shepherd Sisters 5246:Holy See Press Office 4484:Doctors of the Church 4317:Immaculate Conception 4272:Anointing of the Sick 3807:History of the papacy 3647:Mapping Gothic France 2778:Notre-Dame de l'Épine 2709:Rayonnant (1230–1420) 2532: 2521: 2510: 2499: 2055:Flying buttresses of 1984:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 1951:Revue des deux Mondes 1832:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 1819:After the end of the 1703:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 1622:Military architecture 1029:The Palm Tree of the 140:of France, including 6121:Architectural styles 6024:International Gothic 5277:L'Osservatore Romano 5215:Role in civilisation 4941:Croatian and Serbian 4689:Episcopal conference 4651:St. Peter's Basilica 4009:Sexual abuse scandal 3965:Catholic Reformation 3498:Martindale, Andrew, 2764:Château de Vincennes 2386:Notre-Dame Cathedral 2209:Basilica of St Denis 2172:Notre-Dame Cathedral 2144:Notre-Dame Cathedral 2073:Basilica of St Denis 2003:Saint-Laurent, Paris 1931:Basilica of St Denis 1895:Saint-Laurent, Paris 1879:Saint-Laurent, Paris 1731:Château de Vincennes 1637:Château de Vincennes 1567:Catherine de' Medici 1549:, also decorated by 1541:, built by sculptor 1404:Saint-Quentin, Aisne 1364:Saint-Quentin, Aisne 1334:in Paris (1409–1411) 1318:in Paris (1334–1510) 1142:Eleanor of Aquitaine 762:Notre-Dame Cathedral 733:Notre Dame Cathedral 718:Notre Dame Cathedral 516:Notre-Dame Cathedral 508:Canterbury Cathedral 495:style (see below). 425:Notre Dame Cathedral 294:Abbey of Saint-Denis 142:Notre-Dame Cathedral 115:1140 to 16th century 5766:Gothic architecture 5612:Neocatechumenal Way 5577:Charismatic Renewal 5291:Annuario Pontificio 4889:Particular churches 4565:Ecumenical councils 4337:Perpetual virginity 4172:Communitas perfecta 4116:Sermon on the Mount 3253:, pp. 156–159. 3098:Gothic Architecture 2885:Gothic architecture 2837:Architecture portal 2695:Notre-Dame de Paris 2656:Coutances Cathedral 2610:Notre Dame de Paris 2404:as the home of the 2320:Notre Dame de Paris 2305:Notre Dame de Paris 2287:Notre Dame de Paris 2162:The flying buttress 1988:Notre-Dame de Paris 1941:Notre-Dame de Paris 1935:Notre-Dame de Paris 1828:Cité de Carcassonne 1735:Philip VI of France 1686:(13th–14th century) 1684:Cité de Carcassonne 1531:Louis XII of France 1523:Italian Renaissance 1431:Tour Jean-sans-Peur 1332:Tour Jean-sans-Peur 1138:Henry II of England 1113:in the province of 1087:Coutances Cathedral 1013:Polychrome nave of 134:architectural style 92:Notre-Dame de Paris 32: 27:Architectural style 5449:Premonstratensians 3832:Ante-Nicene period 3710:Lists of Catholics 3155:, p. 183-185. 2816:Chartres Cathedral 2809:Beauvais Cathedral 2702:Beauvais Cathedral 2649:Chartres Cathedral 2603:Poitiers Cathedral 2541: 2527: 2516: 2512:Chartres Cathedral 2505: 2426:Chartres Cathedral 2338:Chartres Cathedral 2259:Chartres Cathedral 2148:Chartres Cathedral 2115:Chartres Cathedral 1821:Hundred Years' War 1810:Château de Dourdan 1717:. The new kind of 1668:Château de Dourdan 1616:Napoleon Bonaparte 1508:Beauvais Cathedral 1468:Beauvais Cathedral 1452:Beauvais Cathedral 1346:Hôtel de Ville of 1224:The façade of the 1130:Poitiers Cathedral 968:Poitiers Cathedral 801:The west front of 638:Chartres Cathedral 626:Gothique Classique 557:Chartres Cathedral 541:Chartres Cathedral 333:Chartres Cathedral 317:Louis IX of France 286:Louis VI of France 227:, are included in 217:Chartres Cathedral 201:Gothique Classique 150:Chartres Cathedral 96:Chartres Cathedral 30: 6103: 6102: 5976:Dissenting Gothic 5971:Collegiate Gothic 5732: 5731: 5142: 5141: 4535: 4358: 4357: 4050: 4027: 4026: 4019:COVID-19 pandemic 3989:French Revolution 3979:Thirty Years' War 3887:Islamic conquests 3800:Apostolic fathers 3735: 3632:978-2-85822-760-0 3614:978-2-7373-7712-9 3595:978-2-84096-667-8 3579:978-2-95164-940-8 3524:978-2-7373-6535-5 2753:Palais de la Cité 2681:Le Mans Cathedral 2642:Bourges Cathedral 2624:Lisieux Cathedral 2410:Auxerre Cathedral 2285:on the facade of 2263:Le Mans Cathedral 2136:Romanesque period 2091:Day of Judgement 2001:(1841–1857), and 1612:French Revolution 1578:Salomon de Brosse 1262:Palais de la Cité 1183:Meridional Gothic 1177:Langres Cathedral 1173:Auxerre Cathedral 1169:Auxerre Cathedral 1167:(1220–1522), and 1148:Burgundian Gothic 1111:Plantagenet style 1099:Mont-Saint-Michel 1091:Le Mans Cathedral 1067:Lisieux Cathedral 751:Palais de la Cité 658:flying buttresses 648:(1211–1275), and 642:Bourges Cathedral 571:Bourges Cathedral 329:Flamboyant Gothic 319:(1226–1270), and 174:Gothique primitif 162:flying buttresses 138:Gothic cathedrals 127: 126: 16:(Redirected from 6178: 6091: 6079: 6078: 6067: 6066: 6007:Related articles 5966:Carpenter Gothic 5759: 5752: 5745: 5736: 5735: 5722: 5721: 5712: 5711: 5454:Redemptoristines 5302:Religious orders 5228:Anti-Catholicism 5178:Church buildings 5038:Catholic liturgy 4778:Consecrated life 4636:Apostolic Palace 4603:Synod of Bishops 4539: 4538: 4515: 4121:Ten Commandments 4054: 4053: 4036: 3937:Age of Discovery 3771:Great Commission 3739: 3738: 3723: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3636: 3618: 3599: 3566: 3547: 3543:978-27373-7611-5 3528: 3495: 3476: 3457: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3416:, p. 17-19. 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3360: 3359:, p. 31–37. 3354: 3348: 3338: 3332: 3331:, p. 97–99. 3326: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3292:, p. 48–49. 3287: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3265:, p. 78–79. 3260: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3223:, p. 66–67. 3218: 3212: 3211:, p. 26–27. 3206: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3129: 3122: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3030:, p. 33–35. 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 3003:, p. 10–11. 2998: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974:, p. 46–54. 2969: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2739: 2738: 2736:Palais des Papes 2688:Amiens Cathedral 2592:Angers Cathedral 2578:Senlis Cathedral 2539: 2538: 2430:Amiens Cathedral 2390:Amiens Cathedral 2388:in Paris and of 2349: 2330: 2315: 2297: 2279: 2152:Amiens Cathedral 2107: 2097:Amiens Cathedral 2088: 2071:North portal of 2068: 2057:Amiens Cathedral 2052: 2040: 2028: 1995:Sainte-Clothilde 1917: 1905: 1890: 1875: 1856: 1792: 1786: 1778: 1770: 1762: 1754: 1746: 1723:Philippe Auguste 1695: 1679: 1663: 1648: 1632: 1589:François Mansart 1563:Philippe Delorme 1559:Tuileries Palace 1553:. The new Paris 1512:Amiens Cathedral 1494: 1479: 1463: 1447: 1373:Palais des Papes 1359: 1343: 1327: 1312: 1292: 1277: 1257: 1241: 1226:Palais des Papes 1221: 1165:Chalon Cathedral 1157:Nevers Cathedral 1119:Angers Cathedral 1095:Bayeux Cathedral 1089:, the chevet of 1026: 1010: 995: 984:Nevers Cathedral 979: 963: 948:Chalon Cathedral 943: 923: 911: 896: 845: 832:The rose window 829: 814: 798: 782: 766:Amiens Cathedral 728: 713: 701: 685: 670: 650:Amiens Cathedral 644:(1195 to 1230), 617:Amiens Cathedral 613: 602:Amiens Cathedral 597: 582: 567: 552: 533: 512:Senlis Cathedral 486: 420: 409:Senlis Cathedral 404: 388: 372: 357: 341:Amiens Cathedral 309:Capetian dynasty 260: 243: 225:Amiens Cathedral 186: 184:Gothique premier 176: 154:Amiens Cathedral 98:; center right: 82: 71: 64: 53: 46: 33: 29: 21: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6055: 6002: 5954: 5928: 5867: 5774: 5768: 5763: 5733: 5728: 5706: 5698: 5677: 5660:Relief Services 5626: 5572:Catholic Action 5562:Military orders 5499:Confraternities 5491:of the faithful 5490: 5483: 5305: 5296: 5232: 5138: 5032: 4891: 4883: 4816:Prior, Prioress 4772: 4665: 4661:Vatican Museums 4612: 4545: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4433: 4387:Social teaching 4354: 4293: 4238: 4193:One true church 4157: 4134:Sixtine Vulgate 4130:Official Bible 4044: 4040: 4035: 4023: 3941: 3873: 3818: 3788:Petrine primacy 3731: 3727: 3722: 3714: 3686: 3684:Catholic Church 3681: 3643: 3633: 3615: 3596: 3563: 3562:9-782877-474658 3544: 3525: 3492: 3491:978-2755-807653 3473: 3454: 3444:Prosper Mérimée 3438: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3132: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2835: 2828: 2825: 2796:Rouen Cathedral 2773: 2723:Sainte-Chapelle 2711: 2674:Reims Cathedral 2637: 2571:Noyon Cathedral 2564:Rouen Cathedral 2523:Sainte Chapelle 2494: 2481: 2422:Arras Cathedral 2418:Reims Cathedral 2340: 2331: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2303:on the roof of 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2233: 2227: 2201: 2181:Sainte Chapelle 2168:flying buttress 2164: 2156:Reims Cathedral 2124: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2089: 2080: 2069: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2041: 2032: 2029: 2020: 2018:Characteristics 1972:Sainte-Chapelle 1960:Prosper Mérimée 1956:François Guizot 1924: 1918: 1909: 1906: 1897: 1891: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1857: 1848: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1680: 1671: 1664: 1655: 1649: 1640: 1633: 1624: 1601:Claude Perrault 1535:Pont Notre-Dame 1501: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1471: 1464: 1455: 1448: 1439: 1367: 1360: 1351: 1344: 1335: 1328: 1319: 1313: 1304: 1293: 1284: 1278: 1269: 1266:Sainte-Chapelle 1258: 1249: 1242: 1233: 1222: 1213: 1201:Jacobins church 1197:Tarn Department 1185: 1161:Dijon Cathedral 1150: 1127: 1107: 1083:Rouen Cathedral 1056: 1038: 1031:Jacobins church 1027: 1018: 1011: 1002: 996: 987: 980: 971: 964: 955: 944: 935: 928:Dijon Cathedral 926:West facade of 924: 915: 912: 903: 897: 888: 872:Rouen Cathedral 864:arc en accolade 853: 846: 837: 830: 821: 815: 806: 799: 790: 787:Rouen Cathedral 783: 774: 747:Sainte-Chapelle 735: 729: 720: 714: 705: 702: 693: 690:Sainte-Chapelle 686: 677: 646:Reims Cathedral 620: 619:choir and altar 614: 605: 598: 589: 586:Reims Cathedral 583: 574: 568: 559: 553: 544: 534: 525: 504:William of Sens 428: 421: 412: 405: 396: 389: 380: 373: 364: 358: 349: 337:Reims Cathedral 313:Philip Augustus 278: 221:Reims Cathedral 146:Reims Cathedral 107: 104:Sainte-Chapelle 100:Reims Cathedral 88: 87: 86: 85: 84: 83: 74: 73: 72: 65: 56: 55: 54: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6184: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6085: 6073: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5959:Gothic Revival 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5886: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5716: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5607:Legion of Mary 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5536:Lay Carmelites 5533: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5495: 5493: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5384:Conceptionists 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Assumptionists 5315: 5313: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5021:Syro-Malankara 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4971:Italo-Albanian 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4859: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4680: 4678: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4641:Lateran Treaty 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4567: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4536: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4377:Moral theology 4374: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4060: 4058: 4051: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3951: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3892:Pope Gregory I 3889: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3864:Biblical canon 3861: 3859:Late antiquity 3856: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3795:Church fathers 3792: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3729:Ecclesiastical 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3641:External links 3639: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3619: 3613: 3600: 3594: 3581: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3529: 3523: 3510: 3496: 3490: 3477: 3471: 3458: 3452: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3428:, p. 296. 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 618. 3394: 3392:, p. 664. 3382: 3361: 3349: 3346:978-0300074529 3333: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3267: 3255: 3240: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3188: 3176: 3157: 3145: 3130: 3114: 3102: 3089: 3074: 3059: 3044: 3042:, p. 8–9. 3032: 3020: 3005: 2988: 2976: 2961: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2781: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2766:keep and tower 2760: 2757:Ile de la Cité 2745: 2730: 2727:Ile de la Cité 2719: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2693:1220 to 1270: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2667:Toul Cathedral 2663: 2652: 2645: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2620: 2617:Lyon Cathedral 2613: 2606: 2599: 2596:Angevin Gothic 2588: 2585:Laon Cathedral 2581: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2549: 2546:Sens Cathedral 2501:Sens Cathedral 2493: 2490: 2480: 2477: 2465:Sens Cathedral 2414:Sens Cathedral 2347:liber pauperum 2342: 2341: 2332: 2325: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2229:Main article: 2226: 2223: 2219:Last Judgement 2200: 2197: 2163: 2160: 2140:Sens Cathedral 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2090: 2083: 2081: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2023: 2019: 2016: 1999:Theodore Ballu 1926: 1925: 1919: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1864:Théodore Ballu 1858: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1635:Donjon of the 1634: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1582:Saint Eustache 1555:Hotel de Ville 1503: 1502: 1499:Saint Eustache 1496: 1489: 1487: 1483:Saint Eustache 1481: 1474: 1472: 1465: 1458: 1456: 1449: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1350:(15th century) 1345: 1338: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1272: 1270: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1223: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1193:Albi Cathedral 1184: 1181: 1149: 1146: 1126: 1123: 1106: 1105:Angevin Gothic 1103: 1055: 1052: 1040: 1039: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1015:Albi Cathedral 1012: 1005: 1003: 999:Albi Cathedral 997: 990: 988: 981: 974: 972: 965: 958: 956: 945: 938: 936: 925: 918: 916: 913: 906: 904: 898: 891: 887: 884: 882:(about 1448). 855: 854: 847: 840: 838: 831: 824: 822: 816: 809: 807: 800: 793: 791: 784: 777: 773: 770: 737: 736: 730: 723: 721: 715: 708: 706: 703: 696: 694: 687: 680: 676: 673: 640:(begun 1200); 630:Classic Gothic 622: 621: 615: 608: 606: 599: 592: 590: 584: 577: 575: 569: 562: 560: 554: 547: 545: 539:and facade of 535: 528: 524: 521: 500:Sens Cathedral 430: 429: 422: 415: 413: 406: 399: 397: 393:Sens Cathedral 390: 383: 381: 375:Ambulatory of 374: 367: 365: 359: 352: 348: 345: 302:Sens Cathedral 277: 274: 263: 262: 250: 249: 233: 232: 205:Classic Gothic 197: 196: 179:Primary Gothic 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 89: 77: 76: 75: 66: 59: 58: 57: 48: 41: 40: 39: 38: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6183: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5893:Romano-Gothic 5890: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:Low Countries 5829: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5725: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655:Home Missions 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5548:Saint Francis 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Saint Dominic 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5344:Bethlehemites 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5266:Vatican Radio 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5251:Vatican Media 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548:List of popes 4544: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4332:Mother of God 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217:People of God 4215: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4205:Infallibility 4203: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081:Body and soul 4079: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3984:Enlightenment 3982: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3955:Protestantism 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932:Scholasticism 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:Schism (1378) 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3902:Schism (1054) 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3508:2-87811-058-7 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3472:2-08-011539-1 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3453:2-08-067276-2 3449: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3358: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3316:, p. 52. 3315: 3310: 3304:, p. 35. 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3280:, p. 34. 3279: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3238:, p. 38. 3237: 3232: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3186:, p. 64. 3185: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3143:, p. 62. 3142: 3137: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3112:, p. 37. 3111: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3087:, p. 58. 3086: 3081: 3079: 3072:, p. 48. 3071: 3066: 3064: 3057:, p. 36. 3056: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3018:, p. 53. 3017: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2986:, p. 33. 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755:begun on the 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Saint-Étienne 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2237:stained glass 2232: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122:The rib vault 2116: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2075:, with early 2074: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Saint Séverin 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:fortification 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1466:The spire of 1462: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1362:City Hall of 1358: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163:(1280–1325), 1162: 1159:(1211–1331), 1158: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1054:Norman Gothic 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044:Île-de-France 1037:, circa 1292) 1036: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1009: 1004: 1000: 994: 989: 985: 978: 973: 969: 962: 957: 953: 949: 942: 937: 933: 929: 922: 917: 910: 905: 902: 895: 890: 889: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 851: 844: 839: 835: 828: 823: 820: 813: 808: 804: 797: 792: 788: 785:West facade, 781: 776: 775: 769: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743: 734: 727: 722: 719: 712: 707: 700: 695: 691: 684: 679: 678: 672: 669: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 618: 612: 607: 603: 596: 591: 587: 581: 576: 572: 566: 561: 558: 551: 546: 542: 538: 532: 527: 526: 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442:Île-de-France 439: 435: 426: 419: 414: 410: 403: 398: 394: 387: 382: 378: 371: 366: 362: 356: 351: 350: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:Philip le Bel 318: 315:(1180–1223), 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282:Île-de-France 273: 271: 266: 259: 258: 252: 251: 247: 242: 241: 235: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199: 198: 194: 190: 185: 180: 175: 171: 170: 169: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 101: 97: 93: 81: 70: 63: 52: 45: 34: 19: 18:French Gothic 6092: 6080: 6068: 5879:Brick Gothic 5796: 5694:Universities 5526:Third orders 5489:Associations 5479:Visitandines 5474:Trinitarians 5424:Mercedarians 5409:Hieronymites 5354:Camaldoleses 5339:Benedictines 5329:Augustinians 5289: 5282: 5275: 5256:Vatican News 5210:Distinctions 5016:Syro-Malabar 4901:Latin Church 4823:Grand master 4721:Metropolitan 4618:Vatican City 4513:Organisation 4392:Philosophers 4257:Confirmation 4234:In canon law 4228:Subsistit in 4226: 4222:Three states 4209: 4170: 4163:Ecclesiology 4145:Nova Vulgata 4143: 4101:Original sin 4096:Nicene Creed 4086:Divine grace 4045: 3927:Universities 3897:Papal States 3824:Great Church 3766:Resurrection 3743:Early Church 3622: 3604: 3585: 3570: 3552: 3533: 3514: 3499: 3481: 3462: 3443: 3436:Bibliography 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3357:Wenzler 2018 3352: 3336: 3329:Wenzler 2018 3309: 3297: 3285: 3258: 3216: 3204: 3196: 3191: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3148: 3125: 3105: 3097: 3092: 3035: 3023: 2979: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2909: 2749:Conciergerie 2482: 2434: 2395: 2383: 2379: 2356: 2343: 2251: 2241:rose windows 2239:windows and 2234: 2202: 2185: 2165: 2128:pointed arch 2125: 2006:(1855). The 1992: 1982:and a young 1964: 1949: 1939: 1927: 1840:Napoleon III 1825: 1818: 1799: 1767:échauguettes 1739: 1711:chateau fort 1710: 1708: 1652: 1639:, begun 1337 1609: 1597:Louis Le Vau 1586: 1571: 1565:, built for 1516: 1504: 1423:Jacques Cœur 1416: 1381: 1370: 1297:Jacques Cœur 1246:Conciergerie 1186: 1151: 1128: 1125:Maine Gothic 1108: 1071:Fécamp Abbey 1064: 1057: 1041: 867: 863: 856: 852:(about 1448) 817:The nave of 759: 740: 738: 623: 497: 471: 458:pointed arch 431: 306: 279: 267: 264: 193:Early Gothic 167: 129: 128: 112:Years active 5924:Sondergotik 5904:High Gothic 5684:Health care 5670:Pax Christi 5622:Schoenstatt 5587:Sant'Egidio 5419:Legionaries 5399:Franciscans 5374:Cistercians 5369:Carthusians 5324:Annonciades 5183:Altarpieces 5076:West Syriac 5071:East Syriac 5051:Alexandrian 4675:Holy orders 4656:Swiss Guard 4596:Dicasteries 4591:Roman Curia 4489:Evangelists 4447:Holy Family 4382:Personalism 4372:Natural law 4350:Josephology 4284:Holy orders 3922:Inquisition 3879:Middle Ages 3869:Monasticism 3837:Constantine 3761:Crucifixion 3263:Texier 2012 3251:Darcos 1998 3221:Ducher 1988 3209:Texier 2012 3184:Ducher 1988 3141:Ducher 1988 3100:(in French) 3085:Ducher 1988 3070:Ducher 1988 3040:Mignon 2015 3001:Mignon 2015 2972:Ducher 1988 2870:High Gothic 2807:1500–1508: 2783:1435–1521: 2776:1405–1527: 2762:1340–1410: 2525:(1238–1248) 2514:(1194–1260) 2503:(1135–1171) 2111:Rose window 2012:Jules Verne 1976:Félix Duban 1946:Victor Hugo 1866:(1841–1857) 1783:meurtrières 1759:mâchicoulis 1733:, begun by 1610:During the 1551:Jean Goujon 1543:Jean Goujon 1450:Unfinished 1303:(1440–1450) 1232:(1252–1364) 1017:(1282–1480) 986:(1211–1331) 970:(1155–1379) 954:(1220–1522) 934:(1280–1325) 692:(1238–1248) 668:claire-voie 634:High Gothic 604:(1220–1266) 537:Rose window 489:clerestorey 484:claire-voie 450:Carolingian 411:(1153–1191) 395:(1140–1164) 229:High Gothic 213:High Gothic 6131:Gothic art 6110:Categories 5909:Isabelline 5899:Flamboyant 5773:By country 5439:Oratorians 5394:Dominicans 5364:Carmelites 5359:Camillians 5307:institutes 5120:Tridentine 5056:Antiochian 4976:Macedonian 4921:Belarusian 4811:Provincial 4726:Archbishop 4646:Roman Rota 4608:Properties 4533:By country 4529:Precedence 4494:Confessors 4474:Archangels 4464:Patriarchs 4364:Philosophy 4342:Veneration 4307:Assumption 4277:Last rites 4244:Sacraments 4188:Four marks 3999:Vatican II 3947:Modern era 3783:Succession 3500:Gothic Art 3153:Lours 2018 2901:References 2860:Flamboyant 2469:Notre Dame 2447:depicting 2359:grotesques 1806:portcullis 1295:Palace of 966:Facade of 859:Flamboyant 600:Facade of 466:ambulatory 446:Abbé Suger 257:flamboyant 102:; bottom: 90:Top left: 5919:Rayonnant 5914:Manueline 5851:Catalonia 5826:Lithuania 5775:or region 5680:See also: 5632:Charities 5541:Discalced 5469:Trappists 5464:Theatines 5434:Olivetans 5379:Clarisses 5349:Blue nuns 5334:Basilians 5311:societies 5219:See also: 5105:Mozarabic 5095:Ambrosian 5081:Malankara 5066:Byzantine 5026:Ukrainian 5001:Ruthenian 4966:Hungarian 4951:Ethiopian 4926:Bulgarian 4893:sui iuris 4877:Postulant 4786:Religious 4741:Auxiliary 4736:Coadjutor 4706:Patriarch 4574:Cardinals 4521:Canon law 4517:Hierarchy 4499:Disciples 4422:Relations 4410:Evolution 4401:See also: 4346:See also: 4299:Mariology 4289:Matrimony 4262:Eucharist 4183:Ecumenism 4111:Salvation 4047:Catechism 4042:Tradition 4004:Communism 3852:Chalcedon 2855:Rayonnant 2814:1507–13: 2488:, Paris. 2461:Bathsheba 2398:labyrinth 2334:Labyrinth 2283:Gargoyles 2254:grisaille 2246:transepts 2193:triforium 2176:pinnacles 2132:rib vault 1795:crossbows 1790:arbalètes 1775:bretèches 1392:accolades 1388:Compiègne 1348:Compiègne 1048:Champagne 982:Choir of 848:Choir of 755:archivolt 742:Rayonnant 654:rib vault 555:Choir of 493:Rayonnant 479:triforium 462:rib vault 434:new style 379:(c. 1140) 255:Gothique 246:Rayonnant 240:rayonnant 238:Gothique 189:basilicas 158:rib vault 6070:Category 6019:Gargoyle 5872:By style 5861:Valencia 5841:Portugal 5802:Southern 5724:Category 5617:Opus Dei 5602:Scouting 5592:Focolare 5459:Servites 5444:Piarists 5389:Crosiers 5125:Anglican 5061:Armenian 4991:Romanian 4981:Maronite 4956:Georgian 4946:Eritrean 4931:Chaldean 4916:Armenian 4911:Albanian 4792:Superior 4751:Emeritus 4731:Diocesan 4584:Advisers 4543:Holy See 4469:Prophets 4427:Politics 4198:Catholic 4178:Councils 4033:Theology 3912:Crusades 3847:Nicaea I 3778:Apostles 3756:Ministry 3725:Timeline 3705:Glossary 2823:See also 2759:in Paris 2660:Normandy 2628:Normandy 2590:1150 c. 2449:Hercules 2437:Burgundy 2406:Minotaur 2375:tarasque 2363:gargoyle 2214:tympanum 2130:and the 2093:Tympanum 2077:tympanum 1744:créneaux 1715:Crusades 1408:Brussels 1384:Flanders 1205:Toulouse 1153:Burgundy 1059:Normandy 1035:Toulouse 952:Burgundy 946:Nave of 932:Burgundy 868:nervures 663:gargoyle 460:and the 436:was the 407:Nave of 391:Nave of 325:Sorbonne 209:triforia 120:Location 6082:Commons 6051:Tracery 6044:Swedish 6034:English 5856:Levante 5792:England 5787:Czechia 5782:Belarus 5689:Schools 5645:Caritas 5553:Secular 5519:Workers 5414:Jesuits 5200:Museums 5195:Library 5173:Writers 5168:Artists 5148:Culture 5115:Paul VI 4996:Russian 4986:Melkite 4828:Brother 4806:General 4746:Titular 4716:Primate 4694:Eparchy 4684:Diocese 4631:Outline 4570:College 4560:Francis 4504:Virgins 4479:Martyrs 4405:Science 4312:History 4267:Penance 4252:Baptism 4153:Worship 4126:Vulgate 4074:Kingdom 4069:Trinity 4057:General 3812:Primacy 3720:History 3700:Outline 2742:Avignon 2725:on the 2441:Auxerre 2367:chimera 2352:alchemy 2301:Chimera 2189:tribune 1814:Nemours 1751:merlons 1605:Molière 1427:Bourges 1377:Avignon 1301:Bourges 1230:Avignon 1195:in the 805:(1370s) 789:(1370s) 474:arcades 440:in the 276:Origins 106:, Paris 6094:Voyage 6039:French 5991:Poland 5986:Canada 5933:By use 5836:Poland 5819:Venice 5797:France 5567:Fimcap 5509:Marian 5429:Minims 5161:Marian 5011:Syriac 5006:Slovak 4936:Coptic 4872:Oblate 4867:Master 4862:Novice 4857:Hermit 4845:Sister 4801:Abbess 4768:Deacon 4763:Priest 4758:Parish 4701:Bishop 4671:Polity 4457:Joseph 4439:Saints 4106:Saints 3994:Nazism 3629: 3611: 3592: 3577: 3559: 3540: 3521: 3506: 3488: 3469: 3450: 3344: 2747:1284: 2732:1252: 2721:1238: 2714:1231: 2700:1225: 2686:1220: 2679:1217: 2672:1211: 2665:1210: 2654:1210: 2647:1194: 2640:1183: 2622:1170: 2615:1170: 2608:1163: 2601:1162: 2583:1155: 2576:1153: 2569:1150: 2562:1145: 2551:1135: 2544:1130: 2463:. The 2420:, and 2373:, the 2371:dragon 2369:, the 2365:, the 2235:Large 2205:portal 1727:donjon 1599:, and 1547:Louvre 1412:Bruges 1402:, and 1366:(1509) 1248:(1302) 1075:chevet 1073:, the 901:Angers 339:, and 152:, and 132:is an 123:France 5846:Spain 5814:Milan 5809:Italy 5665:CIDSE 5514:Youth 5238:Media 5205:Music 5130:Zaire 5110:Roman 5100:Braga 5090:Latin 4961:Greek 4833:Friar 4797:Abbot 4711:Major 4626:Index 4525:Laity 4091:Dogma 4038:Bible 4014:Islam 3970:Trent 3751:Jesus 3733:Legal 3695:Index 3426:Guide 3414:Guide 3402:Guide 3390:Guide 3378:Guide 3016:Guide 2789:Rouen 2557:Suger 2457:David 2453:Reims 2402:Minos 1978:with 1862:, by 1802:moats 1793:, or 1670:today 1400:Douai 1396:Arras 1282:Douai 1134:Maine 1115:Anjou 454:choir 298:Suger 290:Reims 181:) or 5190:Folk 4838:Monk 4579:List 4557:Pope 4452:Mary 3627:ISBN 3609:ISBN 3590:ISBN 3575:ISBN 3557:ISBN 3538:ISBN 3519:ISBN 3504:ISBN 3486:ISBN 3467:ISBN 3448:ISBN 3342:ISBN 2751:and 2459:and 2261:and 2154:and 2142:and 1771:and 1666:The 1529:and 1410:and 1260:The 1140:and 1046:and 874:and 857:The 203:or ( 160:and 5504:Lay 5156:Art 4850:Nun 4572:of 4064:God 2740:in 2626:in 2336:of 2113:in 2095:at 1997:by 1944:by 1576:by 1561:by 1425:in 1299:in 1228:in 1203:of 1179:). 1077:of 950:in 930:in 628:or 487:or 6112:: 5309:, 4799:, 3364:^ 3321:^ 3270:^ 3243:^ 3228:^ 3169:. 3133:^ 3117:^ 3077:^ 3062:^ 3047:^ 3008:^ 2991:^ 2964:^ 2787:, 2658:, 2475:. 2416:, 2412:, 2354:. 2150:, 1816:. 1595:, 1525:. 1398:, 1101:. 1093:; 1085:; 1081:; 1069:, 343:. 335:, 272:. 148:, 144:, 5946:) 5942:( 5895:) 5891:( 5885:) 5881:( 5758:e 5751:t 5744:v 5304:, 4788:: 4677:) 4673:( 4550:) 4546:( 3676:e 3669:t 3662:v 3635:. 3617:. 3598:. 3565:. 3546:. 3527:. 3494:. 3475:. 3456:. 3380:. 3173:. 2958:. 2917:. 2791:. 1741:( 1033:( 248:. 231:. 195:. 177:( 20:)

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