480:
366:(PCSP). PCSP was set up to promote research in Canada's Arctic north, principally by providing logistical and practical support for government and academic scientists active in the area, and Roots had largely been responsible for conceiving of and establishing the novel organization. During his time with PCSP, Roots was a key part of the team that outlined the need for a permanent establishment to conduct research on the icefields of the
294:, which he showed was a conjugate part of and had once been attached to the east coast of southern Africa. In addition to his geological observations, Roots also helped to show that the glaciers of Antarctica had once been much more extensive, and that the phenomenon of climate change was a global effect and not limited to discrete locations. During the course of the expedition, Roots undertook a 189-day, unsupported
395:, Roots was instrumental in helping design the department's structure and objectives, and has been credited with giving it "the scientific credibility, the moral authority and knowledge that enabled it to play its role." He remained with Environment Canada until his retirement from public service in 1989, and subsequently retained a role with the department as an emeritus scientist and advisor until 2003.
707:) also in 1966. Both features were mapped by Norwegian cartographers during the course of the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition for which Roots was Chief Geologist. Multiple biographical articles and obituaries claim that an entire range of mountains on Antarctica is named for Roots, but there appears to be no evidence for this in gazetteers and geographic name directories.
487:
331:, Ontario. His first major publication for the survey in 1953 was essentially a reworking of his extensive research in the Cassiar Mountains, conducted during his MSc and PhD studies, but he rapidly became a part of the GSC's active field research programs at the time. Fred and June eventually married in 1955, and June moved out to Canada to be with her new husband.
426:, struck a chord with Roots and he agreed to support its formation. Green has credited Roots with being one of the program's "founding fathers". Over the following two decades, Roots participated in many polar expeditions for Students on Ice, and acted as a mentor to hundreds of students from around the world.
715:
During his master's thesis research in the Aiken Lake area of northern
British Columbia, Roots collected samples of fossils to assist in correlation and dating of the various rock units that he examined there. One of these samples contained a sponge reef fauna which included a species of
200:. After 14 years with PCSP, Roots left to act as science advisor to the newly created federal Department of the Environment, where he remained on staff until 1989. After retirement, Roots remained an active participant in polar research, and also became a key mentor within the
370:
of southwest Yukon, part of the largest non-polar icefield in the world. In the years that followed, the Kluane Lake
Research Station also became a hub for exploration across Canada's north, and Roots himself used it as a base from which to organize expeditions through the
468:, British Columbia, on 18 October 2016. He was 93 years old. He was survived by June and four of their five children. He was predeceased earlier the same year by his son, Charlie Roots, who had himself been a geologist and explorer with the Geological Survey of Canada.
251:. His duties involved climbing to the summit of a mountain within the park, to service the weather observation station located there. Later in his high school career he moved west to Vancouver, and completed his schooling at Vancouver Technical College.
522:
During the course of his research career, after retirement, and in recognition of his exploration in both the northern and southern polar regions, various academic societies and associations conferred distinctions upon Roots:
258:, from where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in geological engineering. He remained at the same institution to continue his postgraduate education, and completed a master's degree thesis on the geology of the
298:
journey across the continent. This feat of endurance remained a record even at the time of his death, over six decades later. For the rest of his life, Roots regularly wore a belt made from leather taken from the
604:
In recognition of his exemplary service in the exploration and scientific investigation of the
Antarctic continent, a number of places and geographic features on the landmass have been named in honour of Roots.
270:(GSC), as he worked alongside the survey's staff geologist J.E. Armstrong to map the mineral-rich district. The same district provided the subject matter for his doctoral research which followed at
936:
422:. At the time, Green was attempting to launch a new educational initiative aimed at providing opportunities for secondary school students to visit and explore polar regions. The scheme,
1267:
363:
197:
136:
172:(5 July 1923 – 18 October 2016) was a Canadian geologist, polar explorer, educator and public servant. After graduating with undergraduate and master's degrees in geology from the
319:. It was during this time that he met and fell in love with one of the Institute's librarians, June Blomfield, herself a highly educated geographer and passionate outdoorswoman.
204:
educational program. He continued to participate in expeditions for
Students on Ice well into his tenth decade, his last being to Greenland only two months before his death.
247:, leaving his mother to bring up the family's three children on her own. As a young high school student Roots was appointed as an assistant meteorological observer for the
342:
in 1955, that first established the potential for economic petroleum deposits in the high Arctic islands of Canada. Between 1956 and 1958 Roots was, in turn, head of
1086:
419:
283:
185:
1312:
339:
826:
1005:
721:
343:
1317:
720:
that had not yet been formally described. Fortunately for Roots, on the faculty of the
Department of Geology at the University of British Columbia was
1287:
1292:
948:
192:
journey across the continent; a record that still stood at the time of his death over six decades later. On his return to Canada he joined the
259:
327:
At the end of his fellowship in
Cambridge, Roots was appointed as a field geologist with the GSC, based at the survey's head office in
188:. During the expedition, in addition to ground-breaking geological and glaciological research studies, he made a 189-day, unsupported
1282:
1027:
502:
479:
379:
celebrations in 1967. Roots served as head of PCSP for 14 years, until 1971, when he left to join what was to eventually become
1277:
652:), named in 1966, is an area of high ground at the top of an ice-free, flat-topped mountain, approximately central within the
1161:
168:
1272:
854:
752:
392:
1190:
1058:
944:
568:
538:
224:, Canada, on 5 July 1923. He was the second child of Margaret and Ernest Roots. His father was an engineer with the
1307:
790:
311:
Following his return from the southern hemisphere in 1952, Roots completed the remainder of his fellowship at the
1198:
1169:
548:
883:
312:
255:
181:
173:
128:
98:
679:
624:
1297:
391:
At the time, the newly established government department was in a state of flux. As science advisor to the
1302:
267:
193:
132:
558:
531:
240:. Growing up among the mountains instilled in Roots a lasting love of outdoor exploration and geology.
266:
of northern
British Columbia, in 1947. It was during this work that he first became involved with the
1219:
Okulitch, V.L.; Roots, E.F. (1947). "Lower
Cambrian fossils from Aiken Lake area, British Columbia".
415:
1000:
335:
225:
582:
28:
403:
Following his retirement, Roots and his wife moved back to
British Columbia from their home in
1063:
372:
1262:
1257:
1141:
1087:"Obituary: Revered explorer Fred Roots was also key to development of environment ministry"
914:
588:
434:
367:
316:
271:
177:
102:
362:
In 1958, Roots left the GSC to become the founding head of the
Government of Canada's new
8:
376:
347:
290:
to involve an international team of scientists. Roots's role was to study the geology of
248:
233:
1035:
970:
1146:
1123:
831:
757:
724:, a paleontologist who specialized in Archaeocytha fossils. Okulitch named the species
665:
653:
610:
592:
554:
438:
380:
346:, the GSC's first systematic attempt to map the geology of the northern portion of the
140:
236:. As a result, Roots spent much of his childhood surrounded by the high ranges of the
263:
196:
with whom he served as a field geologist until 1958, when he left to help found the
465:
237:
221:
79:
57:
908:
575:
511:
423:
291:
217:
201:
164:
144:
25:
429:
Roots's final Arctic exploration was as part of a Students on Ice expedition to
1091:
859:
454:
446:
442:
229:
1241:
1251:
717:
694:
681:
639:
626:
606:
507:
433:
in August 2016. Later the same month he travelled to New York to receive the
244:
656:
of Queen Maud Land. On the western side of Roots Heights is a large glacial
564:
450:
300:
910:
Geology and mineral deposits of the Aiken Lake map-area, British Columbia
661:
544:
1127:
527:
515:
461:
287:
282:
In 1949, at the age of 26, Roots was appointed Chief Geologist for the
213:
75:
53:
430:
827:"Fred Roots was modest, brilliant and a legend of polar exploration"
732:', recognizing both the finder of the fossil as well as its shape.
404:
295:
189:
243:
However, when Roots was only eight years old his father died from
791:"Polar explorer Fred Roots remembered as 'unsung Canadian hero'"
729:
657:
408:
328:
351:
232:, when Ernest was appointed Chief Engineer at the company's
1059:"Geologist traversed Yukon by bike, canoe before diagnosis"
971:"Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1949-1952"
460:
E.F. "Fred" Roots died peacefully in his sleep at home in
1218:
855:"Q&A Fred Roots: Canada's 'greatest living explorer'"
753:"Ernest Frederick Roots, July 5, 1923 - October 18, 2016"
441:. Previous recipients of the award include explorers Sir
1268:
University of British Columbia Faculty of Science alumni
274:, from where he graduated with a Ph.D. degree in 1950.
228:, and while Fred was a small child the family moved to
184:
and was appointed Chief Geologist for the 1949 to 1952
1056:
885:
Geology of the Aiken Lake map-area, British Columbia
375:, Canada's highest mountain range, as part of the
357:
277:
254:During the Second World War he was a student the
1249:
998:
386:
112:Geologist, explorer, educator and public servant
852:
824:
670:
615:
937:"Canada's Greatest Explorers 2015: Fred Roots"
322:
284:Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition
186:Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition
1313:People of the Scott Polar Research Institute
1032:Above & Beyond – Canada's Arctic Journal
846:
788:
303:of his lead dog of that expedition, Rachel.
1242:A Tribute to Dr Fred Roots, Students on Ice
1084:
418:in Ottawa, Roots met explorer and educator
1078:
1318:Canadian expatriates in the United States
994:
992:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
747:
745:
471:
1212:
1140:
1057:Reynolds, Christopher (29 August 2014).
1022:
1020:
934:
900:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
398:
1288:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
1250:
1050:
989:
888:(MASc). University of British Columbia
875:
773:
742:
414:In the mid-1990s, at a meeting of the
286:, the first exploratory expedition to
1293:Geological Survey of Canada personnel
1221:Royal Society of Canada, Transactions
1017:
928:
906:
881:
809:
599:
486:
510:– named for Fred Roots in 1966 – in
1195:Geographic Names Information System
1166:Geographic Names Information System
963:
945:Royal Canadian Geographical Society
825:Fitterman, Lisa (4 November 2016).
569:Royal Canadian Geographical Society
13:
1001:"The Tooth of Time: Charlie Roots"
853:Crawford, Blair (13 August 2016).
710:
14:
1329:
1235:
539:Arctic Institute of North America
306:
907:Roots, Ernest Frederick (1950).
882:Roots, Ernest Frederick (1947).
789:Tukker, Paul (30 October 2016).
485:
478:
338:, he was co-leader of the GSC's
1283:Officers of the Order of Canada
1199:United States Geological Survey
1183:
1170:United States Geological Survey
1154:
1150:. 24 January 1956. p. 499.
1134:
1107:
1085:Spears, Tom (27 October 2016).
1028:"Tribute to an Explorer's life"
549:Sovereign of the United Kingdom
364:Polar Continental Shelf Program
358:Polar Continental Shelf Program
278:Polar and Himalayan exploration
198:Polar Continental Shelf Program
137:Polar Continental Shelf Program
1034:. 1 March 2016. Archived from
975:Scott Polar Research Institute
313:Scott Polar Research Institute
256:University of British Columbia
182:Scott Polar Research Institute
174:University of British Columbia
129:Scott Polar Research Institute
99:University of British Columbia
1:
1278:Recipients of the Polar Medal
1162:"GNIS Detail – Roots Heights"
735:
387:Department of the Environment
207:
506:Map showing the location of
7:
1273:Princeton University alumni
1191:"GNIS Detail – Fred Cirque"
393:Minister of the Environment
323:Geological Survey of Canada
268:Geological Survey of Canada
194:Geological Survey of Canada
133:Geological Survey of Canada
10:
1334:
559:Royal Geographical Society
532:Royal Geographical Society
1122:(2): 237–238. June 1955.
999:Hoffman, Paul F. (2012).
977:. University of Cambridge
728:, meaning 'Roots's first
416:Canadian Polar Commission
124:
116:
108:
94:
86:
64:
35:
20:
1116:The Geographical Journal
350:of British Columbia and
226:Canadian Pacific Railway
1308:Massey Medal recipients
583:Royal Society of Canada
212:Fred Roots was born in
1114:"The Society's News".
941:CanadianGeographic.com
671:
616:
472:Awards and recognition
40:Ernest Frederick Roots
1064:Whitehorse Daily Star
399:Life after retirement
373:Saint Elias Mountains
176:and a doctorate from
915:Princeton University
726:Protopharetra rootsi
589:Explorers Club Medal
503:class=notpageimage|
435:Explorers Club Medal
368:Kluane National Park
317:Cambridge University
272:Princeton University
178:Princeton University
103:Princeton University
1298:Canadian geologists
691: /
636: /
377:Canadian Centennial
348:Canadian Cordillera
249:Banff National Park
234:Banff Springs Hotel
180:, Roots joined the
1303:Canadian explorers
1147:The London Gazette
1038:on 5 November 2016
951:on 5 November 2016
832:The Globe and Mail
797:. CBC/Radio-Canada
758:The Globe and Mail
654:Sverdrup Mountains
600:Namesake locations
593:The Explorers Club
439:The Explorers Club
381:Environment Canada
340:Operation Franklin
141:Environment Canada
1006:Geoscience Canada
761:. 25 October 2016
722:Vladimir Okulitch
344:Operation Stikine
264:Cassiar Mountains
262:map-area, in the
153:Ernest Frederick
150:
149:
117:Years active
1325:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1024:
1015:
1014:
996:
987:
986:
984:
982:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
947:. Archived from
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
822:
807:
806:
804:
802:
786:
771:
770:
768:
766:
749:
706:
705:
703:
702:
701:
696:
695:72.567°S 0.417°E
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
674:
651:
650:
648:
647:
646:
641:
640:72.617°S 0.450°E
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
619:
495:
489:
488:
482:
466:Vancouver Island
453:, and astronaut
449:, primatologist
238:Canadian Rockies
222:British Columbia
171:
80:British Columbia
71:
58:British Columbia
49:
47:
18:
17:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1018:
997:
990:
980:
978:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
933:
929:
919:
917:
905:
901:
891:
889:
880:
876:
866:
864:
851:
847:
837:
835:
823:
810:
800:
798:
787:
774:
764:
762:
751:
750:
743:
738:
713:
711:Namesake fossil
699:
697:
693:
690:
685:
682:
680:
678:
677:
644:
642:
638:
635:
630:
627:
625:
623:
622:
602:
576:Order of Canada
574:Officer of the
555:Founder's Medal
547:awarded by the
520:
519:
518:
512:Queen Maud Land
505:
499:
498:
497:
496:
493:
490:
474:
424:Students on Ice
401:
389:
360:
325:
309:
292:Queen Maud Land
280:
218:Shuswap Country
210:
202:Students on Ice
163:
145:Students on Ice
143:
139:
135:
131:
125:Organization(s)
101:
95:Alma mater
82:
73:
69:
68:18 October 2016
60:
51:
45:
43:
42:
41:
31:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:External links
1234:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1182:
1153:
1133:
1106:
1092:Ottawa Citizen
1077:
1049:
1016:
988:
962:
935:Walker, Nick.
927:
899:
874:
860:Ottawa Citizen
845:
808:
772:
740:
739:
737:
734:
712:
709:
700:-72.567; 0.417
645:-72.617; 0.450
601:
598:
597:
596:
586:
581:Fellow of the
579:
572:
562:
552:
542:
537:Fellow of the
535:
501:
500:
492:
491:
484:
483:
477:
476:
475:
473:
470:
455:Neil Armstrong
447:Roald Amundsen
443:Edmund Hillary
400:
397:
388:
385:
359:
356:
324:
321:
308:
307:Public service
305:
279:
276:
230:Banff, Alberta
209:
206:
148:
147:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
74:
72:(aged 93)
66:
62:
61:
52:
39:
37:
33:
32:
24:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1013:(4): 185–194.
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
995:
993:
976:
972:
966:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
916:
912:
911:
903:
887:
886:
878:
862:
861:
856:
849:
834:
833:
828:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
796:
792:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
760:
759:
754:
748:
746:
741:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Archaeocyatha
708:
704:
675:
673:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
620:
618:
612:
608:
607:Roots Heights
594:
590:
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
517:
513:
509:
508:Roots Heights
504:
494:Roots Heights
481:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
396:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
320:
318:
314:
304:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
245:typhoid fever
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:Occupation(s)
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
67:
63:
59:
55:
38:
34:
30:
27:
19:
16:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1145:
1136:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1090:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1031:
1010:
1004:
979:. Retrieved
974:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
940:
930:
918:. Retrieved
909:
902:
890:. Retrieved
884:
877:
865:. Retrieved
858:
848:
836:. Retrieved
830:
799:. Retrieved
794:
763:. Retrieved
756:
725:
714:
669:
614:
603:
565:Massey Medal
521:
459:
451:Jane Goodall
428:
413:
402:
390:
361:
336:Y.O. Fortier
333:
326:
310:
281:
253:
242:
220:of southern
211:
160:
156:
152:
151:
70:(2016-10-18)
15:
1263:2016 deaths
1258:1923 births
1142:"No. 40692"
1095:. Postmedia
1070:11 November
863:. Postmedia
698: /
662:Fred Cirque
643: /
545:Polar Medal
420:Geoff Green
87:Nationality
50:5 July 1923
1252:Categories
1204:4 November
1175:4 November
1099:4 November
1042:4 November
981:4 November
955:4 November
920:4 November
892:4 November
867:4 November
838:4 November
801:4 November
765:4 November
736:References
672:Fredbotnen
617:Rootshorga
528:Ness Award
516:Antarctica
462:East Sooke
288:Antarctica
260:Aiken Lake
214:Salmon Arm
208:Early life
76:East Sooke
54:Salmon Arm
46:1923-07-05
22:Fred Roots
1244:, YouTube
666:Norwegian
611:Norwegian
431:Greenland
216:, in the
120:1945–2016
1227:: 37–46.
795:CBC News
660:, named
405:Gatineau
296:dog sled
190:dog sled
90:Canadian
1128:1791739
913:(PhD).
686:00°25′E
683:72°34′S
631:00°27′E
628:72°37′S
567:of the
557:of the
530:of the
1126:
730:quiver
658:cirque
595:(2016)
585:(1990)
578:(1987)
571:(1979)
561:(1965)
551:(1956)
541:(1955)
534:(1955)
409:Quebec
334:Under
329:Ottawa
301:traces
1124:JSTOR
437:from
352:Yukon
167:
161:Roots
1206:2016
1177:2016
1101:2016
1072:2016
1044:2016
983:2016
957:2016
922:2016
894:2016
869:2016
840:2016
803:2016
767:2016
445:and
169:FRSC
157:Fred
65:Died
36:Born
29:FRSC
1120:121
591:of
464:on
315:at
1254::
1225:41
1223:.
1197:.
1193:.
1168:.
1164:.
1144:.
1118:.
1089:.
1061:.
1030:.
1019:^
1011:39
1009:.
1003:.
991:^
973:.
943:.
939:.
857:.
829:.
811:^
793:.
775:^
755:.
744:^
676:;
668::
621:;
613::
514:,
457:.
411:.
407:,
383:.
354:.
165:OC
78:,
56:,
26:OC
1208:.
1179:.
1130:.
1103:.
1074:.
1046:.
985:.
959:.
924:.
896:.
871:.
842:.
805:.
769:.
664:(
609:(
159:"
155:"
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.