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Donders's conducted task A, he stimulated the participant's foot in order to measure the fastest hand reaction. Participants were made known ahead of time that they would be measuring how fast the response of their hand was (which enabled them to better sense the stimulation). Donder's task B (choice) consisted of stimulation in the right hand and measuring the response of the right foot. This task had the same goals as task A; On top of that the subject's ability to discriminate the stimulus and point out the stimulus was also measured and requires the intervention of a response decision. The third distinct task was known as the C task (Go/No-go task) To analyze this task Donder stimulated the both feet of participants. Participants were asked to respond with their right hand when they felt stimulation in the right foot, but not to do the same with the left side. This task was also designed to measure the participants ability to detect stimuli and offer the requested response. Donders's task C cannot be performed without intervention of stimulus discrimination occurring within the sensory and motor process. He represents the durations of these processes labeling them as a-, b- and c- methods (example a/-a = eat/don't eat) In order to utilize these methods
Donders used the speech repetition task Different patterns were used for different methods. The pattern of reaction time is a<c<b. Donders taught that c-a can find the discrimination duration, and that b-c can find the choice duration. When learning to measure the speed of thought, Franciscus Donders was not keen of using electromagnetism to measure. He claimed that as the intensity changed, so would the results. Instead he looked at devices such as the phonautograph to graph out the speed of human speech. Donders founded the
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refraction, astigmatism, accommodation, ametropia, hypermetropia, aphakia, presbyopia, convergence, and squint. He is also responsible for the formula that equates the sharpness of one's vision. It was in 1864 when
Donders's was able to introduce accommodation of the Eye, and refraction. Donders taught that the retina uses rays in order to come together. This occurs behind the retina and is what allows us to perceive nearby objects. Once those rays have been perceived they are then able to bring more rays into the retina. This is known as the power of accommodation of the eye. This was significant because it created what is now known as scientific Ophthalmology. Of the concepts he introduced, the most important is Donder's Law. His name is associated with "Donders' law", which states that "the rotation of the eyeball is determined by the distance of the object from the median plane and the line of the horizon". It contains 3 specific dimensions that orientate the eye for whichever way it looks. It also states that the orientation of the eye has no correlation with the starting point. If the eye is constantly looking at the same thing, the orientation of the eye will also remain the same. The law assures that the eye focuses on far away targets (with an upright head) and adapts to a special angle for each glaze that occurs; even though there are numerous ways eyes could position. Other contributions to the field of ophthalmology include: the translation of German textbooks to Dutch, the clinical application within the field, acknowledgment of glaucoma and its subtypes, analysis of brain function, and the
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323:. In 1864, he published the highly acclaimed "On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye". This book was written in 1864 and focused on separated errors of refraction and accommodation. The publication of this book enabled the vending of eye glass fittings to be the service of ophthalmology. "Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine and surgery which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders."
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276:; in 1851, he joined as member. Donders knew that textbook knowledge had a lot to offer the field of cognition, but he also knew that it would be enhanced and hold more validity if experiments were involved. Donders was the first to discover that a lot of time is needed for an abstract mental process to occur.
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is not a topic in itself, it is one of the most common tools used for making inferences about processes such as learning, memory, and attention. Using reaction time, Donders constructed what is known as reaction time, and three distinct ways to analyze it. The common version was task A (simple). When
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By the age of seventeen, Franciscus
Donders had started studying medicine in the School of Military in Utrecht. It was here that he discovered his passion for experimental study, specifically in the field of chemistry. By the age of twenty-two he entered the junior military in order to become a
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Franciscus
Donders spent a lot of time studying and researching biology and cognition. Only a little amount of his time was spent studying ophthalmology. Although little, its impact was the parent of many concepts (that still exist) in the field of ophthalmology. He introduced subjects such as
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at the
Utrecht military medical school. Because of his accomplishments in his studies, he made good connections that would allow for him to study his own scientific work. Soon after doing that he became a Professor for Anatomy and Physiology in 1847 at Utrecht University. In 1847, he became an
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to infer differences in cognitive processing. He tested both simple reaction time and choice reaction time, finding that simple reaction was faster. This concept is now one of the central tenets of
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Vidal, Franck; Burle, Boris; Grapperon, Jacques; Hasbroucq, Thierry (2011). "An ERP study of cognitive architecture and the insertion of mental processes: Donders revisited".
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and, in 1862, attained a full professorship in physiology. In 1847, he became correspondent of the Royal
Institute of the Netherlands, when that became the
632:. Garland encyclopedias in the history of science. Science Museum, London, and National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. p. 428.
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Roelofs, Ardi (2018). "One hundred fifty years after
Donders: Insights from unpublished data, a replication, and modeling of his reaction times".
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Roper-Hall, Gill (2012). "Historical
Vignette: Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818–1889): Dutch Biologist, Physiologist, and Ophthalmologist".
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He is also well recognized in the dental community for naming the "space of
Donders", the space between the dorsum of the tongue and the
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319:(in short: Ooglijdersgasthuis) – the Netherlands Hospital for Necessitous Eye-Patients in 1858. His first associate was
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807:"Three-dimensional kinematics of saccadic and pursuit eye movements in humans: Relationship between Donders' and Listing's laws"
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He married twice: first in 1845 to
Ernestine Zimmerman (d.1887); secondly, in 1888 to Abrahamine Arnolda Louisa Hubrecht.
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An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data
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surgeon For several years, the young Donders studied at the Royal Dutch Hospital for Military Medicine in
1254:, F.C. Donders: turning refracting into science, @ History of science and scholarship in the Netherlands.
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Eye and instruments : Nineteenth-century ophthalmological instruments in the Netherlands.
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Greenwood, John D. (1999). "Understanding the ?cognitive revolution? in psychology".
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955:"Of frogs and men: the origins of psychophysiological time experiments, 1850-1865"
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Professor dr. Franciscus Cornelis Donders (Tilburg 27-5-1818, Utrecht 24-3-1889)
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Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
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den Tonkelaar, Isolde, Harold E. Henkes and Gijsbert K. van Leersum (1996) -
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1199:, vol. 95, no. 46 (published 17 November 1951), pp. 3421–41,
239:, the son of Jan Franz Donders and Agnes Elizabeth Hegh. He was educated at
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Tonkelaar, Isolde den; Henkes, Harold E.; Leersum, Gijsbert K. van (1996).
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1183:, vol. 95, no. 14 (published 7 April 1951), pp. 1096–7,
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Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience
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10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199924)35:1<1::AID-JHBS1>3.0.CO;2-4
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Newell, F W (June 1989), "Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818-1889).",
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734:. Classics in ophthalmology. R. E. Krieger Publishing Company.
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Nederlands Gasthuis voor Behoeftige en Minvermogende Ooglijders
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Duke-Elder, S (February 1959), "Franciscus Cornelis Donders",
553:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 7 July 2023.
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Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye
263:, in 1842 he was appointed as a lecturer in physiology and
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1065:. American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 321–331. 1878.
1055:"Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences"
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Donders also was the first to use differences in human
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Picture, biography, bibliography and digitized sources
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211:, and was internationally regarded as an authority on
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Bartolucci, S.L.; Stedman, T.L.; Forbis, P. (2005).
223:, he was one of the primary founders of scientific
1090:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 190.
629:Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia
566:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
287:. He is credited with invention of an impression
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1266:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
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274:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
393:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
283:and was among the first practitioners of the
259:. Following a stint as a medical officer in
1149:, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 65–8,
551:"Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818 - 1889)"
203:. During his career, he was a professor of
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243:School and seminaries in both Tilburg and
199:(27 May 1818 – 24 March 1889) was a Dutch
1342:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
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279:He is known for his work and research of
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858:. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion. p. 13.
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295:and cylindrical lenses for treatment of
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1197:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
1181:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
1005:Accommodation and refraction of the eye
906:"200 years Franciscus Cornelis Donders"
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601:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
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599:Gijn J van; Gijselhart JP (2011). "".
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56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1252:Franciscus Cornelis Donders 1818-1889
1125:(6) (published 15 June 1989): 691–3,
1367:Academic staff of Utrecht University
1337:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1242:Works by or about Franciscus Donders
1233:Works by Franciscus Cornelis Donders
1147:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
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1119:American Journal of Ophthalmology
805:Thurtell, M.J (2 December 2012).
27:Dutch ophthalmologist (1818–1889)
1281:Gravesite of Franciscus Donders.
1214:Amsterdam : Batavian Lion.
776:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01186.x
291:(1862), and for introduction of
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1357:Physicians from Utrecht (city)
1195:TEN DOESSCHATE, G (1951), "",
1179:ten DOESSCHATE, G (1951), "",
626:Bud, R.; Warner, D.J. (1998).
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58:provide an accessible overview
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1274:, Geneeskundige en fysioloog.
974:10.1016/s0160-9327(02)01466-7
922:10.1080/09273972.2018.1551770
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823:10.1016/j.visres.2012.02.012
526:"VL People [per165]"
486:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.10.002
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953:Schmidgen, Henning (2002).
95:Franciscus Cornelis Donders
83:Franciscus Cornelis Donders
18:Franciscus Cornelis Donders
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1297:. Vol. 35. June 1889.
1272:Donders, Frans (1818-1889)
431:American Orthoptic Journal
1362:Utrecht University alumni
1087:Stedman's Medical Eponyms
666:. Saunders. p. 702.
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694:Goldstein, E.B. (2010).
1294:Popular Science Monthly
1037:"What is Donders' Law?"
660:Garrison, F.H. (1929).
530:vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de
268:associate professor at
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1322:Dutch ophthalmologists
1288:"Obituary Notes"
885:. New Sydenham Society
879:Donders, F.C. (1864).
728:Donders, F.C. (1979).
331:
1041:schorlab.berkeley.edu
1003:Donders, Franciscus.
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1025:on 16 February 2017.
904:Opstal, A.J (2018).
700:. Cengage Learning.
308:cognitive psychology
257:University of Leiden
1352:People from Tilburg
1327:Dutch physiologists
1155:10.1136/bjo.43.2.65
856:Eye and Instruments
443:10.3368/aoj.62.1.99
1262:Virtual Laboratory
410:on 24 January 2013
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312:mental chronometry
270:Utrecht University
179:Utrecht University
1332:Vision scientists
1237:Project Gutenberg
1097:978-0-7817-5443-9
741:978-0-88275-839-8
707:978-0-8400-3355-0
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1317:1889 deaths
1312:1818 births
1270:P. Eling,
572:(1): 1–22.
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480:: 228–233.
414:19 February
353:He died in
344:hard palate
337:reduced eye
297:astigmatism
281:eye disease
152:Eye disease
138:Nationality
112:Netherlands
104:27 May 1818
1306:Categories
1222:. 304 pgs.
910:Strabismus
369:References
205:physiology
66:March 2022
1131:0002-9394
1103:10 August
1059:jstor.org
982:0160-9327
962:Endeavour
889:10 August
784:1469-8986
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713:10 August
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607:: A1979.
586:0022-5061
535:10 August
504:1873-6297
451:0065-955X
346:when the
293:prismatic
289:tonometer
261:the Hague
221:Helmholtz
50:summarize
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817:: 7–15.
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348:mandible
299:(1860).
1264:of the
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832:3345270
355:Utrecht
339:model.
265:anatomy
253:Utrecht
245:Boxmeer
237:Tilburg
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241:Duizel
217:Graefe
165:Fields
1067:JSTOR
958:(PDF)
408:(PDF)
391:(PDF)
142:Dutch
1216:ISBN
1201:PMID
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447:ISSN
416:2016
395:ISBN
231:Life
219:and
197:FRSE
119:Died
101:Born
1235:at
1159:PMC
1151:doi
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