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news or information that could "tarnish the country's reputation or undermine confidence in it abroad" and the death penalty for "whoever spreads within the country, by whatever means, theories or principles aiming to change the basic principles of the
Constitution or the fundamental structures of the social system or to overthrow the state's political, social or economic structures or destroy any of the fundamental structures of the social system using violence, terrorism or any other unlawful means". Given the broad nature of these prohibitions and the harsh penalties attached, Libyan journalists practiced a considerable degree of
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grown to 28, by late May to 65, and in August it was over 120. So far all are weeklies and almost all are in Arabic. The Libya Post is the first all
English language publication. Staffs run the gamut from enthusiastic amateur to professional. In spite of the large number of new publications, much of the coverage of the Libyan conflict has been left to international media outlets such as CNN and Al Jazeera, in part due to a lack of experienced professional staff, in part to years of living under a repressive media regime, and in part due to a shortage of financing.
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788:, east of Tripoli, by forces loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. According to Robertson "This was no accidental arrest, no fortunate stumbling across a news team. They had planned this all along." The taxi driver, who was driving the crew and Robertson, was also held. According to Robertson the taxi driver had "done nothing more than give us a ride. He had no idea he might get into trouble." Robertson and his crew were released later the same day.
539:, Libya TV has correspondents throughout Libya. Libya TV admits to being a propaganda tool in the effort to dislodge the country's long-time leader, but show hosts have welcomed pro-Gaddafi loyalists to call in and air their views. The channel expected to make a decision sometime in October 2011 about staying in Doha or moving to Tripoli. In September 2012 Libya TV was broadcasting from Doha and had studios in Benghazi and Tripoli.
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opposition-controlled areas. This proximity and relative freedom of access to the opposition side of events, combined with reporters' natural sympathies for what they see as genuine popular rebellions against despotic regimes, undoubtedly aided the opposition and hurt the
Gaddafi-government in getting their respective messages out.
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Social media networks are used in two distinct ways during conflicts: as organizing tools and as broadcasting platforms. During the civil war in Libya the emphasis was on broadcasting to the rest of the world, because only a relatively few
Libyans (5%) had access to the Internet, because the Internet
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On 12 August the
Gaddafi regime announced that "any citizen in possession of a Thuraya must hold an authorisation to use it in accordance with the laws and regulations" and otherwise would "be punished according to the law that criminalizes communicating with the enemy in time of war, and stipulates
810:
On 7 April, following a series of individual arrests and deportations in previous weeks, the Libyan government decided to deport 26 foreign journalists, who had all been invited to
Tripoli by the government, on the grounds that their visas had expired. As of 18 April several journalists being held by
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newspaper was released by pro-Gaddafi forces after being held for eight days. Netto, who is normally based in Paris, was arrested by pro-Gaddafi forces at the
Tunisian-Libyan border as he was trying to resolve problems regarding the way he had entered the country. His newspaper said he was beaten and
721:
actually on the ground. This in turn meant that the media could not independently verify accounts and so reported them as "claims" or "allegations" rather than as "facts". The restrictions on and the attempts to control the media by the
Gaddafi-regime continued until the government fled from Tripoli.
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There was no
Internet traffic for several hours on 19 February and again the next day. Traffic picked up over the next few days to almost normal levels. On 22 February, XS4ALL, a Netherlands-based ISP, made its modem lines available for free. (While international calls are expensive, they do provide
720:
At the start of the conflict in late
February and early March 2011, few international journalists operated in Libya. They worked under the close supervision of government minders and could not travel freely. As a result, international news organizations frequently relied on phone reports from people
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on 16 September when a round fired by a pro-Gaddafi sniper killed one man, passed through the body of another man, and hit Mohammed under the arm, in a gap in his bullet-proof vest. Shrapnel from an exploding shell seriously injured the French freelance photographer Olivier Sarbil in the face, arms
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On 24 August, four Italian journalists were kidnapped by Gaddafi loyalists on the road to Zawiya, about 40 km west of Tripoli and were taken to an apartment in the capital. Their abductors killed their Libyan driver in front of them. The journalists say they were roughed up and their equipment
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When protests first began in Libya the media presence there was scarce so the story filtered out via social media thanks to courageous citizen journalists. Then, when the fighting intensified, global media numbers increased exponentially. Now there are hoards of international news teams camped out
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pages told a different story. When Facebook and Twitter were blocked inside the country, users managed to circumvent restrictions by using satellite connections, proxy servers, and other means. Various other anti-government citizens compiled the amateur videos, pictures, and other sources of media
814:
On 18 May Libya released four foreign journalists, one day after a suspended sentence of one year and a $ 154 fine were imposed for their illegal entry to Libya. The British, Spanish, and two American journalists were captured on 4 April by Muammar al-Gaddafi's military and detained for six weeks.
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and two of its installations on 30 July killed three of its journalists and wounded 21 others, according to reports by Al-Jamahiriya which could not be immediately verified. NATO said it carried out the air strikes in order to silence the regime's "terror broadcasts" and put a stop to its "use of
418:
Libyan law provided for freedom of speech "within the limits of public interest and principles of the Revolution", but in practice freedom of speech and the press was severely limited, particularly criticism of government officials or policy. Penalties included life prison-sentences for spreading
672:
The Libyan civil war has brought forth many new magazines and newspapers, including Al-Jazirah Al-Libiyah, Intifada Al-Ahrar, Al-Kalima, Libya Hurriya (Free Libya), Akhbar Al-Aan and many others. At the end of March there were half a dozen or so new publications. By the beginning of May that had
414:
In 2009 Libya had 1.1 million fixed-line and 5.0 million mobile-cellular telephone subscribers for a combined fixed-mobile density approaching 100 telephones per 100 persons. In 2009 a single government-owned service-provider offered Internet access to an estimated 5.5 percent of the population.
888:
On 1 February 2011 state security police arrested the writer and political commentator Jamal al-Hajji, who had used the Internet to call for peaceful protests in Libya. At the start of the uprising on 16 February, state security police arrested the director of local news-site Irasa, Taqi Al-Din
903:
At 6:00 am on 3 March, Internet traffic effectively ceased, except for a very limited amount of traffic carried on satellite links, when the government severed the underwater backbone fiber-optic cable that runs along the coast and links networks in the east to servers in the west of the
826:
While foreign journalists reported from opposition-controlled areas in relative freedom, there were regular reports of opposition fighters preventing reporters from covering events they considered embarrassing. Such incidents seemed to increase in May and June as the push to overthrow Gaddafi
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at the start of the Libyan civil war to provide news and on-ground footage from Benghazi. It was the first private television station in Benghazi, in the east of the country and the only TV broadcast from Benghazi when the internet was shut down as the war began. Alhurra TV was able to bypass
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The opposition badly wanted to get its story out to the rest of the world and so, as soon as they acquired a territorial base in Benghazi, foreign reporters were able to join them. These reporters were, to a large extent, free to travel wherever and to talk to whomever they wished within
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stalled. For example in the rebel enclave of Misrata, 188 kilometres (117 miles) from Tripoli, opposition officials prevented journalists from traveling to the front and required them to use only "approved" translators, a condition not imposed in other areas under opposition control.
803:-based satellite TV station Al-Jazeera, on 12 March in an ambush on the outskirts of the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi. Al-Jazeera said Al Jaber was returning to Benghazi after reporting in a nearby town when the gunmen opened fire on his car, killing him and another passenger.
461:, his home town, at around 1000 GMT. The numbers demonstrating were significantly greater than the previous day, with the crowd chanting: "Oh Jazeera! You despicable one." The TV aired live coverage of a speech by Gaddafi from the evening before, in which he denounced both the
732:, the Libyan authorities continue to stigmatize the foreign media. On 21 February Muammar Gaddafi referred to foreign TV stations as "stray dogs", while the Foreign Minister warned that the pro-Gaddafi forces would regard any journalists illegally entering Libya as agents of
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Citizen journalists provided an alternative to the official media in their portrayal of the protests and the turmoil across the country. While state media showed only pro-Gaddafi protests, pictures and video from mobile phones that made their way from Libya onto
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NATO used Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other online media as part of a wide range of sources of information, ranging from unmanned aerial drones to television news, to help determine potential targets for air-strikes in Libya and to assess their success.
355:
There is a cacophony of competing narratives coming out of Libya. From propaganda on the country's state-run broadcaster, to propaganda on rebel-controlled radio, to international reporting with a clear agenda, it is enough to make your head spin.
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service by a company affiliated with one of Colonel Gaddafi's sons. But the nationalization of these ventures in 2009 signaled the end to several years of improving conditions for the media. In January 2010 Libya began censoring the Internet.
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until it was nationalized in 2009. Its reporting was sympathetic to Gaddafi until rebel forces took control of Benghazi in early 2011. After that, it reported more openly and claimed to be impartial. On 23 February
78:
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onto websites to continue the protest. Early in the revolt some activists crossed into Egypt to post online videos and photos taken with mobile phones or tweeted news about events in the country. The hacker group
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described it as "Libya's most reliable media outlet". However, there have been reports that the paper was seized by protesters and its web site shows the flag of the Libyan Republic, which the rebels use.
453:, which the TV said had been held "across Libya". There were about 200 to 300 demonstrators, the vast majority of whom were men, at each protest shown. At one point, a crowd could be heard chanting anti-
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was already being filtered by the government prior to the start of protests in mid-February, and because the Internet in Libya was almost completely shutdown by the government starting in early March.
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After 22 August, the day Tripoli fell to the rebels, Internet traffic began increasing again and by 2 September had reached daily levels in excess of 50% and often as high as 75% of pre-war levels.
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provided Libyans with tools to get round the censorship and some of its members reportedly managed to set up parallel networks. The group also helped people to pass on photos and videos.
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71:
615:. The outlets operate independently and with separate programing, although they share similar aims. They all carry material strongly supportive of the rebels and firmly critical of
3139:
1779:
657:" who met the Libyan leader and condemned the protests. The front page of state-owned Al-Jamahiriya was dedicated to pro-Gaddafi demonstrations and his public appearance at the
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687:) is a privately owned Libyan newspaper published weekly in print and on the internet. Based in Benghazi, the country's second largest city, its original name was Quryna (
39:
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Al-Chalawi, and its editor, Abdel Fattah Bourwaq. Blogger Mohammed Al-Ashim Masmari was also arrested after he reported on the demonstrations for the BBC and Al-Jazeera.
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the government had been released. While the exact number of journalists still being held remained unknown, at least five foreign journalists were still being detained.
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government blocks on the Internet in order to broadcast live images from Benghazi across the world. On 19 March, Nabbous was killed by pro-Gaddafi troops during the
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in the center of the capital, which housed 130 journalists invited by the government. Threatening to arrest all those who went out without permission, government
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in the east of the country on 16 February and continued with its usual programming on 17 February. During its morning bulletin, Libyan TV continuously showed
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prefix announcements from the Internet for a short period, cutting Libya off from the rest of the Internet. The prefixes were re-advertised six hours later.
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807:, the director-general of Al Jazeera, said that the killing came after "an unprecedented campaign" against the network by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
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630:, began broadcasting from Benghazi. There is no evidence that this station has any connection with the Voice of Free Libya station in the same city.
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From 10 July Internet traffic began increasing again and, after a brief shutdown on 15 July, it reached roughly 15% of its previous levels.
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557:, following the fall of Tripoli in August 2011. Al Urubah, Al-Jamahiriyah, and Al-Shababiyah have been off the air since late August 2011.
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Headlines on 17 February in state-owned Libyan papers continued to highlight pro-Gaddafi demonstrations or his public engagements.
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The former youth station, Al-Shababiyah FM, was re-launched under the new name, Al-Shababiyah 17 February FM, in late August 2011.
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579:) or sometimes Radio Free Libya (Arabic: Idha'at Libya al-Hurra) are the names used by several radio stations aligned with the
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1808:"Libya: Col Muammar Gaddafi has launched a fierce attack on the Internet as the country teeters on the brink of civil war"
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present in Tripoli were barred from leaving their hotels. Security agents blocked all attempts by reporters to leave the
251:
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1765:"Convictions in Muscat, cameraman on life support in Sanaa, journalists injured in Libya and arbitrary arrests in Syria"
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was blocked on 24 January following the posting of videos of demonstrations by the families of prisoners in the city of
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Seven foreign journalists were wounded in late August and September. Russian journalist Orkhan Djamal, of the daily
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is the state broadcaster", and "most Libyan newspapers are either directly or indirectly owned by the government".
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835:, the Prime Minister of the opposition National Transitional Council, for a meeting with Italian Prime Minister
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1128:"A Courthouse in Benghazi: The Nerve Center of the Libyan Revolution - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International"
553:, a pro-Gaddafi television station, broadcast messages from the deposed leader and his information minister,
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Mohamed Ballout, a journalist with dual French and Lebanese nationality working for the BBC, was injured in
649:'s Al-Ghad Media Corporation but is now state-owned, carried an upbeat report about order being restored in
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1665:"Co-founder of independent newspaper dies in custody in Bahrain, some journalists freed in Syria and Libya"
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satellite television as a means to intimidate the Libyan people and incite acts of violence against them."
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photographer Alvaro Canovas was shot in the thigh while covering a rebel assault in Tripoli on 23 August.
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On 18 February, the day after the first protests that lead to the civil war, Libya withdrew all of its
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After opposition forces went into Tripoli on 21 August, publication of state-owned newspapers, such as
488:, which had been providing live coverage of the recent events and interviewing residents by telephone.
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411:'s family attending parties. Other independent opposition websites were blocked at the same time.
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overview of Libyan media as of March 2011, "the state strictly controls the media", "the
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For graphs of Google traffic, which give a reasonable picture of all internet traffic, see
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with rebel forces or reporting from the country's capital and Gaddafi stronghold, Tripoli.
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This synopsis from Al Jazeera gives a sense of what the media war was like as of 12 March:
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527:, after the NTC media minister, Mahmum Shammam, recruited a small group of volunteers via
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The Libyan government authorized non-governmental media in 2007, leading to the launch of
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1647:"Gaddafi regime decides to deport 26 foreign journalists who had been invited to Tripoli"
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NATO air strikes on the Tripoli headquarters of the state-owned national TV broadcaster
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848:, sustained a non-life-threatening leg-injury during fighting in Tripoli on 22 August.
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1062:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011
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was jammed starting 23 February. The stations carried by Nilesat included U.S.-based
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Libya TV, also known as Libya Al-Ahrar TV, is a satellite TV channel broadcast from
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in February 2011. Other rebel-controlled radio stations are reported to operate in
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and legs during fighting between pro- and anti-Gaddafi forces on 17 September in
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and material confiscated. Their abduction came on the eve of a visit to Italy by
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TV slogans. The TV started broadcasting a pro-Gaddafi demonstration live from
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country. Engineers believed that the break occurred between the cities of
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1599:"AFP confirms that three foreign journalists were arrested near Ajdabiya"
1557:"Al-Jazeera cameraman killed in ambush near rebel stronghold of Benghazi"
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17:
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1241:"NATO attacks on national TV headquarters and installations in Tripoli"
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1381:"Libyan newspapers mushroom in an outpouring of pent-up frustration"
839:. The four journalists were released by their captors the next day.
1212:, Anealla Safdar, The National (Abu Dhabi Media), 19 September 2011
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1753:"Four Italian journalists released after being held for 24 hours"
1531:"Nic Robertson, CNN Correspondent, Kidnapped By Ghadafi HenchMen"
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1250:, Reporters Without Borders, 1 August 2011, updated 3 August 2011
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619:. Output is in Arabic, with the Nalut station also said to use
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1872:"Journalists confined to their hotels, Internet disconnected"
1210:"Libya tunes in to first TV station without Qaddafi's shadow"
1108:"Journalists confined to their hotels, Internet disconnected"
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said the presence of journalists on the street could provoke
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653:. One article reported on the families of "17 February 2006
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1901:"Libya Traffic Divided by Worldwide Traffic and Normalized"
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Internet censorship and surveillance in Africa § Libya
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1559:. Reporters Without Borders. 13 March 2011. Archived from
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an alternative when regular Internet access is blocked.)
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380:
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1715:
1078:"Libyan private and state media slant protest coverage"
1965:"One Libyan Battle Is Fought in Social and News Media"
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1893:
1629:"Syrian journalist missing, Reuters reporter deported"
1484:
1420:"Libya crew abort bombing mission on Benghazi: report"
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kept blindfolded during the eight days he was held in
1050:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 27 September 2011
2006:, Reporters Without Borders, accessed 1 October 2011
1913:"Libya threatens death for unauthorised Thuraya use"
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1038:, Reporters Without Borders, accessed 1 October 2011
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describes the ability of domestic and international
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1150:"Online journalist Mohamed Nabbous killed in Libya"
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1947:"Did Twitter, Facebook really build a revolution?"
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583:. The stations began operating from the cities of
3227:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265
1942:
1940:
1706:"Libya's Rebels Grow Wary of Western Journalists"
1301:
912:, and could be a physical or electronic rupture.
531:. With headquarters in Doha and studios in Doha,
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3130:International reactions to military intervention
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1746:
1738:Libyan rebels in Misrata restrict press freedoms
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1260:"Gadhafi Urges Libyans to Drive Away 'Infidels'"
1065:
3247:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016
3242:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009
3237:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
3232:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970
1777:"Libyan writer detained following protest call"
1447:"The difficulty of reporting from inside Libya"
503:, is an Internet television channel founded by
1937:
1767:, Reporters Without Borders, 21 September 2011
1722:"Libya: Media on the frontlines of revolution"
1508:"Brazilian reporter released after eight days"
1491:"Libya: Media on the frontlines of revolution"
1281:"Libya media: Gaddafi mouthpieces fall silent"
441:Libya's state-owned TV made no mention of the
2044:
1849:, Cory Doctorow, BoingBoing, 22 February 2011
1743:
1409:, International Media Support, 22 August 2011
669:led exclusively with coverage of this event.
33:
3272:denote operations or battles related to the
3050:Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture
2016:"Anti-Gaddafi forces add Twitter to armoury"
1142:
2058:
1874:. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from
1859:"How 'rebel' phone network evaded shutdown"
1819:
1755:, Reporters Without Borders, 25 August 2011
1724:, Listening Post video report (4:31–5:04),
1493:, Listening Post video report (1:01–8:22),
1371:, official website, accessed 1 October 2011
1024:
1022:
990:, Listening Post, Al Jazeera, 12 March 2011
523:. It was created in late March 2011 by the
3145:International reactions to Gaddafi's death
2139:Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
2051:
2037:
1934:, James Cowie, rensys blog, 21 August 2011
1810:, Reporters Without Borders, 11 March 2011
1156:. Media Spy. 20 March 2011. Archived from
858:cameraman Bruno Girodon was shot near the
784:and his crew were detained on 11 March in
626:In May 2011, an English-language station,
385:Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation
47:
40:
26:
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1117:, Reporters Without Borders, 4 March 2011
1786:, Amnesty International, 8 February 2011
1390:, Michel Cousins, Arab News, 8 June 2011
1351:"Radio free Benghazi – the war of words"
1019:
472:The signal of the TV satellite operator
3140:U.S. reactions to military intervention
1694:Libya releases four foreign journalists
1400:"Libyan media not covering its own war"
1314:"New media emerge in 'liberated' Libya"
1181:"The Revolution Will Soon Be Televised"
1120:
469:" allies in front of a cheering crowd.
361:Media conditions prior to the civil war
3335:
3315:
3135:Protests against military intervention
1861:, Evan Hill, Al Jazerra, 23 April 2011
969:Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
739:On the morning of 4 March the foreign
715:
3207:Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign
2032:
1997:"Countries Under Surveillance: Libya"
1962:
1231:Libya TV, retrieved 13 September 2012
774:, a town 60 km west of Tripoli.
21:
3291:
3003:Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi
1922:, Middle East Online, 12 August 2011
1582:"Al Jazeera staffer killed in Libya"
1528:
1479:"Trapped journalists in Libya freed"
1339:"Future for Libya: Radio Free Libya"
919:penalties up to the death penalty".
791:Unidentified gunmen shot and killed
323:Free speech in the media during the
1932:"The Battle for Tripoli's Internet"
780:Senior International Correspondent
692:
684:
496:
13:
1179:Hounshell, Blake (28 March 2011).
665:the day before, while state-owned
14:
3384:
1903:, Google, accessed 1 October 2011
1835:"Libya blocks access to Internet"
1191:from the original on 5 April 2011
1060:"2010 Human rights Report: Libya"
862:complex in Tripoli on 24 August.
3314:
3302:
3290:
3279:
3278:
2018:, Tim Bradshaw and James Blitz,
1963:Mekay, Emad (23 February 2011).
1820:James Cowie (18 February 2011).
953:
3343:Freedom of the press by country
2336:Battle of the Misrata frontline
2009:
1990:
1956:
1925:
1906:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1770:
1758:
1731:
1699:
1687:
1671:. 18 April 2011. Archived from
1657:
1639:
1621:
1605:. 22 March 2011. Archived from
1591:
1575:
1549:
1522:
1500:
1472:
1456:
1440:
1393:
1374:
1360:
1344:
1332:
1286:
1253:
1234:
1215:
1203:
761:On 11 March Brazilian reporter
645:, which was previously part of
407:, and of footage of members of
3274:military intervention in Libya
2390:Second Gulf of Sidra offensive
1847:"Free dial-up ISP for Libyans"
1341:, blog from March 2011 onwards
1053:
1041:
993:
981:
1:
3217:National Transitional Council
2238:Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road
2228:First Gulf of Sidra offensive
1795:According to the daily paper
1533:. newsvillian. Archived from
974:
636:
525:National Transitional Council
426:
3181:Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209
3070:Mitiga International Airport
3060:Green Square/Martyrs' Square
2866:Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai
2786:Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi
1837:, Wikinews, 22 February 2011
1283:, BBC News, 2 September 2011
7:
3152:Factional violence in Libya
2459:Operation Unified Protector
1048:"CIA World Factbook: Libya"
988:"Libya: The propaganda war"
946:
877:
815:The journalists worked for
336:free from interference and
10:
3389:
3197:Belarus in Libyan conflict
2998:Prince Mohammed El Senussi
1481:, Wikinews, 25 August 2011
1293:"Finding a voice in Libya"
1130:. Spiegel.de. 4 March 2011
881:
823:, USA Today, and the BBC.
564:
430:
364:
311:Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
3353:Arab Spring and the media
3265:
3189:
3164:2014–2020 civil war
3083:
3030:
2945:
2909:
2826:Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi
2781:Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi
2703:
2477:
2468:
2419:
2294:
2261:
2223:Second Battle of Benghazi
2178:
2169:
2161:Revolutionary Guard Corps
2109:
2066:
1951:Christian Science Monitor
1669:Reporters Without Borders
1651:Reporters Without Borders
1633:Reporters Without Borders
1603:Reporters Without Borders
1405:13 September 2011 at the
1227:21 September 2012 at the
730:Reporters Without Borders
571:The Voice of Free Libya (
510:Second Battle of Benghazi
449:in support of leader Col
59:
3202:Democratic Party (Libya)
3176:Manchester Arena bombing
3008:Hussein Sadiq al Musrati
2801:Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid
2675:Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi
2545:Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak
2319:Nafusa Mountain Campaign
2193:First Battle of Benghazi
2122:National Liberation Army
1918:22 November 2016 at the
1740:, Wikinews, 24 June 2011
1386:2 September 2011 at the
961:Freedom of speech portal
560:
443:anti-government protests
3358:Libyan civil war (2011)
3125:International reactions
3101:Human rights violations
2645:Mustafa A. G. Abushagur
2373:Second Battle of Zawiya
2368:Rebel coastal offensive
2060:Libyan civil war (2011)
1782:9 February 2011 at the
1696:, Wikinews, 21 May 2011
1029:"Country report: Libya"
1001:"Libya Country Profile"
567:The Voice of Free Libya
3373:2010s internet outages
3113:Humanitarian situation
3075:People's Hall, Tripoli
2937:J. Christopher Stevens
2896:Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi
2871:Salih Rajab al-Mismari
2452:Operation Odyssey Dawn
2407:Second Tripoli clashes
2314:First Battle of Zawiya
2248:Fourth Battle of Brega
2213:Second Battle of Brega
2022:(London), 15 June 2011
1529:Sean (12 March 2011).
358:
332:to report news inside
51:First Libyan Civil War
2963:Abdel Rahman Shalgham
2721:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
2665:Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi
2655:Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi
2560:Abdel Moneim al-Houni
2304:First Tripoli clashes
2233:Third Battle of Brega
2198:First Battle of Brega
2127:Free Libyan Air Force
882:Further information:
647:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
371:Censorship by country
365:Further information:
349:
3157:2012 Benghazi attack
2891:Bashir Saghir Hawadi
2886:Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam
2876:Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud
2776:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
2402:Battle of Bani Walid
2203:Battle of Ra's Lanuf
2099:16 August–23 October
2084:15 February–18 March
2002:4 March 2016 at the
1246:4 March 2016 at the
1113:4 March 2016 at the
1034:4 March 2016 at the
767:O Estado de S. Paulo
3368:Mass media in Libya
3252:Voice of Free Libya
2861:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
2796:Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam
2791:Bashir Saleh Bashir
2716:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
2695:Mahmoud al-Werfalli
2690:Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo
2530:Mohammed Ali Madani
2485:Mustafa Abdul Jalil
2438:Opération Harmattan
2208:Battle of Bin Jawad
1822:"Libyan Disconnect"
1463:"Close your window"
1264:Wall Street Journal
793:Ali Hassan al-Jaber
745:Rixos Al Nasr Hotel
716:International media
577:Sawt Libya al-Hurra
375:Press Freedom Index
3222:Topple the Tyrants
3096:Domestic responses
2968:Abdessalam Jalloud
2917:James G. Stavridis
2836:Massoud Abdelhafid
2751:Ali Sharif al-Rifi
2595:Ali Attalah Obeidi
2570:Abdurrahim El-Keib
2535:Mustafa Bin Dardef
2505:Abdelhakim Belhadj
2495:Abdul Fatah Younis
2351:Battle of Tawergha
2243:Cyrenaica campaign
2218:Battle of Ajdabiya
1969:The New York Times
1728:, 3 September 2011
1708:, Steven Sotloff,
1497:, 3 September 2011
1428:. 23 February 2011
1320:. 25 February 2011
1084:. 17 February 2011
819:, GlobalPost, the
817:The New York Times
659:Ahly football club
621:Berber (Tamazight)
491:Libya Alhurra TV (
3363:Freedom of speech
3348:War and the media
3330:
3329:
3065:Maydan al Shajara
3031:Places, buildings
3026:
3025:
3013:Mustafa Ben Halim
2761:Abuzed Omar Dorda
2680:Mohammed Magariaf
2630:Sadiq Al-Ghariani
2550:Jalal al-Digheily
2515:Abdul Hafiz Ghoga
2415:
2414:
2385:Battle of Tripoli
2380:Ras Ajdir clashes
2329:Battle of Gharyan
2309:Battle of Misrata
1537:on 3 January 2019
1296:BBC World Service
1160:on 6 January 2012
837:Silvio Berlusconi
319:
318:
274:2nd Gulf of Sidra
252:Coastal Offensive
196:Misrata Frontline
191:Cyrenaican desert
176:1st Gulf of Sidra
3380:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3281:
3106:Rape allegations
3040:Abu Salim prison
2988:Mohammed Nabbous
2922:Charles Bouchard
2901:Mustafa Kharoubi
2766:Baghdadi Mahmudi
2746:Abdullah Senussi
2736:Al-Saadi Gaddafi
2731:Mutassim Gaddafi
2660:Salwa Bughaighis
2625:Ismail al-Salabi
2580:Ahmed al-Senussi
2575:Osama al-Juwaili
2520:Suleiman Mahmoud
2475:
2474:
2445:Operation Mobile
2431:Operation Ellamy
2363:Msallata clashes
2346:Battle of Zliten
2324:Battle of Wazzin
2176:
2175:
2149:Libyan Air Force
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1774:
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1762:
1756:
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1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1449:, Jon Williams,
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1416:
1410:
1397:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1353:, Zoe Williams,
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1267:
1266:, 25 August 2011
1262:, Leila Hatoum,
1257:
1251:
1238:
1232:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1176:
1170:
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1089:
1074:
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1045:
1039:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
997:
991:
985:
963:
958:
957:
956:
799:working for the
694:
686:
498:
497:قناة ليبيا الحرة
484:, and UAE-based
433:Libya Alhurra TV
325:Libyan civil war
129:Nafusa Mountains
54:
52:
42:
35:
28:
19:
18:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3261:
3185:
3079:
3055:Giuliana Bridge
3032:
3022:
3018:Ihab Al-Mismari
2983:Nuri al-Mismari
2978:Imbarek Shamekh
2941:
2905:
2816:Khweldi Hameidi
2711:Muammar Gaddafi
2699:
2650:Ahmed Omar Bani
2610:Yousef Mangoush
2600:Mahdi al-Harati
2585:Hussein Darbouk
2464:
2411:
2395:Battle of Sirte
2358:Zawiya skirmish
2341:Zliten uprising
2290:
2281:Battle of Sabha
2276:Fezzan campaign
2257:
2253:Ra's Lanuf raid
2188:Battle of Bayda
2165:
2105:
2089:19 March–31 May
2062:
2057:
2027:
2026:
2020:Financial Times
2014:
2010:
2004:Wayback Machine
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1920:Wayback Machine
1911:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1878:on 4 March 2016
1870:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1784:Wayback Machine
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1675:on 4 March 2016
1663:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1635:. 4 April 2011.
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1609:on 4 March 2016
1597:
1596:
1592:
1588:, 12 March 2011
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1563:on 4 March 2016
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1510:. 11 March 2011
1506:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1431:
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1418:
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1407:Wayback Machine
1398:
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1388:Wayback Machine
1379:
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1248:Wayback Machine
1239:
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1229:Wayback Machine
1220:
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1177:
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1126:
1125:
1121:
1115:Wayback Machine
1106:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1076:
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1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
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1036:Wayback Machine
1027:
1020:
1010:
1008:
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998:
994:
986:
982:
977:
959:
954:
952:
949:
886:
880:
718:
639:
569:
563:
505:Mohamed Nabbous
451:Muammar Gaddafi
439:
429:
421:self-censorship
409:Muammar Gaddafi
379:According to a
377:
363:
320:
315:
100:
55:
50:
48:
46:
12:
11:
5:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
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3209:
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3199:
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3110:
3109:
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3098:
3093:
3087:
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3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3033:and structures
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Iman al-Obeidi
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
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2919:
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2907:
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2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Mahdi al-Arabi
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Muftah Anaqrat
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Moussa Ibrahim
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Ayesha Gaddafi
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Khamis Gaddafi
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Kais al-Hilali
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Fathi Bashagha
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:Abdullah Naker
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Khalid Shahmah
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Omar El-Hariri
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Ali al-Sallabi
2507:
2502:
2500:Khalifa Haftar
2497:
2492:
2490:Mahmoud Jibril
2487:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2417:
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2413:
2412:
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2409:
2404:
2399:
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2387:
2382:
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2365:
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2355:
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2316:
2311:
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2300:
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2167:
2166:
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2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
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2146:
2136:
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2134:
2129:
2124:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2094:June–15 August
2091:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2008:
1989:
1955:
1953:, 30 June 2011
1949:, Jina Moore,
1936:
1924:
1905:
1889:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1769:
1757:
1742:
1730:
1714:
1698:
1686:
1656:
1653:. 26 May 2011.
1638:
1620:
1590:
1574:
1548:
1521:
1499:
1483:
1471:
1455:
1451:BBC World News
1439:
1411:
1392:
1373:
1359:
1343:
1331:
1300:
1285:
1268:
1252:
1233:
1214:
1202:
1185:Foreign Policy
1171:
1154:The Spy Report
1141:
1119:
1095:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1018:
992:
979:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
965:
964:
948:
945:
879:
876:
833:Mahmoud Jibril
752:Moussa Ibrahim
717:
714:
638:
635:
562:
559:
555:Moussa Ibrahim
480:, Qatar-based
447:demonstrations
428:
425:
367:Media of Libya
362:
359:
317:
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193:
188:
186:Brega–Ajdabiya
183:
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163:
158:
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136:
126:
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116:
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60:
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45:
44:
37:
30:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3305:
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3289:
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3045:Bab al-Azizia
3043:
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3029:
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3009:
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2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
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2958:Shukri Ghanem
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2953:Moussa Koussa
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2856:Safia Farkash
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2852:
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2806:Tohami Khaled
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1712:, 1 July 2011
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1468:
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2070:Part of the
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1423:
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1317:
1298:7 March 2011
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1158:the original
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1009:. Retrieved
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171:2nd Benghazi
109:1st Benghazi
91:
84:
77:
70:
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3257:Zenga Zenga
2704:Pro-Gaddafi
2540:Hamid Hassy
2154:Libyan Navy
2144:Libyan Army
2072:Arab Spring
1982:24 February
1432:23 February
1324:27 February
851:Paris Match
741:journalists
499:), meaning
465:and their "
340:during the
306:2nd Tripoli
114:1st Tripoli
3337:Categories
3321:Wikiquotes
3091:Casualties
2565:Ali Zeidan
2423:operations
2117:Opposition
1824:. Renesys.
1726:Al Jazeera
1586:Al Jazeera
1495:Al Jazeera
1368:Libya Post
1222:"About us"
1007:. BBC News
975:References
867:Bani Walid
712:, ceased.
677:Yosberides
637:Newspapers
628:Tribute FM
565:See also:
486:Al-Arabiya
482:Al-Jazeera
455:Al Jazeera
431:See also:
427:Television
392:newspapers
338:censorship
296:Ra's Lanuf
291:Bani Walid
257:2nd Zawiya
151:Ra's Lanuf
124:1st Zawiya
93:16 Aug–Oct
86:Jun–15 Aug
79:19 Mar–May
72:Feb–18 Mar
2973:Ali Treki
2811:Ali Kanna
2615:Abu Oweis
2180:Cyrenaica
1977:0362-4331
1679:3 October
1613:3 October
937:Anonymous
797:cameraman
749:spokesman
551:Al Urubah
342:civil war
262:Ras Ajdir
230:4th Brega
181:3rd Brega
161:2nd Brega
156:Bin Jawad
146:1st Brega
3309:Wikinews
3285:Category
3169:Timeline
3118:Refugees
2079:Timeline
2000:Archived
1916:Archived
1882:21 March
1780:Archived
1567:21 March
1541:21 March
1514:21 March
1403:Archived
1384:Archived
1355:Guardian
1318:BBC News
1244:Archived
1225:Archived
1189:Archived
1164:20 March
1134:19 March
1111:Archived
1088:20 March
1082:BBC News
1032:Archived
1011:21 March
947:See also
932:Facebook
878:Internet
856:France 2
845:Izvestia
821:Atlantic
772:Sabratha
756:violence
734:Al-Qaeda
710:Al-Shams
685:يوسبريدس
667:Al-Shams
651:Benghazi
585:Benghazi
533:Benghazi
529:Facebook
478:Al-Hurra
437:Libya TV
405:Benghazi
301:Ghadames
247:Msallata
211:uprising
201:Tawergha
166:Ajdabiya
65:Timeline
3297:Commons
3270:Italics
2171:Battles
1425:Reuters
1195:3 April
906:Misrata
765:of the
702:Reuters
663:Tripoli
655:martyrs
617:Gaddafi
593:Misrata
474:Nilesat
467:Zionist
401:YouTube
269:Tripoli
139:Gharyan
119:Misrata
3084:Impact
2946:Others
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589:Bayda
561:Radio
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330:media
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104:Bayda
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2132:NCLO
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1973:ISSN
1884:2011
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1681:2011
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